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https://www.freewiki.eu/en/index.php?title=Studies_on_homeopathy&diff=1443
Studies on homeopathy
2020-02-16T16:31:00Z
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<div><p style="text-align: right">[[Donate|'''Please support FreeWiki''']]</p> <p style="text-align: right">in deutscher Sprache: [[:de:Forschungen_und_Studien_zur_Homöopathie|Forschungen und Studien zur Homöopathie]]</p> <br />
[[Homeopathy|Homeopathy]] is an [[Alternative_medicine|alternative medical]] method which is successfully working according to its own paradigm for more than 200 years now, but which has also been well proven and substantiated by different studies and researches according to modern scientific standards.<br/> The [http://www.wisshom.de/ Scientific Society for Homeopathy] in Germany (WissHom) has written a report summarizing the state of research on the basis of data from international peer-reviewed journals. The most important results are:<br />
<div style="float:right; margin-left:2em;">__TOC__</div> <br />
*Homeopathic treatment is clinically useful under everyday medical conditions (practice) (perspective on health services research, see 2.b below). <br />
*High-quality randomized clinical trials also show specific effects in which homeopathy is superior to placebo (perspective randomized clinical trials, see below 2.a). <br />
*Four out of five meta-analyses show a statistical superiority of homeopathic remedies compared to placebo, but all in all the number of high-quality studies is low (perspective meta-analyses, see below 3). <br />
*Also in experiments with cell cultures, animals and plants there are, reproduced meanwhile, effects which show a specific effect of high potencies (perspective basic research, s.u.1.b). <br />
*The study situation is not conclusive overall, but sufficiently proves a therapeutic benefit. More high-quality research is needed, especially replications of positive studies. <br />
<blockquote><br />
Quote of the German scientific Veronika Carstens Foundation:<br/> ''"There are more than 200 randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind studies on homeopathy. The majority of these document advantages in the homeopathic group compared to placebo control. This also applies to the methodologically high-quality papers. Accordingly, reviews (meta-analyses) of such studies also regularly state the statistically significant superiority of potentised preparations over placebo, even in the group of the most reliable clinical trials. No difference between homeopathy and placebo can only be detected if at least 90% of the available data are excluded from evaluation due to scientifically incomprehensible criteria. The constant repetition of the assertion of the missing evidence of an effect of homeopathy beyond placebo effects does not make it any more true."''<ref>https://www.naturundmedizin.de/faktencheck-zur-radiosendung-streit-um-die-homoeopathie/</ref><br />
</blockquote> <br />
You can find a detailed and factual answer to the most frequently asked critical questions on homeopathy on the page of the [https://www.hri-research.org/resources/homeopathy-faqs/ Homeopathy Research Institute (HRI)].<br />
<br />
== Scientific and medical research on homeopathy ==<br />
<br />
In the last three decades a number of efforts have been made to research the mode of action of homeopathic therapy on a scientific basis, i.e. to apply the same criteria to it as to other forms of medicine. This was done under several different questions:<br />
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=== 1. Basic Research ===<br />
<br />
'''a)''' '''Physical and chemical experiments''' were carried out in order to get closer to a scientific understanding of the mechanisms of action of high potencies and to determine whether effects can be proven physically at a dilution beyond Avogardo's number.<br/> '''b)''' Experiments have been carried out with the '''application of potentiated substances''' on various tissues and organisms (bacteria, plants, animals) to determine whether potentiated substances have a demonstrable effect on living organisms.<br/> A new non-profit organisation, [[Campace|Campace]], supported by homeopaths, has recently been created to carry out scientifically complex studies on cell series with the help of biotechnological institutes.<br />
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=== 2. Clinical Research ===<br />
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'''a)''' '''Randomized clinical trials''' wer carried out, mostly [[Double-blind_study|double-blind]], to clarify whether homeopathic medication has an effect in use that can be distinguished from placebo effects.<br/> '''b) Health services research''' aiming to clarify to what extent patients in everyday practice benefit from homeopathic treatment and how it compares to conventional medical treatment.<br />
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=== 3. Systematic Reviews and Metaanalysis ===<br />
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These are scientific reviews that evaluate the results of comparable studies on a specific topic and summarize them into a kind of mathematical overall result.<br />
<br />
== Explanations ==<br />
<br />
'''to 1. a)''' Are highly potentiated substances physically present? The basic investigations on the physical and biochemical behaviour of high potencies seem to have shown at least indications that potentiated substances behave differently than unpotentiated substances of the same dilution level. Similar investigations and proofs have been provided by anthroposophical scientists for a long time, who have shown by means of qualitative proof methods (e.g. drop images, thin layer chromatography) that biodynamically grown plants can be distinguished from conventional plants - and in this sense methods of biodynamic cultivation (e.g. rhythmic cultivation) as well as potentiation are alchemistic methods, which do not show any differences from a superficial chemical point of view.<br />
<br />
Recent research on the so-called "memory of water" and on nanostructures of dissolved substances clearly proves the fundamental possibility of information transfer through potentiation in the physical and biological framework.<br/> The conference "New Horizons in Water Science - The Evidence for Homeopathy? (July 14, 2018) with the participation of two Nobel Laureates (Cambridge Professor Emeritus Brian Josephson, Physics, and the discoverer of the AIDS virus Dr. Luc Montagnier) at the Royal Socienty of Medicine in London showed a broad spectrum of international research on this topic, which explicitly attaches importance to supporting the claims of homeopathy fundamentally and on a strictly scientific basis.<br/> With it the assumption that potentiated substances, as they are used in homeopathy and other alternative medical procedures, could not have a scientifically tangible effect, at least from a current scientific point of view, is finally off the table.<br/> On the contrary, the results of this research seem in part to even go beyond the ambitious ideas of alternative physicians about the possibilities of cells and complex molecules for information transfer.<ref>https://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2018/10/31/water-and-homeopathy.aspx</ref><br />
<br />
'''to 1. b)'''<br />
<br />
'''to 2. a)''' Is homeopathy effective in clinical application? In spite of the difficulty of applying a testing method that is not fitting to homeopathy and despite the considerable methodological problems raised by double-blind studies and the unclear notion of placebo anyway<ref>see the detailed work of G.Ivanovas to this topic </ref>, the studies on the effectiveness of homeopathic medicines turned out so favorably in the sum that even a group of critics described the argumentation situation of the homeopathic therapists as "enviable position".<ref>[https://www.aerzteblatt.de/archiv/28110/Wirksamkeitspruefung-Doppelblindstudien-und-komplexe-Therapien Schuck, Dipl.Psych. Dr. med. Dr. phil. Peter; Mueller, Dipl. - Psych. Dr. phil. Horst; Resch, Prof. Dr. med. habil. Karl-Ludwig: Efficacy test: </ref> This means that even under the most unfavourable conditions and with partly completely irrelevant study designs<ref>see on this problem also the different works of Prof. [[Harald Walach]]</ref>it could be shown that homeopathic remedies work differently than placebo.<br />
<br />
'''to 2. b)''' Data from health services research show that homeopathy has an effect comparable to conventional medicine. Both therapy systems lead to similar costs: homeopathy through talk time, conventional medicine through medication costs.<br />
<br />
'''to 3)''' Ironically, clinical studies on homeopathic therapy are often subject to much stricter scientific standards than in orthodox medicine in order not to be disqualified by formal errors or statistical weaknesses.<ref>For the partly desolate situation of the scientific studies and documentations of orthodox pharmacology see [http://www.provings.info/blog1_en?post_id=39&title=a-severe-blow-to-evidence-based-medicine-(ebm):-cochrane-leaders-question-independence commentary on the decline of the famous Cochrane Collaboration] or the [https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(15)60696-1/fulltext statement of the editor-in-chief of the Lancet, Richard Horton] that half of the scientific studies are faked.</ref><br />
<br />
== Conclusion ==<br />
<br />
In summary, it can be said that the scientific research to date has shown that homeopathic effects exist in even within the horizon of a mechanistic perception and interpretation of the world. If we refine the measuring methods sufficiently, the existence of such effects can be observed. Similar to parapsychological research, however, the possible statements do not go beyond confirming the mere existence of such effects. How they actually come about, what their inner laws are, and all such questions as homoeopaths deal with in their daily practice, remain unexplained and untouched. This is the current state of affairs; and due to fundamental considerations on these topics, it is not to be expected that this will change significantly - see [[Models_for_homeopathic_effects|effect models of homeopathy]].<br />
<br />
== Literature ==<br />
<br />
=== Databases and Websites collecting Research and Studies on Homeopathy ===<br />
<br />
*[http://databaseomeopatia.alfatechint.com/#home-page The Homeopathic Database] by Dr. Francesco V. Marino is a large database of hundreds of studies and papers classified in groups from agro-homeopathy through basic pysico-chemical research to systematic reviews. <br />
*[https://www.hri-research.org/resources/research-databases/ CORE-Hom] is the large database of the [https://www.hri-research.org/ Homeopathy Research Institute] in collaboration with the [http://www.carstens-stiftung.de/ Veronica Carstens Foundation], containing more than 1200 clinical studies on homeopathy. <br />
<br />
=== general ===<br />
<br />
*Atmanspacher H, Römer H, Walach H: Weak quantum theory: Complementary and entanglement in physics and beyond. Found Phys 2002; 32: 379-406 [http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/quant-ph/pdf/0104/0104109v2.pdf http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/quant-ph/pdf/0104/0104109v2.pdf] <br />
*Barnard GP, Stephenson JH: Microdose paradox: A new biophysical concept. Journal of the American Institute of Homeopathy 1967; 60: 277-286 <br />
*Calabrese EJ (ed.): BELLE Newsletter. Biological Effects of Low Level Exposures. Vol. 16 No. 1, April 2010 [http://www.belleonline.com/newsletters/volume16/vol16-1FINAL.pdf http://www.belleonline.com/newsletters/volume16/vol16-1FINAL.pdf] <br />
*Coulter, Harris L.: Hahnemann und die Homöopathie. Eine medizinhistorisch begründete Einführung in die Grundgedanken der homöopathischen Heilkunst, Heidelberg 1994, S. 166ff <br />
*Dantas, Flávio: Do homeopathic medicines cause drug-dependent adverse effects or aggravations? in: Revista de Homeopatia, Vol. 80, No. 3/4 (2017), Special Dossier: Scientific Evidence for Homeopathy, by the Technical Chamber for Homeopathy of the Regional Medical Council of the State of Sao Paulo, ISSN: 2175-3105; p. 142-50; [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/416 Online Summary] and [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/416/506 Online Full Text] <br />
*Dantas, Flávio: Do homeopathic medicines induce symptoms in apparently healthy volunteers? The Brazilian contribution to the debate on homeopathic pathogenetic trials in: Revista de Homeopatia, Vol. 80, No. 3/4 (2017), Special Dossier: Scientific Evidence for Homeopathy, by the Technical Chamber for Homeopathy of the Regional Medical Council of the State of Sao Paulo, ISSN: 2175-3105; p. 151-71; [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/417 Online Summary] and [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/417/507 Online Full Text] <br />
*Haidvogel, Max: Klinische Forschung in der Homöopathie in den vergangenen 10 Jahren, in: R&D Newsletter der HomInt, Karlsruhe, 2000 – 1/ 2001 <br />
*Heusser, Peter: Probleme von Studiendesigns mit Randomisierung, Verblindung und Placebogabe. aus: Forschende Komplementärmedizin 1999; 6; 89-102 <br />
*Heusser, Peter: Kriterien zur Beurteilung des Nutzens von komplementärmedizinischen Massnahmen, zuhanden der Eidg.Leistungskommission des Bundesamtes für Sozialversicherung, 6.Fass. 1998 <br />
*Ivanovas, Georg: Doppelblind bei alternativen Heilverfahren. in: Deutsches Ärzteblatt 98, Heft 13 vom 30.03.01, Seite A-822 <br />
*Meyer-Wegener J: Homöopathische Potenzen und die Suche nach ihrer physikalischen Struktur. KVC Verlag, Essen 2001 (2. Nachdruck 2010) [http://www.kvc-verlag.de/index.php?cat=c5_Forum-Homoeopathie.html&page=2 http://www.kvc-verlag.de/index.php?cat=c5_Forum-Homoeopathie.html&page=2] <br />
*Popp, Fritz A.: Biophysikalische Grundlagen der Naturheilkunde, AHZ Bd.245, 4/2000, S. 154 <br />
*Quinn, Michael: Research on homeopathy and chemistry – Are Ie crystals the missing link? HomLinks 3/98 <br />
*Resch, Gerhard u. Gutmann, Viktor: Wissenschaftliche Grundlagen der Homöopathie, Schäftlarn 1986 (3.Aufl. 1994) <br />
*Schiff, Michel: Das Gedächtnis des Wassers – Homöopathie und ein spektakulärer Fall von Wissenschaftszensur, Frankfurt 1997 <br />
*Shepperd, John: Chaos Theorie: Implication für die Homöopathie, Europäisches Journal für klassische Homöopathie, Nr. 5+6/1996, S.36 <br />
*Teut, M.: Homöopathie zwischen Lebenskraft und Selbstorganisation, in: Forschende Komplementärmedizin und Klassische Naturheilkunde Bd.8, Heft 3, Freiburg 2001, ISSN 1424-7364 <br />
*Walach, Harald: Homöopathie als Basistherapie. Plädoyer für die wissenschaftliche Ernsthaftigkeit der Homöopathie, Heidelberg 1986 <br />
*Walach, Harald: Eine experimentelle homöopathische Arzneimittelprüfung, in: Erfahrungsheilkunde 12/1993 <br />
*Walach, Harald: Entanglement Model of Homeopathy. Forschende Komplementärmedizin Klassische Naturheilkunde 2003; 10: 192-200 [http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowAbstract&ArtikelNr=73475&Ausgabe=229609&ProduktNr=224242 http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowAbstract&ArtikelNr=73475&Ausgabe=229609&ProduktNr=224242] <br />
<br />
=== Studies ===<br />
<br />
'''to 1. a)'''<br />
<br />
*[https://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2018/10/31/water-and-homeopathy.aspx On the topic of information storage in water] <br />
*Journal of Holistic Medicine- 5 (Fall/Winter ’83)-172-75&nbsp; and J. of Amer. Inst. of Hom. 61(Nov/Dec. 68): 197-212: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study showed that all 23 different Hom. remedies and potencies tested had distinctive readings of submolecular activity, while placebos did not. <br />
*J. Amer. Inst. of Hom. 48, #11 (Nov. 1955):327-35 - Dilutions of NaCl up to 10-60 - showed differences in capacitance from distilled water. <br />
*Kassab S, Cummings M, Berkovitz S, van Haselen R, Fisher P. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370613 Homeopathic medicines for adverse effects of cancer treatments]. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 2. <br />
<br />
'''to 1. b)'''<br />
<br />
*Benveniste, Jacque - INSERM-(French equivalent of NIH) -1988-&nbsp;&nbsp; Demonstrated after 4 yrs research, that&nbsp; homeopathic potencies of Anti-IGE had biological effects at dilutions of 30c and 120c. (serum protein anti-body) <br />
*Benveniste, Jacques et al.: Human Basophil Degranulation Triggered by ery Dilute Antiserum Against IgE, in: Nature Vol.333, 30.6.1988, S.816ff. <br />
*Betti L., Brizzi M., Nani D., Peruzzi M., Effect of high dilutions of Arsenicum album on wheat seedlings from seed poisoned with the same substance, Br Hom J 1997; 86: 86-89. <br />
*Binder M., Baumgartner S., Thurneysen A., The Effects of a 45x Potency of Arsenicum album on Wheat Seedling Growth – a Reproduction Trial, Res Compl Med / Forsch Komplementärmed 2005;12: 284-291. <br />
*British Homeopathic J.-74 (July 1985) 168-174- Homeopathic remedies inhibited viral growth in chick embryos from 50-100% depending on potency used. <br />
*Brizzi M., Lazzarato L., Nani D., Borghini F., Peruzzi M., Betti L., A Biostatistical Insight into the As2O3 High Dilution Effects on the Rate and Variability of Wheat Seedling Growth. Res Compl Med / Forsch Komplemenärmedizin 2005; 12: 277-83. <br />
*de Oliveira CC, de Oliveira SM, Goes VM, Probst CM, Krieger MA, Buchi DD. Gene expression profiling of macrophages following mice treatment with an immunomodulator medication. J Cell Biochem 2008; 104: 1364-1377. <br />
*Endler, P.C., Pongratz, W., van Wijk, R., Kastberger, G., Haidvogl, M. Effects of Highly Diluted Succussed Thyroxin on Metamorphosis of Highland Frogs. Berlin J Res Hom 1991; 1: 151-160. <br />
*Guedes J. R. P., Ferreira C. M., Guimaraes H. M. B., Saldiva P. H. N., Capelozzi V. L. Homeopathically prepared dilution of Rana catesbeiana thyroid glands modifies its rate of metamorphosis. Homeopathy 2004; 93: 132-137. <br />
*Persson, W.and Boyd, W.: 1954- rate of fermentation of starch by ptyalin and diastase is influenced by high potencies of mercuric chloride. <br />
*[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-31971-9 Potenziertes Rhus toxicodendron beeinflußt Schmerzzustände bei Ratten] <br />
*Ramachandran C, Nair PK, Clèment RT, Melnick SJ. Investigation of cytokine expression in human leukocyte cultures with two immune-modulatory homeopathic preparations. J Altern Complement Med 2007; 13: 403-407. <br />
*Smit E, Pretorius E, Anderson R, Oommen J, Potjo M. Differentiation of human monocytes in vitro following exposure to Canova in the absence of cytokines. Ultrastruct Pathol 2008; 32: 147-152. <br />
*Spin-Neto R1, Belluci MM, Sakakura CE, Scaf G, Pepato MT, Marcantonio E Jr. Homeopathic Symphytum officinale increases removal torque and radiographic bone density around titanium implants in rats. Homeopathy. 2010 Oct;99(4):249-54. ” Symphytum officinale 6cH enhances, principally at the early stages of osseointegration, bone formation around titanium implants in rats’ tibiae, based on radiographic and mechanical analysis.” <br />
*Teixeira, Marcus Zulian and Carneiro, Solange M.T.P.G.: Effects of homeopathic high dilutions on plants: literature review, in: Revista de Homeopatia, Vol. 80, No. 3/4 (2017), Special Dossier: Scientific Evidence for Homeopathy, by the Technical Chamber for Homeopathy of the Regional Medical Council of the State of Sao Paulo, ISSN: 2175-3105; p. 104-120; [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/411 Online Summary] and [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/411/503 Online Full Text] <br />
*Waisse, Silvia: Effects of homeopathic high dilutions on in vitro models: literature review, in: Revista de Homeopatia, Vol. 80, No. 3/4 (2017), Special Dossier: Scientific Evidence for Homeopathy, by the Technical Chamber for Homeopathy of the Regional Medical Council of the State of Sao Paulo, ISSN: 2175-3105; p. 90-103; [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/410 Online Summary] and [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/410/502 Online Full Text] <br />
*Welles, S.U., Suanjak-Traidl, E., Weber, S., Scherer-Pongratz, W., Frass, M., Endler, P.C.,<br/> Spranger, H., Lothaller, H. Pretreatment with thyroxine (10e-8) and the effect of homeopathically prepared thyroxin (10-30) on highland frogs – a multi-researcher study. Res Compl Med / Forsch Komplementärmed 2007; 14: 353-357. <br />
*Welles, S.U., Suanjak-Traidl, E., Weber, S., Scherer-Pongratz, W., Frass, M., Endler, P.C., Spranger, H., Lothaller, H. Pretreatment with thyroxine (10e-8) and the effect of homeopathically prepared thyroxin (10-30) on highland frogs – a multi-researcher study. Res Compl Med / Forsch Komplementärmedizin 2007; 14: 353-357. <br />
<br />
'''to 2. a)'''<br />
<br />
The most comprehensive and important ressource for this subject is the [https://www.hri-research.org/resources/research-databases/core-hom/ '''CORE-Hom''' database], a cooperation between the renowned '''Veronika-Carstens-Foundation''' and the '''Homeopathy Research Institute (HRI) ''' with far more than 1000 studies, researchable according to diagnosis . Here follows a selection of important studies:<br />
<br />
*Adler, U. C., et al. “Homeopathic Individualized Q-Potencies versus Fluoxetine for Moderate to Severe Depression: Double-Blind, Randomized Non-Inferiority Trial.” Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011: 520182. Published online 2011 Jun 8 <br />
*Albertini , H. et al. Homeopathic Treatment of Neuralgia Using Arnica & Hypericum: Summary of 60 observations –&nbsp; J. of&nbsp; American Institute of Hom.-78(Sept.’85) 126-128 -. 76% of those given&nbsp; Arnica and Hypericum&nbsp; experienced pain relief. <br />
*Alibeu J.P., Jobert J.: Aconite in homeopathic relief of post-operative pain and agitation in children [Article in French] Pediatrie. 1990;45(7-8):465-6. “Despite the use of modern analgesic methods and an improved use of narcotics, the combination pain-agitation sometimes persists in the recovery-room. Aconit proved to be effective for children’s postoperative agitation with 95% good results. It is usually stated in such studies that the placebo effect is high and may reach rates higher than 30%. Aconit is an amazing cure when well prescribed, as much for the speediness of its action as for its efficiency. This remedy has a place in the recovery-room and should be in every physician’s emergency case.” <br />
*AnnIst Super Sanità 2012, Vol. 48, No. 1: 105-109: Flu– Oscillococcinum for influenza treatment. In 2012, the three European researchers reviewed three randomized controlled double blinded studies completed between1988 and 1998 with over a total of 1000 patients all studied showed clinical improvement in flu like symptoms using Oscillococcinum with one study having statistically significant improvement. [https://hpathy.com/scientific-research/quotable-homeopathic-research/ (Quoted from Hpathy.com], collected by Loretta Butehorn PhD CCH and Robert Medhurst BNat DHom DBM DRM DNutr) <br />
*Asthma: Reilly, D, Taylor, M, Beattie, N, et al., [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7983994 "Is Evidence for Homoeopathy Reproducible?"] Lancet, December 10, 1994, 344:1601-6. <br />
*Balzarini A 2000: Radiodermatitis <br />
*Barnes J 1997: Post-operative ileus <br />
*Bell IR, Lewis DA 2nd, Brooks AJ, Schwartz GE, Lewis SE, Walsh BT, Baldwin CM. Improved clinical status in fibromyalgia patients treated with individualized homeopathic remedies versus placebo. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2004 May;43(5):577-82. Epub 2004 Jan 20. “Participants on active treatment showed significantly greater improvements in tender point count and tender point pain, quality of life, global health and a trend toward less depression compared with those on placebo.” <br />
*Bell IR, Lewis II DA, Brooks AJ, et al.: Fibromyalgia, [http://rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org/content/43/5/577.full Improved clinical status in fibromyalgia patients treated with individualized homeopathic remedies versus placebo], Rheumatology. 2004:1111-5. This journal is the official journal of the British Society of Rheumatology. <br />
*Bellavite P 2006; Bornhöft G 2006: Upper respiratory tract infections, including otitis media <br />
*Bernstein S 2006; Wiesenauer M 1996: Psoriasis <br />
*Berrebi A 2001: Postpartum lactation <br />
*Boehm K, Raak C, Cramer H, Lauche R, Ostermann T Homeopathy in the treatment of fibromyalgia–a comprehensive literature-review and meta-analysis. Complement Ther Med. 2014 Aug;22(4):731-42. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2014.06.005. Epub 2014 Jun 28. “The results of the studies as well as the case reports define a sufficient basis for discussing the possible benefits of homeopathy for patients suffering from fibromyalgia syndrome.” <br />
*Brulé D., Sule L, Landau-Halpern B, Nastase V, Jain U, Vohra S, Boon H. An open-label pilot study of homeopathic treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and youth. Forschende Komplementarmedizin. 2014;21(5):302-9. “63% had a statistically significant improvement in the primary outcome.” “No serious adverse events related to the therapy were reported.” <br />
*Butehorn, Loretta and Medhurst, Robert: In a 2018 PubMed listed study, those cocaine users who used homeopathy were able to reduce usage to 18 days per month compared to placebo group who used 28 days a month. This Brazilian study noted that any reduction is helpful as there are no medically assisted treatments for cocaine use in western medical drug treatment. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29625852 J Integr Med.] 2018 May;16(3):178-184. doi: 10.1016/j.joim.2018.03.004. Epub 2018 Mar 30. Double-blind evaluation of homeopathy on cocaine craving: a randomized controlled pilot study. [https://hpathy.com/scientific-research/quotable-homeopathic-research/ (Quoted from Hpathy.com], collected by Loretta Butehorn PhD CCH and Medhurst BNat DHom DBM DRM DNutr) <br />
*Butehorn, Randolph and Gumz: Reduction in Alcohol and other Drug Cravings in Clients in Early Recovery. - Compiling data from 3 addiction treatment programs in Boston, statistically significant results showed that clients using Nux vomica for cravings for drugs were able to complete post detox in patient treatment at a rate twice as often as those not using Nux vomiva for cravings. “Use of Homeopathic Nux Vomica in Reducing PAWS (Post acute withdrawal syndrome) in Early Recovering Addicted Women”, in: Inter J of Comp & Alte Med,Vol 6, No 4,2017 [https://hpathy.com/scientific-research/quotable-homeopathic-research/ (Quoted from Hpathy.com], collected by Loretta Butehorn PhD CCH and Robert Medhurst BNat DHom DBM DRM DNutr) <br />
*Cavalcanti AM 2003: Uraemic pruritus <br />
*Chapman EH1, Weintraub RJ, Milburn MA, Pirozzi TO, Woo E. Homeopathic treatment of mild traumatic brain injury: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1999 Dec;14(6):521-42. “These results indicate a significant improvement from the homeopathic treatment versus the control and translate into clinically significant outcomes.” <br />
*Clark J 2000: Plantar fascitis <br />
*Diefenbach, M. 1999 - Bronchitis <br />
*Doehring et al.: Using Homeopathy with Livestock. Efficacy of homeopathy in livestock according to peer-reviewed publications from 1981 to 2014 Vet Rec. 2016; 179(24): 628, Homeopathy is widely used in livestock, especially in order to reduce the use of antibiotics A comprehensive literature review has been conducted to assess the efficacy of homeopathy in cattle, pigs and poultry. Only peer-reviewed publications dealing with homeopathic remedies, which could possibly replace or prevent the use of antibiotics in the case of infective diseases or growth promotion in livestock were included. Search results revealed a total number of 52 trials performed within 48 publications fulfilling the predefined criteria. Twenty-eight trials were in favor of homeopathy, with 26 trials showing a significantly higher efficacy in comparison to a control group. [https://hpathy.com/scientific-research/quotable-homeopathic-research/ (Quoted from Hpathy.com], collected by Loretta Butehorn PhD CCH and Robert Medhurst BNat DHom DBM DRM DNutr) <br />
*Egocheaga Rodriguez J 2000: Extended sports recovery time <br />
*Ernst E 1990: Varicose veins <br />
*Facelift Surgery Bruising. Effect of homeopathic Arnica montana on bruising in face-lifts: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2006, 8, 1, 54-9. Seeley BM, et al. – In this trial, 29 people who were undergoing facelifts were randomized to receive either perioperative homeopathic arnica, or placebo. They were examined post-operatively for bruising at days 1, 5, 7 and 10. Assessment showed a signification reduction in bruising when compared to placebo. [https://hpathy.com/scientific-research/quotable-homeopathic-research/ (Quoted from Hpathy.com], collected by Loretta Butehorn PhD CCH and Robert Medhurst BNat DHom DBM DRM DNutr) <br />
*Fisher P, Greenwood A, Huskisson EC, et al.: Fibromyalgia: "Effect of Homoeopathic Treatment on Fibrositis (Primary Fibromyalgia)," BMJ, 299(August 5, 1989):365-6. “The improvement experienced by our patients while receiving active treatment was at least as great as that reported for any other treatment that has been assessed double blind.” <br />
*Frass M 2005: Sepsis <br />
*Frass M 2005: Tracheal secretions <br />
*Frass, M, Dielacher, C, Linkesch, M, et al.: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15764779 Influence of potassium dichromate on tracheal secretions in critically ill patients], Chest, March, 2005;127:936-941. The journal, Chest, is the official publication of the American College of Chest Physicians. <br />
*Frei, H, Everts R, von Ammon K, Kaufmann F, Walther D, Hsu-Schmitz SF, Collenberg M, Fuhrer K, Hassink R, Steinlin M, Thurneysen A.: ADD/ADHD: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16047154 Homeopathic treatment of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled crossover trial]. Eur J Pediatr., July 27,2005,164:758-767. <br />
*French Study-Cahrs de Biotherapie 94 (April 1987) 77-81 - Double blind – Caulophyllum – Difficult deliveries – Remedy reduced labor time and decreased decreased abnormal labor. Labor time 5.1 hrs; average in treated grp. but 8.5 hrs in placebo group; Also, 11.3% of treated group had abnormal labor compared with 40% for placebo group; <br />
*Friese K; 2007; Zabolotnyi D., 2007; Wiesenauer M 1989: Sinusitis <br />
*Furuta, Sérgio E. and Weckx, Luc L.M. and Figueiredo, Cláudia R.: Randomized, double-blind trial on the efficacy of homeopathic treatment in children with recurrent tonsillitis in: Revista de Homeopatia, Vol. 80, No. 3/4 (2017), Special Dossier: Scientific Evidence for Homeopathy, by the Technical Chamber for Homeopathy of the Regional Medical Council of the State of Sao Paulo, ISSN: 2175-3105; p. 136-41; [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/413 Online Summary] and [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/413/508 Online Full Text] <br />
*Gerhard, W. The Biological treatment of Migraines, Based on Experience - Biological therapy 5 no. 3 (June 1988) 67-71. <br />
*German Pharmacological Journal (Arzneim. Forsch/Drug Res., 34 (1984):1791-98-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; HomeopathicCombination formula reduced vertigo and nausea. <br />
*Gibson RG, Gibson SL, MacNeill AD, Buchanan “Homeopathic therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: evaluation by double-blind clinical therapeutic trial.” British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1980 May;9(5):453-9.WW. – 82% of patients experienced some relief compared with 21% for placebo. “There was a significant improvement in subjective pain, articular index, stiffness and grip strength in those patients receiving homoeopathic remedies whereas there was no significant change in the patients who received placebo.” <br />
*Hayfever: Reilly D, Taylor M, McSharry C, et al.,[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2876326 Is homoeopathy a placebo response? controlled trial of homoeopathic potency, with pollen in hayfever as model]," Lancet, October 18, 1986, ii: 881-6. <br />
*Homeopathic treatment of patients with chronic low back pain: A prospective observational study with 2 years’ follow-up.Clin J Pain. 2009, 25, 4, 334-9. . Witt CM, et al. Researchers from Charité University Medical Center in Berlin, Germany, evaluated 129 adults suffering from medically diagnosed chronic low back pain for an average duration of 9.6 years were treated by homeopathic physicians who prescribed according to their individual symptoms. Their progress was followed for 2 years. On analysis of the symptom severity and quality of life changes demonstrated a marked and sustained improvement. In addition, the use of homeopathic remedies were associated with a significant decline in the use of conventional treatment and health services. [https://hpathy.com/scientific-research/quotable-homeopathic-research/ (Quoted from Hpathy.com], collected by Loretta Butehorn PhD CCH and Robert Medhurst BNat DHom DBM DRM DNutr) <br />
*Homeopathy-(London 1975 W.H. Allen&nbsp; ), 124-125: Survey of English factory and office workers. Group treated with hom. nosode influenzium: 6.5% got flu. In untreated group, 19.7 got flu. Untreated group lost 8.5 times more working days. <br />
*Iannitti T1, Morales-Medina JC, Bellavite P, Rottigni V, Palmieri B. Effectiveness and Safety of Arnica montana in Post-Surgical Setting, Pain and Inflammation.Am J Ther. 2016 Jan-Feb;23(1):e184-97. “Cumulative evidence suggests that Arnica montana may represent a valid alternative to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, at least when treating some specific conditions.” <br />
*Immune function (Kuzeff RM 1998); Influenza (Vickers A 2006; Attena F 1995; Brydak LB 1999; Ferley JP 1989; Papp R 1998); <br />
*In this 2018 British study,antibiotics, individualized homeopathy and placebo had similar effects on bacteriological and cytological cure in cases of culture-negative milk samples (P>0.4) and Escherichia coli infections (P=1.0). An important finding given our need to reduce antibiotics in ecosystem. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29374099 Vet Rec. 2018], Apr 7;182(14):407. doi: 10.1136/vr.104555. Epub 2018 Jan 26. Comparative effectiveness of individualised homeopathy and antibiotics in the treatment of bovine clinical mastitis: randomised controlled trial. Keller D1, Sundrum A1. [https://hpathy.com/scientific-research/quotable-homeopathic-research/ (Quoted from Hpathy.com], collected by Loretta Butehorn PhD CCH and Robert Medhurst BNat DHom DBM DRM DNutr) <br />
*Insomnia (Bell IR 2010; Brooks AJ 2010; Carlini EA 1987; Naudé DF 2010); <br />
*Insomnia. Chronic primary insomnia: efficacy of homeopathic simillimum.Homeopathy. 2010, 99, 1, 63-8Naudé et al. Researchers from South Africa’s Durban University of Technology foused on determining the effects of constitutional homeopathic treatment for insomnia, when compared to a placebo control. Thirty subjects diagnosed with primary insomnia were randomly assigned to homeopathy or placebo. An analysis of the outcomes showed that sleep duration, sleep quality improved significantly under homeopathic treatment, when compared to that using the placebo control. [https://hpathy.com/scientific-research/quotable-homeopathic-research/ (Quoted from Hpathy.com], collected by Loretta Butehorn PhD CCH and Robert Medhurst BNat DHom DBM DRM DNutr) <br />
*J Headache Pain. 2013; 14(Suppl 1): P56.Sharma et al; Headache frequency and intensity was lower in the homeopathy group than in controls.. Compared with usual care, patients randomized to homeopathy used 35% less medication (P = 0.001) and had 45% fewer visits to general practitioners (P = 0.0001) <br />
*Jacobs J 2001; Taylor JA 2011: Otitis media <br />
*Jacobs, J, Jimenez, LM, Gloyd, SS:Childhood diarrhea:,[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8165068 Treatment of Acute Childhood Diarrhea with Homeopathic Medicine: A Randomized Double-blind Controlled Study in Nicaragua], Pediatrics, May, 1994,93,5:719-25. <br />
*Jennifer Jacobs, M.D., M.P.H. Homeopathic Treatment of Acute Childhood Diarrhea: Results from a Clinical Trial in Nepal, The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, Volume 6, Number 2, 2000, pp. 131-139. The study was performed to determine whether homeopathy is useful in the treatment of acute childhood diarrhea with clear beneficial results. <br />
*Jonas WB 2000: Rheumatic diseases <br />
*Jonas, WB, Linde, Klaus, and Ramirez, Gilbert, "[http://www.researchgate.net/publication/12635664_Homeopathy_and_rheumatic_disease Homeopathy and Rheumatic Disease]," Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America, February 2000,1:117-123. <br />
*Jonas, WB, Linde, Klaus, and Ramirez, Gilbert, [http://www.researchgate.net/publication/12635664_Homeopathy_and_rheumatic_disease Homeopathy and Rheumatic Disease], Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America, February 2000,1:117-123. <br />
*Karow J-H 2008: Post-operative wound healing <br />
*Kassab S, Cummings M, Berkovitz S, van Haselen R, Fisher P.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370613 Homeopathic medicines for adverse effects of cancer treatments]. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 2. <br />
*Lipman D 1999: Snoring <br />
*Low back pain (Gmünder R 2002; Stam C 2001); <br />
*Maiwald VL 1988: Common cold <br />
*Naudé DF, Stephanie Couchman IM, Maharaj A. Chronic primary insomnia: efficacy of homeopathic simillimum. Homeopathy. 2010 Jan;99(1):63-8. “The homeopathic simillimum treatment of primary insomnia was effective, compared to placebo. Homeopathy is a viable treatment modality for this condition and further research is justified.” <br />
*Oberbaum M 2005: Postpartum bleeding <br />
*Paterson & Boyd 1931 – Schick test – registers immunity after administration of high potency nosode Diptherinum. <br />
*Reilly, D.T. et al- Is Hom. a Placebo Response?-: Controlled trial of Hom. Potency with Pollen in Hayfever as Model. Lancet 2 No. 8512 (Oct. 1986): 881-886. <br />
*Research on homeopathy’s effectiveness for specific pathologies: [http://www.britishhomeopathic.org/ http://www.britishhomeopathic.org/] <br />
*Saruggia M 1992: Renal failure <br />
*Schmidt, Joseph M. u Ostermayr, B: Does a homeopathic ultramolecular dilution of Thyoidinum 30cH affect the rate of body weight reduction in fasting patients? A randomised placebo-controlled double-blind clinical trial.Homeopathy 2002; 91(4):197-206, DOI: 10.1054/homp.2002.0049, PMID: 12422922 [Impact Factor 2011: 1.141, rank 14/22 integrative & complementary medicine] <br />
*Schmidt, Joseph M. u Ostermayr, B: The effect of Thyroidinum 30cH on the body weight reduction of fasting patients. A randomized placebo-controlled double-blind clinical trial. In: Proceedings of the 57th Congress of the Liga Medicorum Homoeopathica Internationalis, Moscow, Russia, 4–8 June 2002. Moskau 2002, Bd. 2, S. 362-370 <br />
*Schneider B 2005; Issing W 2005; Weiser M 1998: Vertigo <br />
*Seeley BM1, Denton AB, Ahn MS, Maas CS. Effect of homeopathic Arnica montana on bruising in face-lifts: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2006 Jan-Feb;8(1):54-9. Patients taking Arnica montana experienced less bruising after facial surgery. <br />
*Sharma, S., Sharma, N., and Sharma, R: Accelerating the healing of bone fracture using homeopathy: a prospective, randomized double-blind controlled study BMC Complement Altern Med. 2012; June 12. “Faster healing was reported in the homeopathy group by week 9 following injury, including significant improvement in fracture line … callous formation and fracture union in comparison to placebo. There was also lower use of analgesics and less self-reported pain in the homeopathy group.” <br />
*Shipley M. et al. -Controlled trial of Homeopathic treatment of Osteoarthritis - Lancet-1 (1983) 97-98. <br />
*Siqueira CM, Homsani F, da Veiga VF, Lyrio C, Mattos H, Passos SR, Couceiro JN, Quaresma CH.: Homeopathic medicines for prevention of influenza and acute respiratory tract infections in children: blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Homeopathy. 2016 Feb;105(1):71-7. “A study of 445 children ages 1-5 years old showed that statistically significant positive results for the complex homeopathy compared to placebo in the Brazilian Public Health System in Petrópolis.” <br />
*Smith SA 2002: Seborrhoeic dermatitis <br />
*Stomatitis (Oberbaum M 2001); <br />
*Taylor MA 2000: Perennial allergic rhinitis <br />
*Taylor, MA, Reilly, D, Llewellyn-Jones, RH, et al., [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC27460/ Randomised controlled trial of homoeopathy versus placebo in perennial allergic rhinitis with overview of four trial Series], BMJ, August 19, 2000, 321:471-476. The BMJ published an editorial in the issue in which this study was published asserting, “It may be time to confront the conclusion that homeopathy and placebo differ...... This may be more plausible than the conclusion that their trials have produced serial false positive results" (Later in the BMJ. Homoeopathic dilutions may be better than placebo. BMJ 2000; 321:0). <br />
*Teixeira, Marcus Zulian and Podgaec, Sérgio and Baracat, Edmund Chara: Potentized estrogen in homeopathic treatment of endometriosis-associated pelvic pain: A 24-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, in: Revista de Homeopatia, Vol. 80, No. 3/4 (2017), Special Dossier: Scientific Evidence for Homeopathy, by the Technical Chamber for Homeopathy of the Regional Medical Council of the State of Sao Paulo, ISSN: 2175-3105; p. 134-35; [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/414 Online Summary] and [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/414/505 Online Full Text] <br />
*Totonchi A 2007: Post-operative edema <br />
*Waisse, Silvia: Clinical research in homeopathy: systematic reviews and randomized clinical trials, in: Revista de Homeopatia, Vol. 80, No. 3/4 (2017), Special Dossier: Scientific Evidence for Homeopathy, by the Technical Chamber for Homeopathy of the Regional Medical Council of the State of Sao Paulo, ISSN: 2175-3105; p. 121-133; [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/412 Online Summary] and [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/412/504 Online Full Text] <br />
*Weatherley-Jones E 2004: Chronic fatigue syndrome <br />
*Wiesenauer M 1996; Taylor MA 2006; Ernst E 2011; Aabel S 2000; Aabel S 2000; Aabel S 2001; Kim LS 2005; Reilly DT 1986; Weiser M 1999; Wiesenauer M 1 985; Wiesenauer M 1990; Wiesenauer M 1995: Seasonal allergic rhinitis <br />
*Yakir Michal, 2001: Premenstrual syndrome <br />
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'''to 2. b)'''<br />
<br />
*Grimaldi-Bensouda L et al. Homeopathic medical practice for anxiety and depression in primary care: the EPI3 cohort study. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2016 May 4;16:125. doi: 10.1186/s12906-016-1104-2. “Patients with Anxiety Depression Disorder, who chose to consult GPs prescribing homeopathy reported less use of psychotropic drugs, and were marginally more likely to experience clinical improvement, than patients managed with conventional care.” <br />
*Spence, D S, et al. “Homeopathic Treatment for Chronic Disease: a 6-Year, University-Hospital Outpatient Observational Study.” J Altern Complement Med. 2005 Oct;11(5):793-8. An observational study of over 6000 patients over a 6 year period concluded that homeopathy offers “positive health changes to a substantial proportion of a large cohort of patients with a wide range of chronic diseases.” <br />
*Witt, C M, et al. “Homeopathic Medical Practice: Long-Term Results of a Cohort Study with 3981 Patients.” BMC Public Health. 2005 Nov 3;5:115. “Marked and sustained improvements” were found following homeopathic treatment among long-term care of adult and child patients with chronic diseases, including “disease severity and quality of life.” <br />
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'''to 3)''' Meta-Studies, Systematic Reviews and Commentaries on them<br />
<br />
*You find a very good overview over the recent meta studies on [https://www.hri-research.org/resources/essentialevidence/clinical-trials-overview/ the website of the HRI]. <br />
*Bonamin, Leoni Villano: The soundness of homeopathic fundamental research, in: Revista de Homeopatia, Vol. 80, No. 3/4 (2017), Special Dossier: Scientific Evidence for Homeopathy, by the Technical Chamber for Homeopathy of the Regional Medical Council of the State of Sao Paulo, ISSN: 2175-3105; p. 82-89; [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/409 Online Summary] and [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/409/501 Online Full Text] <br />
*Bornhöft, G. Matthiessen, P. Homeopathy in Health care: Effectiveness, Appropriateness, Safety, Costs: An HTA Report on the Homeopathy as Part of the Swiss Complementary Medicine Evaluation Programme, Homeopathy is covered under the National Health Care system in Switzerland. In 2011, the Swiss Government commissioned a Health Report that reviewed hundreds of research studies on homeopathy and other types of alternative medicine, with the conclusion: “There is sufficient evidence for the preclinical effectiveness and the clinical efficacy of homeopathy for its safety and economy.” <br />
*British Medical Journal 302 - (Feb 1991):316-323 Kleignen, J et al: Clinical Trials of Homeopathy- Published; review of 105 clinical trials, 81 demonstrated effectiveness. <br />
*Jacobs J, Jonas WB, Jimenez-Perez M, Crothers D,[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12634583 Homeopathy for Childhood Diarrhea: Combined Results and Metaanalysis from Three Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trials], Pediatr Infect Dis J., 2003;22:229-34. This metaanalysis of 242 children showed a highly significant result in the duration of childhood diarrhea (P=0.008). <br />
*Kleijnen J, Knipschild P ter Riet G. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1825800 Clinical trials of homoeopathy]. BMJ 1991, 302, 316-23. Of the 22 best studies, 15 showed positive results from homeopathic treatment. The researchers concluded, "there is a legitimate case for further evaluation of homeopathy." <br />
*Linde L, Clausius N, Ramirez G, Jonas W, "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9310601 Are the Clinical Effects of Homoeopathy Placebo Effects? A Meta-analysis of Placebo-Controlled Trials], Lancet, September 20, 1997, 350:834-843. Although a later review by some of these authors found a reduced significance, the authors never asserted that the significance was no longer present. Further, two of the lead authors of this article provided a very sharp critique of the Shang, et al. review of research (2005). Also, both Linde and Jonas wrote to the Lancet after the Shang/Egger article was published and asserted that the Lancet should be "embarrassed" by their publication of this article and the accompanied editorial (Lancet, 366 December 17, 2005:2081-2). <br />
*Mathie, R.T., Lloyd, S.M., Legg, L.A., Clausen, J., Moss, S., Davidson, J.R.T., Ford, I. (2014): Randomised placebo-controlled trials of individualised homeopathic treatment: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Systematic Reviews 2014, 3:142 oi:10.1186/2046-4053-3-142 <br />
*Teixeira, Marcus Zulian and Carneiro, Solange M.T.P.G.: Effects of homeopathic high dilutions on plants: literature review, in: Revista de Homeopatia, Vol. 80, No. 3/4 (2017), Special Dossier: Scientific Evidence for Homeopathy, by the Technical Chamber for Homeopathy of the Regional Medical Council of the State of Sao Paulo, ISSN: 2175-3105; p. 104-120; [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/411 Online Summary] and [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/411/503 Online Full Text] <br />
*Waisse, Silvia: Clinical research in homeopathy: systematic reviews and randomized clinical trials, in: Revista de Homeopatia, Vol. 80, No. 3/4 (2017), Special Dossier: Scientific Evidence for Homeopathy, by the Technical Chamber for Homeopathy of the Regional Medical Council of the State of Sao Paulo, ISSN: 2175-3105; p. 121-133; [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/412 Online Summary] and [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/412/504 Online Full Text] <br />
*Waisse, Silvia: Effects of homeopathic high dilutions on in vitro models: literature review, in: Revista de Homeopatia, Vol. 80, No. 3/4 (2017), Special Dossier: Scientific Evidence for Homeopathy, by the Technical Chamber for Homeopathy of the Regional Medical Council of the State of Sao Paulo, ISSN: 2175-3105; p. 90-103; [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/410 Online Summary] and [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/410/502 Online Full Text] <br />
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== References: ==<br />
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Admin
https://www.freewiki.eu/en/index.php?title=Studies_on_homeopathy&diff=1442
Studies on homeopathy
2020-02-16T16:30:27Z
<p>Admin: </p>
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<div><p style="text-align: right">[[Donate|'''Please support FreeWiki''']]</p> <p style="text-align: right">in deutscher Sprache: [[:de:Forschungen_und_Studien_zur_Homöopathie|Forschungen und Studien zur Homöopathie]]</p> <br />
[[Homeopathy|Homeopathy]] is an [[Alternative_medicine|alternative medical]] method which is successfully working according to its own paradigm for more than 200 years now, but which has also been well proven and substantiated by different studies and researches according to modern scientific standards.<br/> The [http://www.wisshom.de/ Scientific Society for Homeopathy] in Germany (WissHom) has written a report summarizing the state of research on the basis of data from international peer-reviewed journals. The most important results are:<br />
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<div style="float:right; margin-left:2em;">__TOC__</div> <br />
fckLR<br />
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*Homeopathic treatment is clinically useful under everyday medical conditions (practice) (perspective on health services research, see 2.b below). <br />
*High-quality randomized clinical trials also show specific effects in which homeopathy is superior to placebo (perspective randomized clinical trials, see below 2.a). <br />
*Four out of five meta-analyses show a statistical superiority of homeopathic remedies compared to placebo, but all in all the number of high-quality studies is low (perspective meta-analyses, see below 3). <br />
*Also in experiments with cell cultures, animals and plants there are, reproduced meanwhile, effects which show a specific effect of high potencies (perspective basic research, s.u.1.b). <br />
*The study situation is not conclusive overall, but sufficiently proves a therapeutic benefit. More high-quality research is needed, especially replications of positive studies. <br />
<blockquote><br />
Quote of the German scientific Veronika Carstens Foundation:<br/> ''"There are more than 200 randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind studies on homeopathy. The majority of these document advantages in the homeopathic group compared to placebo control. This also applies to the methodologically high-quality papers. Accordingly, reviews (meta-analyses) of such studies also regularly state the statistically significant superiority of potentised preparations over placebo, even in the group of the most reliable clinical trials. No difference between homeopathy and placebo can only be detected if at least 90% of the available data are excluded from evaluation due to scientifically incomprehensible criteria. The constant repetition of the assertion of the missing evidence of an effect of homeopathy beyond placebo effects does not make it any more true."''<ref>https://www.naturundmedizin.de/faktencheck-zur-radiosendung-streit-um-die-homoeopathie/</ref><br />
</blockquote> <br />
You can find a detailed and factual answer to the most frequently asked critical questions on homeopathy on the page of the [https://www.hri-research.org/resources/homeopathy-faqs/ Homeopathy Research Institute (HRI)].<br />
<br />
== Scientific and medical research on homeopathy ==<br />
<br />
In the last three decades a number of efforts have been made to research the mode of action of homeopathic therapy on a scientific basis, i.e. to apply the same criteria to it as to other forms of medicine. This was done under several different questions:<br />
<br />
=== 1. Basic Research ===<br />
<br />
'''a)''' '''Physical and chemical experiments''' were carried out in order to get closer to a scientific understanding of the mechanisms of action of high potencies and to determine whether effects can be proven physically at a dilution beyond Avogardo's number.<br/> '''b)''' Experiments have been carried out with the '''application of potentiated substances''' on various tissues and organisms (bacteria, plants, animals) to determine whether potentiated substances have a demonstrable effect on living organisms.<br/> A new non-profit organisation, [[Campace|Campace]], supported by homeopaths, has recently been created to carry out scientifically complex studies on cell series with the help of biotechnological institutes.<br />
<br />
=== 2. Clinical Research ===<br />
<br />
'''a)''' '''Randomized clinical trials''' wer carried out, mostly [[Double-blind_study|double-blind]], to clarify whether homeopathic medication has an effect in use that can be distinguished from placebo effects.<br/> '''b) Health services research''' aiming to clarify to what extent patients in everyday practice benefit from homeopathic treatment and how it compares to conventional medical treatment.<br />
<br />
=== 3. Systematic Reviews and Metaanalysis ===<br />
<br />
These are scientific reviews that evaluate the results of comparable studies on a specific topic and summarize them into a kind of mathematical overall result.<br />
<br />
== Explanations ==<br />
<br />
'''to 1. a)''' Are highly potentiated substances physically present? The basic investigations on the physical and biochemical behaviour of high potencies seem to have shown at least indications that potentiated substances behave differently than unpotentiated substances of the same dilution level. Similar investigations and proofs have been provided by anthroposophical scientists for a long time, who have shown by means of qualitative proof methods (e.g. drop images, thin layer chromatography) that biodynamically grown plants can be distinguished from conventional plants - and in this sense methods of biodynamic cultivation (e.g. rhythmic cultivation) as well as potentiation are alchemistic methods, which do not show any differences from a superficial chemical point of view.<br />
<br />
Recent research on the so-called "memory of water" and on nanostructures of dissolved substances clearly proves the fundamental possibility of information transfer through potentiation in the physical and biological framework.<br/> The conference "New Horizons in Water Science - The Evidence for Homeopathy? (July 14, 2018) with the participation of two Nobel Laureates (Cambridge Professor Emeritus Brian Josephson, Physics, and the discoverer of the AIDS virus Dr. Luc Montagnier) at the Royal Socienty of Medicine in London showed a broad spectrum of international research on this topic, which explicitly attaches importance to supporting the claims of homeopathy fundamentally and on a strictly scientific basis.<br/> With it the assumption that potentiated substances, as they are used in homeopathy and other alternative medical procedures, could not have a scientifically tangible effect, at least from a current scientific point of view, is finally off the table.<br/> On the contrary, the results of this research seem in part to even go beyond the ambitious ideas of alternative physicians about the possibilities of cells and complex molecules for information transfer.<ref>https://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2018/10/31/water-and-homeopathy.aspx</ref><br />
<br />
'''to 1. b)'''<br />
<br />
'''to 2. a)''' Is homeopathy effective in clinical application? In spite of the difficulty of applying a testing method that is not fitting to homeopathy and despite the considerable methodological problems raised by double-blind studies and the unclear notion of placebo anyway<ref>see the detailed work of G.Ivanovas to this topic </ref>, the studies on the effectiveness of homeopathic medicines turned out so favorably in the sum that even a group of critics described the argumentation situation of the homeopathic therapists as "enviable position".<ref>[https://www.aerzteblatt.de/archiv/28110/Wirksamkeitspruefung-Doppelblindstudien-und-komplexe-Therapien Schuck, Dipl.Psych. Dr. med. Dr. phil. Peter; Mueller, Dipl. - Psych. Dr. phil. Horst; Resch, Prof. Dr. med. habil. Karl-Ludwig: Efficacy test: </ref> This means that even under the most unfavourable conditions and with partly completely irrelevant study designs<ref>see on this problem also the different works of Prof. [[Harald Walach]]</ref>it could be shown that homeopathic remedies work differently than placebo.<br />
<br />
'''to 2. b)''' Data from health services research show that homeopathy has an effect comparable to conventional medicine. Both therapy systems lead to similar costs: homeopathy through talk time, conventional medicine through medication costs.<br />
<br />
'''to 3)''' Ironically, clinical studies on homeopathic therapy are often subject to much stricter scientific standards than in orthodox medicine in order not to be disqualified by formal errors or statistical weaknesses.<ref>For the partly desolate situation of the scientific studies and documentations of orthodox pharmacology see [http://www.provings.info/blog1_en?post_id=39&title=a-severe-blow-to-evidence-based-medicine-(ebm):-cochrane-leaders-question-independence commentary on the decline of the famous Cochrane Collaboration] or the [https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(15)60696-1/fulltext statement of the editor-in-chief of the Lancet, Richard Horton] that half of the scientific studies are faked.</ref><br />
<br />
== Conclusion ==<br />
<br />
In summary, it can be said that the scientific research to date has shown that homeopathic effects exist in even within the horizon of a mechanistic perception and interpretation of the world. If we refine the measuring methods sufficiently, the existence of such effects can be observed. Similar to parapsychological research, however, the possible statements do not go beyond confirming the mere existence of such effects. How they actually come about, what their inner laws are, and all such questions as homoeopaths deal with in their daily practice, remain unexplained and untouched. This is the current state of affairs; and due to fundamental considerations on these topics, it is not to be expected that this will change significantly - see [[Models_for_homeopathic_effects|effect models of homeopathy]].<br />
<br />
== Literature ==<br />
<br />
=== Databases and Websites collecting Research and Studies on Homeopathy ===<br />
<br />
*[http://databaseomeopatia.alfatechint.com/#home-page The Homeopathic Database] by Dr. Francesco V. Marino is a large database of hundreds of studies and papers classified in groups from agro-homeopathy through basic pysico-chemical research to systematic reviews. <br />
*[https://www.hri-research.org/resources/research-databases/ CORE-Hom] is the large database of the [https://www.hri-research.org/ Homeopathy Research Institute] in collaboration with the [http://www.carstens-stiftung.de/ Veronica Carstens Foundation], containing more than 1200 clinical studies on homeopathy. <br />
<br />
=== general ===<br />
<br />
*Atmanspacher H, Römer H, Walach H: Weak quantum theory: Complementary and entanglement in physics and beyond. Found Phys 2002; 32: 379-406 [http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/quant-ph/pdf/0104/0104109v2.pdf http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/quant-ph/pdf/0104/0104109v2.pdf] <br />
*Barnard GP, Stephenson JH: Microdose paradox: A new biophysical concept. Journal of the American Institute of Homeopathy 1967; 60: 277-286 <br />
*Calabrese EJ (ed.): BELLE Newsletter. Biological Effects of Low Level Exposures. Vol. 16 No. 1, April 2010 [http://www.belleonline.com/newsletters/volume16/vol16-1FINAL.pdf http://www.belleonline.com/newsletters/volume16/vol16-1FINAL.pdf] <br />
*Coulter, Harris L.: Hahnemann und die Homöopathie. Eine medizinhistorisch begründete Einführung in die Grundgedanken der homöopathischen Heilkunst, Heidelberg 1994, S. 166ff <br />
*Dantas, Flávio: Do homeopathic medicines cause drug-dependent adverse effects or aggravations? in: Revista de Homeopatia, Vol. 80, No. 3/4 (2017), Special Dossier: Scientific Evidence for Homeopathy, by the Technical Chamber for Homeopathy of the Regional Medical Council of the State of Sao Paulo, ISSN: 2175-3105; p. 142-50; [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/416 Online Summary] and [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/416/506 Online Full Text] <br />
*Dantas, Flávio: Do homeopathic medicines induce symptoms in apparently healthy volunteers? The Brazilian contribution to the debate on homeopathic pathogenetic trials in: Revista de Homeopatia, Vol. 80, No. 3/4 (2017), Special Dossier: Scientific Evidence for Homeopathy, by the Technical Chamber for Homeopathy of the Regional Medical Council of the State of Sao Paulo, ISSN: 2175-3105; p. 151-71; [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/417 Online Summary] and [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/417/507 Online Full Text] <br />
*Haidvogel, Max: Klinische Forschung in der Homöopathie in den vergangenen 10 Jahren, in: R&D Newsletter der HomInt, Karlsruhe, 2000 – 1/ 2001 <br />
*Heusser, Peter: Probleme von Studiendesigns mit Randomisierung, Verblindung und Placebogabe. aus: Forschende Komplementärmedizin 1999; 6; 89-102 <br />
*Heusser, Peter: Kriterien zur Beurteilung des Nutzens von komplementärmedizinischen Massnahmen, zuhanden der Eidg.Leistungskommission des Bundesamtes für Sozialversicherung, 6.Fass. 1998 <br />
*Ivanovas, Georg: Doppelblind bei alternativen Heilverfahren. in: Deutsches Ärzteblatt 98, Heft 13 vom 30.03.01, Seite A-822 <br />
*Meyer-Wegener J: Homöopathische Potenzen und die Suche nach ihrer physikalischen Struktur. KVC Verlag, Essen 2001 (2. Nachdruck 2010) [http://www.kvc-verlag.de/index.php?cat=c5_Forum-Homoeopathie.html&page=2 http://www.kvc-verlag.de/index.php?cat=c5_Forum-Homoeopathie.html&page=2] <br />
*Popp, Fritz A.: Biophysikalische Grundlagen der Naturheilkunde, AHZ Bd.245, 4/2000, S. 154 <br />
*Quinn, Michael: Research on homeopathy and chemistry – Are Ie crystals the missing link? HomLinks 3/98 <br />
*Resch, Gerhard u. Gutmann, Viktor: Wissenschaftliche Grundlagen der Homöopathie, Schäftlarn 1986 (3.Aufl. 1994) <br />
*Schiff, Michel: Das Gedächtnis des Wassers – Homöopathie und ein spektakulärer Fall von Wissenschaftszensur, Frankfurt 1997 <br />
*Shepperd, John: Chaos Theorie: Implication für die Homöopathie, Europäisches Journal für klassische Homöopathie, Nr. 5+6/1996, S.36 <br />
*Teut, M.: Homöopathie zwischen Lebenskraft und Selbstorganisation, in: Forschende Komplementärmedizin und Klassische Naturheilkunde Bd.8, Heft 3, Freiburg 2001, ISSN 1424-7364 <br />
*Walach, Harald: Homöopathie als Basistherapie. Plädoyer für die wissenschaftliche Ernsthaftigkeit der Homöopathie, Heidelberg 1986 <br />
*Walach, Harald: Eine experimentelle homöopathische Arzneimittelprüfung, in: Erfahrungsheilkunde 12/1993 <br />
*Walach, Harald: Entanglement Model of Homeopathy. Forschende Komplementärmedizin Klassische Naturheilkunde 2003; 10: 192-200 [http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowAbstract&ArtikelNr=73475&Ausgabe=229609&ProduktNr=224242 http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowAbstract&ArtikelNr=73475&Ausgabe=229609&ProduktNr=224242] <br />
<br />
=== Studies ===<br />
<br />
'''to 1. a)'''<br />
<br />
*[https://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2018/10/31/water-and-homeopathy.aspx On the topic of information storage in water] <br />
*Journal of Holistic Medicine- 5 (Fall/Winter ’83)-172-75&nbsp; and J. of Amer. Inst. of Hom. 61(Nov/Dec. 68): 197-212: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study showed that all 23 different Hom. remedies and potencies tested had distinctive readings of submolecular activity, while placebos did not. <br />
*J. Amer. Inst. of Hom. 48, #11 (Nov. 1955):327-35 - Dilutions of NaCl up to 10-60 - showed differences in capacitance from distilled water. <br />
*Kassab S, Cummings M, Berkovitz S, van Haselen R, Fisher P. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370613 Homeopathic medicines for adverse effects of cancer treatments]. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 2. <br />
<br />
'''to 1. b)'''<br />
<br />
*Benveniste, Jacque - INSERM-(French equivalent of NIH) -1988-&nbsp;&nbsp; Demonstrated after 4 yrs research, that&nbsp; homeopathic potencies of Anti-IGE had biological effects at dilutions of 30c and 120c. (serum protein anti-body) <br />
*Benveniste, Jacques et al.: Human Basophil Degranulation Triggered by ery Dilute Antiserum Against IgE, in: Nature Vol.333, 30.6.1988, S.816ff. <br />
*Betti L., Brizzi M., Nani D., Peruzzi M., Effect of high dilutions of Arsenicum album on wheat seedlings from seed poisoned with the same substance, Br Hom J 1997; 86: 86-89. <br />
*Binder M., Baumgartner S., Thurneysen A., The Effects of a 45x Potency of Arsenicum album on Wheat Seedling Growth – a Reproduction Trial, Res Compl Med / Forsch Komplementärmed 2005;12: 284-291. <br />
*British Homeopathic J.-74 (July 1985) 168-174- Homeopathic remedies inhibited viral growth in chick embryos from 50-100% depending on potency used. <br />
*Brizzi M., Lazzarato L., Nani D., Borghini F., Peruzzi M., Betti L., A Biostatistical Insight into the As2O3 High Dilution Effects on the Rate and Variability of Wheat Seedling Growth. Res Compl Med / Forsch Komplemenärmedizin 2005; 12: 277-83. <br />
*de Oliveira CC, de Oliveira SM, Goes VM, Probst CM, Krieger MA, Buchi DD. Gene expression profiling of macrophages following mice treatment with an immunomodulator medication. J Cell Biochem 2008; 104: 1364-1377. <br />
*Endler, P.C., Pongratz, W., van Wijk, R., Kastberger, G., Haidvogl, M. Effects of Highly Diluted Succussed Thyroxin on Metamorphosis of Highland Frogs. Berlin J Res Hom 1991; 1: 151-160. <br />
*Guedes J. R. P., Ferreira C. M., Guimaraes H. M. B., Saldiva P. H. N., Capelozzi V. L. Homeopathically prepared dilution of Rana catesbeiana thyroid glands modifies its rate of metamorphosis. Homeopathy 2004; 93: 132-137. <br />
*Persson, W.and Boyd, W.: 1954- rate of fermentation of starch by ptyalin and diastase is influenced by high potencies of mercuric chloride. <br />
*[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-31971-9 Potenziertes Rhus toxicodendron beeinflußt Schmerzzustände bei Ratten] <br />
*Ramachandran C, Nair PK, Clèment RT, Melnick SJ. Investigation of cytokine expression in human leukocyte cultures with two immune-modulatory homeopathic preparations. J Altern Complement Med 2007; 13: 403-407. <br />
*Smit E, Pretorius E, Anderson R, Oommen J, Potjo M. Differentiation of human monocytes in vitro following exposure to Canova in the absence of cytokines. Ultrastruct Pathol 2008; 32: 147-152. <br />
*Spin-Neto R1, Belluci MM, Sakakura CE, Scaf G, Pepato MT, Marcantonio E Jr. Homeopathic Symphytum officinale increases removal torque and radiographic bone density around titanium implants in rats. Homeopathy. 2010 Oct;99(4):249-54. ” Symphytum officinale 6cH enhances, principally at the early stages of osseointegration, bone formation around titanium implants in rats’ tibiae, based on radiographic and mechanical analysis.” <br />
*Teixeira, Marcus Zulian and Carneiro, Solange M.T.P.G.: Effects of homeopathic high dilutions on plants: literature review, in: Revista de Homeopatia, Vol. 80, No. 3/4 (2017), Special Dossier: Scientific Evidence for Homeopathy, by the Technical Chamber for Homeopathy of the Regional Medical Council of the State of Sao Paulo, ISSN: 2175-3105; p. 104-120; [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/411 Online Summary] and [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/411/503 Online Full Text] <br />
*Waisse, Silvia: Effects of homeopathic high dilutions on in vitro models: literature review, in: Revista de Homeopatia, Vol. 80, No. 3/4 (2017), Special Dossier: Scientific Evidence for Homeopathy, by the Technical Chamber for Homeopathy of the Regional Medical Council of the State of Sao Paulo, ISSN: 2175-3105; p. 90-103; [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/410 Online Summary] and [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/410/502 Online Full Text] <br />
*Welles, S.U., Suanjak-Traidl, E., Weber, S., Scherer-Pongratz, W., Frass, M., Endler, P.C.,<br/> Spranger, H., Lothaller, H. Pretreatment with thyroxine (10e-8) and the effect of homeopathically prepared thyroxin (10-30) on highland frogs – a multi-researcher study. Res Compl Med / Forsch Komplementärmed 2007; 14: 353-357. <br />
*Welles, S.U., Suanjak-Traidl, E., Weber, S., Scherer-Pongratz, W., Frass, M., Endler, P.C., Spranger, H., Lothaller, H. Pretreatment with thyroxine (10e-8) and the effect of homeopathically prepared thyroxin (10-30) on highland frogs – a multi-researcher study. Res Compl Med / Forsch Komplementärmedizin 2007; 14: 353-357. <br />
<br />
'''to 2. a)'''<br />
<br />
The most comprehensive and important ressource for this subject is the [https://www.hri-research.org/resources/research-databases/core-hom/ '''CORE-Hom''' database], a cooperation between the renowned '''Veronika-Carstens-Foundation''' and the '''Homeopathy Research Institute (HRI) ''' with far more than 1000 studies, researchable according to diagnosis . Here follows a selection of important studies:<br />
<br />
*Adler, U. C., et al. “Homeopathic Individualized Q-Potencies versus Fluoxetine for Moderate to Severe Depression: Double-Blind, Randomized Non-Inferiority Trial.” Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011: 520182. Published online 2011 Jun 8 <br />
*Albertini , H. et al. Homeopathic Treatment of Neuralgia Using Arnica & Hypericum: Summary of 60 observations –&nbsp; J. of&nbsp; American Institute of Hom.-78(Sept.’85) 126-128 -. 76% of those given&nbsp; Arnica and Hypericum&nbsp; experienced pain relief. <br />
*Alibeu J.P., Jobert J.: Aconite in homeopathic relief of post-operative pain and agitation in children [Article in French] Pediatrie. 1990;45(7-8):465-6. “Despite the use of modern analgesic methods and an improved use of narcotics, the combination pain-agitation sometimes persists in the recovery-room. Aconit proved to be effective for children’s postoperative agitation with 95% good results. It is usually stated in such studies that the placebo effect is high and may reach rates higher than 30%. Aconit is an amazing cure when well prescribed, as much for the speediness of its action as for its efficiency. This remedy has a place in the recovery-room and should be in every physician’s emergency case.” <br />
*AnnIst Super Sanità 2012, Vol. 48, No. 1: 105-109: Flu– Oscillococcinum for influenza treatment. In 2012, the three European researchers reviewed three randomized controlled double blinded studies completed between1988 and 1998 with over a total of 1000 patients all studied showed clinical improvement in flu like symptoms using Oscillococcinum with one study having statistically significant improvement. [https://hpathy.com/scientific-research/quotable-homeopathic-research/ (Quoted from Hpathy.com], collected by Loretta Butehorn PhD CCH and Robert Medhurst BNat DHom DBM DRM DNutr) <br />
*Asthma: Reilly, D, Taylor, M, Beattie, N, et al., [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7983994 "Is Evidence for Homoeopathy Reproducible?"] Lancet, December 10, 1994, 344:1601-6. <br />
*Balzarini A 2000: Radiodermatitis <br />
*Barnes J 1997: Post-operative ileus <br />
*Bell IR, Lewis DA 2nd, Brooks AJ, Schwartz GE, Lewis SE, Walsh BT, Baldwin CM. Improved clinical status in fibromyalgia patients treated with individualized homeopathic remedies versus placebo. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2004 May;43(5):577-82. Epub 2004 Jan 20. “Participants on active treatment showed significantly greater improvements in tender point count and tender point pain, quality of life, global health and a trend toward less depression compared with those on placebo.” <br />
*Bell IR, Lewis II DA, Brooks AJ, et al.: Fibromyalgia, [http://rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org/content/43/5/577.full Improved clinical status in fibromyalgia patients treated with individualized homeopathic remedies versus placebo], Rheumatology. 2004:1111-5. This journal is the official journal of the British Society of Rheumatology. <br />
*Bellavite P 2006; Bornhöft G 2006: Upper respiratory tract infections, including otitis media <br />
*Bernstein S 2006; Wiesenauer M 1996: Psoriasis <br />
*Berrebi A 2001: Postpartum lactation <br />
*Boehm K, Raak C, Cramer H, Lauche R, Ostermann T Homeopathy in the treatment of fibromyalgia–a comprehensive literature-review and meta-analysis. Complement Ther Med. 2014 Aug;22(4):731-42. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2014.06.005. Epub 2014 Jun 28. “The results of the studies as well as the case reports define a sufficient basis for discussing the possible benefits of homeopathy for patients suffering from fibromyalgia syndrome.” <br />
*Brulé D., Sule L, Landau-Halpern B, Nastase V, Jain U, Vohra S, Boon H. An open-label pilot study of homeopathic treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and youth. Forschende Komplementarmedizin. 2014;21(5):302-9. “63% had a statistically significant improvement in the primary outcome.” “No serious adverse events related to the therapy were reported.” <br />
*Butehorn, Loretta and Medhurst, Robert: In a 2018 PubMed listed study, those cocaine users who used homeopathy were able to reduce usage to 18 days per month compared to placebo group who used 28 days a month. This Brazilian study noted that any reduction is helpful as there are no medically assisted treatments for cocaine use in western medical drug treatment. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29625852 J Integr Med.] 2018 May;16(3):178-184. doi: 10.1016/j.joim.2018.03.004. Epub 2018 Mar 30. Double-blind evaluation of homeopathy on cocaine craving: a randomized controlled pilot study. [https://hpathy.com/scientific-research/quotable-homeopathic-research/ (Quoted from Hpathy.com], collected by Loretta Butehorn PhD CCH and Medhurst BNat DHom DBM DRM DNutr) <br />
*Butehorn, Randolph and Gumz: Reduction in Alcohol and other Drug Cravings in Clients in Early Recovery. - Compiling data from 3 addiction treatment programs in Boston, statistically significant results showed that clients using Nux vomica for cravings for drugs were able to complete post detox in patient treatment at a rate twice as often as those not using Nux vomiva for cravings. “Use of Homeopathic Nux Vomica in Reducing PAWS (Post acute withdrawal syndrome) in Early Recovering Addicted Women”, in: Inter J of Comp & Alte Med,Vol 6, No 4,2017 [https://hpathy.com/scientific-research/quotable-homeopathic-research/ (Quoted from Hpathy.com], collected by Loretta Butehorn PhD CCH and Robert Medhurst BNat DHom DBM DRM DNutr) <br />
*Cavalcanti AM 2003: Uraemic pruritus <br />
*Chapman EH1, Weintraub RJ, Milburn MA, Pirozzi TO, Woo E. Homeopathic treatment of mild traumatic brain injury: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1999 Dec;14(6):521-42. “These results indicate a significant improvement from the homeopathic treatment versus the control and translate into clinically significant outcomes.” <br />
*Clark J 2000: Plantar fascitis <br />
*Diefenbach, M. 1999 - Bronchitis <br />
*Doehring et al.: Using Homeopathy with Livestock. Efficacy of homeopathy in livestock according to peer-reviewed publications from 1981 to 2014 Vet Rec. 2016; 179(24): 628, Homeopathy is widely used in livestock, especially in order to reduce the use of antibiotics A comprehensive literature review has been conducted to assess the efficacy of homeopathy in cattle, pigs and poultry. Only peer-reviewed publications dealing with homeopathic remedies, which could possibly replace or prevent the use of antibiotics in the case of infective diseases or growth promotion in livestock were included. Search results revealed a total number of 52 trials performed within 48 publications fulfilling the predefined criteria. Twenty-eight trials were in favor of homeopathy, with 26 trials showing a significantly higher efficacy in comparison to a control group. [https://hpathy.com/scientific-research/quotable-homeopathic-research/ (Quoted from Hpathy.com], collected by Loretta Butehorn PhD CCH and Robert Medhurst BNat DHom DBM DRM DNutr) <br />
*Egocheaga Rodriguez J 2000: Extended sports recovery time <br />
*Ernst E 1990: Varicose veins <br />
*Facelift Surgery Bruising. Effect of homeopathic Arnica montana on bruising in face-lifts: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2006, 8, 1, 54-9. Seeley BM, et al. – In this trial, 29 people who were undergoing facelifts were randomized to receive either perioperative homeopathic arnica, or placebo. They were examined post-operatively for bruising at days 1, 5, 7 and 10. Assessment showed a signification reduction in bruising when compared to placebo. [https://hpathy.com/scientific-research/quotable-homeopathic-research/ (Quoted from Hpathy.com], collected by Loretta Butehorn PhD CCH and Robert Medhurst BNat DHom DBM DRM DNutr) <br />
*Fisher P, Greenwood A, Huskisson EC, et al.: Fibromyalgia: "Effect of Homoeopathic Treatment on Fibrositis (Primary Fibromyalgia)," BMJ, 299(August 5, 1989):365-6. “The improvement experienced by our patients while receiving active treatment was at least as great as that reported for any other treatment that has been assessed double blind.” <br />
*Frass M 2005: Sepsis <br />
*Frass M 2005: Tracheal secretions <br />
*Frass, M, Dielacher, C, Linkesch, M, et al.: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15764779 Influence of potassium dichromate on tracheal secretions in critically ill patients], Chest, March, 2005;127:936-941. The journal, Chest, is the official publication of the American College of Chest Physicians. <br />
*Frei, H, Everts R, von Ammon K, Kaufmann F, Walther D, Hsu-Schmitz SF, Collenberg M, Fuhrer K, Hassink R, Steinlin M, Thurneysen A.: ADD/ADHD: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16047154 Homeopathic treatment of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled crossover trial]. Eur J Pediatr., July 27,2005,164:758-767. <br />
*French Study-Cahrs de Biotherapie 94 (April 1987) 77-81 - Double blind – Caulophyllum – Difficult deliveries – Remedy reduced labor time and decreased decreased abnormal labor. Labor time 5.1 hrs; average in treated grp. but 8.5 hrs in placebo group; Also, 11.3% of treated group had abnormal labor compared with 40% for placebo group; <br />
*Friese K; 2007; Zabolotnyi D., 2007; Wiesenauer M 1989: Sinusitis <br />
*Furuta, Sérgio E. and Weckx, Luc L.M. and Figueiredo, Cláudia R.: Randomized, double-blind trial on the efficacy of homeopathic treatment in children with recurrent tonsillitis in: Revista de Homeopatia, Vol. 80, No. 3/4 (2017), Special Dossier: Scientific Evidence for Homeopathy, by the Technical Chamber for Homeopathy of the Regional Medical Council of the State of Sao Paulo, ISSN: 2175-3105; p. 136-41; [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/413 Online Summary] and [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/413/508 Online Full Text] <br />
*Gerhard, W. The Biological treatment of Migraines, Based on Experience - Biological therapy 5 no. 3 (June 1988) 67-71. <br />
*German Pharmacological Journal (Arzneim. Forsch/Drug Res., 34 (1984):1791-98-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; HomeopathicCombination formula reduced vertigo and nausea. <br />
*Gibson RG, Gibson SL, MacNeill AD, Buchanan “Homeopathic therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: evaluation by double-blind clinical therapeutic trial.” British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1980 May;9(5):453-9.WW. – 82% of patients experienced some relief compared with 21% for placebo. “There was a significant improvement in subjective pain, articular index, stiffness and grip strength in those patients receiving homoeopathic remedies whereas there was no significant change in the patients who received placebo.” <br />
*Hayfever: Reilly D, Taylor M, McSharry C, et al.,[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2876326 Is homoeopathy a placebo response? controlled trial of homoeopathic potency, with pollen in hayfever as model]," Lancet, October 18, 1986, ii: 881-6. <br />
*Homeopathic treatment of patients with chronic low back pain: A prospective observational study with 2 years’ follow-up.Clin J Pain. 2009, 25, 4, 334-9. . Witt CM, et al. Researchers from Charité University Medical Center in Berlin, Germany, evaluated 129 adults suffering from medically diagnosed chronic low back pain for an average duration of 9.6 years were treated by homeopathic physicians who prescribed according to their individual symptoms. Their progress was followed for 2 years. On analysis of the symptom severity and quality of life changes demonstrated a marked and sustained improvement. In addition, the use of homeopathic remedies were associated with a significant decline in the use of conventional treatment and health services. [https://hpathy.com/scientific-research/quotable-homeopathic-research/ (Quoted from Hpathy.com], collected by Loretta Butehorn PhD CCH and Robert Medhurst BNat DHom DBM DRM DNutr) <br />
*Homeopathy-(London 1975 W.H. Allen&nbsp; ), 124-125: Survey of English factory and office workers. Group treated with hom. nosode influenzium: 6.5% got flu. In untreated group, 19.7 got flu. Untreated group lost 8.5 times more working days. <br />
*Iannitti T1, Morales-Medina JC, Bellavite P, Rottigni V, Palmieri B. Effectiveness and Safety of Arnica montana in Post-Surgical Setting, Pain and Inflammation.Am J Ther. 2016 Jan-Feb;23(1):e184-97. “Cumulative evidence suggests that Arnica montana may represent a valid alternative to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, at least when treating some specific conditions.” <br />
*Immune function (Kuzeff RM 1998); Influenza (Vickers A 2006; Attena F 1995; Brydak LB 1999; Ferley JP 1989; Papp R 1998); <br />
*In this 2018 British study,antibiotics, individualized homeopathy and placebo had similar effects on bacteriological and cytological cure in cases of culture-negative milk samples (P>0.4) and Escherichia coli infections (P=1.0). An important finding given our need to reduce antibiotics in ecosystem. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29374099 Vet Rec. 2018], Apr 7;182(14):407. doi: 10.1136/vr.104555. Epub 2018 Jan 26. Comparative effectiveness of individualised homeopathy and antibiotics in the treatment of bovine clinical mastitis: randomised controlled trial. Keller D1, Sundrum A1. [https://hpathy.com/scientific-research/quotable-homeopathic-research/ (Quoted from Hpathy.com], collected by Loretta Butehorn PhD CCH and Robert Medhurst BNat DHom DBM DRM DNutr) <br />
*Insomnia (Bell IR 2010; Brooks AJ 2010; Carlini EA 1987; Naudé DF 2010); <br />
*Insomnia. Chronic primary insomnia: efficacy of homeopathic simillimum.Homeopathy. 2010, 99, 1, 63-8Naudé et al. Researchers from South Africa’s Durban University of Technology foused on determining the effects of constitutional homeopathic treatment for insomnia, when compared to a placebo control. Thirty subjects diagnosed with primary insomnia were randomly assigned to homeopathy or placebo. An analysis of the outcomes showed that sleep duration, sleep quality improved significantly under homeopathic treatment, when compared to that using the placebo control. [https://hpathy.com/scientific-research/quotable-homeopathic-research/ (Quoted from Hpathy.com], collected by Loretta Butehorn PhD CCH and Robert Medhurst BNat DHom DBM DRM DNutr) <br />
*J Headache Pain. 2013; 14(Suppl 1): P56.Sharma et al; Headache frequency and intensity was lower in the homeopathy group than in controls.. Compared with usual care, patients randomized to homeopathy used 35% less medication (P = 0.001) and had 45% fewer visits to general practitioners (P = 0.0001) <br />
*Jacobs J 2001; Taylor JA 2011: Otitis media <br />
*Jacobs, J, Jimenez, LM, Gloyd, SS:Childhood diarrhea:,[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8165068 Treatment of Acute Childhood Diarrhea with Homeopathic Medicine: A Randomized Double-blind Controlled Study in Nicaragua], Pediatrics, May, 1994,93,5:719-25. <br />
*Jennifer Jacobs, M.D., M.P.H. Homeopathic Treatment of Acute Childhood Diarrhea: Results from a Clinical Trial in Nepal, The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, Volume 6, Number 2, 2000, pp. 131-139. The study was performed to determine whether homeopathy is useful in the treatment of acute childhood diarrhea with clear beneficial results. <br />
*Jonas WB 2000: Rheumatic diseases <br />
*Jonas, WB, Linde, Klaus, and Ramirez, Gilbert, "[http://www.researchgate.net/publication/12635664_Homeopathy_and_rheumatic_disease Homeopathy and Rheumatic Disease]," Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America, February 2000,1:117-123. <br />
*Jonas, WB, Linde, Klaus, and Ramirez, Gilbert, [http://www.researchgate.net/publication/12635664_Homeopathy_and_rheumatic_disease Homeopathy and Rheumatic Disease], Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America, February 2000,1:117-123. <br />
*Karow J-H 2008: Post-operative wound healing <br />
*Kassab S, Cummings M, Berkovitz S, van Haselen R, Fisher P.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370613 Homeopathic medicines for adverse effects of cancer treatments]. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 2. <br />
*Lipman D 1999: Snoring <br />
*Low back pain (Gmünder R 2002; Stam C 2001); <br />
*Maiwald VL 1988: Common cold <br />
*Naudé DF, Stephanie Couchman IM, Maharaj A. Chronic primary insomnia: efficacy of homeopathic simillimum. Homeopathy. 2010 Jan;99(1):63-8. “The homeopathic simillimum treatment of primary insomnia was effective, compared to placebo. Homeopathy is a viable treatment modality for this condition and further research is justified.” <br />
*Oberbaum M 2005: Postpartum bleeding <br />
*Paterson & Boyd 1931 – Schick test – registers immunity after administration of high potency nosode Diptherinum. <br />
*Reilly, D.T. et al- Is Hom. a Placebo Response?-: Controlled trial of Hom. Potency with Pollen in Hayfever as Model. Lancet 2 No. 8512 (Oct. 1986): 881-886. <br />
*Research on homeopathy’s effectiveness for specific pathologies: [http://www.britishhomeopathic.org/ http://www.britishhomeopathic.org/] <br />
*Saruggia M 1992: Renal failure <br />
*Schmidt, Joseph M. u Ostermayr, B: Does a homeopathic ultramolecular dilution of Thyoidinum 30cH affect the rate of body weight reduction in fasting patients? A randomised placebo-controlled double-blind clinical trial.Homeopathy 2002; 91(4):197-206, DOI: 10.1054/homp.2002.0049, PMID: 12422922 [Impact Factor 2011: 1.141, rank 14/22 integrative & complementary medicine] <br />
*Schmidt, Joseph M. u Ostermayr, B: The effect of Thyroidinum 30cH on the body weight reduction of fasting patients. A randomized placebo-controlled double-blind clinical trial. In: Proceedings of the 57th Congress of the Liga Medicorum Homoeopathica Internationalis, Moscow, Russia, 4–8 June 2002. Moskau 2002, Bd. 2, S. 362-370 <br />
*Schneider B 2005; Issing W 2005; Weiser M 1998: Vertigo <br />
*Seeley BM1, Denton AB, Ahn MS, Maas CS. Effect of homeopathic Arnica montana on bruising in face-lifts: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2006 Jan-Feb;8(1):54-9. Patients taking Arnica montana experienced less bruising after facial surgery. <br />
*Sharma, S., Sharma, N., and Sharma, R: Accelerating the healing of bone fracture using homeopathy: a prospective, randomized double-blind controlled study BMC Complement Altern Med. 2012; June 12. “Faster healing was reported in the homeopathy group by week 9 following injury, including significant improvement in fracture line … callous formation and fracture union in comparison to placebo. There was also lower use of analgesics and less self-reported pain in the homeopathy group.” <br />
*Shipley M. et al. -Controlled trial of Homeopathic treatment of Osteoarthritis - Lancet-1 (1983) 97-98. <br />
*Siqueira CM, Homsani F, da Veiga VF, Lyrio C, Mattos H, Passos SR, Couceiro JN, Quaresma CH.: Homeopathic medicines for prevention of influenza and acute respiratory tract infections in children: blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Homeopathy. 2016 Feb;105(1):71-7. “A study of 445 children ages 1-5 years old showed that statistically significant positive results for the complex homeopathy compared to placebo in the Brazilian Public Health System in Petrópolis.” <br />
*Smith SA 2002: Seborrhoeic dermatitis <br />
*Stomatitis (Oberbaum M 2001); <br />
*Taylor MA 2000: Perennial allergic rhinitis <br />
*Taylor, MA, Reilly, D, Llewellyn-Jones, RH, et al., [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC27460/ Randomised controlled trial of homoeopathy versus placebo in perennial allergic rhinitis with overview of four trial Series], BMJ, August 19, 2000, 321:471-476. The BMJ published an editorial in the issue in which this study was published asserting, “It may be time to confront the conclusion that homeopathy and placebo differ...... This may be more plausible than the conclusion that their trials have produced serial false positive results" (Later in the BMJ. Homoeopathic dilutions may be better than placebo. BMJ 2000; 321:0). <br />
*Teixeira, Marcus Zulian and Podgaec, Sérgio and Baracat, Edmund Chara: Potentized estrogen in homeopathic treatment of endometriosis-associated pelvic pain: A 24-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, in: Revista de Homeopatia, Vol. 80, No. 3/4 (2017), Special Dossier: Scientific Evidence for Homeopathy, by the Technical Chamber for Homeopathy of the Regional Medical Council of the State of Sao Paulo, ISSN: 2175-3105; p. 134-35; [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/414 Online Summary] and [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/414/505 Online Full Text] <br />
*Totonchi A 2007: Post-operative edema <br />
*Waisse, Silvia: Clinical research in homeopathy: systematic reviews and randomized clinical trials, in: Revista de Homeopatia, Vol. 80, No. 3/4 (2017), Special Dossier: Scientific Evidence for Homeopathy, by the Technical Chamber for Homeopathy of the Regional Medical Council of the State of Sao Paulo, ISSN: 2175-3105; p. 121-133; [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/412 Online Summary] and [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/412/504 Online Full Text] <br />
*Weatherley-Jones E 2004: Chronic fatigue syndrome <br />
*Wiesenauer M 1996; Taylor MA 2006; Ernst E 2011; Aabel S 2000; Aabel S 2000; Aabel S 2001; Kim LS 2005; Reilly DT 1986; Weiser M 1999; Wiesenauer M 1 985; Wiesenauer M 1990; Wiesenauer M 1995: Seasonal allergic rhinitis <br />
*Yakir Michal, 2001: Premenstrual syndrome <br />
<br />
'''to 2. b)'''<br />
<br />
*Grimaldi-Bensouda L et al. Homeopathic medical practice for anxiety and depression in primary care: the EPI3 cohort study. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2016 May 4;16:125. doi: 10.1186/s12906-016-1104-2. “Patients with Anxiety Depression Disorder, who chose to consult GPs prescribing homeopathy reported less use of psychotropic drugs, and were marginally more likely to experience clinical improvement, than patients managed with conventional care.” <br />
*Spence, D S, et al. “Homeopathic Treatment for Chronic Disease: a 6-Year, University-Hospital Outpatient Observational Study.” J Altern Complement Med. 2005 Oct;11(5):793-8. An observational study of over 6000 patients over a 6 year period concluded that homeopathy offers “positive health changes to a substantial proportion of a large cohort of patients with a wide range of chronic diseases.” <br />
*Witt, C M, et al. “Homeopathic Medical Practice: Long-Term Results of a Cohort Study with 3981 Patients.” BMC Public Health. 2005 Nov 3;5:115. “Marked and sustained improvements” were found following homeopathic treatment among long-term care of adult and child patients with chronic diseases, including “disease severity and quality of life.” <br />
<br />
'''to 3)''' Meta-Studies, Systematic Reviews and Commentaries on them<br />
<br />
*You find a very good overview over the recent meta studies on [https://www.hri-research.org/resources/essentialevidence/clinical-trials-overview/ the website of the HRI]. <br />
*Bonamin, Leoni Villano: The soundness of homeopathic fundamental research, in: Revista de Homeopatia, Vol. 80, No. 3/4 (2017), Special Dossier: Scientific Evidence for Homeopathy, by the Technical Chamber for Homeopathy of the Regional Medical Council of the State of Sao Paulo, ISSN: 2175-3105; p. 82-89; [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/409 Online Summary] and [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/409/501 Online Full Text] <br />
*Bornhöft, G. Matthiessen, P. Homeopathy in Health care: Effectiveness, Appropriateness, Safety, Costs: An HTA Report on the Homeopathy as Part of the Swiss Complementary Medicine Evaluation Programme, Homeopathy is covered under the National Health Care system in Switzerland. In 2011, the Swiss Government commissioned a Health Report that reviewed hundreds of research studies on homeopathy and other types of alternative medicine, with the conclusion: “There is sufficient evidence for the preclinical effectiveness and the clinical efficacy of homeopathy for its safety and economy.” <br />
*British Medical Journal 302 - (Feb 1991):316-323 Kleignen, J et al: Clinical Trials of Homeopathy- Published; review of 105 clinical trials, 81 demonstrated effectiveness. <br />
*Jacobs J, Jonas WB, Jimenez-Perez M, Crothers D,[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12634583 Homeopathy for Childhood Diarrhea: Combined Results and Metaanalysis from Three Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trials], Pediatr Infect Dis J., 2003;22:229-34. This metaanalysis of 242 children showed a highly significant result in the duration of childhood diarrhea (P=0.008). <br />
*Kleijnen J, Knipschild P ter Riet G. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1825800 Clinical trials of homoeopathy]. BMJ 1991, 302, 316-23. Of the 22 best studies, 15 showed positive results from homeopathic treatment. The researchers concluded, "there is a legitimate case for further evaluation of homeopathy." <br />
*Linde L, Clausius N, Ramirez G, Jonas W, "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9310601 Are the Clinical Effects of Homoeopathy Placebo Effects? A Meta-analysis of Placebo-Controlled Trials], Lancet, September 20, 1997, 350:834-843. Although a later review by some of these authors found a reduced significance, the authors never asserted that the significance was no longer present. Further, two of the lead authors of this article provided a very sharp critique of the Shang, et al. review of research (2005). Also, both Linde and Jonas wrote to the Lancet after the Shang/Egger article was published and asserted that the Lancet should be "embarrassed" by their publication of this article and the accompanied editorial (Lancet, 366 December 17, 2005:2081-2). <br />
*Mathie, R.T., Lloyd, S.M., Legg, L.A., Clausen, J., Moss, S., Davidson, J.R.T., Ford, I. (2014): Randomised placebo-controlled trials of individualised homeopathic treatment: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Systematic Reviews 2014, 3:142 oi:10.1186/2046-4053-3-142 <br />
*Teixeira, Marcus Zulian and Carneiro, Solange M.T.P.G.: Effects of homeopathic high dilutions on plants: literature review, in: Revista de Homeopatia, Vol. 80, No. 3/4 (2017), Special Dossier: Scientific Evidence for Homeopathy, by the Technical Chamber for Homeopathy of the Regional Medical Council of the State of Sao Paulo, ISSN: 2175-3105; p. 104-120; [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/411 Online Summary] and [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/411/503 Online Full Text] <br />
*Waisse, Silvia: Clinical research in homeopathy: systematic reviews and randomized clinical trials, in: Revista de Homeopatia, Vol. 80, No. 3/4 (2017), Special Dossier: Scientific Evidence for Homeopathy, by the Technical Chamber for Homeopathy of the Regional Medical Council of the State of Sao Paulo, ISSN: 2175-3105; p. 121-133; [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/412 Online Summary] and [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/412/504 Online Full Text] <br />
*Waisse, Silvia: Effects of homeopathic high dilutions on in vitro models: literature review, in: Revista de Homeopatia, Vol. 80, No. 3/4 (2017), Special Dossier: Scientific Evidence for Homeopathy, by the Technical Chamber for Homeopathy of the Regional Medical Council of the State of Sao Paulo, ISSN: 2175-3105; p. 90-103; [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/410 Online Summary] and [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/410/502 Online Full Text] <br />
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== References: ==<br />
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Admin
https://www.freewiki.eu/en/index.php?title=Studies_on_homeopathy&diff=1441
Studies on homeopathy
2020-02-16T16:29:41Z
<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div><p style="text-align: right">[[Donate|'''Please support FreeWiki''']]</p> <p style="text-align: right">in deutscher Sprache: [[:de:Forschungen_und_Studien_zur_Homöopathie|Forschungen und Studien zur Homöopathie]]</p> <br />
[[Homeopathy|Homeopathy]] is an [[Alternative_medicine|alternative medical]] method which is successfully working according to its own paradigm for more than 200 years now, but which has also been well proven and substantiated by different studies and researches according to modern scientific standards.<br/> The [http://www.wisshom.de/ Scientific Society for Homeopathy] in Germany (WissHom) has written a report summarizing the state of research on the basis of data from international peer-reviewed journals. The most important results are:<br />
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<onlyinclude><div style="float:left; margin-right:1em;">__TOC__</div></onlyinclude><br />
*Homeopathic treatment is clinically useful under everyday medical conditions (practice) (perspective on health services research, see 2.b below). <br />
*High-quality randomized clinical trials also show specific effects in which homeopathy is superior to placebo (perspective randomized clinical trials, see below 2.a). <br />
*Four out of five meta-analyses show a statistical superiority of homeopathic remedies compared to placebo, but all in all the number of high-quality studies is low (perspective meta-analyses, see below 3). <br />
*Also in experiments with cell cultures, animals and plants there are, reproduced meanwhile, effects which show a specific effect of high potencies (perspective basic research, s.u.1.b). <br />
*The study situation is not conclusive overall, but sufficiently proves a therapeutic benefit. More high-quality research is needed, especially replications of positive studies. <br />
<blockquote><br />
Quote of the German scientific Veronika Carstens Foundation:<br/> ''"There are more than 200 randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind studies on homeopathy. The majority of these document advantages in the homeopathic group compared to placebo control. This also applies to the methodologically high-quality papers. Accordingly, reviews (meta-analyses) of such studies also regularly state the statistically significant superiority of potentised preparations over placebo, even in the group of the most reliable clinical trials. No difference between homeopathy and placebo can only be detected if at least 90% of the available data are excluded from evaluation due to scientifically incomprehensible criteria. The constant repetition of the assertion of the missing evidence of an effect of homeopathy beyond placebo effects does not make it any more true."''<ref>https://www.naturundmedizin.de/faktencheck-zur-radiosendung-streit-um-die-homoeopathie/</ref><br />
</blockquote> <br />
You can find a detailed and factual answer to the most frequently asked critical questions on homeopathy on the page of the [https://www.hri-research.org/resources/homeopathy-faqs/ Homeopathy Research Institute (HRI)].<br />
<br />
== Scientific and medical research on homeopathy ==<br />
<br />
In the last three decades a number of efforts have been made to research the mode of action of homeopathic therapy on a scientific basis, i.e. to apply the same criteria to it as to other forms of medicine. This was done under several different questions:<br />
<br />
=== 1. Basic Research ===<br />
<br />
'''a)''' '''Physical and chemical experiments''' were carried out in order to get closer to a scientific understanding of the mechanisms of action of high potencies and to determine whether effects can be proven physically at a dilution beyond Avogardo's number.<br/> '''b)''' Experiments have been carried out with the '''application of potentiated substances''' on various tissues and organisms (bacteria, plants, animals) to determine whether potentiated substances have a demonstrable effect on living organisms.<br/> A new non-profit organisation, [[Campace|Campace]], supported by homeopaths, has recently been created to carry out scientifically complex studies on cell series with the help of biotechnological institutes.<br />
<br />
=== 2. Clinical Research ===<br />
<br />
'''a)''' '''Randomized clinical trials''' wer carried out, mostly [[Double-blind_study|double-blind]], to clarify whether homeopathic medication has an effect in use that can be distinguished from placebo effects.<br/> '''b) Health services research''' aiming to clarify to what extent patients in everyday practice benefit from homeopathic treatment and how it compares to conventional medical treatment.<br />
<br />
=== 3. Systematic Reviews and Metaanalysis ===<br />
<br />
These are scientific reviews that evaluate the results of comparable studies on a specific topic and summarize them into a kind of mathematical overall result.<br />
<br />
== Explanations ==<br />
<br />
'''to 1. a)''' Are highly potentiated substances physically present? The basic investigations on the physical and biochemical behaviour of high potencies seem to have shown at least indications that potentiated substances behave differently than unpotentiated substances of the same dilution level. Similar investigations and proofs have been provided by anthroposophical scientists for a long time, who have shown by means of qualitative proof methods (e.g. drop images, thin layer chromatography) that biodynamically grown plants can be distinguished from conventional plants - and in this sense methods of biodynamic cultivation (e.g. rhythmic cultivation) as well as potentiation are alchemistic methods, which do not show any differences from a superficial chemical point of view.<br />
<br />
Recent research on the so-called "memory of water" and on nanostructures of dissolved substances clearly proves the fundamental possibility of information transfer through potentiation in the physical and biological framework.<br/> The conference "New Horizons in Water Science - The Evidence for Homeopathy? (July 14, 2018) with the participation of two Nobel Laureates (Cambridge Professor Emeritus Brian Josephson, Physics, and the discoverer of the AIDS virus Dr. Luc Montagnier) at the Royal Socienty of Medicine in London showed a broad spectrum of international research on this topic, which explicitly attaches importance to supporting the claims of homeopathy fundamentally and on a strictly scientific basis.<br/> With it the assumption that potentiated substances, as they are used in homeopathy and other alternative medical procedures, could not have a scientifically tangible effect, at least from a current scientific point of view, is finally off the table.<br/> On the contrary, the results of this research seem in part to even go beyond the ambitious ideas of alternative physicians about the possibilities of cells and complex molecules for information transfer.<ref>https://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2018/10/31/water-and-homeopathy.aspx</ref><br />
<br />
'''to 1. b)'''<br />
<br />
'''to 2. a)''' Is homeopathy effective in clinical application? In spite of the difficulty of applying a testing method that is not fitting to homeopathy and despite the considerable methodological problems raised by double-blind studies and the unclear notion of placebo anyway<ref>see the detailed work of G.Ivanovas to this topic </ref>, the studies on the effectiveness of homeopathic medicines turned out so favorably in the sum that even a group of critics described the argumentation situation of the homeopathic therapists as "enviable position".<ref>[https://www.aerzteblatt.de/archiv/28110/Wirksamkeitspruefung-Doppelblindstudien-und-komplexe-Therapien Schuck, Dipl.Psych. Dr. med. Dr. phil. Peter; Mueller, Dipl. - Psych. Dr. phil. Horst; Resch, Prof. Dr. med. habil. Karl-Ludwig: Efficacy test: </ref> This means that even under the most unfavourable conditions and with partly completely irrelevant study designs<ref>see on this problem also the different works of Prof. [[Harald Walach]]</ref>it could be shown that homeopathic remedies work differently than placebo.<br />
<br />
'''to 2. b)''' Data from health services research show that homeopathy has an effect comparable to conventional medicine. Both therapy systems lead to similar costs: homeopathy through talk time, conventional medicine through medication costs.<br />
<br />
'''to 3)''' Ironically, clinical studies on homeopathic therapy are often subject to much stricter scientific standards than in orthodox medicine in order not to be disqualified by formal errors or statistical weaknesses.<ref>For the partly desolate situation of the scientific studies and documentations of orthodox pharmacology see [http://www.provings.info/blog1_en?post_id=39&title=a-severe-blow-to-evidence-based-medicine-(ebm):-cochrane-leaders-question-independence commentary on the decline of the famous Cochrane Collaboration] or the [https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(15)60696-1/fulltext statement of the editor-in-chief of the Lancet, Richard Horton] that half of the scientific studies are faked.</ref><br />
<br />
== Conclusion ==<br />
<br />
In summary, it can be said that the scientific research to date has shown that homeopathic effects exist in even within the horizon of a mechanistic perception and interpretation of the world. If we refine the measuring methods sufficiently, the existence of such effects can be observed. Similar to parapsychological research, however, the possible statements do not go beyond confirming the mere existence of such effects. How they actually come about, what their inner laws are, and all such questions as homoeopaths deal with in their daily practice, remain unexplained and untouched. This is the current state of affairs; and due to fundamental considerations on these topics, it is not to be expected that this will change significantly - see [[Models_for_homeopathic_effects|effect models of homeopathy]].<br />
<br />
== Literature ==<br />
<br />
=== Databases and Websites collecting Research and Studies on Homeopathy ===<br />
<br />
*[http://databaseomeopatia.alfatechint.com/#home-page The Homeopathic Database] by Dr. Francesco V. Marino is a large database of hundreds of studies and papers classified in groups from agro-homeopathy through basic pysico-chemical research to systematic reviews. <br />
*[https://www.hri-research.org/resources/research-databases/ CORE-Hom] is the large database of the [https://www.hri-research.org/ Homeopathy Research Institute] in collaboration with the [http://www.carstens-stiftung.de/ Veronica Carstens Foundation], containing more than 1200 clinical studies on homeopathy. <br />
<br />
=== general ===<br />
<br />
*Atmanspacher H, Römer H, Walach H: Weak quantum theory: Complementary and entanglement in physics and beyond. Found Phys 2002; 32: 379-406 [http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/quant-ph/pdf/0104/0104109v2.pdf http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/quant-ph/pdf/0104/0104109v2.pdf] <br />
*Barnard GP, Stephenson JH: Microdose paradox: A new biophysical concept. Journal of the American Institute of Homeopathy 1967; 60: 277-286 <br />
*Calabrese EJ (ed.): BELLE Newsletter. Biological Effects of Low Level Exposures. Vol. 16 No. 1, April 2010 [http://www.belleonline.com/newsletters/volume16/vol16-1FINAL.pdf http://www.belleonline.com/newsletters/volume16/vol16-1FINAL.pdf] <br />
*Coulter, Harris L.: Hahnemann und die Homöopathie. Eine medizinhistorisch begründete Einführung in die Grundgedanken der homöopathischen Heilkunst, Heidelberg 1994, S. 166ff <br />
*Dantas, Flávio: Do homeopathic medicines cause drug-dependent adverse effects or aggravations? in: Revista de Homeopatia, Vol. 80, No. 3/4 (2017), Special Dossier: Scientific Evidence for Homeopathy, by the Technical Chamber for Homeopathy of the Regional Medical Council of the State of Sao Paulo, ISSN: 2175-3105; p. 142-50; [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/416 Online Summary] and [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/416/506 Online Full Text] <br />
*Dantas, Flávio: Do homeopathic medicines induce symptoms in apparently healthy volunteers? The Brazilian contribution to the debate on homeopathic pathogenetic trials in: Revista de Homeopatia, Vol. 80, No. 3/4 (2017), Special Dossier: Scientific Evidence for Homeopathy, by the Technical Chamber for Homeopathy of the Regional Medical Council of the State of Sao Paulo, ISSN: 2175-3105; p. 151-71; [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/417 Online Summary] and [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/417/507 Online Full Text] <br />
*Haidvogel, Max: Klinische Forschung in der Homöopathie in den vergangenen 10 Jahren, in: R&D Newsletter der HomInt, Karlsruhe, 2000 – 1/ 2001 <br />
*Heusser, Peter: Probleme von Studiendesigns mit Randomisierung, Verblindung und Placebogabe. aus: Forschende Komplementärmedizin 1999; 6; 89-102 <br />
*Heusser, Peter: Kriterien zur Beurteilung des Nutzens von komplementärmedizinischen Massnahmen, zuhanden der Eidg.Leistungskommission des Bundesamtes für Sozialversicherung, 6.Fass. 1998 <br />
*Ivanovas, Georg: Doppelblind bei alternativen Heilverfahren. in: Deutsches Ärzteblatt 98, Heft 13 vom 30.03.01, Seite A-822 <br />
*Meyer-Wegener J: Homöopathische Potenzen und die Suche nach ihrer physikalischen Struktur. KVC Verlag, Essen 2001 (2. Nachdruck 2010) [http://www.kvc-verlag.de/index.php?cat=c5_Forum-Homoeopathie.html&page=2 http://www.kvc-verlag.de/index.php?cat=c5_Forum-Homoeopathie.html&page=2] <br />
*Popp, Fritz A.: Biophysikalische Grundlagen der Naturheilkunde, AHZ Bd.245, 4/2000, S. 154 <br />
*Quinn, Michael: Research on homeopathy and chemistry – Are Ie crystals the missing link? HomLinks 3/98 <br />
*Resch, Gerhard u. Gutmann, Viktor: Wissenschaftliche Grundlagen der Homöopathie, Schäftlarn 1986 (3.Aufl. 1994) <br />
*Schiff, Michel: Das Gedächtnis des Wassers – Homöopathie und ein spektakulärer Fall von Wissenschaftszensur, Frankfurt 1997 <br />
*Shepperd, John: Chaos Theorie: Implication für die Homöopathie, Europäisches Journal für klassische Homöopathie, Nr. 5+6/1996, S.36 <br />
*Teut, M.: Homöopathie zwischen Lebenskraft und Selbstorganisation, in: Forschende Komplementärmedizin und Klassische Naturheilkunde Bd.8, Heft 3, Freiburg 2001, ISSN 1424-7364 <br />
*Walach, Harald: Homöopathie als Basistherapie. Plädoyer für die wissenschaftliche Ernsthaftigkeit der Homöopathie, Heidelberg 1986 <br />
*Walach, Harald: Eine experimentelle homöopathische Arzneimittelprüfung, in: Erfahrungsheilkunde 12/1993 <br />
*Walach, Harald: Entanglement Model of Homeopathy. Forschende Komplementärmedizin Klassische Naturheilkunde 2003; 10: 192-200 [http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowAbstract&ArtikelNr=73475&Ausgabe=229609&ProduktNr=224242 http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowAbstract&ArtikelNr=73475&Ausgabe=229609&ProduktNr=224242] <br />
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=== Studies ===<br />
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*[https://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2018/10/31/water-and-homeopathy.aspx On the topic of information storage in water] <br />
*Journal of Holistic Medicine- 5 (Fall/Winter ’83)-172-75&nbsp; and J. of Amer. Inst. of Hom. 61(Nov/Dec. 68): 197-212: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study showed that all 23 different Hom. remedies and potencies tested had distinctive readings of submolecular activity, while placebos did not. <br />
*J. Amer. Inst. of Hom. 48, #11 (Nov. 1955):327-35 - Dilutions of NaCl up to 10-60 - showed differences in capacitance from distilled water. <br />
*Kassab S, Cummings M, Berkovitz S, van Haselen R, Fisher P. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370613 Homeopathic medicines for adverse effects of cancer treatments]. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 2. <br />
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*Benveniste, Jacque - INSERM-(French equivalent of NIH) -1988-&nbsp;&nbsp; Demonstrated after 4 yrs research, that&nbsp; homeopathic potencies of Anti-IGE had biological effects at dilutions of 30c and 120c. (serum protein anti-body) <br />
*Benveniste, Jacques et al.: Human Basophil Degranulation Triggered by ery Dilute Antiserum Against IgE, in: Nature Vol.333, 30.6.1988, S.816ff. <br />
*Betti L., Brizzi M., Nani D., Peruzzi M., Effect of high dilutions of Arsenicum album on wheat seedlings from seed poisoned with the same substance, Br Hom J 1997; 86: 86-89. <br />
*Binder M., Baumgartner S., Thurneysen A., The Effects of a 45x Potency of Arsenicum album on Wheat Seedling Growth – a Reproduction Trial, Res Compl Med / Forsch Komplementärmed 2005;12: 284-291. <br />
*British Homeopathic J.-74 (July 1985) 168-174- Homeopathic remedies inhibited viral growth in chick embryos from 50-100% depending on potency used. <br />
*Brizzi M., Lazzarato L., Nani D., Borghini F., Peruzzi M., Betti L., A Biostatistical Insight into the As2O3 High Dilution Effects on the Rate and Variability of Wheat Seedling Growth. Res Compl Med / Forsch Komplemenärmedizin 2005; 12: 277-83. <br />
*de Oliveira CC, de Oliveira SM, Goes VM, Probst CM, Krieger MA, Buchi DD. Gene expression profiling of macrophages following mice treatment with an immunomodulator medication. J Cell Biochem 2008; 104: 1364-1377. <br />
*Endler, P.C., Pongratz, W., van Wijk, R., Kastberger, G., Haidvogl, M. Effects of Highly Diluted Succussed Thyroxin on Metamorphosis of Highland Frogs. Berlin J Res Hom 1991; 1: 151-160. <br />
*Guedes J. R. P., Ferreira C. M., Guimaraes H. M. B., Saldiva P. H. N., Capelozzi V. L. Homeopathically prepared dilution of Rana catesbeiana thyroid glands modifies its rate of metamorphosis. Homeopathy 2004; 93: 132-137. <br />
*Persson, W.and Boyd, W.: 1954- rate of fermentation of starch by ptyalin and diastase is influenced by high potencies of mercuric chloride. <br />
*[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-31971-9 Potenziertes Rhus toxicodendron beeinflußt Schmerzzustände bei Ratten] <br />
*Ramachandran C, Nair PK, Clèment RT, Melnick SJ. Investigation of cytokine expression in human leukocyte cultures with two immune-modulatory homeopathic preparations. J Altern Complement Med 2007; 13: 403-407. <br />
*Smit E, Pretorius E, Anderson R, Oommen J, Potjo M. Differentiation of human monocytes in vitro following exposure to Canova in the absence of cytokines. Ultrastruct Pathol 2008; 32: 147-152. <br />
*Spin-Neto R1, Belluci MM, Sakakura CE, Scaf G, Pepato MT, Marcantonio E Jr. Homeopathic Symphytum officinale increases removal torque and radiographic bone density around titanium implants in rats. Homeopathy. 2010 Oct;99(4):249-54. ” Symphytum officinale 6cH enhances, principally at the early stages of osseointegration, bone formation around titanium implants in rats’ tibiae, based on radiographic and mechanical analysis.” <br />
*Teixeira, Marcus Zulian and Carneiro, Solange M.T.P.G.: Effects of homeopathic high dilutions on plants: literature review, in: Revista de Homeopatia, Vol. 80, No. 3/4 (2017), Special Dossier: Scientific Evidence for Homeopathy, by the Technical Chamber for Homeopathy of the Regional Medical Council of the State of Sao Paulo, ISSN: 2175-3105; p. 104-120; [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/411 Online Summary] and [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/411/503 Online Full Text] <br />
*Waisse, Silvia: Effects of homeopathic high dilutions on in vitro models: literature review, in: Revista de Homeopatia, Vol. 80, No. 3/4 (2017), Special Dossier: Scientific Evidence for Homeopathy, by the Technical Chamber for Homeopathy of the Regional Medical Council of the State of Sao Paulo, ISSN: 2175-3105; p. 90-103; [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/410 Online Summary] and [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/410/502 Online Full Text] <br />
*Welles, S.U., Suanjak-Traidl, E., Weber, S., Scherer-Pongratz, W., Frass, M., Endler, P.C.,<br/> Spranger, H., Lothaller, H. Pretreatment with thyroxine (10e-8) and the effect of homeopathically prepared thyroxin (10-30) on highland frogs – a multi-researcher study. Res Compl Med / Forsch Komplementärmed 2007; 14: 353-357. <br />
*Welles, S.U., Suanjak-Traidl, E., Weber, S., Scherer-Pongratz, W., Frass, M., Endler, P.C., Spranger, H., Lothaller, H. Pretreatment with thyroxine (10e-8) and the effect of homeopathically prepared thyroxin (10-30) on highland frogs – a multi-researcher study. Res Compl Med / Forsch Komplementärmedizin 2007; 14: 353-357. <br />
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The most comprehensive and important ressource for this subject is the [https://www.hri-research.org/resources/research-databases/core-hom/ '''CORE-Hom''' database], a cooperation between the renowned '''Veronika-Carstens-Foundation''' and the '''Homeopathy Research Institute (HRI) ''' with far more than 1000 studies, researchable according to diagnosis . Here follows a selection of important studies:<br />
<br />
*Adler, U. C., et al. “Homeopathic Individualized Q-Potencies versus Fluoxetine for Moderate to Severe Depression: Double-Blind, Randomized Non-Inferiority Trial.” Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011: 520182. Published online 2011 Jun 8 <br />
*Albertini , H. et al. Homeopathic Treatment of Neuralgia Using Arnica & Hypericum: Summary of 60 observations –&nbsp; J. of&nbsp; American Institute of Hom.-78(Sept.’85) 126-128 -. 76% of those given&nbsp; Arnica and Hypericum&nbsp; experienced pain relief. <br />
*Alibeu J.P., Jobert J.: Aconite in homeopathic relief of post-operative pain and agitation in children [Article in French] Pediatrie. 1990;45(7-8):465-6. “Despite the use of modern analgesic methods and an improved use of narcotics, the combination pain-agitation sometimes persists in the recovery-room. Aconit proved to be effective for children’s postoperative agitation with 95% good results. It is usually stated in such studies that the placebo effect is high and may reach rates higher than 30%. Aconit is an amazing cure when well prescribed, as much for the speediness of its action as for its efficiency. This remedy has a place in the recovery-room and should be in every physician’s emergency case.” <br />
*AnnIst Super Sanità 2012, Vol. 48, No. 1: 105-109: Flu– Oscillococcinum for influenza treatment. In 2012, the three European researchers reviewed three randomized controlled double blinded studies completed between1988 and 1998 with over a total of 1000 patients all studied showed clinical improvement in flu like symptoms using Oscillococcinum with one study having statistically significant improvement. [https://hpathy.com/scientific-research/quotable-homeopathic-research/ (Quoted from Hpathy.com], collected by Loretta Butehorn PhD CCH and Robert Medhurst BNat DHom DBM DRM DNutr) <br />
*Asthma: Reilly, D, Taylor, M, Beattie, N, et al., [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7983994 "Is Evidence for Homoeopathy Reproducible?"] Lancet, December 10, 1994, 344:1601-6. <br />
*Balzarini A 2000: Radiodermatitis <br />
*Barnes J 1997: Post-operative ileus <br />
*Bell IR, Lewis DA 2nd, Brooks AJ, Schwartz GE, Lewis SE, Walsh BT, Baldwin CM. Improved clinical status in fibromyalgia patients treated with individualized homeopathic remedies versus placebo. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2004 May;43(5):577-82. Epub 2004 Jan 20. “Participants on active treatment showed significantly greater improvements in tender point count and tender point pain, quality of life, global health and a trend toward less depression compared with those on placebo.” <br />
*Bell IR, Lewis II DA, Brooks AJ, et al.: Fibromyalgia, [http://rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org/content/43/5/577.full Improved clinical status in fibromyalgia patients treated with individualized homeopathic remedies versus placebo], Rheumatology. 2004:1111-5. This journal is the official journal of the British Society of Rheumatology. <br />
*Bellavite P 2006; Bornhöft G 2006: Upper respiratory tract infections, including otitis media <br />
*Bernstein S 2006; Wiesenauer M 1996: Psoriasis <br />
*Berrebi A 2001: Postpartum lactation <br />
*Boehm K, Raak C, Cramer H, Lauche R, Ostermann T Homeopathy in the treatment of fibromyalgia–a comprehensive literature-review and meta-analysis. Complement Ther Med. 2014 Aug;22(4):731-42. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2014.06.005. Epub 2014 Jun 28. “The results of the studies as well as the case reports define a sufficient basis for discussing the possible benefits of homeopathy for patients suffering from fibromyalgia syndrome.” <br />
*Brulé D., Sule L, Landau-Halpern B, Nastase V, Jain U, Vohra S, Boon H. An open-label pilot study of homeopathic treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and youth. Forschende Komplementarmedizin. 2014;21(5):302-9. “63% had a statistically significant improvement in the primary outcome.” “No serious adverse events related to the therapy were reported.” <br />
*Butehorn, Loretta and Medhurst, Robert: In a 2018 PubMed listed study, those cocaine users who used homeopathy were able to reduce usage to 18 days per month compared to placebo group who used 28 days a month. This Brazilian study noted that any reduction is helpful as there are no medically assisted treatments for cocaine use in western medical drug treatment. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29625852 J Integr Med.] 2018 May;16(3):178-184. doi: 10.1016/j.joim.2018.03.004. Epub 2018 Mar 30. Double-blind evaluation of homeopathy on cocaine craving: a randomized controlled pilot study. [https://hpathy.com/scientific-research/quotable-homeopathic-research/ (Quoted from Hpathy.com], collected by Loretta Butehorn PhD CCH and Medhurst BNat DHom DBM DRM DNutr) <br />
*Butehorn, Randolph and Gumz: Reduction in Alcohol and other Drug Cravings in Clients in Early Recovery. - Compiling data from 3 addiction treatment programs in Boston, statistically significant results showed that clients using Nux vomica for cravings for drugs were able to complete post detox in patient treatment at a rate twice as often as those not using Nux vomiva for cravings. “Use of Homeopathic Nux Vomica in Reducing PAWS (Post acute withdrawal syndrome) in Early Recovering Addicted Women”, in: Inter J of Comp & Alte Med,Vol 6, No 4,2017 [https://hpathy.com/scientific-research/quotable-homeopathic-research/ (Quoted from Hpathy.com], collected by Loretta Butehorn PhD CCH and Robert Medhurst BNat DHom DBM DRM DNutr) <br />
*Cavalcanti AM 2003: Uraemic pruritus <br />
*Chapman EH1, Weintraub RJ, Milburn MA, Pirozzi TO, Woo E. Homeopathic treatment of mild traumatic brain injury: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1999 Dec;14(6):521-42. “These results indicate a significant improvement from the homeopathic treatment versus the control and translate into clinically significant outcomes.” <br />
*Clark J 2000: Plantar fascitis <br />
*Diefenbach, M. 1999 - Bronchitis <br />
*Doehring et al.: Using Homeopathy with Livestock. Efficacy of homeopathy in livestock according to peer-reviewed publications from 1981 to 2014 Vet Rec. 2016; 179(24): 628, Homeopathy is widely used in livestock, especially in order to reduce the use of antibiotics A comprehensive literature review has been conducted to assess the efficacy of homeopathy in cattle, pigs and poultry. Only peer-reviewed publications dealing with homeopathic remedies, which could possibly replace or prevent the use of antibiotics in the case of infective diseases or growth promotion in livestock were included. Search results revealed a total number of 52 trials performed within 48 publications fulfilling the predefined criteria. Twenty-eight trials were in favor of homeopathy, with 26 trials showing a significantly higher efficacy in comparison to a control group. [https://hpathy.com/scientific-research/quotable-homeopathic-research/ (Quoted from Hpathy.com], collected by Loretta Butehorn PhD CCH and Robert Medhurst BNat DHom DBM DRM DNutr) <br />
*Egocheaga Rodriguez J 2000: Extended sports recovery time <br />
*Ernst E 1990: Varicose veins <br />
*Facelift Surgery Bruising. Effect of homeopathic Arnica montana on bruising in face-lifts: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2006, 8, 1, 54-9. Seeley BM, et al. – In this trial, 29 people who were undergoing facelifts were randomized to receive either perioperative homeopathic arnica, or placebo. They were examined post-operatively for bruising at days 1, 5, 7 and 10. Assessment showed a signification reduction in bruising when compared to placebo. [https://hpathy.com/scientific-research/quotable-homeopathic-research/ (Quoted from Hpathy.com], collected by Loretta Butehorn PhD CCH and Robert Medhurst BNat DHom DBM DRM DNutr) <br />
*Fisher P, Greenwood A, Huskisson EC, et al.: Fibromyalgia: "Effect of Homoeopathic Treatment on Fibrositis (Primary Fibromyalgia)," BMJ, 299(August 5, 1989):365-6. “The improvement experienced by our patients while receiving active treatment was at least as great as that reported for any other treatment that has been assessed double blind.” <br />
*Frass M 2005: Sepsis <br />
*Frass M 2005: Tracheal secretions <br />
*Frass, M, Dielacher, C, Linkesch, M, et al.: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15764779 Influence of potassium dichromate on tracheal secretions in critically ill patients], Chest, March, 2005;127:936-941. The journal, Chest, is the official publication of the American College of Chest Physicians. <br />
*Frei, H, Everts R, von Ammon K, Kaufmann F, Walther D, Hsu-Schmitz SF, Collenberg M, Fuhrer K, Hassink R, Steinlin M, Thurneysen A.: ADD/ADHD: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16047154 Homeopathic treatment of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled crossover trial]. Eur J Pediatr., July 27,2005,164:758-767. <br />
*French Study-Cahrs de Biotherapie 94 (April 1987) 77-81 - Double blind – Caulophyllum – Difficult deliveries – Remedy reduced labor time and decreased decreased abnormal labor. Labor time 5.1 hrs; average in treated grp. but 8.5 hrs in placebo group; Also, 11.3% of treated group had abnormal labor compared with 40% for placebo group; <br />
*Friese K; 2007; Zabolotnyi D., 2007; Wiesenauer M 1989: Sinusitis <br />
*Furuta, Sérgio E. and Weckx, Luc L.M. and Figueiredo, Cláudia R.: Randomized, double-blind trial on the efficacy of homeopathic treatment in children with recurrent tonsillitis in: Revista de Homeopatia, Vol. 80, No. 3/4 (2017), Special Dossier: Scientific Evidence for Homeopathy, by the Technical Chamber for Homeopathy of the Regional Medical Council of the State of Sao Paulo, ISSN: 2175-3105; p. 136-41; [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/413 Online Summary] and [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/413/508 Online Full Text] <br />
*Gerhard, W. The Biological treatment of Migraines, Based on Experience - Biological therapy 5 no. 3 (June 1988) 67-71. <br />
*German Pharmacological Journal (Arzneim. Forsch/Drug Res., 34 (1984):1791-98-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; HomeopathicCombination formula reduced vertigo and nausea. <br />
*Gibson RG, Gibson SL, MacNeill AD, Buchanan “Homeopathic therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: evaluation by double-blind clinical therapeutic trial.” British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1980 May;9(5):453-9.WW. – 82% of patients experienced some relief compared with 21% for placebo. “There was a significant improvement in subjective pain, articular index, stiffness and grip strength in those patients receiving homoeopathic remedies whereas there was no significant change in the patients who received placebo.” <br />
*Hayfever: Reilly D, Taylor M, McSharry C, et al.,[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2876326 Is homoeopathy a placebo response? controlled trial of homoeopathic potency, with pollen in hayfever as model]," Lancet, October 18, 1986, ii: 881-6. <br />
*Homeopathic treatment of patients with chronic low back pain: A prospective observational study with 2 years’ follow-up.Clin J Pain. 2009, 25, 4, 334-9. . Witt CM, et al. Researchers from Charité University Medical Center in Berlin, Germany, evaluated 129 adults suffering from medically diagnosed chronic low back pain for an average duration of 9.6 years were treated by homeopathic physicians who prescribed according to their individual symptoms. Their progress was followed for 2 years. On analysis of the symptom severity and quality of life changes demonstrated a marked and sustained improvement. In addition, the use of homeopathic remedies were associated with a significant decline in the use of conventional treatment and health services. [https://hpathy.com/scientific-research/quotable-homeopathic-research/ (Quoted from Hpathy.com], collected by Loretta Butehorn PhD CCH and Robert Medhurst BNat DHom DBM DRM DNutr) <br />
*Homeopathy-(London 1975 W.H. Allen&nbsp; ), 124-125: Survey of English factory and office workers. Group treated with hom. nosode influenzium: 6.5% got flu. In untreated group, 19.7 got flu. Untreated group lost 8.5 times more working days. <br />
*Iannitti T1, Morales-Medina JC, Bellavite P, Rottigni V, Palmieri B. Effectiveness and Safety of Arnica montana in Post-Surgical Setting, Pain and Inflammation.Am J Ther. 2016 Jan-Feb;23(1):e184-97. “Cumulative evidence suggests that Arnica montana may represent a valid alternative to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, at least when treating some specific conditions.” <br />
*Immune function (Kuzeff RM 1998); Influenza (Vickers A 2006; Attena F 1995; Brydak LB 1999; Ferley JP 1989; Papp R 1998); <br />
*In this 2018 British study,antibiotics, individualized homeopathy and placebo had similar effects on bacteriological and cytological cure in cases of culture-negative milk samples (P>0.4) and Escherichia coli infections (P=1.0). An important finding given our need to reduce antibiotics in ecosystem. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29374099 Vet Rec. 2018], Apr 7;182(14):407. doi: 10.1136/vr.104555. Epub 2018 Jan 26. Comparative effectiveness of individualised homeopathy and antibiotics in the treatment of bovine clinical mastitis: randomised controlled trial. Keller D1, Sundrum A1. [https://hpathy.com/scientific-research/quotable-homeopathic-research/ (Quoted from Hpathy.com], collected by Loretta Butehorn PhD CCH and Robert Medhurst BNat DHom DBM DRM DNutr) <br />
*Insomnia (Bell IR 2010; Brooks AJ 2010; Carlini EA 1987; Naudé DF 2010); <br />
*Insomnia. Chronic primary insomnia: efficacy of homeopathic simillimum.Homeopathy. 2010, 99, 1, 63-8Naudé et al. Researchers from South Africa’s Durban University of Technology foused on determining the effects of constitutional homeopathic treatment for insomnia, when compared to a placebo control. Thirty subjects diagnosed with primary insomnia were randomly assigned to homeopathy or placebo. An analysis of the outcomes showed that sleep duration, sleep quality improved significantly under homeopathic treatment, when compared to that using the placebo control. [https://hpathy.com/scientific-research/quotable-homeopathic-research/ (Quoted from Hpathy.com], collected by Loretta Butehorn PhD CCH and Robert Medhurst BNat DHom DBM DRM DNutr) <br />
*J Headache Pain. 2013; 14(Suppl 1): P56.Sharma et al; Headache frequency and intensity was lower in the homeopathy group than in controls.. Compared with usual care, patients randomized to homeopathy used 35% less medication (P = 0.001) and had 45% fewer visits to general practitioners (P = 0.0001) <br />
*Jacobs J 2001; Taylor JA 2011: Otitis media <br />
*Jacobs, J, Jimenez, LM, Gloyd, SS:Childhood diarrhea:,[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8165068 Treatment of Acute Childhood Diarrhea with Homeopathic Medicine: A Randomized Double-blind Controlled Study in Nicaragua], Pediatrics, May, 1994,93,5:719-25. <br />
*Jennifer Jacobs, M.D., M.P.H. Homeopathic Treatment of Acute Childhood Diarrhea: Results from a Clinical Trial in Nepal, The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, Volume 6, Number 2, 2000, pp. 131-139. The study was performed to determine whether homeopathy is useful in the treatment of acute childhood diarrhea with clear beneficial results. <br />
*Jonas WB 2000: Rheumatic diseases <br />
*Jonas, WB, Linde, Klaus, and Ramirez, Gilbert, "[http://www.researchgate.net/publication/12635664_Homeopathy_and_rheumatic_disease Homeopathy and Rheumatic Disease]," Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America, February 2000,1:117-123. <br />
*Jonas, WB, Linde, Klaus, and Ramirez, Gilbert, [http://www.researchgate.net/publication/12635664_Homeopathy_and_rheumatic_disease Homeopathy and Rheumatic Disease], Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America, February 2000,1:117-123. <br />
*Karow J-H 2008: Post-operative wound healing <br />
*Kassab S, Cummings M, Berkovitz S, van Haselen R, Fisher P.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370613 Homeopathic medicines for adverse effects of cancer treatments]. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 2. <br />
*Lipman D 1999: Snoring <br />
*Low back pain (Gmünder R 2002; Stam C 2001); <br />
*Maiwald VL 1988: Common cold <br />
*Naudé DF, Stephanie Couchman IM, Maharaj A. Chronic primary insomnia: efficacy of homeopathic simillimum. Homeopathy. 2010 Jan;99(1):63-8. “The homeopathic simillimum treatment of primary insomnia was effective, compared to placebo. Homeopathy is a viable treatment modality for this condition and further research is justified.” <br />
*Oberbaum M 2005: Postpartum bleeding <br />
*Paterson & Boyd 1931 – Schick test – registers immunity after administration of high potency nosode Diptherinum. <br />
*Reilly, D.T. et al- Is Hom. a Placebo Response?-: Controlled trial of Hom. Potency with Pollen in Hayfever as Model. Lancet 2 No. 8512 (Oct. 1986): 881-886. <br />
*Research on homeopathy’s effectiveness for specific pathologies: [http://www.britishhomeopathic.org/ http://www.britishhomeopathic.org/] <br />
*Saruggia M 1992: Renal failure <br />
*Schmidt, Joseph M. u Ostermayr, B: Does a homeopathic ultramolecular dilution of Thyoidinum 30cH affect the rate of body weight reduction in fasting patients? A randomised placebo-controlled double-blind clinical trial.Homeopathy 2002; 91(4):197-206, DOI: 10.1054/homp.2002.0049, PMID: 12422922 [Impact Factor 2011: 1.141, rank 14/22 integrative & complementary medicine] <br />
*Schmidt, Joseph M. u Ostermayr, B: The effect of Thyroidinum 30cH on the body weight reduction of fasting patients. A randomized placebo-controlled double-blind clinical trial. In: Proceedings of the 57th Congress of the Liga Medicorum Homoeopathica Internationalis, Moscow, Russia, 4–8 June 2002. Moskau 2002, Bd. 2, S. 362-370 <br />
*Schneider B 2005; Issing W 2005; Weiser M 1998: Vertigo <br />
*Seeley BM1, Denton AB, Ahn MS, Maas CS. Effect of homeopathic Arnica montana on bruising in face-lifts: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2006 Jan-Feb;8(1):54-9. Patients taking Arnica montana experienced less bruising after facial surgery. <br />
*Sharma, S., Sharma, N., and Sharma, R: Accelerating the healing of bone fracture using homeopathy: a prospective, randomized double-blind controlled study BMC Complement Altern Med. 2012; June 12. “Faster healing was reported in the homeopathy group by week 9 following injury, including significant improvement in fracture line … callous formation and fracture union in comparison to placebo. There was also lower use of analgesics and less self-reported pain in the homeopathy group.” <br />
*Shipley M. et al. -Controlled trial of Homeopathic treatment of Osteoarthritis - Lancet-1 (1983) 97-98. <br />
*Siqueira CM, Homsani F, da Veiga VF, Lyrio C, Mattos H, Passos SR, Couceiro JN, Quaresma CH.: Homeopathic medicines for prevention of influenza and acute respiratory tract infections in children: blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Homeopathy. 2016 Feb;105(1):71-7. “A study of 445 children ages 1-5 years old showed that statistically significant positive results for the complex homeopathy compared to placebo in the Brazilian Public Health System in Petrópolis.” <br />
*Smith SA 2002: Seborrhoeic dermatitis <br />
*Stomatitis (Oberbaum M 2001); <br />
*Taylor MA 2000: Perennial allergic rhinitis <br />
*Taylor, MA, Reilly, D, Llewellyn-Jones, RH, et al., [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC27460/ Randomised controlled trial of homoeopathy versus placebo in perennial allergic rhinitis with overview of four trial Series], BMJ, August 19, 2000, 321:471-476. The BMJ published an editorial in the issue in which this study was published asserting, “It may be time to confront the conclusion that homeopathy and placebo differ...... This may be more plausible than the conclusion that their trials have produced serial false positive results" (Later in the BMJ. Homoeopathic dilutions may be better than placebo. BMJ 2000; 321:0). <br />
*Teixeira, Marcus Zulian and Podgaec, Sérgio and Baracat, Edmund Chara: Potentized estrogen in homeopathic treatment of endometriosis-associated pelvic pain: A 24-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, in: Revista de Homeopatia, Vol. 80, No. 3/4 (2017), Special Dossier: Scientific Evidence for Homeopathy, by the Technical Chamber for Homeopathy of the Regional Medical Council of the State of Sao Paulo, ISSN: 2175-3105; p. 134-35; [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/414 Online Summary] and [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/414/505 Online Full Text] <br />
*Totonchi A 2007: Post-operative edema <br />
*Waisse, Silvia: Clinical research in homeopathy: systematic reviews and randomized clinical trials, in: Revista de Homeopatia, Vol. 80, No. 3/4 (2017), Special Dossier: Scientific Evidence for Homeopathy, by the Technical Chamber for Homeopathy of the Regional Medical Council of the State of Sao Paulo, ISSN: 2175-3105; p. 121-133; [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/412 Online Summary] and [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/412/504 Online Full Text] <br />
*Weatherley-Jones E 2004: Chronic fatigue syndrome <br />
*Wiesenauer M 1996; Taylor MA 2006; Ernst E 2011; Aabel S 2000; Aabel S 2000; Aabel S 2001; Kim LS 2005; Reilly DT 1986; Weiser M 1999; Wiesenauer M 1 985; Wiesenauer M 1990; Wiesenauer M 1995: Seasonal allergic rhinitis <br />
*Yakir Michal, 2001: Premenstrual syndrome <br />
<br />
'''to 2. b)'''<br />
<br />
*Grimaldi-Bensouda L et al. Homeopathic medical practice for anxiety and depression in primary care: the EPI3 cohort study. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2016 May 4;16:125. doi: 10.1186/s12906-016-1104-2. “Patients with Anxiety Depression Disorder, who chose to consult GPs prescribing homeopathy reported less use of psychotropic drugs, and were marginally more likely to experience clinical improvement, than patients managed with conventional care.” <br />
*Spence, D S, et al. “Homeopathic Treatment for Chronic Disease: a 6-Year, University-Hospital Outpatient Observational Study.” J Altern Complement Med. 2005 Oct;11(5):793-8. An observational study of over 6000 patients over a 6 year period concluded that homeopathy offers “positive health changes to a substantial proportion of a large cohort of patients with a wide range of chronic diseases.” <br />
*Witt, C M, et al. “Homeopathic Medical Practice: Long-Term Results of a Cohort Study with 3981 Patients.” BMC Public Health. 2005 Nov 3;5:115. “Marked and sustained improvements” were found following homeopathic treatment among long-term care of adult and child patients with chronic diseases, including “disease severity and quality of life.” <br />
<br />
'''to 3)''' Meta-Studies, Systematic Reviews and Commentaries on them<br />
<br />
*You find a very good overview over the recent meta studies on [https://www.hri-research.org/resources/essentialevidence/clinical-trials-overview/ the website of the HRI]. <br />
*Bonamin, Leoni Villano: The soundness of homeopathic fundamental research, in: Revista de Homeopatia, Vol. 80, No. 3/4 (2017), Special Dossier: Scientific Evidence for Homeopathy, by the Technical Chamber for Homeopathy of the Regional Medical Council of the State of Sao Paulo, ISSN: 2175-3105; p. 82-89; [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/409 Online Summary] and [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/409/501 Online Full Text] <br />
*Bornhöft, G. Matthiessen, P. Homeopathy in Health care: Effectiveness, Appropriateness, Safety, Costs: An HTA Report on the Homeopathy as Part of the Swiss Complementary Medicine Evaluation Programme, Homeopathy is covered under the National Health Care system in Switzerland. In 2011, the Swiss Government commissioned a Health Report that reviewed hundreds of research studies on homeopathy and other types of alternative medicine, with the conclusion: “There is sufficient evidence for the preclinical effectiveness and the clinical efficacy of homeopathy for its safety and economy.” <br />
*British Medical Journal 302 - (Feb 1991):316-323 Kleignen, J et al: Clinical Trials of Homeopathy- Published; review of 105 clinical trials, 81 demonstrated effectiveness. <br />
*Jacobs J, Jonas WB, Jimenez-Perez M, Crothers D,[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12634583 Homeopathy for Childhood Diarrhea: Combined Results and Metaanalysis from Three Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trials], Pediatr Infect Dis J., 2003;22:229-34. This metaanalysis of 242 children showed a highly significant result in the duration of childhood diarrhea (P=0.008). <br />
*Kleijnen J, Knipschild P ter Riet G. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1825800 Clinical trials of homoeopathy]. BMJ 1991, 302, 316-23. Of the 22 best studies, 15 showed positive results from homeopathic treatment. The researchers concluded, "there is a legitimate case for further evaluation of homeopathy." <br />
*Linde L, Clausius N, Ramirez G, Jonas W, "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9310601 Are the Clinical Effects of Homoeopathy Placebo Effects? A Meta-analysis of Placebo-Controlled Trials], Lancet, September 20, 1997, 350:834-843. Although a later review by some of these authors found a reduced significance, the authors never asserted that the significance was no longer present. Further, two of the lead authors of this article provided a very sharp critique of the Shang, et al. review of research (2005). Also, both Linde and Jonas wrote to the Lancet after the Shang/Egger article was published and asserted that the Lancet should be "embarrassed" by their publication of this article and the accompanied editorial (Lancet, 366 December 17, 2005:2081-2). <br />
*Mathie, R.T., Lloyd, S.M., Legg, L.A., Clausen, J., Moss, S., Davidson, J.R.T., Ford, I. (2014): Randomised placebo-controlled trials of individualised homeopathic treatment: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Systematic Reviews 2014, 3:142 oi:10.1186/2046-4053-3-142 <br />
*Teixeira, Marcus Zulian and Carneiro, Solange M.T.P.G.: Effects of homeopathic high dilutions on plants: literature review, in: Revista de Homeopatia, Vol. 80, No. 3/4 (2017), Special Dossier: Scientific Evidence for Homeopathy, by the Technical Chamber for Homeopathy of the Regional Medical Council of the State of Sao Paulo, ISSN: 2175-3105; p. 104-120; [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/411 Online Summary] and [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/411/503 Online Full Text] <br />
*Waisse, Silvia: Clinical research in homeopathy: systematic reviews and randomized clinical trials, in: Revista de Homeopatia, Vol. 80, No. 3/4 (2017), Special Dossier: Scientific Evidence for Homeopathy, by the Technical Chamber for Homeopathy of the Regional Medical Council of the State of Sao Paulo, ISSN: 2175-3105; p. 121-133; [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/412 Online Summary] and [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/412/504 Online Full Text] <br />
*Waisse, Silvia: Effects of homeopathic high dilutions on in vitro models: literature review, in: Revista de Homeopatia, Vol. 80, No. 3/4 (2017), Special Dossier: Scientific Evidence for Homeopathy, by the Technical Chamber for Homeopathy of the Regional Medical Council of the State of Sao Paulo, ISSN: 2175-3105; p. 90-103; [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/410 Online Summary] and [http://revista.aph.org.br/index.php/aph/article/view/410/502 Online Full Text] <br />
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== References: ==<br />
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Welcome to FreeWiki
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FreeWiki is a project of the '''FreeWiki gGmbH''' ("gemeinnützige GmbH" - charitable limited company according to German law).<br />
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Phone: 02205-912563 (no fax)<br />
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Responsible for content according to § 6 MDStV: Jörg Wichmann.&nbsp; (Regarding copyrights see [[FreeWiki:Copyrights|here]].)<br />
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Disclaimer: Despite careful content control, we assume no liability for the content of external links. The operators of the linked pages are solely responsible for their content.<br />
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C4-Homeopathy
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<div>The C4- trituration is a special way of [[Potentisation|triturating]] substances as the first stages of [[Homeopathy|homeopathic]] [[potentisation]]. <br />
<br />
The most wide-spread way of preparing homeopathic remedies is to triturate the crude substance up to the C3 and from there on to potentise in liquid form by succussion, which is also what the pharmacies are obliged to do.<br />
<br />
The following text was written by Wiet van Helmond<br />
<br />
==Concept==<br />
In order for us to understand the concept of C4 Homeopathy we need to go back to Hahnemann (1755-1843) who in the beginning of his career discovered the effect of the homeopathic principle (like cures like) but was still figuring out how these remedies came to their effect.<br />
<br />
With his experiments with the China officinalis plant he discovered that diluting the substance made it more potent. But how do you dilute gold or sand? <br />
<br />
===Hahnemann’s experiments===<br />
It was probably Hahnemann’s contemporary physician Franz Anton Mesmer who experimented with iron and magnets that gave him the idea of trituration. If rubbing a magnet over a piece of iron for a long time made it magnetic than perhaps rubbing two other substances against each other also transferred some of the characteristics of these substances. In an ideal situation one of these two substances would be completely inert before the experiment. That way the transference would be a one way street. This led to his first quest: to find an inert substance that was able to absorb the energy of any other substance. After some time he found lactose (milk sugar) to be the ideal material. It had very little characteristics of its own (as a carbohydrate it gave some energy but otherwise it presented the user with very little to no symptoms) so it seemed like a blanc paper ready to project other energies on.<br />
<br />
His first experiment was with gold. This was a substance that had been connected to mankind for a very long time so it must have some healing properties as well. So how do you transfer these to lactose? What’s the best procedure to rub these together to have the characteristics of gold into milk sugar? Being a perfectionist physician he wrote down every detail. How long he triturated, how long he scraped (during trituration the lactose tends to stick to the sides of the mortar so he frequently took time to scrape this off) and how often he diluted by adding more milk sugar to the mortar. And as you develop symptoms during this process (see further on) you also get a hint of when the remedy has unfolded itself. So after three rounds of triturating Hahnemann finished his experiment and had thus created the remedy Aurum metallicum and also found that all remedies should be triturated for three rounds which he wrote in his Organon paragraph 270.<br />
<br />
However the experiment didn’t stop here. In his materia medica of Aurum Metallicum he wrote that he triturated for another cycle and that “By further trituration and dilution the power of gold is still more developed and spiritualized, so that I now employ for all curative purposes only a very small portion of a grain of the quadrillion-fold dilution for a dose.”<br />
<br />
==Modern development==<br />
===Withold Ehrler and Jürgen Becker===<br />
Strangely this piece of information went unnoticed until in the late nineties when Withold Ehrler, a German pharmacist, was inspired during a trituration by a very strong contact with the substance at hand, so that he gave a voice to the remedy’s substance and wrote down what it told him. He and the renowned homeopath Jürgen Becker then wanted to do more such trituration provings and were retracing the steps Hahnemann had made. They discovered that while creating a new remedy (triturating) you are actually peeling of layers of symptoms that are connected to the substance. These layers are named after the cycle of trituration. With Jürgen Becker bringing Ehrler’s concept into the public during a seminar, this could be seen as the birth of the C4-homeopathy.<br />
<br />
==Trituration cycles and their symbolic meaning==<br />
While triturating from crude substance to C1 (the first cycle) most symptoms will be on the physical sphere: pain, hunger, thirst, itching, discomfort, physical sensations, etc.<br />
<br />
The in the following C2 cycle most symptoms will be on an emotional level (happiness, giddiness, irritation, sadness, anger, etc).<br />
<br />
Which leads us to the C3 where the key aspects of the mental sphere of the remedy will come out to express themselves. So it wasn’t strange that Hahnemann decided that C3 should be the basis for all remedies! But in the next cycle (C4) we will come across the more spiritual side of the remedy. Here lies not only the absolute essence of the remedy, this is also our deepest and most profound individual level of functioning. Within this layer lie our life purpose, our goal and pathway. Whenever we meet a patient who asks “Why is this always happening to me?” the remedy should come from at least the fourth trituration. Anyone struggling with these kind of spiritual questions should have a remedy coming from at least the C4 sphere. But! There is more. What if we went even higher? Well there are, according to Withold, 8 layers. But it is also possible that during a trituration a C4 essence comes up at an earlier phase or that the C4 essence will not reveal itself until even later (for instance diamond took several hours extra to reach the C4 essence information). But what are these other 4 layers?<br />
<br />
Well C5 is our miasmatic, family and archetypical layer. When we identify ourselves too much to a miasmatic pattern or archetype we need remedies from this layer. It’s field of reach is beyond our physical body and is no longer individual. We behave from a pattern without an individual basis. For instance when someone has over identified himself with the Christ archetype or is behaving purely from a miasmatic pattern. <br />
<br />
In the C6 level the archetypical connection becomes bigger. This is where the collective archetypes are expressed and lived out. For instance living in a famine surrounded by epidemical disease. So C6 is the larger collective, the epidemic, the cultural level. These are the problems we face as a society. In this level we find information on why these things are happening to us. But the influence is coming from outside ourselves. It’s in the larger collective. <br />
<br />
Also we can look at the C0 to C8 as a journey where C0 is just pre-birth, still not fully physically, emotionally and mentally present. It is what, on a chemical level, feeds us or makes us sick. And from there you go in through layers C1, C2 and C3 to the very core of our human existence: the C4 level. This is where the core of our being lies. Why we are here in this incarnation, in this location, in this family, in this body, etc.<br />
<br />
C8 is the reverse level. From a religious point of view you could say that C8 is where the body has died and the soul is in a higher sphere, beyond our reach, about to start its new incarnation from level C0.</div>
Admin
https://www.freewiki.eu/en/index.php?title=C4-Homeopathy&diff=1428
C4-Homeopathy
2019-10-04T08:43:38Z
<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>The C4- trituration is a special way of [[Potentisation|triturating]] substances as the first stages of [[Homeopathy|homeopathic]] [[potentisation]]. <br />
<br />
The most wide-spread way of preparing homeopathic remedies is to triturate the crude substance up to the C3 and from there on to potentise in liquid form by succussion, which is also what the pharmacies are obliged to do.<br />
<br />
The following text was written by Wiet van Helmond<br />
<br />
==Concept==<br />
In order for us to understand the concept of C4 Homeopathy we need to go back to Hahnemann (1755-1843) who in the beginning of his career discovered the effect of the homeopathic principle (like cures like) but was still figuring out how these remedies came to their effect.<br />
<br />
With his experiments with the China officinalis plant he discovered that diluting the substance made it more potent. But how do you dilute gold or sand? <br />
<br />
===Hahnemann’s experiments===<br />
It was probably Hahnemann’s contemporary physician Franz Anton Mesmer who experimented with iron and magnets that gave him the idea of trituration. If rubbing a magnet over a piece of iron for a long time made it magnetic than perhaps rubbing two other substances against each other also transferred some of the characteristics of these substances. In an ideal situation one of these two substances would be completely inert before the experiment. That way the transference would be a one way street. This led to his first quest: to find an inert substance that was able to absorb the energy of any other substance. After some time he found lactose (milk sugar) to be the ideal material. It had very little characteristics of its own (as a carbohydrate it gave some energy but otherwise it presented the user with very little to no symptoms) so it seemed like a blanc paper ready to project other energies on.<br />
<br />
His first experiment was with gold. This was a substance that had been connected to mankind for a very long time so it must have some healing properties as well. So how do you transfer these to lactose? What’s the best procedure to rub these together to have the characteristics of gold into milk sugar? Being a perfectionist physician he wrote down every detail. How long he triturated, how long he scraped (during trituration the lactose tends to stick to the sides of the mortar so he frequently took time to scrape this off) and how often he diluted by adding more milk sugar to the mortar. And as you develop symptoms during this process (see further on) you also get a hint of when the remedy has unfolded itself. So after three rounds of triturating Hahnemann finished his experiment and had thus created the remedy Aurum metallicum and also found that all remedies should be triturated for three rounds which he wrote in his Organon paragraph 270.<br />
<br />
However the experiment didn’t stop here. In his materia medica of Aurum Metallicum he wrote that he triturated for another cycle and that “By further trituration and dilution the power of gold is still more developed and spiritualized, so that I now employ for all curative purposes only a very small portion of a grain of the quadrillion-fold dilution for a dose.”<br />
<br />
==Modern development==<br />
===Withold Ehrler===<br />
Strangely this piece of information went unnoticed until in the nineties when Withold Ehrler and Jürgen Becker wanted to do another trituration proving and were retracing the steps Hahnemann had made. They discovered that while creating a new remedy (triturating) you are actually peeling of layers of symptoms that are connected to the substance. These layers are named after the cycle of trituration. <br />
<br />
==Trituration cycles and their symbolic meaning==<br />
While triturating from crude substance to C1 (the first cycle) most symptoms will be on the physical sphere: pain, hunger, thirst, itching, discomfort, physical sensations, etc.<br />
<br />
The in the following C2 cycle most symptoms will be on an emotional level (happiness, giddiness, irritation, sadness, anger, etc).<br />
<br />
Which leads us to the C3 where the key aspects of the mental sphere of the remedy will come out to express themselves. So it wasn’t strange that Hahnemann decided that C3 should be the basis for all remedies! But in the next cycle (C4) we will come across the more spiritual side of the remedy. Here lies not only the absolute essence of the remedy, this is also our deepest and most profound individual level of functioning. Within this layer lie our life purpose, our goal and pathway. Whenever we meet a patient who asks “Why is this always happening to me?” the remedy should come from at least the fourth trituration. Anyone struggling with these kind of spiritual questions should have a remedy coming from at least the C4 sphere. But! There is more. What if we went even higher? Well there are, according to Withold, 8 layers. But it is also possible that during a trituration a C4 essence comes up at an earlier phase or that the C4 essence will not reveal itself until even later (for instance diamond took several hours extra to reach the C4 essence information). But what are these other 4 layers?<br />
<br />
Well C5 is our miasmatic, family and archetypical layer. When we identify ourselves too much to a miasmatic pattern or archetype we need remedies from this layer. It’s field of reach is beyond our physical body and is no longer individual. We behave from a pattern without an individual basis. For instance when someone has over identified himself with the Christ archetype or is behaving purely from a miasmatic pattern. <br />
<br />
In the C6 level the archetypical connection becomes bigger. This is where the collective archetypes are expressed and lived out. For instance living in a famine surrounded by epidemical disease. So C6 is the larger collective, the epidemic, the cultural level. These are the problems we face as a society. In this level we find information on why these things are happening to us. But the influence is coming from outside ourselves. It’s in the larger collective. <br />
<br />
Also we can look at the C0 to C8 as a journey where C0 is just pre-birth, still not fully physically, emotionally and mentally present. It is what, on a chemical level, feeds us or makes us sick. And from there you go in through layers C1, C2 and C3 to the very core of our human existence: the C4 level. This is where the core of our being lies. Why we are here in this incarnation, in this location, in this family, in this body, etc.<br />
<br />
C8 is the reverse level. From a religious point of view you could say that C8 is where the body has died and the soul is in a higher sphere, beyond our reach, about to start its new incarnation from level C0.</div>
Admin
https://www.freewiki.eu/en/index.php?title=C4-Homeopathy&diff=1427
C4-Homeopathy
2019-10-04T08:40:16Z
<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>The C4- trituration is a special way of [[Potentisation|triturating]] substances as the first stages of [[Homeopathy|homeopathic]] [[potentisation]]. <br />
<br />
The most wide-spread way of preparing homeopathic remedies is to triturate the crude substance up to the C3 and from there on to potentise in liquid form by succussion, which is also what the pharmacies are obliged to do.<br />
<br />
The following text was written by Wiet van Helmond<br />
<br />
==Concept==<br />
In order for us to understand the concept of C4 Homeopathy we need to go back to Hahnemann (1755-1843) who in the beginning of his career discovered the effect of the homeopathic principle (like cures like) but was still figuring out how these remedies came to their effect.<br />
<br />
With his experiments with the China Officinalis plant he discovered that diluting the substance made it more potent. But how do you dilute gold or sand? <br />
<br />
===Hahnemann’s experiments===<br />
It was probably Hahnemann’s contemporary physician Franz Anton Mesmer who experimented with iron and magnets that gave him the idea of trituration. If rubbing a magnet over a piece of iron for a long time made it magnetic than perhaps rubbing two other substances against each other also transferred some of the characteristics of these substances. In an ideal situation one of these two substances would be completely inert before the experiment. That way the transference would be a one way street. This led to his first quest: to find an inert substance that was able to absorb the energy of any other substance. After some time he found lactose (milk sugar) to be the ideal material. It had very little characteristics of its own (as a carbohydrate it gave some energy but otherwise it presented the user with very little to no symptoms) so it seemed like a blanc paper ready to project other energies on.<br />
<br />
His first experiment was with gold. This was a substance that had been connected to mankind for a very longtime so it must have some healing properties as well. So how do you transfer these to lactose? What’s the best procedure to rub these together to have the characteristics of gold into milksugar? Being a perfectionistic physician he wrote down every detail. How long he triturated, how long he scraped (during trituration the lactose tends to stick to the sides of the mortar so he frequently took time to scrape this off) and how often he diluted by adding more milk sugar to the mortar. And as you develop symptoms during this process (see further on) you also get a hint of when the remedy has unfolded itself. So after three rounds of triturating Hahnemann finished his experiment and had thus created the remedy Aurum Metallicum and also found that all remedies should be triturated for three rounds which he wrote in his Organon paragraph 270.<br />
<br />
However the experiment didn’t stop here. In his materia medica of Aurum Metallicum he wrote that he triturated for another cycle and that “By further trituration and dilution the power of gold is still more developed and spiritualized, so that I now employ for all curative purposes only a very small portion of a grain of the quadrillion-fold dilution for a dose.”<br />
<br />
==Modern development==<br />
===Withold Ehrler===<br />
Strangely this piece of information went unnoticed until in the nineties when Withold Ehrler and Jürgen Becker wanted to do another trituration proving and were retracing the steps Hahnemann had made. They discovered that while creating a new remedy (triturating) you are actually peeling of layers of symptoms that are connected to the substance. These layers are named after the cycle of trituration. <br />
<br />
==Trituration cycles and their symbolic meaning==<br />
While triturating from crude substance to C1 (the first cycle) most symptoms will be on the physical sphere: pain, hunger, thirst, itching, discomfort, physical sensations, etc.<br />
<br />
The in the following C2 cycle most symptoms will be on an emotional level (happiness, giddiness, irritation, sadness, anger, etc).<br />
<br />
Which leads us to the C3 where the key aspects of the mental sphere of the remedy will come out to express themselves. So it wasn’t strange that Hahnemann decided that C3 should be the basis for all remedies! But in the next cycle (C4) we will come across the more spiritual side of the remedy. Here lies not only the absolute essence of the remedy, this is also our deepest and most profound individual level of functioning. Within this layer lie our life purpose, our goal and pathway. Whenever we meet a patient who asks “Why is this always happening to me?” the remedy should come from at least the fourth trituration. Anyone struggling with these kind of spiritual questions should have a remedy coming from at least the C4 sphere. But! There is more. What if we went even higher? Well there are, according to Withold, 8 layers. But it is also possible that during a trituration a C4 essence comes up at an earlier fase or that the C4 essence will not reveal itself until even later (for instance diamond took several hours extra to reach the C4 essence information). But what are these other 4 layers?<br />
<br />
Well C5 is our miasmatic, family and archetypical layer. When we identify ourselves too much to a miasmatical pattern or archetype we need remedies from this layer. It’s field of reach is beyond our physical body and is no longer individual. We behave from a pattern without an individual basis. For instance when someone has over identified himself with the Christ archetype or is behaving purely from a miasmatic pattern. <br />
<br />
In the C6 level the archetypical connection becomes bigger. This is where the collective archetypes are expressed and lived out. For instance living in a famine surrounded by epidemical disease. So C6 is the larger collective, the epidemic, the cultural level. These are the problems we face as a society. In this level we find information on why these things are happening to us. But the influence is coming from outside ourself. It’s in the larger collective. <br />
<br />
Also we can look at the C0 to C8 as a journey where C0 is just pre-birth, still not fully physically, emotionally and mentally present. It is what, on a chemical level, feeds us or makes us sick. And from there you go in through layers C1, C2 and C3 to the very core of our human existence: the C4 level. This is where the core of our being lies. Why we are here in this incarnation, in this location, in this family, in this body, etc.<br />
<br />
C8 is the reverse level. From a religious point of view you could say that C8 is where the body has died and the soul is in a higher sphere, beyond our reach, about to start its new incarnation from level C0.</div>
Admin
https://www.freewiki.eu/en/index.php?title=C4-Homeopathy&diff=1426
C4-Homeopathy
2019-10-04T08:39:14Z
<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>The C4- trituration is a special way of [[Potentisation|triturating]] substances as the first stages of [[Homeopathy|homeopathic]] [[potentisation]]. <br />
<br />
The most wide-spread way of preparing homeopathic remedies is to triturate the crude substance up to the C3 and from there on to potentise in liquid form by succussion, which is also what the pharmacies are obliged to do.<br />
<br />
The following text was written by Wiet van Helmond<br />
<br />
==Concept==<br />
In order for us to understand the concept of C4 Homeopathy we need to go back to Hahnemann (1755-1843) who in the beginning of his career discovered the effect of the homeopathic principle (like cures like) but was still figuring out how these remedies came to their effect.<br />
<br />
With his experiments with the China Officinalis plant he discovered that diluting the substance made it more potent. But how do you dilute gold or sand? <br />
<br />
===Hahnemann’s experiments===<br />
It was probably Hahnemann’s contemporary physician Franz Anton Mesmer who experimented with iron and magnets that gave him the idea of trituration. If rubbing a magnet over a piece of iron for a long time made it magnetic than perhaps rubbing two other substances against each other also transferred some of the characteristics of these substances. In an ideal situation one of these two substances would be completely inert before the experiment. That way the transference would be a one way street. This led to his first quest: to find an inert substance that was able to absorb the energy of any other substance. After some time he found lactose (milk sugar) to be the ideal material. It had very little characteristics of its own (as a carbohydrate it gave some energy but otherwise it presented the user with very little to no symptoms) so it seemed like a blanc paper ready to project other energies on.<br />
<br />
His first experiment was with gold. This was a substance that had been connected to mankind for a very longtime so it must have some healing properties as well. So how do you transfer these to lactose? What’s the best procedure to rub these together to have the characteristics of gold into milksugar? Being a perfectionistic physician he wrote down every detail. How long he triturated, how long he scraped (during trituration the lactose tends to stick to the sides of the mortar so he frequently took time to scrape this off) and how often he diluted by adding more milk sugar to the mortar. And as you develop symptoms during this process (see further on) you also get a hint of when the remedy has unfolded itself. So after three rounds of triturating Hahnemann finished his experiment and had thus created the remedy Aurum Metallicum and also found that all remedies should be triturated for three rounds which he wrote in his Organon paragraph 270.<br />
<br />
However the experiment didn’t stop here. In his materia medica of Aurum Metallicum he wrote that he triturated for another cycle and that “By further trituration and dilution the power of gold is still more developed and spiritualized, so that I now employ for all curative purposes only a very small portion of a grain of the quadrillion-fold dilution for a dose.”<br />
<br />
==Modern development==<br />
===Withold Ehrler===<br />
Strangely this piece of information went unnoticed until in the nineties when Withold Ehrler and Jurgen Becker wanted to do another trituration proving and were retracing the steps Hahnemann had made. They discovered that while creating a new remedy (triturating) you are actually peeling of layers of symptoms that are connected to the substance. These layers are named after the cycle of trituration. <br />
<br />
==Trituration cycles and their symbolic meaning==<br />
While triturating from crude substance to C1 (the first cycle) most symptoms will be on the physical sphere: pain, hunger, thirst, itching, discomfort, physical sensations, etc.<br />
<br />
The in the following C2 cycle most symptoms will be on an emotional level (happiness, giddiness, irritation, sadness, anger, etc).<br />
<br />
Which leads us to the C3 where the key aspects of the mental sphere of the remedy will come out to express themselves. So it wasn’t strange that Hahnemann decided that C3 should be the basis for all remedies! But in the next cycle (C4) we will come across the more spiritual side of the remedy. Here lies not only the absolute essence of the remedy, this is also our deepest and most profound individual level of functioning. Within this layer lie our life purpose, our goal and pathway. Whenever we meet a patient who asks “Why is this always happening to me?” the remedy should come from at least the fourth trituration. Anyone struggling with these kind of spiritual questions should have a remedy coming from at least the C4 sphere. But! There is more. What if we went even higher? Well there are, according to Withold, 8 layers. But it is also possible that during a trituration a C4 essence comes up at an earlier fase or that the C4 essence will not reveal itself until even later (for instance diamond took several hours extra to reach the C4 essence information). But what are these other 4 layers?<br />
<br />
Well C5 is our miasmatic, family and archetypical layer. When we identify ourselves too much to a miasmatical pattern or archetype we need remedies from this layer. It’s field of reach is beyond our physical body and is no longer individual. We behave from a pattern without an individual basis. For instance when someone has over identified himself with the Christ archetype or is behaving purely from a miasmatic pattern. <br />
<br />
In the C6 level the archetypical connection becomes bigger. This is where the collective archetypes are expressed and lived out. For instance living in a famine surrounded by epidemical disease. So C6 is the larger collective, the epidemic, the cultural level. These are the problems we face as a society. In this level we find information on why these things are happening to us. But the influence is coming from outside ourself. It’s in the larger collective. <br />
<br />
Also we can look at the C0 to C8 as a journey where C0 is just pre-birth, still not fully physically, emotionally and mentally present. It is what, on a chemical level, feeds us or makes us sick. And from there you go in through layers C1, C2 and C3 to the very core of our human existence: the C4 level. This is where the core of our being lies. Why we are here in this incarnation, in this location, in this family, in this body, etc.<br />
<br />
C8 is the reverse level. From a religious point of view you could say that C8 is where the body has died and the soul is in a higher sphere, beyond our reach, about to start its new incarnation from level C0.</div>
Admin
https://www.freewiki.eu/en/index.php?title=C4-Homeopathy&diff=1425
C4-Homeopathy
2019-10-04T08:37:53Z
<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>The C4- trituration is a special way of [[Potentisation|triturating]] substances as the first stages of [[Homeopathy|homeopathic]] [[potentisation]]. The most wide-spread way of preparing homeopathic remedies is to triturate the crude substance up to the C3 and from there on to potentise in liquid form by succussion, which is also what the pharmacies are obliged to do.<br />
<br />
The following text was written by Wiet van Helmond<br />
<br />
==Concept==<br />
In order for us to understand the concept of C4 Homeopathy we need to go back to Hahnemann (1755-1843) who in the beginning of his career discovered the effect of the homeopathic principle (like cures like) but was still figuring out how these remedies came to their effect.<br />
With his experiments with the China Officinalis plant he discovered that diluting the substance made it more potent. But how do you dilute gold or sand? <br />
<br />
===Hahnemann’s experiments===<br />
It was probably Hahnemann’s contemporary physician Franz Anton Mesmer who experimented with iron and magnets that gave him the idea of trituration. If rubbing a magnet over a piece of iron for a long time made it magnetic than perhaps rubbing two other substances against each other also transferred some of the characteristics of these substances. In an ideal situation one of these two substances would be completely inert before the experiment. That way the transference would be a one way street. This led to his first quest: to find an inert substance that was able to absorb the energy of any other substance. After some time he found lactose (milk sugar) to be the ideal material. It had very little characteristics of its own (as a carbohydrate it gave some energy but otherwise it presented the user with very little to no symptoms) so it seemed like a blanc paper ready to project other energies on.<br />
His first experiment was with gold. This was a substance that had been connected to mankind for a very longtime so it must have some healing properties as well. So how do you transfer these to lactose? What’s the best procedure to rub these together to have the characteristics of gold into milksugar? Being a perfectionistic physician he wrote down every detail. How long he triturated, how long he scraped (during trituration the lactose tends to stick to the sides of the mortar so he frequently took time to scrape this off) and how often he diluted by adding more milk sugar to the mortar. And as you develop symptoms during this process (see further on) you also get a hint of when the remedy has unfolded itself. So after three rounds of triturating Hahnemann finished his experiment and had thus created the remedy Aurum Metallicum and also found that all remedies should be triturated for three rounds which he wrote in his Organon paragraph 270.<br />
However the experiment didn’t stop here. In his materia medica of Aurum Metallicum he wrote that he triturated for another cycle and that “By further trituration and dilution the power of gold is still more developed and spiritualized, so that I now employ for all curative purposes only a very small portion of a grain of the quadrillion-fold dilution for a dose.”<br />
<br />
==Modern development==<br />
===Withold Ehrler===<br />
Strangely this piece of information went unnoticed until in the nineties when Withold Ehrler and Jurgen Becker wanted to do another trituration proving and were retracing the steps Hahnemann had made. They discovered that while creating a new remedy (triturating) you are actually peeling of layers of symptoms that are connected to the substance. These layers are named after the cycle of trituration. <br />
<br />
==Trituration cycles and their symbolic meaning==<br />
While triturating from crude substance to C1 (the first cycle) most symptoms will be on the physical sphere: pain, hunger, thirst, itching, discomfort, physical sensations, etc.<br />
The in the following C2 cycle most symptoms will be on an emotional level (happiness, giddiness, irritation, sadness, anger, etc).<br />
Which leads us to the C3 where the key aspects of the mental sphere of the remedy will come out to express themselves. So it wasn’t strange that Hahnemann decided that C3 should be the basis for all remedies! But in the next cycle (C4) we will come across the more spiritual side of the remedy. Here lies not only the absolute essence of the remedy, this is also our deepest and most profound individual level of functioning. Within this layer lie our life purpose, our goal and pathway. Whenever we meet a patient who asks “Why is this always happening to me?” the remedy should come from at least the fourth trituration. Anyone struggling with these kind of spiritual questions should have a remedy coming from at least the C4 sphere. But! There is more. What if we went even higher? Well there are, according to Withold, 8 layers. But it is also possible that during a trituration a C4 essence comes up at an earlier fase or that the C4 essence will not reveal itself until even later (for instance diamond took several hours extra to reach the C4 essence information). But what are these other 4 layers?<br />
Well C5 is our miasmatic, family and archetypical layer. When we identify ourselves too much to a miasmatical pattern or archetype we need remedies from this layer. It’s field of reach is beyond our physical body and is no longer individual. We behave from a pattern without an individual basis. For instance when someone has over identified himself with the Christ archetype or is behaving purely from a miasmatic pattern. <br />
In the C6 level the archetypical connection becomes bigger. This is where the collective archetypes are expressed and lived out. For instance living in a famine surrounded by epidemical disease. So C6 is the larger collective, the epidemic, the cultural level. These are the problems we face as a society. In this level we find information on why these things are happening to us. But the influence is coming from outside ourself. It’s in the larger collective. <br />
Also we can look at the C0 to C8 as a journey where C0 is just pre-birth, still not fully physically, emotionally and mentally present. It is what, on a chemical level, feeds us or makes us sick. And from there you go in through layers C1, C2 and C3 to the very core of our human existence: the C4 level. This is where the core of our being lies. Why we are here in this incarnation, in this location, in this family, in this body, etc.<br />
C8 is the reverse level. From a religious point of view you could say that C8 is where the body has died and the soul is in a higher sphere, beyond our reach, about to start its new incarnation from level C0.</div>
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https://www.freewiki.eu/en/index.php?title=List_of_Wikipedia_articles_that_need_rewriting&diff=1424
List of Wikipedia articles that need rewriting
2019-10-03T21:49:25Z
<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Short explanation ==<br />
<br />
This is a list of Wikipedia articles that need to be reworked due to misstatements, distortions, omissions, one-sidedness, etc. In addition, there are a number of pages to edit in the [[Desiderata]]<br />
<br />
Apart from the title of the page, there can be comments which indicate why the page needs to be edited or what is objectively wrong with the Wikipedia page.<br />
<br />
==Create a FreeWiki article==<br />
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In order to create such an article, you can click on the corresponding entry here, whereupon a hint will appear that the corresponding page has not yet been created. Then click on Create and the page will appear.<br />
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Otherwise please follow the instructions for editors.<br />
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== Articles sorted by topics ==<br />
<br />
=== Science ===<br />
<br />
[[Near Death Experience]]<br />
The materialistic interpretation of the phenomenon is given as scientifically proven, while other interpretations are disqualified as ideological. Likewise, its representatives are not considered scientists.<br />
Physiological interpretation models take up too much space - measured by the abundance of other literature.<br />
<br />
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=== Persons, Wikipedia victims ===<br />
<br />
[[Ken Wilber]]<br />
Distancing way of expression. Should be formulated objectively.<br />
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=== Medicine ===<br />
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===Politics=== <br />
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===History===</div>
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https://www.freewiki.eu/en/index.php?title=List_of_Wikipedia_articles_that_need_rewriting&diff=1423
List of Wikipedia articles that need rewriting
2019-10-03T21:48:25Z
<p>Admin: Created page with " == Short explanation == This is a list of Wikipedia articles that need to be reworked due to misstatements, distortions, omissions, one-sidedness, etc. In addition, there ar..."</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Short explanation ==<br />
<br />
This is a list of Wikipedia articles that need to be reworked due to misstatements, distortions, omissions, one-sidedness, etc. In addition, there are a number of pages to edit in the [[Desiderata]]<br />
<br />
Apart from the title of the page, there can be comments which indicate why the page needs to be edited or what is objectively wrong with the Wikipedia page.<br />
<br />
==Create a FreeWiki article==<br />
<br />
In order to create such an article, you can click on the corresponding entry here, whereupon a hint will appear that the corresponding page has not yet been created. Then click on Create and the page will appear.<br />
<br />
Otherwise please follow the instructions for editors.<br />
<br />
== Articles sorted by topics ==<br />
<br />
=== Science ===<br />
<br />
[[Near Death Experience]]<br />
The materialistic interpretation of the phenomenon is given as scientifically proven, while other interpretations are disqualified as ideological. Likewise, its representatives are not considered scientists.<br />
Physiological interpretation models take up too much space - measured by the abundance of other literature.<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Persons, Wikipedia victims ===<br />
<br />
[[Ken Wilber]]<br />
Distancing way of expression. Should be formulated objectively.<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Medicine ===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Politics=== <br />
<br />
<br />
===History====</div>
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https://www.freewiki.eu/en/index.php?title=Decline_Effect&diff=1422
Decline Effect
2019-09-09T14:43:17Z
<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Wikipedia2EN|Decline_effect|Decline Effect|31.8.2019}}<br />
<br />
'''This article is closely connected to the article on the [[Replication Crisis]], of which the phenomenon of the decline effect is a part. For further explanation and material please see there. '''<br />
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The term '''Decline effect''' denotes an effect where the results of scientific studies receive decreasing support over time, meaning that significant results of the first experiments are going down to the mean with further repetition of the same experiments so that the initial scientific hypothesis is no longer to be considered as valid. The effect was found to be quite frequent in pharmacological research as well as in psychology and in social sciences. Within the “hard sciences” like physics and chemistry it has as yet not been explored sufficiently. The Decline effect is part of the [[Replication Crisis]] that is unsettling the sciences since ten years.<br />
</br>The term was first described by psychologist [https://psi-encyclopedia.spr.ac.uk/articles/jb-rhine Joseph Banks Rhine] in the 1930s to describe the disappearing of extrasensory perception (ESP) effects in psychic experiments conducted by Rhine over the course of study or time. In its more general term, Cronbach, in his review article of science "Beyond the two disciplines of scientific psychology" referred to the phenomenon as "generalizations decay."<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1037/h0076829| title = Beyond the two disciplines of scientific psychology| journal = American Psychologist| volume = 30| issue = 2| pages = 116–127| year = 1975| last1 = Cronbach | first1 = L. J. }}</ref> </br>The term was used and made more widely known in a 2010 article by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonah_Lehrer Jonah Lehrer] published in ''The New Yorker''.<ref name="Lehrer">{{Cite web | author = Jonah_Lehrer | title = The Truth Wears Off | url = http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/12/13/101213fa_fact_lehrer | publisher = The New Yorker | year = 2010}}</ref><br />
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==Examples==<br />
<br />
In his article, Lehrer gives several examples where the decline effect is showing. In the first example, the development of second generation anti-psychotic drugs, reveals that the first tests had demonstrated a dramatic decrease in the subjects' psychiatric symptoms.<ref name="Lehrer" /> However, after repeating tests this effect declined and in the end it was not possible to document that these drugs had any better effect than the first generation anti-psychotics.<br />
<br />
A well-known example of the decline effect can be seen in early experiments conducted by Professor [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Schooler Jonathan Schooler] examining the effects of verbalization on non-verbal cognition. In an initial series of studies Schooler found evidence that verbal rehearsal of previously seen faces or colors markedly impaired subsequent recognition.<ref>J. W.Schooler: Verbal overshadowing of visual memories: Some things are better left unsaid; In: Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 22, 1990, issue 1, pp.36–71</ref> This phenomenon is referred to as ''verbal overshadowing''. Although verbal overshadowing effects have been repeatedly observed by Schooler, as well as other researchers, they have also proven to be somewhat challenging to replicate.<ref name="Lehrer" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Chin |first=J. M. |last2=Schooler |first2=J. W. |year=2009 |title=Why do words hurt? content, process, and criterion shift accounts of verbal overshadowing |journal=European Journal of Cognitive Psychology |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=396–413 |doi=10.1080/09541440701728623 }}</ref><ref name=schooler>{{Cite journal<br />
| pmid = 21350443<br />
| year = 2011<br />
| author1 = Schooler<br />
| first1 = J<br />
| title = Unpublished results hide the decline effect<br />
| journal = Nature<br />
| volume = 470<br />
| issue = 7335<br />
| pages = 437<br />
| doi = 10.1038/470437a<br />
}}</ref> Verbal overshadowing effects in a variety of domains were initially easy to find, but then became increasingly difficult to replicate indicating a decline effect in the phenomenon. Schooler has now become one of the more prominent researchers examining the decline effect. He has argued that addressing the decline effect may require a major revision to the scientific process whereby scientists log their protocols before conducting their research and then, regardless of outcome, report their findings in an open access repository (such as Brian Nosek's "Project Implicit").<ref>http://projectimplicit.net/nosek/</ref> Schooler is currently working with the Fetzer Foundation to organize a major meeting of scientists from various disciplines to consider alternative accounts of the decline effect and approaches for rigorously addressing it.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1080/1047840X.2012.705246| title = Modernizing Science: Comments on Nosek and Bar-Anan (2012)| journal = Psychological Inquiry| volume = 23| issue = 3| pages = 281–284| year = 2012| last1 = Mooneyham | first1 = B. W. | last2 = Franklin | first2 = M. S. | last3 = Mrazek | first3 = M. D. | last4 = Schooler | first4 = J. W. }}</ref><br />
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In 1991, Danish zoologist Anders Møller discovered a connection between symmetry and sexual preference of female birds in nature. This sparked a huge interest in the topic and a lot of follow-up research was published. In three years following the original discovery, 90% of studies confirmed Møller's hypothesis. However, the same outcome was published in just four out of eight research papers in 1995, and only a third in next three years.<ref name="Lehrer2">{{Cite news | author = Jonah Lehrer | title = The Mysterious Decline Effect | url = https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2010/12/the-mysterious-decline-effect | publisher = Wired | date=2010-12-09}}</ref><br />
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==Explanations==<br />
<br />
One of the explanations of the effect is [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regression_toward_the_mean regression toward the mean] (this is a statistical phenomenon happening when a variable is extreme on the first experiments and by later experiments tend to regress towards average), although this does not explain why sequential results decline in a linear fashion, rather than fluctuating about the true mean as would be expected.<ref name=schooler/><br />
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Another reason may be the publication bias: scientists and scientific journals prefer to publish positive results of experiments and tests over null results, especially with new ideas.<ref name="Lehrer" /> As a result, the journals may refuse to publish papers that do not prove that the idea works. Later, when an idea is accepted, journals may refuse to publish papers that support it.<br />
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In the debate that followed the original article, Lehrer answered some of the questions by claiming that scientific observations might be shaped by one's expectations and desires, sometimes even unconsciously, thus creating a bias towards the desired outcome.<ref name="Lehrer2" /><br />
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A significant factor contributing to the decline effect can also be the sample size of the scientific research, since smaller sample size is very likely to give more extreme results, suggesting a significant breakthrough, but also a higher probability of an error. Typical examples of this effect are the opinion polls, where those including a larger number of people are closer to reality than those with a small pool of respondents.<ref>{{Cite web | author = John Allen Paulos | authorlink = John Allen Paulos | title = The decline effect and why scientific 'Truth' so often turns out wrong | url = http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/WhosCounting/decline-effect-scientific-truth-turns-wrong/story?id=12510202 | publisher = ABC News | year = 2010}}</ref> This suggestion would not appear to account for the observed decrease over time regardless of sample size. Researcher [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ioannidis John Ioannidis] offers some explanation. He states that early research is usually small and more prone to highly positive results supporting the original idea, including early confirmatory studies. Later, as larger studies are being made, they often show regression to the mean and a failure to repeat the early exaggerated results.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Ioannidis | first1 = J. P. A. | authorlink1 = John P. A. Ioannidis| title = Why Most Published Research Findings Are False | journal = PLoS Medicine | volume = 2 | issue = 8 | pages = e124 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16060722 | pmc = 1182327 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Ioannidis | first1 = J. P. A. | title = Contradicted and Initially Stronger Effects in Highly Cited Clinical Research | doi = 10.1001/jama.294.2.218 | journal = JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association | volume = 294 | issue = 2 | pages = 218–228 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16014596 | pmc = }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | author = David Gorski | title = The "decline effect": Is it a real decline or just science correcting itself? | url = http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/?p=8987/ | publisher = Science-based Medicine | year = 2010}}</ref><br />
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A 2012 report by National Public Radio's show "On The Media"<ref>{{Cite web |author=Brooke Gladstone |title=The 'Decline Effect' and Scientific Truth |url=http://www.onthemedia.org/2012/jun/29/decline-effect-and-scientific-truth/ |publisher=NPR On The Media |year=2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704061146/http://www.onthemedia.org/2012/jun/29/decline-effect-and-scientific-truth/ |archivedate=2012-07-04 |df= }}</ref> covered scientists who are exploring another option: that the act of observing the universe changes the universe, and that repeated measurement might actually be rendering earlier results invalid. In other words, antipsychotic drugs ''did'' work originally, but the more we measured their effectiveness, the more the laws governing those drugs changed so they ceased to be effective. Science fiction author Geoff Ryman explores this idea and its possible ramifications further in his 2012 short story ''What We Found'',<ref>{{Cite web | author = Geoff Ryman | title = The Year's Best Science Fiction | url = https://www.amazon.com/The-Years-Best-Science-Fiction/dp/1250003547 | publisher = St. Martin's Griffin | year = 2012}}</ref> which won the [[Nebula Award for Best Novelette]] in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web | author = Mike Addelman | title = Ryman wins one of world’s top science fiction prizes | url = http://www.manchester.ac.uk/aboutus/news/display/?id=8297 | publisher = University of Manchester | year = 2012}}</ref><br />
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==Discussion==<br />
<br />
Several commenters have contested Jonah Lehrer's view of the decline effect being a problematic side of the phenomenon, as presented in his ''New Yorker'' article. "The decline effect is troubling because it reminds us how difficult it is to prove anything. We like to pretend that our experiments define the truth for us. But that's often not the case. Just because an idea is true doesn't mean it can be proved. And just because an idea can be proved doesn't mean it's true. When the experiments are done, we still have to choose what to believe." <ref name="Lehrer" /><br />
<br />
Lehrer's statements about the difficulty of proving anything and publication bias find support from Jerry A. Coyne. Coyne holds that in the fields of genetics and evolutionary biology, almost no research is replicated and there is a premium motivation offered for publishing positive results of research studies. However, he also contests Lehrer's approach of applying conclusions on all fields of science, stating that in physics, chemistry or molecular biology, previous results are constantly repeated by others in order to progress in their own research.<ref>{{Cite web | author = Jerry Allen Coyne | title = Why Evolution is True | url = http://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com/2010/12/10/the-decline-effect-can-we-demonstrate-anything-in-science/ | publisher = Wordpress | year = 2010}}</ref><br />
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One concern that some <ref name="Horgan">{{Cite web | author = John Horgan | title = The truth we'll doubt: Does the decline effect mean that all science is "truthy"? | url = http://www.scientificamerican.com/blog/post.cfm?id=the-truth-well-doubt-does-the-decli-2010-12-13 | publisher = Scientific America | year = 2010}}</ref> have expressed is that Lehrer's article may further fuel people's skepticism about academic science. It was long believed that Lehrer's article originally hinted that academic science is not as rigid as people would like to believe. It is especially the article's ending that has upset many scientists and led to broad criticism of the article. Lehrer ends the article by saying: "Just because an idea is true doesn't mean it can be proved. And just because an idea can be proved doesn't mean it's true. When the experiments are done, we still have to choose what to believe." This has upset scientists in the scientific community. Many have written back to Lehrer and questioned his agenda. Some have characterized Lehrer's assertion as "absurd", while others claiming that Lehrer is trying to use publication bias as an excuse for not believing in anything.<ref name="Horgan" /><br />
<br />
As an answer to the many comments Lehrer received upon publishing the article, Lehrer published a comment on his blog, The Frontal Cortex,<ref name="Lehrer2" /> where he denied that he was implicitly questioning science and scientific methods in any way. In the same blog comment, Lehrer stated that he was not questioning fundamental scientific theories such as the theory of evolution by natural selection and global warming by calling them "two of the most robust and widely tested theories of modern science".<br />
<br />
A further clarification was published as a follow-up note in ''The New Yorker''.<ref name="Lehrer2" /> In this note, entitled "More Thoughts on the Decline Effect", Lehrer tries mainly to answer the critics by giving examples where scientific research has both failed and succeeded. As an example, Lehrer uses [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman Richard Feynman]'s commencement speech at Caltech in 1974 as a starting point. In his commencement speech, Feynman used Robert Millikan's and Harvey Fletcher's oil drop experiment to measure the charge of an electron to illustrate how selective reporting can bias scientific results. On the other hand, Feynman finds solace in the fact that other scientists will repeat other scientists' experiments and hence, the truth will win out in the end.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /></div>
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https://www.freewiki.eu/en/index.php?title=Replication_Crisis&diff=1421
Replication Crisis
2019-09-08T16:36:12Z
<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
{{Wikipedia2EN|Replication_Crisis | Replication Crisis|31.8.2019}}<br />
<br />
'''This article is closely connected to the article on the [[Decline_Effect|Decline Effect]], which is part of this crisis. For further explanation and material please see also there.'''<br />
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The '''replication crisis''' (or '''replicability crisis''' or '''reproducibility crisis''') is an ongoing (2019) methodological crisis in which it has been found that many scientific studies are difficult or impossible to replicate or reproduce. The replication crisis affects the social and life sciences most severely,<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1038/515009a| title = Metascience could rescue the 'replication crisis'| journal = Nature| volume = 515| issue = 7525| pages = 9| year = 2014| last1 = Schooler | first1 = J. W.| pmid=25373639| bibcode = 2014Natur.515....9S}}</ref><ref name="Why 'Statistical Significance' Is Often Insignificant">{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Noah|title=Why 'Statistical Significance' Is Often Insignificant|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2017-11-02/why-statistical-significance-is-often-insignificant|website=Bloomberg|accessdate=7 November 2017}}</ref> whereas the hard sciences are still reluctant to face the problem in the first place and mainly don’t even use double blinding in their research.<ref>Rupert Sheldrake: The Science Delusion – Freeing the Spirit of Enquiry; London 2012, Hodder& Stoughton, ISBN 978 1 444 72795 1. Chapter 11. Illusions of Objectivity.</ref> The crisis has long-standing roots. The phrase was coined in the early 2010s<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1177/1745691612465253| title = Editors' Introduction to the Special Section on Replicability in Psychological Science: A Crisis of Confidence?| journal = Perspectives on Psychological Science| volume = 7| issue = 6| pages = 528–530| year = 2012| last1=Pashler|first1=Harold |last2=Wagenmakers | first2=Eric Jan| pmid=26168108}}</ref> as part of a growing awareness of the problem. The replication crisis represents an important body of research in metascience.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fidler |first1=Fiona |last2=Wilcox |first2=John |title=Reproducibility of Scientific Results |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientific-reproducibility/#MetaScieEstaMoniEvalReprCris |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |accessdate=19 May 2019 |date=2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
Because the reproducibility of experiments is an essential part of the scientific method,<ref>Staddon, John (2017) Scientific Method: How science works, fails to work or pretends to work. Taylor and Francis.</ref> the inability to replicate the studies of others has potentially grave consequences for many fields of science in which significant theories are grounded on unreproducible experimental work. The replication crisis has been particularly widely discussed in the field of psychology (and in particular, social psychology) and in medicine, where a number of efforts have been made to re-investigate classic results, and to attempt to determine both the reliability of the results, and, if found to be unreliable, the reasons for the failure of replication.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/the-crisis-in-social-psychology-that-isnt|title=The Crisis in Social Psychology That Isn't|author=Gary Marcus|publisher=The New Yorker|date=May 1, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/12/13/the-truth-wears-off|title=The Truth Wears Off|author=Jonah Lehrer|publisher=The New Yorker|date=December 13, 2010}}</ref><br />
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== Scope of the crisis ==<br />
<br />
=== Overall ===<br />
<br />
According to a 2016 poll of 1,500 scientists reported that 70% of them had failed to reproduce at least one other scientist's experiment (50% had failed to reproduce one of their own experiments).<ref>{{cite web|title=Is There a Reproducibility Crisis in Science?|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/video/is-there-a-reproducibility-crisis-in-science/|publisher=Nature Video, Scientific American|date=28 May 2016|accessdate=15 August 2019}}</ref> In 2009, 2% of scientists admitted to falsifying studies at least once and 14% admitted to personally knowing someone who did. Misconducts were reported more frequently by medical researchers than others.<ref>{{cite journal|title=How Many Scientists Fabricate and Falsify Research? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Survey Data|first=Daniele|last=Fanelli|date=29 May 2009|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=4|issue=5|pages=e5738|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0005738|pmid=19478950|pmc=2685008|bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.5738F}}</ref><br />
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=== Psychology ===<br />
<br />
Several factors have combined to put psychology at the center of the controversy.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Achenbach|first1=Joel|title=No, science's reproducibility problem is not limited to psychology|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2015/08/28/no-sciences-reproducibility-problem-is-not-limited-to-psychology/|website=The Washington Post|accessdate=10 September 2015}}</ref> Much of the focus has been on the area of social psychology,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/18/magazine/when-the-revolution-came-for-amy-cuddy.html|title=When the Revolution Came for Amy Cuddy|last=Dominus|first=Susan|date=2017-10-18|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-10-19|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> although other areas of psychology such as clinical psychology,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Leichsenring|first1=Falk|last2=Abbass|first2=Allan|author-link2=Allan Abbass|last3=Hilsenroth|first3=Mark J.|last4=Leweke|first4=Frank|last5=Luyten|first5=Patrick|last6=Keefe|first6=Jack R.|last7=Midgley|first7=Nick|last8=Rabung|first8=Sven|last9=Salzer|first9=Simone|last10=Steiner|first10=Christiane|title=Biases in research: risk factors for non-replicability in psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy research|journal=[[Psychological Medicine]]|year=April 2017|volume=47|issue=6|pages=1000–1011|doi=10.1017/S003329171600324X|pmid=27955715|url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1532689/}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Hengartner|first=Michael P.|title=Raising Awareness for the Replication Crisis in Clinical Psychology by Focusing on Inconsistencies in Psychotherapy Research: How Much Can We Rely on Published Findings from Efficacy Trials?|journal=[[Frontiers in Psychology]]|volume=9|pages=256|publisher=[[Frontiers Media]]|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00256|pmid=29541051|pmc=5835722|date=February 28, 2018}}</ref> developmental psychology,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Frank|first1=Michael C.|author-link1=Michael C. Frank|last2=Bergelson|first2=Elika|last3=Bergmann|first3=Christina|last4=Cristia|first4=Alejandrina|last5=Floccia|first5=Caroline|last6=Gervain|first6=Judit|last7=Hamlin|first7=J. Kiley|last8=Hannon|first8=Erin E.|last9=Kline|first9=Melissa|last10=Levelt|first10=Claartje|last11=Lew-Williams|first11=Casey|last12=Nazzi|first12=Thierry|last13=Panneton|first13=Robin|last14=Rabagliati|first14=Hugh|last15=Soderstrom|first15=Melanie|last16=Sullivan|first16=Jessica|last17=Waxman|first17=Sandra|author-link17=Sandra Waxman|last18=Yurovsky|first18=Daniel|title=A Collaborative Approach to Infant Research: Promoting Reproducibility, Best Practices, and Theory‐Building|journal=[[Infancy (journal)|Infancy]]|volume=22|issue=4|pages=421–435|date=9 March 2017|url=http://callab.uchicago.edu/papers/fetal-infancy-inpress.pdf|doi=10.1111/infa.12182|access-date=19 December 2018|hdl=10026.1/9942}}</ref> and educational research have also been implicated.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tyson|first=Charlie|title=Failure to Replicate|journal=[[Inside Higher Ed]]|date=14 August 2014|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2014/08/14/almost-no-education-research-replicated-new-article-shows|access-date=19 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Makel|first1=Matthew C.|last2=Plucker|first2=Jonathan A.|author-link2=Jonathan A. Plucker|title=Facts Are More Important Than Novelty: Replication in the Education Sciences|journal=[[Educational Researcher]]|date=1 August 2014|volume=43|issue=6|pages=304–316|doi=10.3102/0013189X14545513|access-date=19 December 2018|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/stoken/rbtfl/w5mrNxPVD8zSg/full}}</ref> According to a 2018 survey of 200 meta-analyses, "psychological research is, on average, afflicted with low statistical power".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stanley|first=T. D.|last2=Carter|first2=Evan C.|last3=Doucouliagos|first3=Hristos|date=2018|title=What meta-analyses reveal about the replicability of psychological research.|journal=Psychological Bulletin|language=en|volume=144|issue=12|pages=1325–1346|doi=10.1037/bul0000169|pmid=30321017|issn=1939-1455}}</ref><br />
<br />
Firstly, questionable research practices (QRPs) have been identified as common in the field.<ref name=":0" /> Such practices, while not intentionally fraudulent, involve capitalizing on the gray area of acceptable scientific practices or exploiting flexibility in data collection, analysis, and reporting, often in an effort to obtain a desired outcome. Examples of QRPs include selective reporting or partial publication of data (reporting only some of the study conditions or collected dependent measures in a publication), optional stopping (choosing when to stop data collection, often based on statistical significance of tests), ''p''-value rounding (rounding ''p''-values down to 0.05 to suggest statistical significance), file drawer effect (nonpublication of data), post-hoc storytelling (framing exploratory analyses as confirmatory analyses), and manipulation of outliers (either removing outliers or leaving outliers in a dataset to cause a statistical test to be significant).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title = Measuring the Prevalence of Questionable Research Practices With Incentives for Truth Telling|url = https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Publication%20Files/QRP12_a137cc09-45bc-4eae-9ee9-c0cb47f14add.pdf|journal = Psychological Science|date = 2012-05-01|issn = 0956-7976|pmid = 22508865|pages = 524–532|volume = 23|issue = 5|doi = 10.1177/0956797611430953|first = Leslie K.|last = John|first2 = George|last2 = Loewenstein|first3 = Drazen|last3 = Prelec}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = The Nine Circles of Scientific Hell|journal = Perspectives on Psychological Science|date = 2012-11-01|issn = 1745-6916|pmid = 26168124|pages = 643–644|volume = 7|issue = 6|doi = 10.1177/1745691612459519}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Research misconduct - The grey area of Questionable Research Practices|url = http://www.vib.be/en/news/Pages/Research-misconduct---The-grey-area-of-Questionable-Research-Practices.aspx|website = www.vib.be|accessdate = 2015-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Questionable Research Practices Revisited|journal = Social Psychological and Personality Science|date = 2015-10-19|issn = 1948-5506|pages = 45–52|doi = 10.1177/1948550615612150|first = Klaus|last = Fiedler|first2 = Norbert|last2 = Schwarz|volume=7}}</ref> A survey of over 2,000 psychologists indicated that a majority of respondents admitted to using at least one QRP.<ref name=":0" /> False positive conclusions, often resulting from the pressure to publish or the author's own confirmation bias, are an inherent hazard in the field, requiring a certain degree of skepticism on the part of readers.<ref name="Simmons et al. (2011)">{{cite journal|last1 = Simmons|first1 = Joseph|first2 = Leif|last2 = Nelson|first3 = Uri|last3 = Simonsohn|title = False-Positive Psychology: Undisclosed Flexibility in Data Collection and Analysis Allows Presenting Anything as Significant|journal = [[Psychological Science]]|volume = 22|issue = 11|pages = 1359–1366|date = November 2011|issn = 0956-7976|doi = 10.1177/0956797611417632|pmid = 22006061}}</ref><br />
<br />
Secondly, psychology and social psychology in particular, has found itself at the center of several scandals involving outright fraudulent research, most notably the admitted data fabrication by Diederik Stapel<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://chronicle.com/article/As-Dutch-Research-Scandal/129746/|title=Fraud Scandal Fuels Debate Over Practices of Social Psychology|journal=The Chronicle of Higher Education|first=Christopher|last=Shea|date=13 November 2011}}</ref> as well as allegations against others. However, most scholars acknowledge that fraud is, perhaps, the lesser contribution to replication crises.<br />
<br />
Thirdly, several effects in psychological science have been found to be difficult to replicate even before the current replication crisis. For example, the scientific journal ''Judgment and Decision Making'' has published several studies over the years that fail to provide support for the unconscious thought theory. Replications appear particularly difficult when research trials are pre-registered and conducted by research groups not highly invested in the theory under questioning.<br />
<br />
These three elements together have resulted in renewed attention for replication supported by psychologist Daniel Kahneman.<ref>{{cite web|title=A New Etiquette for Replication|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/225285909/Kahneman-Commentary|first=Daniel|last=Kahneman|via=Scribd}}</ref> Scrutiny of many effects have shown that several core beliefs are hard to replicate. A recent special edition of the journal ''Social Psychology'' focused on replication studies and a number of previously held beliefs were found to be difficult to replicate.<ref>{{cite journal|year=2014 |title= Link to issue<!-- NONE - reference to entire issue -->|url=http://www.psycontent.com/content/l67413865317/?p=3f8268e0307f4036906c158b1667c57a&pi=0 |journal=Social Psychology |publisher=Hogrefe Publishing |volume=45 |issue=3 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20140530230728/http://www.psycontent.com/content/l67413865317/?p=3f8268e0307f4036906c158b1667c57a&pi=0 |archive-date=30 May 2014}}</ref> A 2012 special edition of the journal ''Perspectives on Psychological Science'' also focused on issues ranging from publication bias to null-aversion that contribute to the replication crises in psychology.<ref>[http://pps.sagepub.com/content/7/6.toc Table of Contents]</ref> In 2015, the first open empirical study of reproducibility in Psychology was published, called the Reproducibility Project. Researchers from around the world collaborated to replicate 100 empirical studies from three top Psychology journals. Fewer than half of the attempted replications were successful at producing statistically significant results in the expected directions, though most of the attempted replications did produce trends in the expected directions.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Open Science Collaboration | title = Estimating the reproducibility of Psychological Science | doi = 10.1126/science.aac4716 | journal = Science | volume = 349 | issue = 6251 | pages = aac4716 | year = 2015 | pmid=26315443| url = http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/877/1/Open%20Science%20%28Science%20Pre-Print%29.pdf | hdl = 10722/230596 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Many research trials and meta-analyses are compromised by poor quality and conflicts of interest that involve both authors and professional advocacy organizations, resulting in many false positives regarding the effectiveness of certain types of psychotherapy.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://blogs.plos.org/mindthebrain/2014/04/15/meta-analyses-conducted-professional-organizations-trustworthy/ | title=Are meta analyses conducted by professional organizations more trustworthy? | work=Mind the Brain | date=April 15, 2014 | accessdate=September 13, 2016 | first=James | last=Coyne}}</ref><br />
<br />
Although the British newspaper ''The Independent'' wrote that the results of the reproducibility project show that much of the published research is just "psycho-babble",<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/study-reveals-that-a-lot-of-psychology-research-really-is-just-psychobabble-10474646.html | location=London | work=The Independent | first=Steve | last=Connor | title=Study reveals that a lot of psychology research really is just 'psycho-babble' | date=27 August 2015}}</ref> the replication crisis does not necessarily mean that psychology is unscientific.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2014/07/replication_controversy_in_psychology_bullying_file_drawer_effect_blog_posts.single.html|title=Why Psychologists' Food Fight Matters|first1=Michelle N.|last1=Meyer|first2=Christopher|last2=Chabris|date=31 July 2014|via=Slate}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://fivethirtyeight.com/datalab/psychology-is-starting-to-deal-with-its-replication-problem/|title=Psychology Is Starting To Deal With Its Replication Problem|date=27 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/science-isnt-broken/|title=Science Isn't Broken|date=19 August 2015}}</ref> Rather this process is a healthy if sometimes acrimonious part of the scientific process in which old ideas or those that cannot withstand careful scrutiny are pruned,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/head-quarters/2014/may/28/psychology-replication-drive-methods-bullying|title=Psychology's replication drive: it's not about you|first=Pete|last=Etchells|date=28 May 2014|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = An Agenda for Purely Confirmatory Research|journal = Perspectives on Psychological Science|date = 2012-11-01|issn = 1745-6916|pmid = 26168122|pages = 632–638|volume = 7|issue = 6|doi = 10.1177/1745691612463078|first = Eric-Jan|last = Wagenmakers|first2 = Ruud|last2 = Wetzels|first3 = Denny|last3 = Borsboom|first4 = Han L. J. van der|last4 = Maas|first5 = Rogier A.|last5 = Kievit}}</ref> although this pruning process is not always effective.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Why Science Is Not Necessarily Self-Correcting|journal = Perspectives on Psychological Science|date = 2012-11-01|issn = 1745-6916|pmid = 26168125|pages = 645–654|volume = 7|issue = 6|doi = 10.1177/1745691612464056|first = John P. A.|last = Ioannidis}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Is the Replicability Crisis Overblown? Three Arguments Examined|journal = Perspectives on Psychological Science|date = 2012-11-01|issn = 1745-6916|pmid = 26168109|pages = 531–536|volume = 7|issue = 6|doi = 10.1177/1745691612463401|first = Harold|last = Pashler|first2 = Christine R.|last2 = Harris}}</ref> The consequence is that some areas of psychology once considered solid, such as social priming, have come under increased scrutiny due to failed replications.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://chronicle.com/article/Power-of-Suggestion/136907/|title=Power of Suggestion|journal=The Chronicle of Higher Education|first=Tom|last=Bartlett|date=30 January 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
Nobel laureate and professor emeritus in psychology Daniel Kahneman argued that the original authors should be involved in the replication effort because the published methods are often too vague.<ref name="Chambers">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/head-quarters/2014/jun/10/physics-envy-do-hard-sciences-hold-the-solution-to-the-replication-crisis-in-psychology|title=Physics envy: Do 'hard' sciences hold the solution to the replication crisis in psychology?|first=Chris|last=Chambers|date=10 June 2014|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> Others such as Dr. Andrew Wilson disagree and argue that the methods should be written down in detail.<ref name="Chambers" /> An investigation of replication rates in psychology in 2012 indicated higher success rates of replication in replication studies when there was author overlap with the original authors of a study<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title = Replications in Psychology Research How Often Do They Really Occur?|journal = Perspectives on Psychological Science|date = 2012-11-01|issn = 1745-6916|pmid = 26168110|pages = 537–542|volume = 7|issue = 6|doi = 10.1177/1745691612460688|first = Matthew C.|last = Makel|first2 = Jonathan A.|last2 = Plucker|first3 = Boyd|last3 = Hegarty}}</ref> (91.7% successful replication rates in studies with author overlap compared to 64.6% success replication rates without author overlap).<br />
<br />
==== Psychology replication rates ====<br />
<br />
A report by the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Open_Science Open Science Collaboration] in August 2015 that was coordinated by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Nosek Brian Nosek] estimated the reproducibility of 100 studies in psychological science from three high-ranking psychology journals.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science|journal = Science|date = 2015-08-28|issn = 0036-8075|pmid = 26315443|pages = aac4716|volume = 349|issue = 6251|doi = 10.1126/science.aac4716|first = Open Science|last = Collaboration|url = http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/877/1/Open%20Science%20%28Science%20Pre-Print%29.pdf|hdl = 10722/230596}}</ref> Overall, 36% of the replications yielded significant findings (''p'' value below 0.05) compared to 97% of the original studies that had significant effects. The mean effect size in the replications was approximately half the magnitude of the effects reported in the original studies.<br />
<br />
The same paper examined the reproducibility rates and effect sizes by journal (''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'' [JPSP], ''Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition'' [JEP:LMC], ''Psychological Science'' [PSCI]) and discipline (social psychology, cognitive psychology). Study replication rates were 23% for JPSP, 38% for JEP:LMC, and 38% for PSCI. Studies in the field of cognitive psychology had a higher replication rate (50%) than studies in the field of social psychology (25%).<br />
<br />
An analysis of the publication history in the top 100 psychology journals between 1900 and 2012 indicated that approximately 1.6% of all psychology publications were replication attempts.<ref name=":1" /> Articles were considered a replication attempt if the term "replication" appeared in the text. A subset of those studies (500 studies) was randomly selected for further examination and yielded a lower replication rate of 1.07% (342 of the 500 studies [68.4%] were actually replications). In the subset of 500 studies, analysis indicated that 78.9% of published replication attempts were successful. The rate of successful replication was significantly higher when at least one author of the original study was part of the replication attempt (91.7% relative to 64.6%).<br />
<br />
A study published in 2018 in ''Nature Human Behaviour'' sought to replicate 21 social and behavioral science papers from ''Nature'' and ''Science,'' finding that only 13 could be successfully replicated.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/story/social-science-reproducibility|title=The Science Behind Social Science Gets Shaken Up—Again|work=WIRED|access-date=2018-08-28|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Camerer |first1=Colin F. |authorlink1=Colin Camerer|last2=Dreber |first2=Anna |last3=Holzmeister |first3=Felix |last4=Ho |first4=Teck-Hua |last5=Huber |first5=Jürgen |last6=Johannesson |first6=Magnus |last7=Kirchler |first7=Michael |last8=Nave |first8=Gideon |last9=Nosek |first9=Brian A. |last10=Pfeiffer |first10=Thomas |last11=Altmejd |first11=Adam |last12=Buttrick |first12=Nick |last13=Chan |first13=Taizan |last14=Chen |first14=Yiling |last15=Forsell |first15=Eskil |last16=Gampa |first16=Anup |last17=Heikensten |first17=Emma |last18=Hummer |first18=Lily |last19=Imai |first19=Taisuke |last20=Isaksson |first20=Siri |last21=Manfredi |first21=Dylan |last22=Rose |first22=Julia |last23=Wagenmakers |first23=Eric-Jan |last24=Wu |first24=Hang |display-authors=2 |title=Evaluating the replicability of social science experiments in Nature and Science between 2010 and 2015 |journal=Nature Human Behaviour |date=27 August 2018 |volume=2 |issue=9 |pages=637–644 |doi=10.1038/s41562-018-0399-z|pmid=31346273 |url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/91063/2/41562_2018_399_MOESM1_ESM.pdf }}</ref> Similarly, in a study conducted under the auspices of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Open_Science Center for Open Science], a team of 186 researchers from 60 different laboratories (representing 36 different nationalities from 6 different continents) conducted replications of 28 classic and contemporary findings in psychology.<ref name="Many Labs 2">{{cite journal |last1=Klein |first1=R.A. |title=Many Labs 2: Investigating Variation in Replicability Across Samples and Settings |journal=Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science |date=2018 |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=443–490 |doi=10.1177/2515245918810225 }}</ref> The focus of the study was not only on whether or not the findings from the original papers replicated, but also on the extent to which findings varied as a function of variations in samples and contexts. Overall, 14 of the 28 findings failed to replicate despite massive sample sizes. However, if a finding replicated, it replicated in most samples, while if a finding was not replicated, it failed to replicate with little variation across samples and contexts. This evidence is inconsistent with a popular explanation that failures to replicate in psychology are likely due to changes in the sample between the original and replication study.<ref name="Witkowski">{{cite journal |last1=Witkowski |first1=Tomasz |title=Is the glass half empty or half full? Latest results in the replication crisis in Psychology |journal=Skeptical Inquirer |date=2019 |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=5–6}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== A disciplinary social dilemma ====<br />
<br />
Highlighting the social structure that discourages replication in psychology, Brian D. Earp and Jim A. C. Everett enumerated five points as to why replication attempts are uncommon:<ref>See also [http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00621/abstract Earp and Trafimow], 2015</ref><ref name="Everett 1152">{{Cite journal|title = A tragedy of the (academic) commons: interpreting the replication crisis in psychology as a social dilemma for early-career researchers|journal = Frontiers in Psychology|date = 2015-01-01|pmc = 4527093|pmid = 26300832|pages = 1152|doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01152|first = Jim Albert Charlton|last = Everett|first2 = Brian D.|last2 = Earp|volume=6}}</ref><br />
<br />
#"Independent, direct replications of others' findings can be time-consuming for the replicating researcher <br />
#"[Replications] are likely to take energy and resources directly away from other projects that reflect one's own original thinking <br />
#"[Replications] are generally harder to publish (in large part because they are viewed as being unoriginal) <br />
#"Even if [replications] are published, they are likely to be seen as 'bricklaying' exercises, rather than as major contributions to the field <br />
#"[Replications] bring less recognition and reward, and even basic career security, to their authors"<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title = Resolving the replication crisis in social psychology? A new proposal|url = http://www.spsp.org/blog/resolving-replication-crisis-social-psychology|publisher=Society for Personality and Social Psychology|accessdate = 2015-11-18}}</ref> <br />
<br />
For these reasons the authors advocated that psychology is facing a disciplinary social dilemma, where the interests of the discipline are at odds with the interests of the individual researcher.<br />
<br />
=== Medicine ===<br />
<br />
Medical researchers were among the first ones to ring alarm regarding the lack of replicability of pre-clinical studies on drugs targeted for industrial use.<ref>[https://www.nature.com/articles/nrd3439-c1 Believe it or not: how much can we rely on published data on potential drug targets?] by Florian Prinz, Thomas Schlange & Khusru Asadullah, in: Nature Reviews Drug Discovery volume10, page712 (2011)</ref> This lack of reproducability and therefore of reliability in research started to become a growing problem for pharmaceutical companies because their decisions in which drug targets to invest money for expensive clinical research depends mainly on such studies.<br />
<br />
Out of 49 medical studies from 1990–2003, with more than 1000 citations, 45 claimed that studied therapy was effective. Out of these studies, 16% were contradicted by subsequent studies, 16% had found stronger effects than did subsequent studies, 44% were replicated, and 24% remained largely unchallenged.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Contradicted and initially stronger effects in highly cited clinical research|last=Ioannidis JA|date=13 July 2005|journal=JAMA|volume=294|issue=2|pages=218–228|doi=10.1001/jama.294.2.218|pmid=16014596}}</ref> The US Food and Drug Administration in 1977–1990 found flaws in 10–20% of medical studies.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Scientific data audit—A key management tool|first=J. Leslie|last=Glick|date=1 January 1992|volume=2|issue=3|pages=153–168|doi=10.1080/08989629208573811|journal=Accountability in Research}}</ref> In a paper published in 2012, Glenn Begley, a biotech consultant working at Amgen, and Lee Ellis, at the University of Texas, argued that only 11% of the pre-clinical cancer studies could be replicated.<ref name="Begley-Lee2012">{{Cite journal|last1=Begley |first1=C. G. |last2=Ellis |first2=L. M. |year=2012 |title=Drug Development: Raise Standards for Preclinical Cancer Research |journal=Nature |volume=483 |issue=7391 |pages=531–533|doi=10.1038/483531a |pmid=22460880 |bibcode=2012Natur.483..531B }}</ref><ref name="Begley2013">{{Cite journal|last=Begley |first=C. G. |year=2013 |title=Reproducibility: Six red flags for suspect work |journal=Nature |volume=497 |issue=7450 |pages=433–434|doi=10.1038/497433a |bibcode=2013Natur.497..433B }}</ref><br />
<br />
A 2016 article by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ioannidis John Ioannidis], Professor of Medicine and of Health Research and Policy at Stanford University School of Medicine and a Professor of Statistics at Stanford University School of Humanities and Sciences, elaborated on "Why Most Clinical Research Is Not Useful".<ref name="Ioannidis2016">{{cite journal | last1 = Ioannidis | first1 = JPA | year = 2016 | title = Why Most Clinical Research Is Not Useful | journal = PLoS Med | volume = 13 | issue = 6| page = e1002049 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002049 | pmid = 27328301 | pmc = 4915619 }}</ref> In the article Ioannidis laid out some of the problems and called for reform, characterizing certain points for medical research to be useful again; one example he made was the need for medicine to be "patient centered" (e.g. in the form of the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute) instead of the current practice to mainly take care of "the needs of physicians, investigators, or sponsors". Ioannidis is known for his research focus on science itself since the 2005 paper "Why Most Published Research Findings Are False".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Why Most Published Research Findings Are False|journal=[[PLoS Medicine]]|date=August 1, 2005|issn=1549-1277|pmc=1182327|pmid=16060722|volume=2|issue=8|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124|first=John P. A.|last=Ioannidis|pages=e124}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Marketing ===<br />
<br />
Marketing is another discipline with a "desperate need" for replication.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = The desperate need for replications|journal = Journal of Consumer Research|date = 2001-06-01|pages = 149–158|volume = 28|issue = 1|doi = 10.1086/321953|first = John E.|last = Hunter}}</ref> Many famous marketing studies fail to be repeated upon replication, a notable example being the "too-many-choices" effect, in which a high number of choices of product makes a consumer less likely to purchase.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Armstrong|first=J. S.|last2=Green|first2=Kesten|date=30 January 2017|title=Guidelines for Science: Evidence and Checklists|url=http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1258&context=marketing_papers|journal=Working Paper|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref> In addition to the previously mentioned arguments, replications studies in marketing are needed to examine the applicability of theories and models across countries and cultures, which is especially important because of possible influences of globalization.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Effects of Subcultural Differences on Country and Product Evaluations: A Replication Study|journal = Journal of Global Marketing|date = 2016-03-22|pages = 115–127|volume = 29|issue = 3|doi = 10.1080/08911762.2015.1138012|first1 = Thomas|last1 = Aichner|first2 = Paolo|last2 = Coletti|first3 = Cipriano|last3 = Forza|first4 = Urban|last4 = Perkmann|first5 = Alessio|last5 = Trentin}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Economics ===<br />
<br />
A 2016 study in the journal ''Science'' found that one-third of 18 experimental studies from two top-tier economics journals (''American Economic Review'' and the ''Quarterly Journal of Economics'') failed to be successfully replicated.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Camerer|first=Colin F.|last2=Dreber|first2=Anna|last3=Forsell|first3=Eskil|last4=Ho|first4=Teck-Hua|last5=Huber|first5=Jürgen|last6=Johannesson|first6=Magnus|last7=Kirchler|first7=Michael|last8=Almenberg|first8=Johan|last9=Altmejd|first9=Adam|date=2016-03-25|title=Evaluating replicability of laboratory experiments in economics|journal=Science|language=en|volume=351|issue=6280|pages=1433–1436|doi=10.1126/science.aaf0918|issn=0036-8075|pmid=26940865|bibcode=2016Sci...351.1433C}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/03/about-40-economics-experiments-fail-replication-survey|title=About 40% of economics experiments fail replication survey|date=2016-03-03|work=Science |access-date=2017-10-25|language=en}}</ref> A 2017 study in the ''Economic Journal'' suggested that "the majority of the average effects in the empirical economics literature are exaggerated by a factor of at least 2 and at least one-third are exaggerated by a factor of 4 or more".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ioannidis|first=John P. A.|last2=Stanley|first2=T. D.|last3=Doucouliagos|first3=Hristos|date=2017-10-01|title=The Power of Bias in Economics Research|journal=The Economic Journal|language=en|volume=127|issue=605|pages=F236–F265|doi=10.1111/ecoj.12461|issn=1468-0297}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Sports Science ===<br />
<br />
A 2018 study took the field of exercise and sports science to task for insufficient replication studies, limited reporting of null results and trivial results, and insufficient research transparency.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Halperin|first=Israel|last2=Vigotsky|first2=Andrew D.|last3=Foster|first3=Carl|last4=Pyne|first4=David B.|date=2018-02-01|title=Strengthening the Practice of Exercise and Sport-Science Research|journal=International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance|volume=13|issue=2|pages=127–134|doi=10.1123/ijspp.2017-0322|issn=1555-0273|pmid=28787228}}</ref> Statisticians have criticized sports science for common use of a controversial statistical method called "magnitude-based inference" that has allowed sports scientists to extract apparently significant results from noisy data where ordinary hypothesis testing would have found none.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-shoddy-statistics-found-a-home-in-sports-research/|title=How Shoddy Statistics Found A Home In Sports Research|date=2018-05-16|work=FiveThirtyEight|access-date=2018-05-16|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Hydrology ===<br />
<br />
A 2019 study in ''Scientific Data'' found that a small number of articles in hydrology and water resources journals could be reproduced due to data unavailability. The study "estimated, with 95% confidence, that results might be reproduced for only 0.6% to 6.8% of all 1,989 articles".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stagge|first=James H.|last2=Rosenberg|first2=David E.|last3=Abdallah|first3=Adel M.|last4=Akbar|first4=Hadia|last5=Attallah|first5=Nour A.|last6=James|first6=Ryan|date=2019-02-26|title=Assessing data availability and research reproducibility in hydrology and water resources|journal=Scientific Data|language=en|volume=6|pages=190030|doi=10.1038/sdata.2019.30|pmid=30806638|pmc=6390703|issn=2052-4463|bibcode=2019NatSD...690030S}}</ref><ref>[https://www.nature.com/articles/sdata201930#f2 https://www.nature.com/articles/sdata201930#f2]</ref><ref>[https://replicationnetwork.com/2019/03/01/surveying-reproducibility/ https://replicationnetwork.com/2019/03/01/surveying-reproducibility/]</ref><br/> This study mainly relates to the quality of documentation of origninal material which is obviously only given scarcely or not at all. With no raw data available the factual validity of the scientific articles cannot be estimated, but the scientific non-reproducability is not proven thereby.<br />
<br />
=== Hard Sciences ===<br />
<br />
As opposed to the social and life sciences many agree that the “hard sciences” – physics, chemistry, biology, astronomy, etc. – will not be touched by this crisis. Nevertheless there seem to be quite a few problems there as well. „Even physics has been affected, as William Wilson notes. “Two of the most vaunted physics results of the past few years — the announced discovery of both cosmic inflation and gravitational waves at the BICEP2 experiment in Antarctica, and the supposed discovery of superluminal neutrinos at the Swiss-Italian border — have now been retracted, with far less fanfare than when they were first published.” See [http://phys.org/news/2015-02-cosmic-inflation-bicep2-results.html this about the former] and [http://press.cern/press-releases/2011/09/opera-experiment-reports-anomaly-flight-time-neutrinos-cern-gran-sasso this about the latter].”<ref>[ https://fabiusmaximus.com/2016/04/19/replication-crisis-in-science-95394/ The replication crisis in science has just begun. It will be big.] by Larry Kummer, Editor Science & Nature 19 April 2016 on Fabius Maximus website, here referring to W.Wilson – Scientific Regress (see Further readings)</ref><br />
<br />
=== Natural constants ===<br />
<br />
One of the pillars of physics and all sciences based on the laws described in physics is the assumption of the constancy of the natural constants. This constancy is a general assumption because it can principally not been proven. One can only state that they have been constant since humans are able to measure them, which is an extremely short time span compared to the age of the universe.<br/> Nevertheless there is good reason to doubt even this basic assumption of the physical sciences.„At the end of 1998 the CODATA even decided to increase the uncertainty of the accepted value for the gravitational constant from 128 ppm to 1500 ppm. This remarkable step of increasing the uncertainty instead of decreasing was made to reflect the discrepancies between recent experiments, which span a wide range of more than 0.7 %.”<ref>Ulf Kleinevoß: Bestimmung der Newtonschen Gravitationskonstanten, Dissertation Januar 2002, Wuppertal, S.1, Abstract; <br />
[http://elpub.bib.uni-wuppertal.de/edocs/dokumente/fb08/diss2002/kleinevoss/d080201.pdf]</ref><br/> And in his work “The Science Delusion – Freeing the Spirit of Enquiry” biologist and philosopher [[Rupert_Sheldrake|Rupert Sheldrake]]<ref>Rupert Sheldrake: The Science Delusion – Freeing the Spirit of Enquiry; London 2012, Hodder& Stoughton, ISBN 978 1 444 72795 1. Chapter 3: Are the Laws of Nature Fixed?</ref> discusses this problem and gives lots of examples showing that the fundamental constants may not be as eternal as was thought but object to change by time. He prefers to see the “constants” more as habits of nature than as eternal laws. Sheldrake points out that the fundamental physical constants are artificially held as constant by defining them to be so and by reducing all measurements to the mean and eliminating strongly deviating measurings from the count. So as a matter of fact scientific measurings of the constants constantly produce quite different results, which are collected and regulated by the ''Committee on Data for Science and Technology'' ([https://howlingpixel.com/i-de/CODATA CODATA]) to always be constant as by definition.<ref>[https://howlingpixel.com/i-de/Physikalische_Konstante] and Sheldrake, Science Delusion</ref><br />
<br />
== Causes of the crisis ==<br />
<br />
=== Bad Science ===<br />
<br />
The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokal_affair Sokal affair] and the discussion in its wake has shown clearly that there is a major problem of not distinguishing between real and fake science.<ref>Peter Boghossian, Ed.D. (aka Peter Boyle, Ed.D.), James Lindsay, Ph.D. (aka, Jamie Lindsay, Ph.D.): The Conceptual Penis as a Social Construct: A Sokal-Style Hoax on Gender Studies. SKEPTIC, 19.05.2017.[http://www.skeptic.com/reading_room/conceptual-penis-social-contruct-sokal-style-hoax-o]; Alexander Durin: Fehler im System mancher Wissenschaften. Telepolis, Heise, 02.03.2014. [https://www.heise.de/tp/features/Fehler-im-System-mancher-Wissenschaften-3502557.html]; Alan D. Sokal: Transgressing the Boundaries: Towards a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity. Social Text 46/47:217-252, 1996. [http://www.physics.nyu.edu/faculty/sokal/transgress_v2/transgress_v2_singlefile.html].</ref><br/> The editor of the prominent medical journal ''Lancet''<ref>Richard Horton – Offline: What is medicine’s 5 sigma? In: The Lancet VOLUME 385, ISSUE 9976, P1380, APRIL 11, 2015; <br />
[https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(15)60696-1/fulltext]</ref> Richard Horton writes about “apparent endemicity of bad research behaviour” and “bad scientific practices” when he points out that “much of the scientific literature, perhaps half, may simply be untrue.” As the editor of the probably most important medical journal he is in a position to recognize the problem.<br />
<br />
=== High rate of publications ===<br />
<br />
In fact some predictions of a possible crisis in the quality control mechanism of science can be traced back several decades, especially among scholars in science and technology studies (STS). Derek de Solla Price – considered the father of scientometrics – predicted that science could reach 'senility' as a result of its own exponential growth.<ref name="DeSollaPrice1963">{{cite book|author1=De Solla Price|author2=Derek J.|year=1963|title=Little science big science|publisher=Columbia University Press}}</ref> Some present day literature seems to vindicate this 'overflow' prophesy, lamenting at decay in both attention and quality.<ref name="Siebert-al2015">{{cite journal|author1=Siebert, S.|author2=Machesky, L. M.|author3=Insall, R. H.|lastauthoramp=y|year=2015|title=Overflow in science and its implications for trust|journal=eLife|volume=4|page=e10825|doi=10.7554/eLife.10825|pmid=26365552|pmc=4563216}}</ref><ref name="Della-Briotta-al2015">{{cite journal|author1=Della Briotta Parolo, P.|author2=Kumar Pan|author3=R. Ghosh|author4=R. Huberman|author5=B.A. Kimmo Kaski|author6=Fortunato, S.|year=2015|title=Attention decay in science|journal=Journal of Informetrics|volume=9|issue=4|pages=734–745|doi=10.1016/j.joi.2015.07.006|arxiv=1503.01881|bibcode=2015arXiv150301881D}}</ref><br />
<br />
Philosopher and historian of science Jerome R. Ravetz predicted in his 1971 book ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Knowledge_and_Its_Social_Problems Scientific Knowledge and Its Social Problems]'' that science – in moving from the little science made of restricted communities of scientists to big science or techno-science – would suffer major problems in its internal system of quality control. Ravetz anticipated that modern science's system of rewarding scientists for research might become dysfunctional, the present 'publish or perish' challenge, creating perverse incentives to publish any findings however dubious. For Ravetz quality in science is maintained when there is a community of scholars linked by norms and standards, and a willingness to stand by these.<br />
<br />
Historian Philip Mirowski offered more recently a similar diagnosis in his 2011 book ''Science Mart'' (2011).<ref name="Mirowski">{{cite book|author=Mirowski, P.|year=2011|title=Science-Mart: Privatizing American Science|publisher=Harvard University Press}}</ref> 'Mart' is here a reference to the retail giant 'Walmart' and an allusion to the commodification of science. In the analysis of Mirowski, when science becomes a commodity being traded in a market, its quality collapses. Mirowski argues his case by tracing the decay of science to the decision of major corporations to close their in-house laboratories in order to outsource their work to universities, and subsequently to move their research away from universities to even cheaper contract research organizations (CRO).<br />
<br />
=== Insufficient control ===<br />
<br />
The crisis of science's quality control system is affecting the use of science for policy. This is the thesis of a recent work by a group of STS scholars, who identify in 'evidence based (or informed) policy' a point of present tension.<ref name="FUTURES1">{{Cite journal|last1=Saltelli |first1=A. |last2=Funtowicz |first2=S. |year=2017 |title=What is science's crisis really about? |journal=Futures |volume=91 |pages=5–11 |doi=10.1016/j.futures.2017.05.010}}</ref><ref name="Benessia-al2016">{{Cite book|last1=Benessia |first1=A. |last2=Funtowicz |first2=S. |last3=Giampietro |first3=M. |last4=Guimarães Pereira |first4=A. |last5=Ravetz |first5=J. |last6=Saltelli |first6=A. |last7=Strand |first7=R. |last8=van der Sluijs |first8=J. |year=2016 |title=The Rightful Place of Science: Science on the Verge |publisher=Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes at Arizona State University|title-link=The Rightful Place of Science: Science on the Verge }}</ref><ref name="Letter">{{cite magazine|first1=Andrea |last1=Saltelli|first2=Jerome R. |last2=Ravetz|first3=Silvio |last3=Funtowicz|lastauthoramp=y|url=https://www.newscientist.com/letter/mg23030791-600-7-a-new-community-for-science/|title=A new community for science|magazine=New Scientist|issue=3079|p=52|date=25 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="FUTURES2" /> Economist Noah Smith suggests that a factor in the crisis has been the overvaluing of research in academia and undervaluing of teaching ability, especially in fields with few major recent discoveries.<ref name="Academic signaling and the post-truth world">{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Noah|title=Academic signaling and the post-truth world|url=http://noahpinionblog.blogspot.co.uk/2016/12/academic-signaling-and-post-truth-world.html|website=Noahpinion|publisher=Stony Brook University|accessdate=5 November 2017|date=2016-12-14}}</ref> In the journal ''Science'' article “Who’s Afraid of Peer Review?”<ref> [https://science.sciencemag.org/content/342/6154/60.full John Bohannon: Who’s Afraid of Peer Review?], Science 04 Oct 2013: Vol. 342, Issue 6154, pp. 60-65; DOI: 10.1126/science.342.6154.60</ref> author John Bohannon explains the problem of the growing number of open access journals and there lack of effective peer review. Of 300 fake articles filled with obvious mistakes and nonsense sent out to as many different online journals more than half were accepted without relevant criticism.<br />
<br />
=== Publication bias ===<br />
<br />
Another major cause is publication bias, the fact that positive results are more likely to get published than negative (or null) results. This may lead to the canonization of false facts <ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Nissen |first1 = Silas Boye |last2 = Magidson| first2 = Tali| last3 = Gross| first3 = Kevin | last4 = Bergstrom| first4 = Carl |title=Research: Publication bias and the canonization of false facts |journal=eLife |date=December 20, 2016 |volume=5 |pages=e21451 |url= https://elifesciences.org/articles/21451 |accessdate=9 June 2019 |doi=10.7554/eLife.21451 |arxiv= 1609.00494 }}</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Fundamental causes in the scientific paradigm ===<br />
<br />
All the above reasons for lack of replicability have one thing in common: They are consequences of human fault, misconduct or mistakes and could theoretically be corrected by discipline, correctness and better control. Nevertheless there remains the possibility that – apart from all those considerations and observation being correct – there could also be more fundamental problems of the axiom of replicability and the constancy of nature as such.<br/> The biologist, philosopher and meta-scientist [[Rupert_Sheldrake|Rupert Sheldrake]] has pointed out that there is ample reason to doubt the belief in the full replicability and reliability of the hard sciences as well and that there might be a problem with the assumption of replicability as such.<ref>Rupert Sheldrake: [https://www.sheldrake.org/essays/how-the-universal-gravitational-constant-varies?highlight=WyJwaHlzaWNhbCIsImNvbnN0YW50cyIsInBoeXNpY2FsIGNvbnN0YW50cyJd How the Universal Gravitational Constant Varies]; <br />
[https://www.sheldrake.org/essays/the-replicability-crisis-in-science The Replicability Crisis in Science]; <br />
Science Set Free: 10 Paths to New Discovery, ISBN-13: 978-0770436704, Publ. Deepak Chopra; 1st ed. (4. September 2012); The Science Delusion, ISBN-13: 978-1444727944, Publisher: Coronet (6 Dec. 2012) </ref><br />
<br />
In any case, the [[Decline_Effect|Decline effect (see main article)]] indicates general problems of replicability because it cannot be fully explained by the causes proposed so far. It was discovered by J.B.Rhine in the 20s of the last century, long before the current crisis and under completely different circumstances. Rhine found the effect in his own research, even in areas whose statistical validity he himself had previously verified.<br />
<br />
== Public Response ==<br />
<br />
=== Political Repercussions ===<br />
<br />
In the US, science's reproducibility crisis has become a topic of political contention, linked to the attempt to diminish regulations – e.g. of emissions of pollutants, with the argument that these regulations are based on non-reproducible science.<ref name="Oreskes">{{Cite journal |last=Oreskes |first=N. |year=2018 |title=Beware: Transparency rule is a trojan horse |journal=Nature |volume=557 |issue=7706 |page=469 |doi=10.1038/d41586-018-05207-9|pmid=29789751 |bibcode=2018Natur.557..469O }}</ref><ref name="FUTURES2">{{cite journal |last1=Andrea |first1=Saltelli |title=Why science's crisis should not become a political battling ground |journal=Futures |date=December 2018 |volume=104 |pages=85–90 |doi=10.1016/j.futures.2018.07.006}}</ref> Previous attempts with the same aim accused studies of being non-transparent.<ref name="Michaels">{{Cite book|first=D. |last=Michaels |title=Doubt is their product: How industry's assault on science threatens your health |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2008}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Public discussion ===<br />
<br />
Apart from studies and articles in scientific journals there has been little public discussion of the Replicability Crisis as yet and few reports in the mass media. Most of the discussions are related to statistical, economical and sociological reasons only.<ref>See all of the cited literature.</ref><br/> The question whether there is a general problem of replicability behind these findings, too, has not been tackled so far. And there has been very little effort in the hard sciences to deal with the replication issue as there seems to be a consense that the problem is only one of the social and life sciences.<br />
<br />
== Addressing the replication crisis ==<br />
<br />
Replication has been referred to as "the cornerstone of science".<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Most Published Research Findings Are False—But a Little Replication Goes a Long Way|journal = PLoS Med|date = 2007-02-27|pmc = 1808082|pmid = 17326704|pages = e28|volume = 4|issue = 2|doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040028|first = Ramal|last = Moonesinghe|first2 = Muin J.|last2 = Khoury|first3 = A. Cecile J. W.|last3 = Janssens}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = The Value of Direct Replication|journal = Perspectives on Psychological Science|date = 2014-01-01|issn = 1745-6916|pmid = 26173243|pages = 76–80|volume = 9|issue = 1|doi = 10.1177/1745691613514755|first = Daniel J.|last = Simons}}</ref> Replication studies attempt to evaluate whether published results reflect true findings or false positives. The integrity of scientific findings and reproducibility of research are important as they form the knowledge foundation on which future studies are built.<br />
<br />
=== Metascience ===<br />
<br />
Metascience is the use of scientific methodology to study science itself. Metascience seeks to increase the quality of scientific research while reducing waste. It is also known as "''research on research''" and "''the science of science''", as it uses research methods to study how research is done and where improvements can be made. Metascience concerns itself with all fields of research and has been described as "a bird's eye view of science."<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002264| pmid = 26431313| pmc = 4592065| issn = 1545-7885| volume = 13| issue = 10| pages = –1002264| last1 = Ioannidis| first1 = John P. A.| last2 = Fanelli| first2 = Daniele| last3 = Dunne| first3 = Debbie Drake| last4 = Goodman| first4 = Steven N.| title = Meta-research: Evaluation and Improvement of Research Methods and Practices| journal = PLOS Biology| date = 2015-10-02}}</ref> In the words of John Ioannidis, "Science is the best thing that has happened to human beings ... but we can do it better."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bach |first1=Author Becky |title=On communicating science and uncertainty: A podcast with John Ioannidis |url=https://scopeblog.stanford.edu/2015/12/08/on-communicating-science-and-uncertainty-a-podcast-with-john-ioannidis/ |website=Scope |accessdate=20 May 2019 |date=8 December 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
Meta-research continues to be conducted to identify the roots of the crisis and to address them. Methods of addressing the crisis include pre-registration of scientific studies and clinical trials as well as the founding of organizations such as CONSORT and the EQUATOR Network that issue guidelines for methodology and reporting. There are continuing efforts to reform the system of academic incentives, to improve the peer review process, to reduce the misuse of statistics, to combat bias in scientific literature, and to increase the overall quality and efficiency of the scientific process.<br />
<br />
=== Tackling publication bias with pre-registration of studies ===<br />
<br />
A recent innovation in scientific publishing to address the replication crisis is through the use of registered reports.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Registered Replication Reports|publisher=Association for Psychological Science|url = http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/replication|accessdate = 2015-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Psychology's 'registration revolution'|url = https://www.theguardian.com/science/head-quarters/2014/may/20/psychology-registration-revolution|newspaper = The Guardian|accessdate = 2015-11-13|first = Chris|last = Chambers|date = 2014-05-20}}</ref> The registered report format requires authors to submit a description of the study methods and analyses prior to data collection. Once the method and analysis plan is vetted through peer-review, publication of the findings is provisionally guaranteed, based on whether the authors follow the proposed protocol. One goal of registered reports is to circumvent the publication bias toward significant findings that can lead to implementation of questionable research practices and to encourage publication of studies with rigorous methods.<br />
<br />
The journal ''Psychological Science'' has encouraged the preregistration of studies and the reporting of effect sizes and confidence intervals.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Replication in Psychological Science|journal = Psychological Science|date = 2015-11-09|issn = 0956-7976|pmid = 26553013|pages = 1827–32|doi = 10.1177/0956797615616374|first = D. Stephen|last = Lindsay|volume = 26|issue = 12}}</ref> The editor in chief also noted that the editorial staff will be asking for replication of studies with surprising findings from examinations using small sample sizes before allowing the manuscripts to be published.<br />
<br />
Moreover, only a very small proportion of academic journals in psychology and neurosciences explicitly stated that they welcome submissions of replication studies in their aim and scope or instructions to authors.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yeung|first=Andy W. K.|date=2017|title=Do Neuroscience Journals Accept Replications? A Survey of Literature|journal=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience|language=English|volume=11|pages=468|doi=10.3389/fnhum.2017.00468|pmid=28979201|pmc=5611708|issn=1662-5161}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Martin|first=G. N.|last2=Clarke|first2=Richard M.|date=2017|title=Are Psychology Journals Anti-replication? A Snapshot of Editorial Practices|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|language=English|volume=8|pages=523|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00523|pmid=28443044|pmc=5387793|issn=1664-1078}}</ref> This phenomenon does not encourage the reporting or even attempt on replication studies.<br />
<br />
=== Emphasizing replication attempts in teaching ===<br />
<br />
Based on coursework in experimental methods at MIT and Stanford, it has been suggested that methods courses in psychology emphasize replication attempts rather than original studies.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Teaching Replication|journal = Perspectives on Psychological Science|date = 2012-11-01|issn = 1745-6916|pmid = 26168118|pages = 600–604|volume = 7|issue = 6|doi = 10.1177/1745691612460686|first = Michael C.|last = Frank|first2 = Rebecca|last2 = Saxe}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Harnessing the Undiscovered Resource of Student Research Projects|journal = Perspectives on Psychological Science|date = 2012-11-01|issn = 1745-6916|pmid = 26168119|pages = 605–607|volume = 7|issue = 6|doi = 10.1177/1745691612459057|first = Jon E.|last = Grahe|first2 = Alan|last2 = Reifman|first3 = Anthony D.|last3 = Hermann|first4 = Marie|last4 = Walker|first5 = Kathryn C.|last5 = Oleson|first6 = Michelle|last6 = Nario-Redmond|first7 = Richard P.|last7 = Wiebe}}</ref> Such an approach would help students learn scientific methodology and provide numerous independent replications of meaningful scientific findings that would test the replicability of scientific findings. Some have recommended that graduate students should be required to publish a high-quality replication attempt on a topic related to their doctoral research prior to graduation.<ref name="Everett 1152" /><br />
<br />
=== Reducing the ''p''-value required for claiming significance of new results ===<br />
<br />
Many publications require a ''p''-value of ''p'' < 0.05 to claim statistical significance. The paper "Redefine statistical significance",<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Redefine statistical significance|url = https://psyarxiv.com/mky9j|journal = PsyArXiv|first = Daniel|last = Benjamin}}</ref> signed by a large number of scientists and mathematicians, proposes that in "fields where the threshold for defining statistical significance for new discoveries is ''P'' < 0.05, we propose a change to ''P'' < 0.005. This simple step would immediately improve the reproducibility of scientific research in many fields."<br />
<br />
Their rationale is that "a leading cause of non-reproducibility (is that the) statistical standards of evidence for claiming new discoveries in many fields of science are simply too low. Associating 'statistically significant' findings with ''P'' < 0.05 results in a high rate of false positives even in the absence of other experimental, procedural and reporting problems."<br />
<br />
=== Addressing the misinterpretation of ''p''-values ===<br />
<br />
Although statisticians are unanimous that use of the ''p'' < 0.05 provides weaker evidence than is generally appreciated, there is a lack of unanimity about what should be done about it. Some have advocated that Bayesian methods should replace ''p''-values. This has not happened on a wide scale, partly because it is complicated, and partly because many users distrust the specification of prior distributions in the absence of hard data. A simplified version of the Bayesian argument, based on testing a point null hypothesis was suggested by Colquhoun (2014, 2017).<ref name="DC2014">{{cite journal|last1=Colquhoun|first1=David|title=An investigation of the false discovery rate and the misinterpretation of ''p''-values|journal=Royal Society Open Science|year=2015|volume=1|issue=3|page=140216|doi=10.1098/rsos.140216|pmid=26064558|pmc=4448847|arxiv=1407.5296|bibcode=2014RSOS....140216C}}</ref><ref name="DC2017">{{cite journal|last1=Colquhoun|first1=David|title=The reproducibility of research and the misinterpretation of p-values|journal=Royal Society Open Science|volume=4|issue=12|pages=171085|date=2017|doi=10.1098/rsos.171085|pmid=29308247|pmc=5750014}}</ref> The logical problems of inductive inference were discussed in "The problem with p-values" (2016).<ref name="DC2016">{{cite web|last1=Colquhoun|first1=David|title=The problem with p-values|url=https://aeon.co/essays/it-s-time-for-science-to-abandon-the-term-statistically-significant|work=Aeon Magazine|accessdate=11 December 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
The hazards of reliance on ''p''-values were emphasized by pointing out that even observation of ''p'' = 0.001 was not necessarily strong evidence against the null hypothesis.<ref name="DC2017" /> Despite the fact that the likelihood ratio in favour of the alternative hypothesis over the null is close to 100, if the hypothesis was implausible, with a prior probability of a real effect being 0.1, even the observation of ''p'' = 0.001 would have a false positive risk of 8 percent. It would not even reach the 5 percent level.<br />
<br />
It was recommended<ref name="DC2017" /> that the terms "significant" and "non-significant" should not be used. ''p''-values and confidence intervals should still be specified, but they should be accompanied by an indication of the false positive risk. It was suggested that the best way to do this is to calculate the prior probability that would be necessary to believe in order to achieve a false positive risk of, say, 5%. The calculations can be done with R-scripts that are provided,<ref name="DC2017" /> or, more simply, with a web calculator.<ref name="fpr-calc">{{cite web|last1=Longstaff|first1=Colin|last2=Colquhoun|first2=David|title=Calculator for false positive risk (FPR)|url=http://fpr-calc.ucl.ac.uk/|publisher=UCL}}</ref> This so-called reverse Bayesian approach, which was suggested by Matthews (2001),<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Matthews|first1=R. A. J.|title=Why should clinicians care about Bayesian methods?|journal=Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference|date=2001|volume=94|pages=43–58|doi=10.1016/S0378-3758(00)00232-9}}</ref> is one way to avoid the problem that the prior probability is rarely known.<br />
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=== Encouraging larger sample sizes ===<br />
<br />
To improve the quality of replications, larger sample sizes than those used in the original study are often needed.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Is psychology suffering from a replication crisis? What does "failure to replicate" really mean?|journal = American Psychologist|pages = 487–498|volume = 70|issue = 6|doi = 10.1037/a0039400|first = Scott E.|last = Maxwell|first2 = Michael Y.|last2 = Lau|first3 = George S.|last3 = Howard|pmid=26348332|year = 2015}}</ref> Larger sample sizes are needed because estimates of effect sizes in published work are often exaggerated due to publication bias and large sampling variability associated with small sample sizes in an original study.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Small studies are more heterogeneous than large ones: a meta-meta-analysis|journal = Journal of Clinical Epidemiology|pages = 860–869|volume = 68|issue = 8|doi = 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.03.017|pmid = 25959635|first = Joanna|last = IntHout|first2 = John P. A.|last2 = Ioannidis|first3 = George F.|last3 = Borm|first4 = Jelle J.|last4 = Goeman|year = 2015}}</ref><ref name="Button 365–376">{{Cite journal|title = Power failure: why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience|journal = Nature Reviews Neuroscience|date = 2013-05-01|issn = 1471-003X|pages = 365–376|volume = 14|issue = 5|doi = 10.1038/nrn3475|first = Katherine S.|last = Button|first2 = John P. A.|last2 = Ioannidis|first3 = Claire|last3 = Mokrysz|first4 = Brian A.|last4 = Nosek|first5 = Jonathan|last5 = Flint|first6 = Emma S. J.|last6 = Robinson|first7 = Marcus R.|last7 = Munafò|pmid=23571845}}</ref><ref name="Button 365–376" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Consequences of prejudice against the null hypothesis|url = http://content.apa.org/journals/bul/82/1/1|journal = Psychological Bulletin|pages = 1–20|volume = 82|issue = 1|doi = 10.1037/h0076157|language = en-US|first = Anthony G.|last = Greenwald|year = 1975}}</ref> Further, using significance thresholds usually leads to inflated effects, because particularly with small sample sizes, only the largest effects will become significant.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Amrhein|first1=Valentin|last2=Korner-Nievergelt|first2=Fränzi|last3=Roth|first3=Tobias|title=The earth is flat (p > 0.05): significance thresholds and the crisis of unreplicable research|journal=PeerJ|date=2017|volume=5|page=e3544|doi=10.7717/peerj.3544|pmid=28698825|pmc=5502092}}</ref><br />
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=== Sharing raw data in online repositories ===<br />
<br />
Online repositories where data, protocols, and findings can be stored and evaluated by the public seek to improve the integrity and reproducibility of research. Examples of such repositories include the Open Science Framework, Registry of Research Data Repositories, and Psychfiledrawer.org. Sites like Open Science Framework offer badges for using open science practices in an effort to incentivize scientists. However, there has been concern that those who are most likely to provide their data and code for analyses are the researchers that are likely the most sophisticated anyway.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|title = Anticipating consequences of sharing raw data and code and of awarding badges for sharing|journal = Journal of Clinical Epidemiology|volume = 70|pages = 258–260|doi = 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.04.015|pmid = 26163123|first = John P. A.|last = Ioannidis|year = 2016}}</ref> John Ioannidis at Stanford University suggested that "the paradox may arise that the most meticulous and sophisticated and method-savvy and careful researchers may become more susceptible to criticism and reputation attacks by reanalyzers who hunt for errors, no matter how negligible these errors are".<ref name=":2" /><br />
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=== Funding for replication studies ===<br />
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In July 2016 the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research made €3 million available for replication studies. The funding is for replication based on reanalysis of existing data and replication by collecting and analysing new data. Funding is available in the areas of social sciences, health research and healthcare innovation.<ref>{{cite web|title=NWO makes 3 million available for Replication Studies pilot|url=http://www.nwo.nl/en/news-and-events/news/2016/nwo-makes-3-million-available-for-replication-studies-pilot.html|website=NWO|accessdate=2 August 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2013 the Laura and John Arnold Foundation funded the launch of The Center for Open Science with a $5.25 million grant and by 2017 had provided an additional $10 million in funding.<ref name="Wired2017">{{cite news|last1=Apple|first1=Sam|title=The Young Billionaire Behind the War on Bad Science|url=https://www.wired.com/2017/01/john-arnold-waging-war-on-bad-science/|work=Wired|date=January 22, 2017}}</ref> It also funded the launch of the Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford at Stanford University run by [[John_Ioannidis|John Ioannidis]] and Steven Goodman to study ways to improve scientific research.<ref name="Wired2017" /> It also provided funding for the AllTrials initiative led in part by Ben Goldacre.<ref name="Wired2017" /><br />
<br />
=== Emphasize triangulation, not just replication ===<br />
<br />
Marcus R. Munafò and George Davey Smith argue, in a piece published by ''Nature'', that research should emphasize triangulation, not just replication. They claim that,<br />
<br />
<blockquote>replication alone will get us only so far (and) might actually make matters worse&nbsp;... We believe that an essential protection against flawed ideas is triangulation. This is the strategic use of multiple approaches to address one question. Each approach has its own unrelated assumptions, strengths and weaknesses. Results that agree across different methodologies are less likely to be artefacts ... Maybe one reason replication has captured so much interest is the often-repeated idea that falsification is at the heart of the scientific enterprise. This idea was popularized by [[Karl Popper]]'s 1950s maxim that theories can never be proved, only falsified. Yet an overemphasis on repeating experiments could provide an unfounded sense of certainty about findings that rely on a single approach.&nbsp;... philosophers of science have moved on since Popper. Better descriptions of how scientists actually work include what epistemologist Peter Lipton called in 1991 "inference to the best explanation".<ref name=Munafo2018>{{cite journal|last1=Munafò|first1=Marcus R.|last2=Smith|first2=George Davey|title=Robust research needs many lines of evidence|journal=Nature|volume=553|issue=7689|pages=399–401|date=January 23, 2018|doi=10.1038/d41586-018-01023-3|pmid=29368721|bibcode=2018Natur.553..399M}}</ref></blockquote><br />
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== Further reading ==<br />
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*{{cite web |last1=Bastian |first1=Hilda |title=Reproducibility Crisis Timeline: Milestones in Tackling Research Reliability |url=https://blogs.plos.org/absolutely-maybe/2016/12/05/reproducibility-crisis-timeline-milestones-in-tackling-research-reliability/ |website=Absolutely Maybe |accessdate=5 June 2019 |date=5 December 2016}} <br />
*{{cite book |last1=Harris |first1=Richard |title=Rigor Mortis: How Sloppy Science Creates Worthless Cures, Crushes Hope, and Wastes Billions |date=2017 |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York |isbn=9780465097906}} <br />
*[https://www.firstthings.com/article/2016/05/scientific-regress Scientific Regress] – William A. Wilson in First Things, May 2016 <br />
*[https://www.displayr.com/what-is-the-replication-crisis/ What is the Replication Crisis?] by Tim Bock. – Being a short summary of what the replication crisis is about. <br />
*[http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124 Why Most Published Research Findings Are False] by John P. A. Ioannidis, Public Library of Science Medicine, 30 August 2005. <br />
*[https://fabiusmaximus.com/2016/04/19/replication-crisis-in-science-95394/ The replication crisis in science has just begun. It will be big.] by Larry Kummer, Editor Science & Nature 19 April 2016 on Fabius Maximus website. <br />
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== References ==<br />
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<references /></div>
Admin
https://www.freewiki.eu/en/index.php?title=Replication_Crisis&diff=1420
Replication Crisis
2019-09-06T22:07:31Z
<p>Admin: </p>
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<div><br />
{{Wikipedia2EN|Replication_Crisis | Replication Crisis|31.8.2019}}<br />
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'''This article is closely connected to the article on the [[Decline_Effect|Decline Effect]], which is part of this crisis. For further explanation and material please see also there.'''<br />
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The '''replication crisis''' (or '''replicability crisis''' or '''reproducibility crisis''') is an ongoing (2019) methodological crisis in which it has been found that many scientific studies are difficult or impossible to replicate or reproduce. The replication crisis affects the social and life sciences most severely,<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1038/515009a| title = Metascience could rescue the 'replication crisis'| journal = Nature| volume = 515| issue = 7525| pages = 9| year = 2014| last1 = Schooler | first1 = J. W.| pmid=25373639| bibcode = 2014Natur.515....9S}}</ref><ref name="Why 'Statistical Significance' Is Often Insignificant">{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Noah|title=Why 'Statistical Significance' Is Often Insignificant|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2017-11-02/why-statistical-significance-is-often-insignificant|website=Bloomberg|accessdate=7 November 2017}}</ref> whereas the hard sciences are still reluctant to face the problem in the first place and mainly don’t even use double blinding in their research.<ref>Rupert Sheldrake: The Science Delusion – Freeing the Spirit of Enquiry; London 2012, Hodder& Stoughton, ISBN 978 1 444 72795 1. Chapter 11. Illusions of Objectivity.</ref> The crisis has long-standing roots. The phrase was coined in the early 2010s<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1177/1745691612465253| title = Editors' Introduction to the Special Section on Replicability in Psychological Science: A Crisis of Confidence?| journal = Perspectives on Psychological Science| volume = 7| issue = 6| pages = 528–530| year = 2012| last1=Pashler|first1=Harold |last2=Wagenmakers | first2=Eric Jan| pmid=26168108}}</ref> as part of a growing awareness of the problem. The replication crisis represents an important body of research in metascience.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fidler |first1=Fiona |last2=Wilcox |first2=John |title=Reproducibility of Scientific Results |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientific-reproducibility/#MetaScieEstaMoniEvalReprCris |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |accessdate=19 May 2019 |date=2018}}</ref><br />
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Because the reproducibility of experiments is an essential part of the scientific method,<ref>Staddon, John (2017) Scientific Method: How science works, fails to work or pretends to work. Taylor and Francis.</ref> the inability to replicate the studies of others has potentially grave consequences for many fields of science in which significant theories are grounded on unreproducible experimental work. The replication crisis has been particularly widely discussed in the field of psychology (and in particular, social psychology) and in medicine, where a number of efforts have been made to re-investigate classic results, and to attempt to determine both the reliability of the results, and, if found to be unreliable, the reasons for the failure of replication.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/the-crisis-in-social-psychology-that-isnt|title=The Crisis in Social Psychology That Isn't|author=Gary Marcus|publisher=The New Yorker|date=May 1, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/12/13/the-truth-wears-off|title=The Truth Wears Off|author=Jonah Lehrer|publisher=The New Yorker|date=December 13, 2010}}</ref><br />
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== Scope of the crisis ==<br />
<br />
=== Overall ===<br />
<br />
According to a 2016 poll of 1,500 scientists reported that 70% of them had failed to reproduce at least one other scientist's experiment (50% had failed to reproduce one of their own experiments).<ref>{{cite web|title=Is There a Reproducibility Crisis in Science?|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/video/is-there-a-reproducibility-crisis-in-science/|publisher=Nature Video, Scientific American|date=28 May 2016|accessdate=15 August 2019}}</ref> In 2009, 2% of scientists admitted to falsifying studies at least once and 14% admitted to personally knowing someone who did. Misconducts were reported more frequently by medical researchers than others.<ref>{{cite journal|title=How Many Scientists Fabricate and Falsify Research? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Survey Data|first=Daniele|last=Fanelli|date=29 May 2009|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=4|issue=5|pages=e5738|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0005738|pmid=19478950|pmc=2685008|bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.5738F}}</ref><br />
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=== Psychology ===<br />
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Several factors have combined to put psychology at the center of the controversy.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Achenbach|first1=Joel|title=No, science's reproducibility problem is not limited to psychology|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2015/08/28/no-sciences-reproducibility-problem-is-not-limited-to-psychology/|website=The Washington Post|accessdate=10 September 2015}}</ref> Much of the focus has been on the area of social psychology,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/18/magazine/when-the-revolution-came-for-amy-cuddy.html|title=When the Revolution Came for Amy Cuddy|last=Dominus|first=Susan|date=2017-10-18|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-10-19|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> although other areas of psychology such as clinical psychology,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Leichsenring|first1=Falk|last2=Abbass|first2=Allan|author-link2=Allan Abbass|last3=Hilsenroth|first3=Mark J.|last4=Leweke|first4=Frank|last5=Luyten|first5=Patrick|last6=Keefe|first6=Jack R.|last7=Midgley|first7=Nick|last8=Rabung|first8=Sven|last9=Salzer|first9=Simone|last10=Steiner|first10=Christiane|title=Biases in research: risk factors for non-replicability in psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy research|journal=[[Psychological Medicine]]|year=April 2017|volume=47|issue=6|pages=1000–1011|doi=10.1017/S003329171600324X|pmid=27955715|url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1532689/}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Hengartner|first=Michael P.|title=Raising Awareness for the Replication Crisis in Clinical Psychology by Focusing on Inconsistencies in Psychotherapy Research: How Much Can We Rely on Published Findings from Efficacy Trials?|journal=[[Frontiers in Psychology]]|volume=9|pages=256|publisher=[[Frontiers Media]]|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00256|pmid=29541051|pmc=5835722|date=February 28, 2018}}</ref> developmental psychology,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Frank|first1=Michael C.|author-link1=Michael C. Frank|last2=Bergelson|first2=Elika|last3=Bergmann|first3=Christina|last4=Cristia|first4=Alejandrina|last5=Floccia|first5=Caroline|last6=Gervain|first6=Judit|last7=Hamlin|first7=J. Kiley|last8=Hannon|first8=Erin E.|last9=Kline|first9=Melissa|last10=Levelt|first10=Claartje|last11=Lew-Williams|first11=Casey|last12=Nazzi|first12=Thierry|last13=Panneton|first13=Robin|last14=Rabagliati|first14=Hugh|last15=Soderstrom|first15=Melanie|last16=Sullivan|first16=Jessica|last17=Waxman|first17=Sandra|author-link17=Sandra Waxman|last18=Yurovsky|first18=Daniel|title=A Collaborative Approach to Infant Research: Promoting Reproducibility, Best Practices, and Theory‐Building|journal=[[Infancy (journal)|Infancy]]|volume=22|issue=4|pages=421–435|date=9 March 2017|url=http://callab.uchicago.edu/papers/fetal-infancy-inpress.pdf|doi=10.1111/infa.12182|access-date=19 December 2018|hdl=10026.1/9942}}</ref> and educational research have also been implicated.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tyson|first=Charlie|title=Failure to Replicate|journal=[[Inside Higher Ed]]|date=14 August 2014|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2014/08/14/almost-no-education-research-replicated-new-article-shows|access-date=19 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Makel|first1=Matthew C.|last2=Plucker|first2=Jonathan A.|author-link2=Jonathan A. Plucker|title=Facts Are More Important Than Novelty: Replication in the Education Sciences|journal=[[Educational Researcher]]|date=1 August 2014|volume=43|issue=6|pages=304–316|doi=10.3102/0013189X14545513|access-date=19 December 2018|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/stoken/rbtfl/w5mrNxPVD8zSg/full}}</ref> According to a 2018 survey of 200 meta-analyses, "psychological research is, on average, afflicted with low statistical power".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stanley|first=T. D.|last2=Carter|first2=Evan C.|last3=Doucouliagos|first3=Hristos|date=2018|title=What meta-analyses reveal about the replicability of psychological research.|journal=Psychological Bulletin|language=en|volume=144|issue=12|pages=1325–1346|doi=10.1037/bul0000169|pmid=30321017|issn=1939-1455}}</ref><br />
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Firstly, questionable research practices (QRPs) have been identified as common in the field.<ref name=":0" /> Such practices, while not intentionally fraudulent, involve capitalizing on the gray area of acceptable scientific practices or exploiting flexibility in data collection, analysis, and reporting, often in an effort to obtain a desired outcome. Examples of QRPs include selective reporting or partial publication of data (reporting only some of the study conditions or collected dependent measures in a publication), optional stopping (choosing when to stop data collection, often based on statistical significance of tests), ''p''-value rounding (rounding ''p''-values down to 0.05 to suggest statistical significance), file drawer effect (nonpublication of data), post-hoc storytelling (framing exploratory analyses as confirmatory analyses), and manipulation of outliers (either removing outliers or leaving outliers in a dataset to cause a statistical test to be significant).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title = Measuring the Prevalence of Questionable Research Practices With Incentives for Truth Telling|url = https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Publication%20Files/QRP12_a137cc09-45bc-4eae-9ee9-c0cb47f14add.pdf|journal = Psychological Science|date = 2012-05-01|issn = 0956-7976|pmid = 22508865|pages = 524–532|volume = 23|issue = 5|doi = 10.1177/0956797611430953|first = Leslie K.|last = John|first2 = George|last2 = Loewenstein|first3 = Drazen|last3 = Prelec}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = The Nine Circles of Scientific Hell|journal = Perspectives on Psychological Science|date = 2012-11-01|issn = 1745-6916|pmid = 26168124|pages = 643–644|volume = 7|issue = 6|doi = 10.1177/1745691612459519}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Research misconduct - The grey area of Questionable Research Practices|url = http://www.vib.be/en/news/Pages/Research-misconduct---The-grey-area-of-Questionable-Research-Practices.aspx|website = www.vib.be|accessdate = 2015-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Questionable Research Practices Revisited|journal = Social Psychological and Personality Science|date = 2015-10-19|issn = 1948-5506|pages = 45–52|doi = 10.1177/1948550615612150|first = Klaus|last = Fiedler|first2 = Norbert|last2 = Schwarz|volume=7}}</ref> A survey of over 2,000 psychologists indicated that a majority of respondents admitted to using at least one QRP.<ref name=":0" /> False positive conclusions, often resulting from the pressure to publish or the author's own confirmation bias, are an inherent hazard in the field, requiring a certain degree of skepticism on the part of readers.<ref name="Simmons et al. (2011)">{{cite journal|last1 = Simmons|first1 = Joseph|first2 = Leif|last2 = Nelson|first3 = Uri|last3 = Simonsohn|title = False-Positive Psychology: Undisclosed Flexibility in Data Collection and Analysis Allows Presenting Anything as Significant|journal = [[Psychological Science]]|volume = 22|issue = 11|pages = 1359–1366|date = November 2011|issn = 0956-7976|doi = 10.1177/0956797611417632|pmid = 22006061}}</ref><br />
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Secondly, psychology and social psychology in particular, has found itself at the center of several scandals involving outright fraudulent research, most notably the admitted data fabrication by Diederik Stapel<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://chronicle.com/article/As-Dutch-Research-Scandal/129746/|title=Fraud Scandal Fuels Debate Over Practices of Social Psychology|journal=The Chronicle of Higher Education|first=Christopher|last=Shea|date=13 November 2011}}</ref> as well as allegations against others. However, most scholars acknowledge that fraud is, perhaps, the lesser contribution to replication crises.<br />
<br />
Thirdly, several effects in psychological science have been found to be difficult to replicate even before the current replication crisis. For example, the scientific journal ''Judgment and Decision Making'' has published several studies over the years that fail to provide support for the unconscious thought theory. Replications appear particularly difficult when research trials are pre-registered and conducted by research groups not highly invested in the theory under questioning.<br />
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These three elements together have resulted in renewed attention for replication supported by psychologist Daniel Kahneman.<ref>{{cite web|title=A New Etiquette for Replication|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/225285909/Kahneman-Commentary|first=Daniel|last=Kahneman|via=Scribd}}</ref> Scrutiny of many effects have shown that several core beliefs are hard to replicate. A recent special edition of the journal ''Social Psychology'' focused on replication studies and a number of previously held beliefs were found to be difficult to replicate.<ref>{{cite journal|year=2014 |title= Link to issue<!-- NONE - reference to entire issue -->|url=http://www.psycontent.com/content/l67413865317/?p=3f8268e0307f4036906c158b1667c57a&pi=0 |journal=Social Psychology |publisher=Hogrefe Publishing |volume=45 |issue=3 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20140530230728/http://www.psycontent.com/content/l67413865317/?p=3f8268e0307f4036906c158b1667c57a&pi=0 |archive-date=30 May 2014}}</ref> A 2012 special edition of the journal ''Perspectives on Psychological Science'' also focused on issues ranging from publication bias to null-aversion that contribute to the replication crises in psychology.<ref>[http://pps.sagepub.com/content/7/6.toc Table of Contents]</ref> In 2015, the first open empirical study of reproducibility in Psychology was published, called the Reproducibility Project. Researchers from around the world collaborated to replicate 100 empirical studies from three top Psychology journals. Fewer than half of the attempted replications were successful at producing statistically significant results in the expected directions, though most of the attempted replications did produce trends in the expected directions.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Open Science Collaboration | title = Estimating the reproducibility of Psychological Science | doi = 10.1126/science.aac4716 | journal = Science | volume = 349 | issue = 6251 | pages = aac4716 | year = 2015 | pmid=26315443| url = http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/877/1/Open%20Science%20%28Science%20Pre-Print%29.pdf | hdl = 10722/230596 }}</ref><br />
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Many research trials and meta-analyses are compromised by poor quality and conflicts of interest that involve both authors and professional advocacy organizations, resulting in many false positives regarding the effectiveness of certain types of psychotherapy.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://blogs.plos.org/mindthebrain/2014/04/15/meta-analyses-conducted-professional-organizations-trustworthy/ | title=Are meta analyses conducted by professional organizations more trustworthy? | work=Mind the Brain | date=April 15, 2014 | accessdate=September 13, 2016 | first=James | last=Coyne}}</ref><br />
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Although the British newspaper ''The Independent'' wrote that the results of the reproducibility project show that much of the published research is just "psycho-babble",<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/study-reveals-that-a-lot-of-psychology-research-really-is-just-psychobabble-10474646.html | location=London | work=The Independent | first=Steve | last=Connor | title=Study reveals that a lot of psychology research really is just 'psycho-babble' | date=27 August 2015}}</ref> the replication crisis does not necessarily mean that psychology is unscientific.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2014/07/replication_controversy_in_psychology_bullying_file_drawer_effect_blog_posts.single.html|title=Why Psychologists' Food Fight Matters|first1=Michelle N.|last1=Meyer|first2=Christopher|last2=Chabris|date=31 July 2014|via=Slate}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://fivethirtyeight.com/datalab/psychology-is-starting-to-deal-with-its-replication-problem/|title=Psychology Is Starting To Deal With Its Replication Problem|date=27 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/science-isnt-broken/|title=Science Isn't Broken|date=19 August 2015}}</ref> Rather this process is a healthy if sometimes acrimonious part of the scientific process in which old ideas or those that cannot withstand careful scrutiny are pruned,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/head-quarters/2014/may/28/psychology-replication-drive-methods-bullying|title=Psychology's replication drive: it's not about you|first=Pete|last=Etchells|date=28 May 2014|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = An Agenda for Purely Confirmatory Research|journal = Perspectives on Psychological Science|date = 2012-11-01|issn = 1745-6916|pmid = 26168122|pages = 632–638|volume = 7|issue = 6|doi = 10.1177/1745691612463078|first = Eric-Jan|last = Wagenmakers|first2 = Ruud|last2 = Wetzels|first3 = Denny|last3 = Borsboom|first4 = Han L. J. van der|last4 = Maas|first5 = Rogier A.|last5 = Kievit}}</ref> although this pruning process is not always effective.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Why Science Is Not Necessarily Self-Correcting|journal = Perspectives on Psychological Science|date = 2012-11-01|issn = 1745-6916|pmid = 26168125|pages = 645–654|volume = 7|issue = 6|doi = 10.1177/1745691612464056|first = John P. A.|last = Ioannidis}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Is the Replicability Crisis Overblown? Three Arguments Examined|journal = Perspectives on Psychological Science|date = 2012-11-01|issn = 1745-6916|pmid = 26168109|pages = 531–536|volume = 7|issue = 6|doi = 10.1177/1745691612463401|first = Harold|last = Pashler|first2 = Christine R.|last2 = Harris}}</ref> The consequence is that some areas of psychology once considered solid, such as social priming, have come under increased scrutiny due to failed replications.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://chronicle.com/article/Power-of-Suggestion/136907/|title=Power of Suggestion|journal=The Chronicle of Higher Education|first=Tom|last=Bartlett|date=30 January 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
Nobel laureate and professor emeritus in psychology Daniel Kahneman argued that the original authors should be involved in the replication effort because the published methods are often too vague.<ref name="Chambers">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/head-quarters/2014/jun/10/physics-envy-do-hard-sciences-hold-the-solution-to-the-replication-crisis-in-psychology|title=Physics envy: Do 'hard' sciences hold the solution to the replication crisis in psychology?|first=Chris|last=Chambers|date=10 June 2014|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> Others such as Dr. Andrew Wilson disagree and argue that the methods should be written down in detail.<ref name="Chambers" /> An investigation of replication rates in psychology in 2012 indicated higher success rates of replication in replication studies when there was author overlap with the original authors of a study<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title = Replications in Psychology Research How Often Do They Really Occur?|journal = Perspectives on Psychological Science|date = 2012-11-01|issn = 1745-6916|pmid = 26168110|pages = 537–542|volume = 7|issue = 6|doi = 10.1177/1745691612460688|first = Matthew C.|last = Makel|first2 = Jonathan A.|last2 = Plucker|first3 = Boyd|last3 = Hegarty}}</ref> (91.7% successful replication rates in studies with author overlap compared to 64.6% success replication rates without author overlap).<br />
<br />
==== Psychology replication rates ====<br />
<br />
A report by the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Open_Science Open Science Collaboration] in August 2015 that was coordinated by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Nosek Brian Nosek] estimated the reproducibility of 100 studies in psychological science from three high-ranking psychology journals.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science|journal = Science|date = 2015-08-28|issn = 0036-8075|pmid = 26315443|pages = aac4716|volume = 349|issue = 6251|doi = 10.1126/science.aac4716|first = Open Science|last = Collaboration|url = http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/877/1/Open%20Science%20%28Science%20Pre-Print%29.pdf|hdl = 10722/230596}}</ref> Overall, 36% of the replications yielded significant findings (''p'' value below 0.05) compared to 97% of the original studies that had significant effects. The mean effect size in the replications was approximately half the magnitude of the effects reported in the original studies.<br />
<br />
The same paper examined the reproducibility rates and effect sizes by journal (''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'' [JPSP], ''Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition'' [JEP:LMC], ''Psychological Science'' [PSCI]) and discipline (social psychology, cognitive psychology). Study replication rates were 23% for JPSP, 38% for JEP:LMC, and 38% for PSCI. Studies in the field of cognitive psychology had a higher replication rate (50%) than studies in the field of social psychology (25%).<br />
<br />
An analysis of the publication history in the top 100 psychology journals between 1900 and 2012 indicated that approximately 1.6% of all psychology publications were replication attempts.<ref name=":1" /> Articles were considered a replication attempt if the term "replication" appeared in the text. A subset of those studies (500 studies) was randomly selected for further examination and yielded a lower replication rate of 1.07% (342 of the 500 studies [68.4%] were actually replications). In the subset of 500 studies, analysis indicated that 78.9% of published replication attempts were successful. The rate of successful replication was significantly higher when at least one author of the original study was part of the replication attempt (91.7% relative to 64.6%).<br />
<br />
A study published in 2018 in ''Nature Human Behaviour'' sought to replicate 21 social and behavioral science papers from ''Nature'' and ''Science,'' finding that only 13 could be successfully replicated.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/story/social-science-reproducibility|title=The Science Behind Social Science Gets Shaken Up—Again|work=WIRED|access-date=2018-08-28|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Camerer |first1=Colin F. |authorlink1=Colin Camerer|last2=Dreber |first2=Anna |last3=Holzmeister |first3=Felix |last4=Ho |first4=Teck-Hua |last5=Huber |first5=Jürgen |last6=Johannesson |first6=Magnus |last7=Kirchler |first7=Michael |last8=Nave |first8=Gideon |last9=Nosek |first9=Brian A. |last10=Pfeiffer |first10=Thomas |last11=Altmejd |first11=Adam |last12=Buttrick |first12=Nick |last13=Chan |first13=Taizan |last14=Chen |first14=Yiling |last15=Forsell |first15=Eskil |last16=Gampa |first16=Anup |last17=Heikensten |first17=Emma |last18=Hummer |first18=Lily |last19=Imai |first19=Taisuke |last20=Isaksson |first20=Siri |last21=Manfredi |first21=Dylan |last22=Rose |first22=Julia |last23=Wagenmakers |first23=Eric-Jan |last24=Wu |first24=Hang |display-authors=2 |title=Evaluating the replicability of social science experiments in Nature and Science between 2010 and 2015 |journal=Nature Human Behaviour |date=27 August 2018 |volume=2 |issue=9 |pages=637–644 |doi=10.1038/s41562-018-0399-z|pmid=31346273 |url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/91063/2/41562_2018_399_MOESM1_ESM.pdf }}</ref> Similarly, in a study conducted under the auspices of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Open_Science Center for Open Science], a team of 186 researchers from 60 different laboratories (representing 36 different nationalities from 6 different continents) conducted replications of 28 classic and contemporary findings in psychology.<ref name="Many Labs 2">{{cite journal |last1=Klein |first1=R.A. |title=Many Labs 2: Investigating Variation in Replicability Across Samples and Settings |journal=Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science |date=2018 |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=443–490 |doi=10.1177/2515245918810225 }}</ref> The focus of the study was not only on whether or not the findings from the original papers replicated, but also on the extent to which findings varied as a function of variations in samples and contexts. Overall, 14 of the 28 findings failed to replicate despite massive sample sizes. However, if a finding replicated, it replicated in most samples, while if a finding was not replicated, it failed to replicate with little variation across samples and contexts. This evidence is inconsistent with a popular explanation that failures to replicate in psychology are likely due to changes in the sample between the original and replication study.<ref name="Witkowski">{{cite journal |last1=Witkowski |first1=Tomasz |title=Is the glass half empty or half full? Latest results in the replication crisis in Psychology |journal=Skeptical Inquirer |date=2019 |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=5–6}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== A disciplinary social dilemma ====<br />
<br />
Highlighting the social structure that discourages replication in psychology, Brian D. Earp and Jim A. C. Everett enumerated five points as to why replication attempts are uncommon:<ref>See also [http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00621/abstract Earp and Trafimow], 2015</ref><ref name="Everett 1152">{{Cite journal|title = A tragedy of the (academic) commons: interpreting the replication crisis in psychology as a social dilemma for early-career researchers|journal = Frontiers in Psychology|date = 2015-01-01|pmc = 4527093|pmid = 26300832|pages = 1152|doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01152|first = Jim Albert Charlton|last = Everett|first2 = Brian D.|last2 = Earp|volume=6}}</ref><br />
<br />
#"Independent, direct replications of others' findings can be time-consuming for the replicating researcher <br />
#"[Replications] are likely to take energy and resources directly away from other projects that reflect one's own original thinking <br />
#"[Replications] are generally harder to publish (in large part because they are viewed as being unoriginal) <br />
#"Even if [replications] are published, they are likely to be seen as 'bricklaying' exercises, rather than as major contributions to the field <br />
#"[Replications] bring less recognition and reward, and even basic career security, to their authors"<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title = Resolving the replication crisis in social psychology? A new proposal|url = http://www.spsp.org/blog/resolving-replication-crisis-social-psychology|publisher=Society for Personality and Social Psychology|accessdate = 2015-11-18}}</ref> <br />
<br />
For these reasons the authors advocated that psychology is facing a disciplinary social dilemma, where the interests of the discipline are at odds with the interests of the individual researcher.<br />
<br />
=== Medicine ===<br />
<br />
Medical researchers were among the first ones to ring alarm regarding the lack of replicability of pre-clinical studies on drugs targeted for industrial use.<ref>[https://www.nature.com/articles/nrd3439-c1 Believe it or not: how much can we rely on published data on potential drug targets?] by Florian Prinz, Thomas Schlange & Khusru Asadullah, in: Nature Reviews Drug Discovery volume10, page712 (2011)</ref> This lack of reproducability and therefore of reliability in research started to become a growing problem for pharmaceutical companies because their decisions in which drug targets to invest money for expensive clinical research depends mainly on such studies.<br />
<br />
Out of 49 medical studies from 1990–2003, with more than 1000 citations, 45 claimed that studied therapy was effective. Out of these studies, 16% were contradicted by subsequent studies, 16% had found stronger effects than did subsequent studies, 44% were replicated, and 24% remained largely unchallenged.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Contradicted and initially stronger effects in highly cited clinical research|last=Ioannidis JA|date=13 July 2005|journal=JAMA|volume=294|issue=2|pages=218–228|doi=10.1001/jama.294.2.218|pmid=16014596}}</ref> The US Food and Drug Administration in 1977–1990 found flaws in 10–20% of medical studies.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Scientific data audit—A key management tool|first=J. Leslie|last=Glick|date=1 January 1992|volume=2|issue=3|pages=153–168|doi=10.1080/08989629208573811|journal=Accountability in Research}}</ref> In a paper published in 2012, Glenn Begley, a biotech consultant working at Amgen, and Lee Ellis, at the University of Texas, argued that only 11% of the pre-clinical cancer studies could be replicated.<ref name="Begley-Lee2012">{{Cite journal|last1=Begley |first1=C. G. |last2=Ellis |first2=L. M. |year=2012 |title=Drug Development: Raise Standards for Preclinical Cancer Research |journal=Nature |volume=483 |issue=7391 |pages=531–533|doi=10.1038/483531a |pmid=22460880 |bibcode=2012Natur.483..531B }}</ref><ref name="Begley2013">{{Cite journal|last=Begley |first=C. G. |year=2013 |title=Reproducibility: Six red flags for suspect work |journal=Nature |volume=497 |issue=7450 |pages=433–434|doi=10.1038/497433a |bibcode=2013Natur.497..433B }}</ref><br />
<br />
A 2016 article by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ioannidis John Ioannidis], Professor of Medicine and of Health Research and Policy at Stanford University School of Medicine and a Professor of Statistics at Stanford University School of Humanities and Sciences, elaborated on "Why Most Clinical Research Is Not Useful".<ref name="Ioannidis2016">{{cite journal | last1 = Ioannidis | first1 = JPA | year = 2016 | title = Why Most Clinical Research Is Not Useful | journal = PLoS Med | volume = 13 | issue = 6| page = e1002049 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002049 | pmid = 27328301 | pmc = 4915619 }}</ref> In the article Ioannidis laid out some of the problems and called for reform, characterizing certain points for medical research to be useful again; one example he made was the need for medicine to be "patient centered" (e.g. in the form of the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute) instead of the current practice to mainly take care of "the needs of physicians, investigators, or sponsors". Ioannidis is known for his research focus on science itself since the 2005 paper "Why Most Published Research Findings Are False".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Why Most Published Research Findings Are False|journal=[[PLoS Medicine]]|date=August 1, 2005|issn=1549-1277|pmc=1182327|pmid=16060722|volume=2|issue=8|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124|first=John P. A.|last=Ioannidis|pages=e124}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Marketing ===<br />
<br />
Marketing is another discipline with a "desperate need" for replication.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = The desperate need for replications|journal = Journal of Consumer Research|date = 2001-06-01|pages = 149–158|volume = 28|issue = 1|doi = 10.1086/321953|first = John E.|last = Hunter}}</ref> Many famous marketing studies fail to be repeated upon replication, a notable example being the "too-many-choices" effect, in which a high number of choices of product makes a consumer less likely to purchase.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Armstrong|first=J. S.|last2=Green|first2=Kesten|date=30 January 2017|title=Guidelines for Science: Evidence and Checklists|url=http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1258&context=marketing_papers|journal=Working Paper|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref> In addition to the previously mentioned arguments, replications studies in marketing are needed to examine the applicability of theories and models across countries and cultures, which is especially important because of possible influences of globalization.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Effects of Subcultural Differences on Country and Product Evaluations: A Replication Study|journal = Journal of Global Marketing|date = 2016-03-22|pages = 115–127|volume = 29|issue = 3|doi = 10.1080/08911762.2015.1138012|first1 = Thomas|last1 = Aichner|first2 = Paolo|last2 = Coletti|first3 = Cipriano|last3 = Forza|first4 = Urban|last4 = Perkmann|first5 = Alessio|last5 = Trentin}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Economics ===<br />
<br />
A 2016 study in the journal ''Science'' found that one-third of 18 experimental studies from two top-tier economics journals (''American Economic Review'' and the ''Quarterly Journal of Economics'') failed to be successfully replicated.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Camerer|first=Colin F.|last2=Dreber|first2=Anna|last3=Forsell|first3=Eskil|last4=Ho|first4=Teck-Hua|last5=Huber|first5=Jürgen|last6=Johannesson|first6=Magnus|last7=Kirchler|first7=Michael|last8=Almenberg|first8=Johan|last9=Altmejd|first9=Adam|date=2016-03-25|title=Evaluating replicability of laboratory experiments in economics|journal=Science|language=en|volume=351|issue=6280|pages=1433–1436|doi=10.1126/science.aaf0918|issn=0036-8075|pmid=26940865|bibcode=2016Sci...351.1433C}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/03/about-40-economics-experiments-fail-replication-survey|title=About 40% of economics experiments fail replication survey|date=2016-03-03|work=Science |access-date=2017-10-25|language=en}}</ref> A 2017 study in the ''Economic Journal'' suggested that "the majority of the average effects in the empirical economics literature are exaggerated by a factor of at least 2 and at least one-third are exaggerated by a factor of 4 or more".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ioannidis|first=John P. A.|last2=Stanley|first2=T. D.|last3=Doucouliagos|first3=Hristos|date=2017-10-01|title=The Power of Bias in Economics Research|journal=The Economic Journal|language=en|volume=127|issue=605|pages=F236–F265|doi=10.1111/ecoj.12461|issn=1468-0297}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Sports Science ===<br />
<br />
A 2018 study took the field of exercise and sports science to task for insufficient replication studies, limited reporting of null results and trivial results, and insufficient research transparency.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Halperin|first=Israel|last2=Vigotsky|first2=Andrew D.|last3=Foster|first3=Carl|last4=Pyne|first4=David B.|date=2018-02-01|title=Strengthening the Practice of Exercise and Sport-Science Research|journal=International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance|volume=13|issue=2|pages=127–134|doi=10.1123/ijspp.2017-0322|issn=1555-0273|pmid=28787228}}</ref> Statisticians have criticized sports science for common use of a controversial statistical method called "magnitude-based inference" that has allowed sports scientists to extract apparently significant results from noisy data where ordinary hypothesis testing would have found none.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-shoddy-statistics-found-a-home-in-sports-research/|title=How Shoddy Statistics Found A Home In Sports Research|date=2018-05-16|work=FiveThirtyEight|access-date=2018-05-16|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Hydrology ===<br />
<br />
A 2019 study in ''Scientific Data'' found that a small number of articles in hydrology and water resources journals could be reproduced due to data unavailability. The study "estimated, with 95% confidence, that results might be reproduced for only 0.6% to 6.8% of all 1,989 articles".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stagge|first=James H.|last2=Rosenberg|first2=David E.|last3=Abdallah|first3=Adel M.|last4=Akbar|first4=Hadia|last5=Attallah|first5=Nour A.|last6=James|first6=Ryan|date=2019-02-26|title=Assessing data availability and research reproducibility in hydrology and water resources|journal=Scientific Data|language=en|volume=6|pages=190030|doi=10.1038/sdata.2019.30|pmid=30806638|pmc=6390703|issn=2052-4463|bibcode=2019NatSD...690030S}}</ref><ref>[https://www.nature.com/articles/sdata201930#f2 https://www.nature.com/articles/sdata201930#f2]</ref><ref>[https://replicationnetwork.com/2019/03/01/surveying-reproducibility/ https://replicationnetwork.com/2019/03/01/surveying-reproducibility/]</ref><br/> This study mainly relates to the quality of documentation of origninal material which is obviously only given scarcely or not at all. With no raw data available the factual validity of the scientific articles cannot be estimated, but the scientific non-reproducability is not proven thereby.<br />
<br />
=== Hard Sciences ===<br />
<br />
As opposed to the social and life sciences many agree that the “hard sciences” – physics, chemistry, biology, astronomy, etc. – will not be touched by this crisis. Nevertheless there seem to be quite a few problems there as well. „Even physics has been affected, as William Wilson notes. “Two of the most vaunted physics results of the past few years — the announced discovery of both cosmic inflation and gravitational waves at the BICEP2 experiment in Antarctica, and the supposed discovery of superluminal neutrinos at the Swiss-Italian border — have now been retracted, with far less fanfare than when they were first published.” See [http://phys.org/news/2015-02-cosmic-inflation-bicep2-results.html this about the former] and [http://press.cern/press-releases/2011/09/opera-experiment-reports-anomaly-flight-time-neutrinos-cern-gran-sasso this about the latter].”<ref>[ https://fabiusmaximus.com/2016/04/19/replication-crisis-in-science-95394/ The replication crisis in science has just begun. It will be big.] by Larry Kummer, Editor Science & Nature 19 April 2016 on Fabius Maximus website, here referring to W.Wilson – Scientific Regress (see Further readings)</ref><br />
<br />
=== Natural constants ===<br />
<br />
One of the pillars of physics and all sciences based on the laws described in physics is the assumption of the constancy of the natural constants. This constancy is a general assumption because it can principally not been proven. One can only state that they have been constant since humans are able to measure them, which is an extremely short time span compared to the age of the universe.<br/> Nevertheless there is good reason to doubt even this basic assumption of the physical sciences.„At the end of 1998 the CODATA even decided to increase the uncertainty of the accepted value for the gravitational constant from 128 ppm to 1500 ppm. This remarkable step of increasing the uncertainty instead of decreasing was made to reflect the discrepancies between recent experiments, which span a wide range of more than 0.7 %.”<ref>Ulf Kleinevoß: Bestimmung der Newtonschen Gravitationskonstanten, Dissertation Januar 2002, Wuppertal, S.1, Abstract; <br />
[http://elpub.bib.uni-wuppertal.de/edocs/dokumente/fb08/diss2002/kleinevoss/d080201.pdf]</ref><br/> And in his work “The Science Delusion – Freeing the Spirit of Enquiry” biologist and philosopher [[Rupert_Sheldrake|Rupert Sheldrake]]<ref>Rupert Sheldrake: The Science Delusion – Freeing the Spirit of Enquiry; London 2012, Hodder& Stoughton, ISBN 978 1 444 72795 1. Chapter 3: Are the Laws of Nature Fixed?</ref> discusses this problem and gives lots of examples showing that the fundamental constants may not be as eternal as was thought but object to change by time. He prefers to see the “constants” more as habits of nature than as eternal laws. Sheldrake points out that the fundamental physical constants are artificially held as constant by defining them to be so and by reducing all measurements to the mean and eliminating strongly deviating measurings from the count. So as a matter of fact scientific measurings of the constants constantly produce quite different results, which are collected and regulated by the ''Committee on Data for Science and Technology'' ([https://howlingpixel.com/i-de/CODATA CODATA]) to always be constant as by definition.<ref>[https://howlingpixel.com/i-de/Physikalische_Konstante] and Sheldrake, Science Delusion</ref><br />
<br />
== Causes of the crisis ==<br />
<br />
=== Bad Science ===<br />
<br />
The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokal_affair Sokal affair] and the discussion in its wake has shown clearly that there is a major problem of not distinguishing between real and fake science.<ref>Peter Boghossian, Ed.D. (aka Peter Boyle, Ed.D.), James Lindsay, Ph.D. (aka, Jamie Lindsay, Ph.D.): The Conceptual Penis as a Social Construct: A Sokal-Style Hoax on Gender Studies. SKEPTIC, 19.05.2017.[http://www.skeptic.com/reading_room/conceptual-penis-social-contruct-sokal-style-hoax-o]; Alexander Durin: Fehler im System mancher Wissenschaften. Telepolis, Heise, 02.03.2014. [https://www.heise.de/tp/features/Fehler-im-System-mancher-Wissenschaften-3502557.html]; Alan D. Sokal: Transgressing the Boundaries: Towards a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity. Social Text 46/47:217-252, 1996. [http://www.physics.nyu.edu/faculty/sokal/transgress_v2/transgress_v2_singlefile.html].</ref><br/> The editor of the prominent medical journal ''Lancet''<ref>Richard Horton – Offline: What is medicine’s 5 sigma? In: The Lancet VOLUME 385, ISSUE 9976, P1380, APRIL 11, 2015; <br />
[https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(15)60696-1/fulltext]</ref> Richard Horton writes about “apparent endemicity of bad research behaviour” and “bad scientific practices” when he points out that “much of the scientific literature, perhaps half, may simply be untrue.” As the editor of the most important medical journals he is in a position to recognize the problem.<br />
<br />
=== High rate of publications ===<br />
<br />
In fact some predictions of a possible crisis in the quality control mechanism of science can be traced back several decades, especially among scholars in science and technology studies (STS). Derek de Solla Price – considered the father of scientometrics – predicted that science could reach 'senility' as a result of its own exponential growth.<ref name="DeSollaPrice1963">{{cite book|author1=De Solla Price|author2=Derek J.|year=1963|title=Little science big science|publisher=Columbia University Press}}</ref> Some present day literature seems to vindicate this 'overflow' prophesy, lamenting at decay in both attention and quality.<ref name="Siebert-al2015">{{cite journal|author1=Siebert, S.|author2=Machesky, L. M.|author3=Insall, R. H.|lastauthoramp=y|year=2015|title=Overflow in science and its implications for trust|journal=eLife|volume=4|page=e10825|doi=10.7554/eLife.10825|pmid=26365552|pmc=4563216}}</ref><ref name="Della-Briotta-al2015">{{cite journal|author1=Della Briotta Parolo, P.|author2=Kumar Pan|author3=R. Ghosh|author4=R. Huberman|author5=B.A. Kimmo Kaski|author6=Fortunato, S.|year=2015|title=Attention decay in science|journal=Journal of Informetrics|volume=9|issue=4|pages=734–745|doi=10.1016/j.joi.2015.07.006|arxiv=1503.01881|bibcode=2015arXiv150301881D}}</ref><br />
<br />
Philosopher and historian of science Jerome R. Ravetz predicted in his 1971 book ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Knowledge_and_Its_Social_Problems Scientific Knowledge and Its Social Problems]'' that science – in moving from the little science made of restricted communities of scientists to big science or techno-science – would suffer major problems in its internal system of quality control. Ravetz anticipated that modern science's system of rewarding scientists for research might become dysfunctional, the present 'publish or perish' challenge, creating perverse incentives to publish any findings however dubious. For Ravetz quality in science is maintained when there is a community of scholars linked by norms and standards, and a willingness to stand by these.<br />
<br />
Historian Philip Mirowski offered more recently a similar diagnosis in his 2011 book ''Science Mart'' (2011).<ref name="Mirowski">{{cite book|author=Mirowski, P.|year=2011|title=Science-Mart: Privatizing American Science|publisher=Harvard University Press}}</ref> 'Mart' is here a reference to the retail giant 'Walmart' and an allusion to the commodification of science. In the analysis of Mirowski, when science becomes a commodity being traded in a market, its quality collapses. Mirowski argues his case by tracing the decay of science to the decision of major corporations to close their in-house laboratories in order to outsource their work to universities, and subsequently to move their research away from universities to even cheaper contract research organizations (CRO).<br />
<br />
=== Insufficient control ===<br />
<br />
The crisis of science's quality control system is affecting the use of science for policy. This is the thesis of a recent work by a group of STS scholars, who identify in 'evidence based (or informed) policy' a point of present tension.<ref name="FUTURES1">{{Cite journal|last1=Saltelli |first1=A. |last2=Funtowicz |first2=S. |year=2017 |title=What is science's crisis really about? |journal=Futures |volume=91 |pages=5–11 |doi=10.1016/j.futures.2017.05.010}}</ref><ref name="Benessia-al2016">{{Cite book|last1=Benessia |first1=A. |last2=Funtowicz |first2=S. |last3=Giampietro |first3=M. |last4=Guimarães Pereira |first4=A. |last5=Ravetz |first5=J. |last6=Saltelli |first6=A. |last7=Strand |first7=R. |last8=van der Sluijs |first8=J. |year=2016 |title=The Rightful Place of Science: Science on the Verge |publisher=Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes at Arizona State University|title-link=The Rightful Place of Science: Science on the Verge }}</ref><ref name="Letter">{{cite magazine|first1=Andrea |last1=Saltelli|first2=Jerome R. |last2=Ravetz|first3=Silvio |last3=Funtowicz|lastauthoramp=y|url=https://www.newscientist.com/letter/mg23030791-600-7-a-new-community-for-science/|title=A new community for science|magazine=New Scientist|issue=3079|p=52|date=25 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="FUTURES2" /> Economist Noah Smith suggests that a factor in the crisis has been the overvaluing of research in academia and undervaluing of teaching ability, especially in fields with few major recent discoveries.<ref name="Academic signaling and the post-truth world">{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Noah|title=Academic signaling and the post-truth world|url=http://noahpinionblog.blogspot.co.uk/2016/12/academic-signaling-and-post-truth-world.html|website=Noahpinion|publisher=Stony Brook University|accessdate=5 November 2017|date=2016-12-14}}</ref>In the journal ''Science'' article “Who’s Afraid of Peer Review?”<ref> [https://science.sciencemag.org/content/342/6154/60.full John Bohannon: Who’s Afraid of Peer Review?], Science 04 Oct 2013: Vol. 342, Issue 6154, pp. 60-65; DOI: 10.1126/science.342.6154.60</ref> author John Bohannon explains the problem of the growing number of open access journals and there lack of effective peer review. Of 300 fake articles filled with obvious mistakes and nonsense sent out to as many different online journals more than half were accepted without relevant criticism.<br />
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=== Publication bias ===<br />
<br />
Another major cause is publication bias, the fact that positive results are more likely to get published than negative (or null) results. This may lead to the canonization of false facts <ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Nissen |first1 = Silas Boye |last2 = Magidson| first2 = Tali| last3 = Gross| first3 = Kevin | last4 = Bergstrom| first4 = Carl |title=Research: Publication bias and the canonization of false facts |journal=eLife |date=December 20, 2016 |volume=5 |pages=e21451 |url= https://elifesciences.org/articles/21451 |accessdate=9 June 2019 |doi=10.7554/eLife.21451 |arxiv= 1609.00494 }}</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Fundamental causes in the scientific paradigm ===<br />
<br />
All the above reasons for lack of replicability have one thing in common: They are consequences of human fault, misconduct or mistakes and could theoretically be corrected by discipline, correctness and better control. Nevertheless there remains the possibility that – apart from all those considerations and observation being correct – there could also be more fundamental problems or the axiom of replicability and the constancy of nature as such.<br/> The biologist, philosopher and meta-scientist [[Rupert_Sheldrake|Rupert Sheldrake]] has pointed out that there is ample reason to doubt the belief in the full replicability and reliability of the hard sciences as well and that there might be a problem with the assumption of replicability as such.<ref>Rupert Sheldrake: [https://www.sheldrake.org/essays/how-the-universal-gravitational-constant-varies?highlight=WyJwaHlzaWNhbCIsImNvbnN0YW50cyIsInBoeXNpY2FsIGNvbnN0YW50cyJd How the Universal Gravitational Constant Varies]; <br />
[https://www.sheldrake.org/essays/the-replicability-crisis-in-science The Replicability Crisis in Science]; <br />
Science Set Free: 10 Paths to New Discovery, ISBN-13: 978-0770436704, Publ. Deepak Chopra; 1st ed. (4. September 2012); The Science Delusion, ISBN-13: 978-1444727944, Publisher: Coronet (6 Dec. 2012) </ref><br />
<br />
In any case, the [[Decline_Effect|Decline effect (see main article)]] indicates general problems of replicability because it cannot be fully explained by the causes proposed so far. It was discovered by J.B.Rhine in the 20s of the last century, long before the current crisis and under completely different circumstances. Rhine found the effect in his own research, even in areas whose statistical validity he himself had previously verified.<br />
<br />
== Public Response ==<br />
<br />
=== Political Repercussions ===<br />
<br />
In the US, science's reproducibility crisis has become a topic of political contention, linked to the attempt to diminish regulations – e.g. of emissions of pollutants, with the argument that these regulations are based on non-reproducible science.<ref name="Oreskes">{{Cite journal |last=Oreskes |first=N. |year=2018 |title=Beware: Transparency rule is a trojan horse |journal=Nature |volume=557 |issue=7706 |page=469 |doi=10.1038/d41586-018-05207-9|pmid=29789751 |bibcode=2018Natur.557..469O }}</ref><ref name="FUTURES2">{{cite journal |last1=Andrea |first1=Saltelli |title=Why science's crisis should not become a political battling ground |journal=Futures |date=December 2018 |volume=104 |pages=85–90 |doi=10.1016/j.futures.2018.07.006}}</ref> Previous attempts with the same aim accused studies of being non-transparent.<ref name="Michaels">{{Cite book|first=D. |last=Michaels |title=Doubt is their product: How industry's assault on science threatens your health |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2008}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Public discussion ===<br />
<br />
Apart from studies and articles in scientific journals there has been little public discussion of the Replicability Crisis as yet and few reports in the mass media. Most of the discussions are related to statistical, economical and sociological reasons only.<ref>See all of the cited literature.</ref><br/> The question whether there is a general problem or replicability behind these findings has not been tackled so far. And there has been very little effort in the hard sciences to deal with the replication issue as there seems to be a consense that the problem is only one of the social and life sciences.<br />
<br />
== Addressing the replication crisis ==<br />
<br />
Replication has been referred to as "the cornerstone of science".<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Most Published Research Findings Are False—But a Little Replication Goes a Long Way|journal = PLoS Med|date = 2007-02-27|pmc = 1808082|pmid = 17326704|pages = e28|volume = 4|issue = 2|doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040028|first = Ramal|last = Moonesinghe|first2 = Muin J.|last2 = Khoury|first3 = A. Cecile J. W.|last3 = Janssens}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = The Value of Direct Replication|journal = Perspectives on Psychological Science|date = 2014-01-01|issn = 1745-6916|pmid = 26173243|pages = 76–80|volume = 9|issue = 1|doi = 10.1177/1745691613514755|first = Daniel J.|last = Simons}}</ref> Replication studies attempt to evaluate whether published results reflect true findings or false positives. The integrity of scientific findings and reproducibility of research are important as they form the knowledge foundation on which future studies are built.<br />
<br />
=== Metascience ===<br />
<br />
Metascience is the use of scientific methodology to study science itself. Metascience seeks to increase the quality of scientific research while reducing waste. It is also known as "''research on research''" and "''the science of science''", as it uses research methods to study how research is done and where improvements can be made. Metascience concerns itself with all fields of research and has been described as "a bird's eye view of science."<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002264| pmid = 26431313| pmc = 4592065| issn = 1545-7885| volume = 13| issue = 10| pages = –1002264| last1 = Ioannidis| first1 = John P. A.| last2 = Fanelli| first2 = Daniele| last3 = Dunne| first3 = Debbie Drake| last4 = Goodman| first4 = Steven N.| title = Meta-research: Evaluation and Improvement of Research Methods and Practices| journal = PLOS Biology| date = 2015-10-02}}</ref> In the words of John Ioannidis, "Science is the best thing that has happened to human beings ... but we can do it better."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bach |first1=Author Becky |title=On communicating science and uncertainty: A podcast with John Ioannidis |url=https://scopeblog.stanford.edu/2015/12/08/on-communicating-science-and-uncertainty-a-podcast-with-john-ioannidis/ |website=Scope |accessdate=20 May 2019 |date=8 December 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
Meta-research continues to be conducted to identify the roots of the crisis and to address them. Methods of addressing the crisis include pre-registration of scientific studies and clinical trials as well as the founding of organizations such as CONSORT and the EQUATOR Network that issue guidelines for methodology and reporting. There are continuing efforts to reform the system of academic incentives, to improve the peer review process, to reduce the misuse of statistics, to combat bias in scientific literature, and to increase the overall quality and efficiency of the scientific process.<br />
<br />
=== Tackling publication bias with pre-registration of studies ===<br />
<br />
A recent innovation in scientific publishing to address the replication crisis is through the use of registered reports.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Registered Replication Reports|publisher=Association for Psychological Science|url = http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/replication|accessdate = 2015-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Psychology's 'registration revolution'|url = https://www.theguardian.com/science/head-quarters/2014/may/20/psychology-registration-revolution|newspaper = The Guardian|accessdate = 2015-11-13|first = Chris|last = Chambers|date = 2014-05-20}}</ref> The registered report format requires authors to submit a description of the study methods and analyses prior to data collection. Once the method and analysis plan is vetted through peer-review, publication of the findings is provisionally guaranteed, based on whether the authors follow the proposed protocol. One goal of registered reports is to circumvent the publication bias toward significant findings that can lead to implementation of questionable research practices and to encourage publication of studies with rigorous methods.<br />
<br />
The journal ''Psychological Science'' has encouraged the preregistration of studies and the reporting of effect sizes and confidence intervals.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Replication in Psychological Science|journal = Psychological Science|date = 2015-11-09|issn = 0956-7976|pmid = 26553013|pages = 1827–32|doi = 10.1177/0956797615616374|first = D. Stephen|last = Lindsay|volume = 26|issue = 12}}</ref> The editor in chief also noted that the editorial staff will be asking for replication of studies with surprising findings from examinations using small sample sizes before allowing the manuscripts to be published.<br />
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Moreover, only a very small proportion of academic journals in psychology and neurosciences explicitly stated that they welcome submissions of replication studies in their aim and scope or instructions to authors.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yeung|first=Andy W. K.|date=2017|title=Do Neuroscience Journals Accept Replications? A Survey of Literature|journal=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience|language=English|volume=11|pages=468|doi=10.3389/fnhum.2017.00468|pmid=28979201|pmc=5611708|issn=1662-5161}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Martin|first=G. N.|last2=Clarke|first2=Richard M.|date=2017|title=Are Psychology Journals Anti-replication? A Snapshot of Editorial Practices|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|language=English|volume=8|pages=523|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00523|pmid=28443044|pmc=5387793|issn=1664-1078}}</ref> This phenomenon does not encourage the reporting or even attempt on replication studies.<br />
<br />
=== Emphasizing replication attempts in teaching ===<br />
<br />
Based on coursework in experimental methods at MIT and Stanford, it has been suggested that methods courses in psychology emphasize replication attempts rather than original studies.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Teaching Replication|journal = Perspectives on Psychological Science|date = 2012-11-01|issn = 1745-6916|pmid = 26168118|pages = 600–604|volume = 7|issue = 6|doi = 10.1177/1745691612460686|first = Michael C.|last = Frank|first2 = Rebecca|last2 = Saxe}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Harnessing the Undiscovered Resource of Student Research Projects|journal = Perspectives on Psychological Science|date = 2012-11-01|issn = 1745-6916|pmid = 26168119|pages = 605–607|volume = 7|issue = 6|doi = 10.1177/1745691612459057|first = Jon E.|last = Grahe|first2 = Alan|last2 = Reifman|first3 = Anthony D.|last3 = Hermann|first4 = Marie|last4 = Walker|first5 = Kathryn C.|last5 = Oleson|first6 = Michelle|last6 = Nario-Redmond|first7 = Richard P.|last7 = Wiebe}}</ref> Such an approach would help students learn scientific methodology and provide numerous independent replications of meaningful scientific findings that would test the replicability of scientific findings. Some have recommended that graduate students should be required to publish a high-quality replication attempt on a topic related to their doctoral research prior to graduation.<ref name="Everett 1152" /><br />
<br />
=== Reducing the ''p''-value required for claiming significance of new results ===<br />
<br />
Many publications require a ''p''-value of ''p'' < 0.05 to claim statistical significance. The paper "Redefine statistical significance",<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Redefine statistical significance|url = https://psyarxiv.com/mky9j|journal = PsyArXiv|first = Daniel|last = Benjamin}}</ref> signed by a large number of scientists and mathematicians, proposes that in "fields where the threshold for defining statistical significance for new discoveries is ''P'' < 0.05, we propose a change to ''P'' < 0.005. This simple step would immediately improve the reproducibility of scientific research in many fields."<br />
<br />
Their rationale is that "a leading cause of non-reproducibility (is that the) statistical standards of evidence for claiming new discoveries in many fields of science are simply too low. Associating 'statistically significant' findings with ''P'' < 0.05 results in a high rate of false positives even in the absence of other experimental, procedural and reporting problems."<br />
<br />
=== Addressing the misinterpretation of ''p''-values ===<br />
<br />
Although statisticians are unanimous that use of the ''p'' < 0.05 provides weaker evidence than is generally appreciated, there is a lack of unanimity about what should be done about it. Some have advocated that Bayesian methods should replace ''p''-values. This has not happened on a wide scale, partly because it is complicated, and partly because many users distrust the specification of prior distributions in the absence of hard data. A simplified version of the Bayesian argument, based on testing a point null hypothesis was suggested by Colquhoun (2014, 2017).<ref name="DC2014">{{cite journal|last1=Colquhoun|first1=David|title=An investigation of the false discovery rate and the misinterpretation of ''p''-values|journal=Royal Society Open Science|year=2015|volume=1|issue=3|page=140216|doi=10.1098/rsos.140216|pmid=26064558|pmc=4448847|arxiv=1407.5296|bibcode=2014RSOS....140216C}}</ref><ref name="DC2017">{{cite journal|last1=Colquhoun|first1=David|title=The reproducibility of research and the misinterpretation of p-values|journal=Royal Society Open Science|volume=4|issue=12|pages=171085|date=2017|doi=10.1098/rsos.171085|pmid=29308247|pmc=5750014}}</ref> The logical problems of inductive inference were discussed in "The problem with p-values" (2016).<ref name="DC2016">{{cite web|last1=Colquhoun|first1=David|title=The problem with p-values|url=https://aeon.co/essays/it-s-time-for-science-to-abandon-the-term-statistically-significant|work=Aeon Magazine|accessdate=11 December 2016}}</ref><br />
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The hazards of reliance on ''p''-values were emphasized by pointing out that even observation of ''p'' = 0.001 was not necessarily strong evidence against the null hypothesis.<ref name="DC2017" /> Despite the fact that the likelihood ratio in favour of the alternative hypothesis over the null is close to 100, if the hypothesis was implausible, with a prior probability of a real effect being 0.1, even the observation of ''p''&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.001 would have a false positive risk of 8 percent. It would not even reach the 5 percent level.<br />
<br />
It was recommended<ref name="DC2017" /> that the terms "significant" and "non-significant" should not be used. ''p''-values and confidence intervals should still be specified, but they should be accompanied by an indication of the false positive risk. It was suggested that the best way to do this is to calculate the prior probability that would be necessary to believe in order to achieve a false positive risk of, say, 5%. The calculations can be done with [[R_(programming_language)|R]] scripts that are provided,<ref name="DC2017" /> or, more simply, with a web calculator.<ref name="fpr-calc">{{cite web|last1=Longstaff|first1=Colin|last2=Colquhoun|first2=David|title=Calculator for false positive risk (FPR)|url=http://fpr-calc.ucl.ac.uk/|publisher=UCL}}</ref> This so-called reverse Bayesian approach, which was suggested by Matthews (2001),<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Matthews|first1=R. A. J.|title=Why should clinicians care about Bayesian methods?|journal=Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference|date=2001|volume=94|pages=43–58|doi=10.1016/S0378-3758(00)00232-9}}</ref> is one way to avoid the problem that the prior probability is rarely known.<br />
<br />
=== Encouraging larger sample sizes ===<br />
<br />
To improve the quality of replications, larger sample sizes than those used in the original study are often needed.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Is psychology suffering from a replication crisis? What does </ref> Larger sample sizes are needed because estimates of effect sizes in published work are often exaggerated due to publication bias and large sampling variability associated with small sample sizes in an original study.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Small studies are more heterogeneous than large ones: a meta-meta-analysis|journal = Journal of Clinical Epidemiology|pages = 860–869|volume = 68|issue = 8|doi = 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.03.017|pmid = 25959635|first = Joanna|last = IntHout|first2 = John P. A.|last2 = Ioannidis|first3 = George F.|last3 = Borm|first4 = Jelle J.|last4 = Goeman|year = 2015}}</ref><ref name="Button 365–376">{{Cite journal|title = Power failure: why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience|journal = Nature Reviews Neuroscience|date = 2013-05-01|issn = 1471-003X|pages = 365–376|volume = 14|issue = 5|doi = 10.1038/nrn3475|first = Katherine S.|last = Button|first2 = John P. A.|last2 = Ioannidis|first3 = Claire|last3 = Mokrysz|first4 = Brian A.|last4 = Nosek|first5 = Jonathan|last5 = Flint|first6 = Emma S. J.|last6 = Robinson|first7 = Marcus R.|last7 = Munafò|pmid=23571845}}</ref><ref name="Button 365–376" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Consequences of prejudice against the null hypothesis|url = http://content.apa.org/journals/bul/82/1/1|journal = Psychological Bulletin|pages = 1–20|volume = 82|issue = 1|doi = 10.1037/h0076157|language = en-US|first = Anthony G.|last = Greenwald|year = 1975}}</ref> Further, using significance thresholds usually leads to inflated effects, because particularly with small sample sizes, only the largest effects will become significant.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Amrhein|first1=Valentin|last2=Korner-Nievergelt|first2=Fränzi|last3=Roth|first3=Tobias|title=The earth is flat (p > 0.05): significance thresholds and the crisis of unreplicable research|journal=PeerJ|date=2017|volume=5|page=e3544|doi=10.7717/peerj.3544|pmid=28698825|pmc=5502092}}</ref><br />
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=== Sharing raw data in online repositories ===<br />
<br />
Online repositories where data, protocols, and findings can be stored and evaluated by the public seek to improve the integrity and reproducibility of research. Examples of such repositories include the Open Science Framework, Registry of Research Data Repositories, and Psychfiledrawer.org. Sites like Open Science Framework offer badges for using open science practices in an effort to incentivize scientists. However, there has been concern that those who are most likely to provide their data and code for analyses are the researchers that are likely the most sophisticated.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|title = Anticipating consequences of sharing raw data and code and of awarding badges for sharing|journal = Journal of Clinical Epidemiology|volume = 70|pages = 258–260|doi = 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.04.015|pmid = 26163123|first = John P. A.|last = Ioannidis|year = 2016}}</ref> John Ioannidis at Stanford University suggested that "the paradox may arise that the most meticulous and sophisticated and method-savvy and careful researchers may become more susceptible to criticism and reputation attacks by reanalyzers who hunt for errors, no matter how negligible these errors are".<ref name=":2" /><br />
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=== Funding for replication studies ===<br />
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In July 2016 the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research made €3 million available for replication studies. The funding is for replication based on reanalysis of existing data and replication by collecting and analysing new data. Funding is available in the areas of social sciences, health research and healthcare innovation.<ref>{{cite web|title=NWO makes 3 million available for Replication Studies pilot|url=http://www.nwo.nl/en/news-and-events/news/2016/nwo-makes-3-million-available-for-replication-studies-pilot.html|website=NWO|accessdate=2 August 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2013 the Laura and John Arnold Foundation funded the launch of [[Reproducibility_Project|The Center for Open Science]] with a $5.25 million grant and by 2017 had provided an additional $10 million in funding.<ref name="Wired2017">{{cite news|last1=Apple|first1=Sam|title=The Young Billionaire Behind the War on Bad Science|url=https://www.wired.com/2017/01/john-arnold-waging-war-on-bad-science/|work=Wired|date=January 22, 2017}}</ref> It also funded the launch of the Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford at Stanford University run by [[John_Ioannidis|John Ioannidis]] and Steven Goodman to study ways to improve scientific research.<ref name="Wired2017" /> It also provided funding for the AllTrials initiative led in part by Ben Goldacre.<ref name="Wired2017" /><br />
<br />
=== Emphasize triangulation, not just replication ===<br />
<br />
Marcus R. Munafò and George Davey Smith argue, in a piece published by ''[[Nature_(journal)|Nature]]'', that research should emphasize triangulation, not just replication. They claim that,<br />
<br />
<blockquote>replication alone will get us only so far (and) might actually make matters worse&nbsp;... We believe that an essential protection against flawed ideas is triangulation. This is the strategic use of multiple approaches to address one question. Each approach has its own unrelated assumptions, strengths and weaknesses. Results that agree across different methodologies are less likely to be [[Artifact (error)|artefacts]].&nbsp;... Maybe one reason replication has captured so much interest is the often-repeated idea that falsification is at the heart of the scientific enterprise. This idea was popularized by [[Karl Popper]]'s 1950s maxim that theories can never be proved, only falsified. Yet an overemphasis on repeating experiments could provide an unfounded sense of certainty about findings that rely on a single approach.&nbsp;... philosophers of science have moved on since Popper. Better descriptions of how scientists actually work include what epistemologist Peter Lipton called in 1991 "inference to the best explanation".<ref name=Munafo2018>{{cite journal|last1=Munafò|first1=Marcus R.|last2=Smith|first2=George Davey|title=Robust research needs many lines of evidence|journal=Nature|volume=553|issue=7689|pages=399–401|date=January 23, 2018|doi=10.1038/d41586-018-01023-3|pmid=29368721|bibcode=2018Natur.553..399M}}</ref></blockquote><br />
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== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
*{{cite web |last1=Bastian |first1=Hilda |title=Reproducibility Crisis Timeline: Milestones in Tackling Research Reliability |url=https://blogs.plos.org/absolutely-maybe/2016/12/05/reproducibility-crisis-timeline-milestones-in-tackling-research-reliability/ |website=Absolutely Maybe |accessdate=5 June 2019 |date=5 December 2016}} <br />
*{{cite book |last1=Harris |first1=Richard |title=Rigor Mortis: How Sloppy Science Creates Worthless Cures, Crushes Hope, and Wastes Billions |date=2017 |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York |isbn=9780465097906}} <br />
*[https://www.firstthings.com/article/2016/05/scientific-regress Scientific Regress] – William A. Wilson in First Things, May 2016 <br />
*[https://www.displayr.com/what-is-the-replication-crisis/ What is the Replication Crisis?] by Tim Bock. – Being a short summary of what the replication crisis is about. <br />
*[http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124 Why Most Published Research Findings Are False] by John P. A. Ioannidis, Public Library of Science Medicine, 30 August 2005. <br />
*[https://fabiusmaximus.com/2016/04/19/replication-crisis-in-science-95394/ The replication crisis in science has just begun. It will be big.] by Larry Kummer, Editor Science & Nature 19 April 2016 on Fabius Maximus website. <br />
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== References ==<br />
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<references /></div>
Admin
https://www.freewiki.eu/en/index.php?title=Replication_Crisis&diff=1419
Replication Crisis
2019-09-06T10:12:45Z
<p>Admin: </p>
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<div><br />
{{Wikipedia2EN|Replication_Crisis | Replication Crisis|31.8.2019}}<br />
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'''This article is closely connected to the article on the [[Decline_Effect|Decline Effect]], which is part of this crisis. For further explanation and material please see also there.'''<br />
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The '''replication crisis''' (or '''replicability crisis''' or '''reproducibility crisis''') is an ongoing (2019) methodological crisis in which it has been found that many scientific studies are difficult or impossible to replicate or reproduce. The replication crisis affects the social and life sciences most severely,<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1038/515009a| title = Metascience could rescue the 'replication crisis'| journal = Nature| volume = 515| issue = 7525| pages = 9| year = 2014| last1 = Schooler | first1 = J. W.| pmid=25373639| bibcode = 2014Natur.515....9S}}</ref><ref name="Why 'Statistical Significance' Is Often Insignificant">{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Noah|title=Why 'Statistical Significance' Is Often Insignificant|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2017-11-02/why-statistical-significance-is-often-insignificant|website=Bloomberg|accessdate=7 November 2017}}</ref> whereas the hard sciences are still reluctant to face the problem in the first place and mainly don’t even use double blinding in their research.<ref>Rupert Sheldrake: The Science Delusion – Freeing the Spirit of Enquiry; London 2012, Hodder& Stoughton, ISBN 978 1 444 72795 1. Chapter 11. Illusions of Objectivity.</ref> The crisis has long-standing roots. The phrase was coined in the early 2010s<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1177/1745691612465253| title = Editors' Introduction to the Special Section on Replicability in Psychological Science: A Crisis of Confidence?| journal = Perspectives on Psychological Science| volume = 7| issue = 6| pages = 528–530| year = 2012| last1=Pashler|first1=Harold |last2=Wagenmakers | first2=Eric Jan| pmid=26168108}}</ref> as part of a growing awareness of the problem. The replication crisis represents an important body of research in metascience.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fidler |first1=Fiona |last2=Wilcox |first2=John |title=Reproducibility of Scientific Results |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientific-reproducibility/#MetaScieEstaMoniEvalReprCris |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |accessdate=19 May 2019 |date=2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
Because the reproducibility of experiments is an essential part of the scientific method,<ref>Staddon, John (2017) Scientific Method: How science works, fails to work or pretends to work. Taylor and Francis.</ref> the inability to replicate the studies of others has potentially grave consequences for many fields of science in which significant theories are grounded on unreproducible experimental work. The replication crisis has been particularly widely discussed in the field of psychology (and in particular, social psychology) and in medicine, where a number of efforts have been made to re-investigate classic results, and to attempt to determine both the reliability of the results, and, if found to be unreliable, the reasons for the failure of replication.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/the-crisis-in-social-psychology-that-isnt|title=The Crisis in Social Psychology That Isn't|author=Gary Marcus|publisher=The New Yorker|date=May 1, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/12/13/the-truth-wears-off|title=The Truth Wears Off|author=Jonah Lehrer|publisher=The New Yorker|date=December 13, 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Scope of the crisis ==<br />
<br />
=== Overall ===<br />
<br />
According to a 2016 poll of 1,500 scientists reported that 70% of them had failed to reproduce at least one other scientist's experiment (50% had failed to reproduce one of their own experiments).<ref>{{cite web|title=Is There a Reproducibility Crisis in Science?|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/video/is-there-a-reproducibility-crisis-in-science/|publisher=Nature Video, Scientific American|date=28 May 2016|accessdate=15 August 2019}}</ref> In 2009, 2% of scientists admitted to falsifying studies at least once and 14% admitted to personally knowing someone who did. Misconducts were reported more frequently by medical researchers than others.<ref>{{cite journal|title=How Many Scientists Fabricate and Falsify Research? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Survey Data|first=Daniele|last=Fanelli|date=29 May 2009|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=4|issue=5|pages=e5738|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0005738|pmid=19478950|pmc=2685008|bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.5738F}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Psychology ===<br />
<br />
Several factors have combined to put psychology at the center of the controversy.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Achenbach|first1=Joel|title=No, science's reproducibility problem is not limited to psychology|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2015/08/28/no-sciences-reproducibility-problem-is-not-limited-to-psychology/|website=The Washington Post|accessdate=10 September 2015}}</ref> Much of the focus has been on the area of social psychology,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/18/magazine/when-the-revolution-came-for-amy-cuddy.html|title=When the Revolution Came for Amy Cuddy|last=Dominus|first=Susan|date=2017-10-18|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-10-19|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> although other areas of psychology such as clinical psychology,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Leichsenring|first1=Falk|last2=Abbass|first2=Allan|author-link2=Allan Abbass|last3=Hilsenroth|first3=Mark J.|last4=Leweke|first4=Frank|last5=Luyten|first5=Patrick|last6=Keefe|first6=Jack R.|last7=Midgley|first7=Nick|last8=Rabung|first8=Sven|last9=Salzer|first9=Simone|last10=Steiner|first10=Christiane|title=Biases in research: risk factors for non-replicability in psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy research|journal=[[Psychological Medicine]]|year=April 2017|volume=47|issue=6|pages=1000–1011|doi=10.1017/S003329171600324X|pmid=27955715|url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1532689/}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Hengartner|first=Michael P.|title=Raising Awareness for the Replication Crisis in Clinical Psychology by Focusing on Inconsistencies in Psychotherapy Research: How Much Can We Rely on Published Findings from Efficacy Trials?|journal=[[Frontiers in Psychology]]|volume=9|pages=256|publisher=[[Frontiers Media]]|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00256|pmid=29541051|pmc=5835722|date=February 28, 2018}}</ref> developmental psychology,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Frank|first1=Michael C.|author-link1=Michael C. Frank|last2=Bergelson|first2=Elika|last3=Bergmann|first3=Christina|last4=Cristia|first4=Alejandrina|last5=Floccia|first5=Caroline|last6=Gervain|first6=Judit|last7=Hamlin|first7=J. Kiley|last8=Hannon|first8=Erin E.|last9=Kline|first9=Melissa|last10=Levelt|first10=Claartje|last11=Lew-Williams|first11=Casey|last12=Nazzi|first12=Thierry|last13=Panneton|first13=Robin|last14=Rabagliati|first14=Hugh|last15=Soderstrom|first15=Melanie|last16=Sullivan|first16=Jessica|last17=Waxman|first17=Sandra|author-link17=Sandra Waxman|last18=Yurovsky|first18=Daniel|title=A Collaborative Approach to Infant Research: Promoting Reproducibility, Best Practices, and Theory‐Building|journal=[[Infancy (journal)|Infancy]]|volume=22|issue=4|pages=421–435|date=9 March 2017|url=http://callab.uchicago.edu/papers/fetal-infancy-inpress.pdf|doi=10.1111/infa.12182|access-date=19 December 2018|hdl=10026.1/9942}}</ref> and educational research have also been implicated.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tyson|first=Charlie|title=Failure to Replicate|journal=[[Inside Higher Ed]]|date=14 August 2014|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2014/08/14/almost-no-education-research-replicated-new-article-shows|access-date=19 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Makel|first1=Matthew C.|last2=Plucker|first2=Jonathan A.|author-link2=Jonathan A. Plucker|title=Facts Are More Important Than Novelty: Replication in the Education Sciences|journal=[[Educational Researcher]]|date=1 August 2014|volume=43|issue=6|pages=304–316|doi=10.3102/0013189X14545513|access-date=19 December 2018|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/stoken/rbtfl/w5mrNxPVD8zSg/full}}</ref> According to a 2018 survey of 200 meta-analyses, "psychological research is, on average, afflicted with low statistical power".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stanley|first=T. D.|last2=Carter|first2=Evan C.|last3=Doucouliagos|first3=Hristos|date=2018|title=What meta-analyses reveal about the replicability of psychological research.|journal=Psychological Bulletin|language=en|volume=144|issue=12|pages=1325–1346|doi=10.1037/bul0000169|pmid=30321017|issn=1939-1455}}</ref><br />
<br />
Firstly, questionable research practices (QRPs) have been identified as common in the field.<ref name=":0" /> Such practices, while not intentionally fraudulent, involve capitalizing on the gray area of acceptable scientific practices or exploiting flexibility in data collection, analysis, and reporting, often in an effort to obtain a desired outcome. Examples of QRPs include selective reporting or partial publication of data (reporting only some of the study conditions or collected dependent measures in a publication), optional stopping (choosing when to stop data collection, often based on statistical significance of tests), ''p''-value rounding (rounding ''p''-values down to 0.05 to suggest statistical significance), file drawer effect (nonpublication of data), post-hoc storytelling (framing exploratory analyses as confirmatory analyses), and manipulation of outliers (either removing outliers or leaving outliers in a dataset to cause a statistical test to be significant).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title = Measuring the Prevalence of Questionable Research Practices With Incentives for Truth Telling|url = https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Publication%20Files/QRP12_a137cc09-45bc-4eae-9ee9-c0cb47f14add.pdf|journal = Psychological Science|date = 2012-05-01|issn = 0956-7976|pmid = 22508865|pages = 524–532|volume = 23|issue = 5|doi = 10.1177/0956797611430953|first = Leslie K.|last = John|first2 = George|last2 = Loewenstein|first3 = Drazen|last3 = Prelec}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = The Nine Circles of Scientific Hell|journal = Perspectives on Psychological Science|date = 2012-11-01|issn = 1745-6916|pmid = 26168124|pages = 643–644|volume = 7|issue = 6|doi = 10.1177/1745691612459519}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Research misconduct - The grey area of Questionable Research Practices|url = http://www.vib.be/en/news/Pages/Research-misconduct---The-grey-area-of-Questionable-Research-Practices.aspx|website = www.vib.be|accessdate = 2015-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Questionable Research Practices Revisited|journal = Social Psychological and Personality Science|date = 2015-10-19|issn = 1948-5506|pages = 45–52|doi = 10.1177/1948550615612150|first = Klaus|last = Fiedler|first2 = Norbert|last2 = Schwarz|volume=7}}</ref> A survey of over 2,000 psychologists indicated that a majority of respondents admitted to using at least one QRP.<ref name=":0" /> False positive conclusions, often resulting from the pressure to publish or the author's own confirmation bias, are an inherent hazard in the field, requiring a certain degree of skepticism on the part of readers.<ref name="Simmons et al. (2011)">{{cite journal|last1 = Simmons|first1 = Joseph|first2 = Leif|last2 = Nelson|first3 = Uri|last3 = Simonsohn|title = False-Positive Psychology: Undisclosed Flexibility in Data Collection and Analysis Allows Presenting Anything as Significant|journal = [[Psychological Science]]|volume = 22|issue = 11|pages = 1359–1366|date = November 2011|issn = 0956-7976|doi = 10.1177/0956797611417632|pmid = 22006061}}</ref><br />
<br />
Secondly, psychology and social psychology in particular, has found itself at the center of several scandals involving outright fraudulent research, most notably the admitted data fabrication by Diederik Stapel<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://chronicle.com/article/As-Dutch-Research-Scandal/129746/|title=Fraud Scandal Fuels Debate Over Practices of Social Psychology|journal=The Chronicle of Higher Education|first=Christopher|last=Shea|date=13 November 2011}}</ref> as well as allegations against others. However, most scholars acknowledge that fraud is, perhaps, the lesser contribution to replication crises.<br />
<br />
Thirdly, several effects in psychological science have been found to be difficult to replicate even before the current replication crisis. For example, the scientific journal ''Judgment and Decision Making'' has published several studies over the years that fail to provide support for the unconscious thought theory. Replications appear particularly difficult when research trials are pre-registered and conducted by research groups not highly invested in the theory under questioning.<br />
<br />
These three elements together have resulted in renewed attention for replication supported by psychologist Daniel Kahneman.<ref>{{cite web|title=A New Etiquette for Replication|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/225285909/Kahneman-Commentary|first=Daniel|last=Kahneman|via=Scribd}}</ref> Scrutiny of many effects have shown that several core beliefs are hard to replicate. A recent special edition of the journal ''Social Psychology'' focused on replication studies and a number of previously held beliefs were found to be difficult to replicate.<ref>{{cite journal|year=2014 |title= Link to issue<!-- NONE - reference to entire issue -->|url=http://www.psycontent.com/content/l67413865317/?p=3f8268e0307f4036906c158b1667c57a&pi=0 |journal=Social Psychology |publisher=Hogrefe Publishing |volume=45 |issue=3 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20140530230728/http://www.psycontent.com/content/l67413865317/?p=3f8268e0307f4036906c158b1667c57a&pi=0 |archive-date=30 May 2014}}</ref> A 2012 special edition of the journal ''Perspectives on Psychological Science'' also focused on issues ranging from publication bias to null-aversion that contribute to the replication crises in psychology.<ref>[http://pps.sagepub.com/content/7/6.toc Table of Contents]</ref> In 2015, the first open empirical study of reproducibility in Psychology was published, called the Reproducibility Project. Researchers from around the world collaborated to replicate 100 empirical studies from three top Psychology journals. Fewer than half of the attempted replications were successful at producing statistically significant results in the expected directions, though most of the attempted replications did produce trends in the expected directions.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Open Science Collaboration | title = Estimating the reproducibility of Psychological Science | doi = 10.1126/science.aac4716 | journal = Science | volume = 349 | issue = 6251 | pages = aac4716 | year = 2015 | pmid=26315443| url = http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/877/1/Open%20Science%20%28Science%20Pre-Print%29.pdf | hdl = 10722/230596 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Many research trials and meta-analyses are compromised by poor quality and conflicts of interest that involve both authors and professional advocacy organizations, resulting in many false positives regarding the effectiveness of certain types of psychotherapy.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://blogs.plos.org/mindthebrain/2014/04/15/meta-analyses-conducted-professional-organizations-trustworthy/ | title=Are meta analyses conducted by professional organizations more trustworthy? | work=Mind the Brain | date=April 15, 2014 | accessdate=September 13, 2016 | first=James | last=Coyne}}</ref><br />
<br />
Although the British newspaper ''The Independent'' wrote that the results of the reproducibility project show that much of the published research is just "psycho-babble",<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/study-reveals-that-a-lot-of-psychology-research-really-is-just-psychobabble-10474646.html | location=London | work=The Independent | first=Steve | last=Connor | title=Study reveals that a lot of psychology research really is just 'psycho-babble' | date=27 August 2015}}</ref> the replication crisis does not necessarily mean that psychology is unscientific.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2014/07/replication_controversy_in_psychology_bullying_file_drawer_effect_blog_posts.single.html|title=Why Psychologists' Food Fight Matters|first1=Michelle N.|last1=Meyer|first2=Christopher|last2=Chabris|date=31 July 2014|via=Slate}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://fivethirtyeight.com/datalab/psychology-is-starting-to-deal-with-its-replication-problem/|title=Psychology Is Starting To Deal With Its Replication Problem|date=27 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/science-isnt-broken/|title=Science Isn't Broken|date=19 August 2015}}</ref> Rather this process is a healthy if sometimes acrimonious part of the scientific process in which old ideas or those that cannot withstand careful scrutiny are pruned,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/head-quarters/2014/may/28/psychology-replication-drive-methods-bullying|title=Psychology's replication drive: it's not about you|first=Pete|last=Etchells|date=28 May 2014|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = An Agenda for Purely Confirmatory Research|journal = Perspectives on Psychological Science|date = 2012-11-01|issn = 1745-6916|pmid = 26168122|pages = 632–638|volume = 7|issue = 6|doi = 10.1177/1745691612463078|first = Eric-Jan|last = Wagenmakers|first2 = Ruud|last2 = Wetzels|first3 = Denny|last3 = Borsboom|first4 = Han L. J. van der|last4 = Maas|first5 = Rogier A.|last5 = Kievit}}</ref> although this pruning process is not always effective.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Why Science Is Not Necessarily Self-Correcting|journal = Perspectives on Psychological Science|date = 2012-11-01|issn = 1745-6916|pmid = 26168125|pages = 645–654|volume = 7|issue = 6|doi = 10.1177/1745691612464056|first = John P. A.|last = Ioannidis}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Is the Replicability Crisis Overblown? Three Arguments Examined|journal = Perspectives on Psychological Science|date = 2012-11-01|issn = 1745-6916|pmid = 26168109|pages = 531–536|volume = 7|issue = 6|doi = 10.1177/1745691612463401|first = Harold|last = Pashler|first2 = Christine R.|last2 = Harris}}</ref> The consequence is that some areas of psychology once considered solid, such as social priming, have come under increased scrutiny due to failed replications.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://chronicle.com/article/Power-of-Suggestion/136907/|title=Power of Suggestion|journal=The Chronicle of Higher Education|first=Tom|last=Bartlett|date=30 January 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
Nobel laureate and professor emeritus in psychology Daniel Kahneman argued that the original authors should be involved in the replication effort because the published methods are often too vague.<ref name="Chambers">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/head-quarters/2014/jun/10/physics-envy-do-hard-sciences-hold-the-solution-to-the-replication-crisis-in-psychology|title=Physics envy: Do 'hard' sciences hold the solution to the replication crisis in psychology?|first=Chris|last=Chambers|date=10 June 2014|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> Others such as Dr. Andrew Wilson disagree and argue that the methods should be written down in detail.<ref name="Chambers" /> An investigation of replication rates in psychology in 2012 indicated higher success rates of replication in replication studies when there was author overlap with the original authors of a study<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title = Replications in Psychology Research How Often Do They Really Occur?|journal = Perspectives on Psychological Science|date = 2012-11-01|issn = 1745-6916|pmid = 26168110|pages = 537–542|volume = 7|issue = 6|doi = 10.1177/1745691612460688|first = Matthew C.|last = Makel|first2 = Jonathan A.|last2 = Plucker|first3 = Boyd|last3 = Hegarty}}</ref> (91.7% successful replication rates in studies with author overlap compared to 64.6% success replication rates without author overlap).<br />
<br />
==== Psychology replication rates ====<br />
<br />
A report by the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Open_Science Open Science Collaboration] in August 2015 that was coordinated by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Nosek Brian Nosek] estimated the reproducibility of 100 studies in psychological science from three high-ranking psychology journals.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science|journal = Science|date = 2015-08-28|issn = 0036-8075|pmid = 26315443|pages = aac4716|volume = 349|issue = 6251|doi = 10.1126/science.aac4716|first = Open Science|last = Collaboration|url = http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/877/1/Open%20Science%20%28Science%20Pre-Print%29.pdf|hdl = 10722/230596}}</ref> Overall, 36% of the replications yielded significant findings (''p'' value below 0.05) compared to 97% of the original studies that had significant effects. The mean effect size in the replications was approximately half the magnitude of the effects reported in the original studies.<br />
<br />
The same paper examined the reproducibility rates and effect sizes by journal (''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'' [JPSP], ''Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition'' [JEP:LMC], ''Psychological Science'' [PSCI]) and discipline (social psychology, cognitive psychology). Study replication rates were 23% for JPSP, 38% for JEP:LMC, and 38% for PSCI. Studies in the field of cognitive psychology had a higher replication rate (50%) than studies in the field of social psychology (25%).<br />
<br />
An analysis of the publication history in the top 100 psychology journals between 1900 and 2012 indicated that approximately 1.6% of all psychology publications were replication attempts.<ref name=":1" /> Articles were considered a replication attempt if the term "replication" appeared in the text. A subset of those studies (500 studies) was randomly selected for further examination and yielded a lower replication rate of 1.07% (342 of the 500 studies [68.4%] were actually replications). In the subset of 500 studies, analysis indicated that 78.9% of published replication attempts were successful. The rate of successful replication was significantly higher when at least one author of the original study was part of the replication attempt (91.7% relative to 64.6%).<br />
<br />
A study published in 2018 in ''Nature Human Behaviour'' sought to replicate 21 social and behavioral science papers from ''Nature'' and ''Science,'' finding that only 13 could be successfully replicated.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/story/social-science-reproducibility|title=The Science Behind Social Science Gets Shaken Up—Again|work=WIRED|access-date=2018-08-28|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Camerer |first1=Colin F. |authorlink1=Colin Camerer|last2=Dreber |first2=Anna |last3=Holzmeister |first3=Felix |last4=Ho |first4=Teck-Hua |last5=Huber |first5=Jürgen |last6=Johannesson |first6=Magnus |last7=Kirchler |first7=Michael |last8=Nave |first8=Gideon |last9=Nosek |first9=Brian A. |last10=Pfeiffer |first10=Thomas |last11=Altmejd |first11=Adam |last12=Buttrick |first12=Nick |last13=Chan |first13=Taizan |last14=Chen |first14=Yiling |last15=Forsell |first15=Eskil |last16=Gampa |first16=Anup |last17=Heikensten |first17=Emma |last18=Hummer |first18=Lily |last19=Imai |first19=Taisuke |last20=Isaksson |first20=Siri |last21=Manfredi |first21=Dylan |last22=Rose |first22=Julia |last23=Wagenmakers |first23=Eric-Jan |last24=Wu |first24=Hang |display-authors=2 |title=Evaluating the replicability of social science experiments in Nature and Science between 2010 and 2015 |journal=Nature Human Behaviour |date=27 August 2018 |volume=2 |issue=9 |pages=637–644 |doi=10.1038/s41562-018-0399-z|pmid=31346273 |url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/91063/2/41562_2018_399_MOESM1_ESM.pdf }}</ref> Similarly, in a study conducted under the auspices of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Open_Science Center for Open Science], a team of 186 researchers from 60 different laboratories (representing 36 different nationalities from 6 different continents) conducted replications of 28 classic and contemporary findings in psychology.<ref name="Many Labs 2">{{cite journal |last1=Klein |first1=R.A. |title=Many Labs 2: Investigating Variation in Replicability Across Samples and Settings |journal=Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science |date=2018 |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=443–490 |doi=10.1177/2515245918810225 }}</ref> The focus of the study was not only on whether or not the findings from the original papers replicated, but also on the extent to which findings varied as a function of variations in samples and contexts. Overall, 14 of the 28 findings failed to replicate despite massive sample sizes. However, if a finding replicated, it replicated in most samples, while if a finding was not replicated, it failed to replicate with little variation across samples and contexts. This evidence is inconsistent with a popular explanation that failures to replicate in psychology are likely due to changes in the sample between the original and replication study.<ref name="Witkowski">{{cite journal |last1=Witkowski |first1=Tomasz |title=Is the glass half empty or half full? Latest results in the replication crisis in Psychology |journal=Skeptical Inquirer |date=2019 |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=5–6}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== A disciplinary social dilemma ====<br />
<br />
Highlighting the social structure that discourages replication in psychology, Brian D. Earp and Jim A. C. Everett enumerated five points as to why replication attempts are uncommon:<ref>See also [http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00621/abstract Earp and Trafimow], 2015</ref><ref name="Everett 1152">{{Cite journal|title = A tragedy of the (academic) commons: interpreting the replication crisis in psychology as a social dilemma for early-career researchers|journal = Frontiers in Psychology|date = 2015-01-01|pmc = 4527093|pmid = 26300832|pages = 1152|doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01152|first = Jim Albert Charlton|last = Everett|first2 = Brian D.|last2 = Earp|volume=6}}</ref><br />
<br />
#"Independent, direct replications of others' findings can be time-consuming for the replicating researcher <br />
#"[Replications] are likely to take energy and resources directly away from other projects that reflect one's own original thinking <br />
#"[Replications] are generally harder to publish (in large part because they are viewed as being unoriginal) <br />
#"Even if [replications] are published, they are likely to be seen as 'bricklaying' exercises, rather than as major contributions to the field <br />
#"[Replications] bring less recognition and reward, and even basic career security, to their authors"<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title = Resolving the replication crisis in social psychology? A new proposal|url = http://www.spsp.org/blog/resolving-replication-crisis-social-psychology|publisher=Society for Personality and Social Psychology|accessdate = 2015-11-18}}</ref> <br />
<br />
For these reasons the authors advocated that psychology is facing a disciplinary social dilemma, where the interests of the discipline are at odds with the interests of the individual researcher.<br />
<br />
=== Medicine ===<br />
<br />
Medical researchers were among the first ones to ring alarm regarding the lack of replicability of pre-clinical studies on drugs targeted for industrial use.<ref>[https://www.nature.com/articles/nrd3439-c1 Believe it or not: how much can we rely on published data on potential drug targets?] by Florian Prinz, Thomas Schlange & Khusru Asadullah, in: Nature Reviews Drug Discovery volume10, page712 (2011)</ref> This lack of reproducability and therefore of reliability in research started to become a growing problem for pharmaceutical companies because their decisions in which drug targets to invest money for expensive clinical research depends mainly on such studies.<br />
<br />
Out of 49 medical studies from 1990–2003, with more than 1000 citations, 45 claimed that studied therapy was effective. Out of these studies, 16% were contradicted by subsequent studies, 16% had found stronger effects than did subsequent studies, 44% were replicated, and 24% remained largely unchallenged.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Contradicted and initially stronger effects in highly cited clinical research|last=Ioannidis JA|date=13 July 2005|journal=JAMA|volume=294|issue=2|pages=218–228|doi=10.1001/jama.294.2.218|pmid=16014596}}</ref> The US Food and Drug Administration in 1977–1990 found flaws in 10–20% of medical studies.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Scientific data audit—A key management tool|first=J. Leslie|last=Glick|date=1 January 1992|volume=2|issue=3|pages=153–168|doi=10.1080/08989629208573811|journal=Accountability in Research}}</ref> In a paper published in 2012, Glenn Begley, a biotech consultant working at Amgen, and Lee Ellis, at the University of Texas, argued that only 11% of the pre-clinical cancer studies could be replicated.<ref name="Begley-Lee2012">{{Cite journal|last1=Begley |first1=C. G. |last2=Ellis |first2=L. M. |year=2012 |title=Drug Development: Raise Standards for Preclinical Cancer Research |journal=Nature |volume=483 |issue=7391 |pages=531–533|doi=10.1038/483531a |pmid=22460880 |bibcode=2012Natur.483..531B }}</ref><ref name="Begley2013">{{Cite journal|last=Begley |first=C. G. |year=2013 |title=Reproducibility: Six red flags for suspect work |journal=Nature |volume=497 |issue=7450 |pages=433–434|doi=10.1038/497433a |bibcode=2013Natur.497..433B }}</ref><br />
<br />
A 2016 article by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ioannidis John Ioannidis], Professor of Medicine and of Health Research and Policy at Stanford University School of Medicine and a Professor of Statistics at Stanford University School of Humanities and Sciences, elaborated on "Why Most Clinical Research Is Not Useful".<ref name="Ioannidis2016">{{cite journal | last1 = Ioannidis | first1 = JPA | year = 2016 | title = Why Most Clinical Research Is Not Useful | journal = PLoS Med | volume = 13 | issue = 6| page = e1002049 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002049 | pmid = 27328301 | pmc = 4915619 }}</ref> In the article Ioannidis laid out some of the problems and called for reform, characterizing certain points for medical research to be useful again; one example he made was the need for medicine to be "patient centered" (e.g. in the form of the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute) instead of the current practice to mainly take care of "the needs of physicians, investigators, or sponsors". Ioannidis is known for his research focus on science itself since the 2005 paper "Why Most Published Research Findings Are False".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Why Most Published Research Findings Are False|journal=[[PLoS Medicine]]|date=August 1, 2005|issn=1549-1277|pmc=1182327|pmid=16060722|volume=2|issue=8|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124|first=John P. A.|last=Ioannidis|pages=e124}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Marketing ===<br />
<br />
Marketing is another discipline with a "desperate need" for replication.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = The desperate need for replications|journal = Journal of Consumer Research|date = 2001-06-01|pages = 149–158|volume = 28|issue = 1|doi = 10.1086/321953|first = John E.|last = Hunter}}</ref> Many famous marketing studies fail to be repeated upon replication, a notable example being the "too-many-choices" effect, in which a high number of choices of product makes a consumer less likely to purchase.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Armstrong|first=J. S.|last2=Green|first2=Kesten|date=30 January 2017|title=Guidelines for Science: Evidence and Checklists|url=http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1258&context=marketing_papers|journal=Working Paper|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref> In addition to the previously mentioned arguments, replications studies in marketing are needed to examine the applicability of theories and models across countries and cultures, which is especially important because of possible influences of globalization.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Effects of Subcultural Differences on Country and Product Evaluations: A Replication Study|journal = Journal of Global Marketing|date = 2016-03-22|pages = 115–127|volume = 29|issue = 3|doi = 10.1080/08911762.2015.1138012|first1 = Thomas|last1 = Aichner|first2 = Paolo|last2 = Coletti|first3 = Cipriano|last3 = Forza|first4 = Urban|last4 = Perkmann|first5 = Alessio|last5 = Trentin}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Economics ===<br />
<br />
A 2016 study in the journal ''Science'' found that one-third of 18 experimental studies from two top-tier economics journals (''American Economic Review'' and the ''Quarterly Journal of Economics'') failed to be successfully replicated.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Camerer|first=Colin F.|last2=Dreber|first2=Anna|last3=Forsell|first3=Eskil|last4=Ho|first4=Teck-Hua|last5=Huber|first5=Jürgen|last6=Johannesson|first6=Magnus|last7=Kirchler|first7=Michael|last8=Almenberg|first8=Johan|last9=Altmejd|first9=Adam|date=2016-03-25|title=Evaluating replicability of laboratory experiments in economics|journal=Science|language=en|volume=351|issue=6280|pages=1433–1436|doi=10.1126/science.aaf0918|issn=0036-8075|pmid=26940865|bibcode=2016Sci...351.1433C}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/03/about-40-economics-experiments-fail-replication-survey|title=About 40% of economics experiments fail replication survey|date=2016-03-03|work=Science |access-date=2017-10-25|language=en}}</ref> A 2017 study in the ''Economic Journal'' suggested that "the majority of the average effects in the empirical economics literature are exaggerated by a factor of at least 2 and at least one-third are exaggerated by a factor of 4 or more".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ioannidis|first=John P. A.|last2=Stanley|first2=T. D.|last3=Doucouliagos|first3=Hristos|date=2017-10-01|title=The Power of Bias in Economics Research|journal=The Economic Journal|language=en|volume=127|issue=605|pages=F236–F265|doi=10.1111/ecoj.12461|issn=1468-0297}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Sports Science ===<br />
<br />
A 2018 study took the field of exercise and sports science to task for insufficient replication studies, limited reporting of null results and trivial results, and insufficient research transparency.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Halperin|first=Israel|last2=Vigotsky|first2=Andrew D.|last3=Foster|first3=Carl|last4=Pyne|first4=David B.|date=2018-02-01|title=Strengthening the Practice of Exercise and Sport-Science Research|journal=International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance|volume=13|issue=2|pages=127–134|doi=10.1123/ijspp.2017-0322|issn=1555-0273|pmid=28787228}}</ref> Statisticians have criticized sports science for common use of a controversial statistical method called "magnitude-based inference" that has allowed sports scientists to extract apparently significant results from noisy data where ordinary hypothesis testing would have found none.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-shoddy-statistics-found-a-home-in-sports-research/|title=How Shoddy Statistics Found A Home In Sports Research|date=2018-05-16|work=FiveThirtyEight|access-date=2018-05-16|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Hydrology ===<br />
<br />
A 2019 study in ''Scientific Data'' found that a small number of articles in hydrology and water resources journals could be reproduced due to data unavailability. The study "estimated, with 95% confidence, that results might be reproduced for only 0.6% to 6.8% of all 1,989 articles".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stagge|first=James H.|last2=Rosenberg|first2=David E.|last3=Abdallah|first3=Adel M.|last4=Akbar|first4=Hadia|last5=Attallah|first5=Nour A.|last6=James|first6=Ryan|date=2019-02-26|title=Assessing data availability and research reproducibility in hydrology and water resources|journal=Scientific Data|language=en|volume=6|pages=190030|doi=10.1038/sdata.2019.30|pmid=30806638|pmc=6390703|issn=2052-4463|bibcode=2019NatSD...690030S}}</ref><ref>[https://www.nature.com/articles/sdata201930#f2 https://www.nature.com/articles/sdata201930#f2]</ref><ref>[https://replicationnetwork.com/2019/03/01/surveying-reproducibility/ https://replicationnetwork.com/2019/03/01/surveying-reproducibility/]</ref><br/> This study mainly relates to the quality of documentation of origninal material which is obviously only given scarcely or not at all. With no raw data available the factual validity of the scientific articles cannot be estimated, but the scientific non-reproducability is not proven thereby.<br />
<br />
=== Hard Sciences ===<br />
<br />
As opposed to the social and life sciences many agree that the “hard sciences” – physics, chemistry, biology, astronomy, etc. – will not be touched by this crisis. Nevertheless there seem to be quite a few problems there as well. „Even physics has been affected, as William Wilson notes. “Two of the most vaunted physics results of the past few years — the announced discovery of both cosmic inflation and gravitational waves at the BICEP2 experiment in Antarctica, and the supposed discovery of superluminal neutrinos at the Swiss-Italian border — have now been retracted, with far less fanfare than when they were first published.” See [http://phys.org/news/2015-02-cosmic-inflation-bicep2-results.html this about the former] and [http://press.cern/press-releases/2011/09/opera-experiment-reports-anomaly-flight-time-neutrinos-cern-gran-sasso this about the latter].”<ref>[ https://fabiusmaximus.com/2016/04/19/replication-crisis-in-science-95394/ The replication crisis in science has just begun. It will be big.]<br />
by Larry Kummer, Editor Science & Nature 19 April 2016 on Fabius Maximus website, here referring to W.Wilson – Scinetific Regress (see Further readings)</ref><br />
<br />
=== Natural constants ===<br />
<br />
One of the pillars of physics and all sciences based on the laws described in physics is the constancy of the natural constants. This constancy is a general assumption because it can principally not been proven. One can only state that they have been constant since humans are able to measure them, which is an extremely short time span compared to the age of the universe.<br/> Nevertheless there is good reason to doubt even this basic assumption of the physical sciences.„At the end of 1998 the CODATA even decided to increase the uncertainty of the accepted value for the gravitational constant from 128 ppm to 1500 ppm. This remarkable step of increasing the uncertainty instead of decreasing was made to reflect the discrepancies between recent experiments, which span a wide range of more than 0.7&nbsp;%.”<ref>Ulf Kleinevoß: Bestimmung der Newtonschen Gravitationskonstanten, Dissertation Januar 2002, Wuppertal, S.1, Abstract; <br />
[http://elpub.bib.uni-wuppertal.de/edocs/dokumente/fb08/diss2002/kleinevoss/d080201.pdf]</ref><br/> And in his work “The Science Delusion – Freeing the Spirit of Enquiry” biologist and philosopher [[Rupert_Sheldrake|Rupert Sheldrake]]<ref>Rupert Sheldrake: The Science Delusion – Freeing the Spirit of Enquiry; London 2012, Hodder& Stoughton, ISBN 978 1 444 72795 1. Chapter 3: Are the Laws of Nature Fixed?</ref> discusses this problem and gives lots of examples showing that the fundamental constants may not be as eternal as was thought but object to change by time. He prefers to see the “constants” more as habits of nature than as eternal laws. Sheldrake points out that the fundamental physical constants are artificially held as constant by defining them to be so and by reducing all measurements to the mean and eliminating strongly deviating measurings from the count. So as a matter of fact scientific measurings of the constants constantly produce quite different results, which are collected and regulated by the ''Committee on Data for Science and Technology'' ([https://howlingpixel.com/i-de/CODATA CODATA]) to always be constant as by definition.<ref>[https://howlingpixel.com/i-de/Physikalische_Konstante] and Sheldrake, Science Delusion</ref><br />
<br />
== Causes of the crisis ==<br />
<br />
=== Bad Science ===<br />
<br />
The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokal_affair Sokal affair] and the discussion in its wake has shown clearly that there is a major problem of not distinguishing between real and fake science.<ref>Peter Boghossian, Ed.D. (aka Peter Boyle, Ed.D.), James Lindsay, Ph.D. (aka, Jamie Lindsay, Ph.D.): The Conceptual Penis as a Social Construct: A Sokal-Style Hoax on Gender Studies. SKEPTIC, 19.05.2017.[http://www.skeptic.com/reading_room/conceptual-penis-social-contruct-sokal-style-hoax-o]; Alexander Durin: Fehler im System mancher Wissenschaften. Telepolis, Heise, 02.03.2014. [https://www.heise.de/tp/features/Fehler-im-System-mancher-Wissenschaften-3502557.html]; Alan D. Sokal: Transgressing the Boundaries: Towards a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity. Social Text 46/47:217-252, 1996. [http://www.physics.nyu.edu/faculty/sokal/transgress_v2/transgress_v2_singlefile.html].</ref><br/> The editor of the prominent medical journal ''Lancet''<ref>Richard Horton – Offline: What is medicine’s 5 sigma? In: The Lancet VOLUME 385, ISSUE 9976, P1380, APRIL 11, 2015; <br />
[https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(15)60696-1/fulltext]</ref> Richard Horton writes about “apparent endemicity of bad research behaviour” and “bad scientific practices” when he points out that “much of the scientific literature, perhaps half, may simply be untrue.” As the editor of the most important medical journals he is in a position to recognize the problem.<br />
<br />
=== High rate of publications ===<br />
<br />
In fact some predictions of a possible crisis in the quality control mechanism of science can be traced back several decades, especially among scholars in science and technology studies (STS). Derek de Solla Price – considered the father of scientometrics – predicted that science could reach 'senility' as a result of its own exponential growth.<ref name="DeSollaPrice1963">{{cite book|author1=De Solla Price|author2=Derek J.|year=1963|title=Little science big science|publisher=Columbia University Press}}</ref> Some present day literature seems to vindicate this 'overflow' prophesy, lamenting at decay in both attention and quality.<ref name="Siebert-al2015">{{cite journal|author1=Siebert, S.|author2=Machesky, L. M.|author3=Insall, R. H.|lastauthoramp=y|year=2015|title=Overflow in science and its implications for trust|journal=eLife|volume=4|page=e10825|doi=10.7554/eLife.10825|pmid=26365552|pmc=4563216}}</ref><ref name="Della-Briotta-al2015">{{cite journal|author1=Della Briotta Parolo, P.|author2=Kumar Pan|author3=R. Ghosh|author4=R. Huberman|author5=B.A. Kimmo Kaski|author6=Fortunato, S.|year=2015|title=Attention decay in science|journal=Journal of Informetrics|volume=9|issue=4|pages=734–745|doi=10.1016/j.joi.2015.07.006|arxiv=1503.01881|bibcode=2015arXiv150301881D}}</ref><br />
<br />
Philosopher and historian of science Jerome R. Ravetz predicted in his 1971 book ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Knowledge_and_Its_Social_Problems Scientific Knowledge and Its Social Problems]'' that science – in moving from the little science made of restricted communities of scientists to big science or techno-science – would suffer major problems in its internal system of quality control. Ravetz anticipated that modern science's system of rewarding scientists for research might become dysfunctional, the present 'publish or perish' challenge, creating perverse incentives to publish any findings however dubious. For Ravetz quality in science is maintained when there is a community of scholars linked by norms and standards, and a willingness to stand by these.<br />
<br />
Historian Philip Mirowski offered more recently a similar diagnosis in his 2011 book ''Science Mart'' (2011).<ref name="Mirowski">{{cite book|author=Mirowski, P.|year=2011|title=Science-Mart: Privatizing American Science|publisher=Harvard University Press}}</ref> 'Mart' is here a reference to the retail giant 'Walmart' and an allusion to the commodification of science. In the analysis of Mirowski, when science becomes a commodity being traded in a market, its quality collapses. Mirowski argues his case by tracing the decay of science to the decision of major corporations to close their in-house laboratories in order to outsource their work to universities, and subsequently to move their research away from universities to even cheaper contract research organizations (CRO).<br />
<br />
=== Insufficient control ===<br />
<br />
The crisis of science's quality control system is affecting the use of science for policy. This is the thesis of a recent work by a group of STS scholars, who identify in 'evidence based (or informed) policy' a point of present tension.<ref name="FUTURES1">{{Cite journal|last1=Saltelli |first1=A. |last2=Funtowicz |first2=S. |year=2017 |title=What is science's crisis really about? |journal=Futures |volume=91 |pages=5–11 |doi=10.1016/j.futures.2017.05.010}}</ref><ref name="Benessia-al2016">{{Cite book|last1=Benessia |first1=A. |last2=Funtowicz |first2=S. |last3=Giampietro |first3=M. |last4=Guimarães Pereira |first4=A. |last5=Ravetz |first5=J. |last6=Saltelli |first6=A. |last7=Strand |first7=R. |last8=van der Sluijs |first8=J. |year=2016 |title=The Rightful Place of Science: Science on the Verge |publisher=Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes at Arizona State University|title-link=The Rightful Place of Science: Science on the Verge }}</ref><ref name="Letter">{{cite magazine|first1=Andrea |last1=Saltelli|first2=Jerome R. |last2=Ravetz|first3=Silvio |last3=Funtowicz|lastauthoramp=y|url=https://www.newscientist.com/letter/mg23030791-600-7-a-new-community-for-science/|title=A new community for science|magazine=New Scientist|issue=3079|p=52|date=25 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="FUTURES2" /> Economist Noah Smith suggests that a factor in the crisis has been the overvaluing of research in academia and undervaluing of teaching ability, especially in fields with few major recent discoveries.<ref name="Academic signaling and the post-truth world">{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Noah|title=Academic signaling and the post-truth world|url=http://noahpinionblog.blogspot.co.uk/2016/12/academic-signaling-and-post-truth-world.html|website=Noahpinion|publisher=Stony Brook University|accessdate=5 November 2017|date=2016-12-14}}</ref>In the journal ''Science'' article “Who’s Afraid of Peer Review?”<ref> [https://science.sciencemag.org/content/342/6154/60.full John Bohannon: Who’s Afraid of Peer Review?], Science 04 Oct 2013: Vol. 342, Issue 6154, pp. 60-65; DOI: 10.1126/science.342.6154.60</ref> author John Bohannon explains the problem of the growing number of open access journals and there lack of effective peer review. Of 300 fake articles filled with obvious mistakes and nonsense sent out to as many different online journals more than half were accepted without relevant criticism.<br />
<br />
=== Publication bias ===<br />
<br />
Another major cause is publication bias, the fact that positive results are more likely to get published than negative (or null) results. This may lead to the canonization of false facts <ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Nissen |first1 = Silas Boye |last2 = Magidson| first2 = Tali| last3 = Gross| first3 = Kevin | last4 = Bergstrom| first4 = Carl |title=Research: Publication bias and the canonization of false facts |journal=eLife |date=December 20, 2016 |volume=5 |pages=e21451 |url= https://elifesciences.org/articles/21451 |accessdate=9 June 2019 |doi=10.7554/eLife.21451 |arxiv= 1609.00494 }}</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Fundamental causes in the scientific paradigm ===<br />
<br />
All the above reasons for lack of replicability have one thing in common: They are consequences of human fault, misconduct or mistakes and could theoretically be corrected by discipline, correctness and better control. Nevertheless there remains the possibility that – apart from all those considerations and observation being correct – there could also be more fundamental problems or the axiom of replicability and the constancy of nature as such.<br/> The biologist, philosopher and meta-scientist [[Rupert_Sheldrake|Rupert Sheldrake]] has pointed out that there is ample reason to doubt the belief in the full replicability and reliability of the hard sciences as well and that there might be a problem with the assumption of replicability as such.<ref>Rupert Sheldrake: [https://www.sheldrake.org/essays/how-the-universal-gravitational-constant-varies?highlight=WyJwaHlzaWNhbCIsImNvbnN0YW50cyIsInBoeXNpY2FsIGNvbnN0YW50cyJd How the Universal Gravitational Constant Varies]; <br />
[https://www.sheldrake.org/essays/the-replicability-crisis-in-science The Replicability Crisis in Science]; <br />
Science Set Free: 10 Paths to New Discovery, ISBN-13: 978-0770436704, Publ. Deepak Chopra; 1st ed. (4. September 2012); The Science Delusion, ISBN-13: 978-1444727944, Publisher: Coronet (6 Dec. 2012) </ref><br />
<br />
In any case, the [[Decline_Effect|Decline effect (see main article)]] indicates general problems of replicability because it cannot be fully explained by the causes proposed so far. It was discovered by J.B.Rhine in the 20s of the last century, long before the current crisis and under completely different circumstances. Rhine found the effect in his own research, even in areas whose statistical validity he himself had previously verified.<br />
<br />
== Public Response ==<br />
<br />
=== Political Repercussions ===<br />
<br />
In the US, science's reproducibility crisis has become a topic of political contention, linked to the attempt to diminish regulations – e.g. of emissions of pollutants, with the argument that these regulations are based on non-reproducible science.<ref name="Oreskes">{{Cite journal |last=Oreskes |first=N. |year=2018 |title=Beware: Transparency rule is a trojan horse |journal=Nature |volume=557 |issue=7706 |page=469 |doi=10.1038/d41586-018-05207-9|pmid=29789751 |bibcode=2018Natur.557..469O }}</ref><ref name="FUTURES2">{{cite journal |last1=Andrea |first1=Saltelli |title=Why science's crisis should not become a political battling ground |journal=Futures |date=December 2018 |volume=104 |pages=85–90 |doi=10.1016/j.futures.2018.07.006}}</ref> Previous attempts with the same aim accused studies of being non-transparent.<ref name="Michaels">{{Cite book|first=D. |last=Michaels |title=Doubt is their product: How industry's assault on science threatens your health |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2008}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Public discussion ===<br />
<br />
Apart from studies and articles in scientific journals there has been little public discussion of the Replicability Crisis as yet and few reports in the mass media. Most of the discussions are related to statistical, economical and sociological reasons only.<ref>See all of the cited literature.</ref><br/> The question whether there is a general problem or replicability behind these findings has not been tackled so far. And there has been very little effort in the hard sciences to deal with the replication issue as there seems to be a consense that the problem is only one of the social and life sciences.<br />
<br />
== Addressing the replication crisis ==<br />
<br />
Replication has been referred to as "the cornerstone of science".<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Most Published Research Findings Are False—But a Little Replication Goes a Long Way|journal = PLoS Med|date = 2007-02-27|pmc = 1808082|pmid = 17326704|pages = e28|volume = 4|issue = 2|doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040028|first = Ramal|last = Moonesinghe|first2 = Muin J.|last2 = Khoury|first3 = A. Cecile J. W.|last3 = Janssens}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = The Value of Direct Replication|journal = Perspectives on Psychological Science|date = 2014-01-01|issn = 1745-6916|pmid = 26173243|pages = 76–80|volume = 9|issue = 1|doi = 10.1177/1745691613514755|first = Daniel J.|last = Simons}}</ref> Replication studies attempt to evaluate whether published results reflect true findings or false positives. The integrity of scientific findings and reproducibility of research are important as they form the knowledge foundation on which future studies are built.<br />
<br />
=== Metascience ===<br />
<br />
Metascience is the use of scientific methodology to study science itself. Metascience seeks to increase the quality of scientific research while reducing waste. It is also known as "''research on research''" and "''the science of science''", as it uses research methods to study how research is done and where improvements can be made. Metascience concerns itself with all fields of research and has been described as "a bird's eye view of science."<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002264| pmid = 26431313| pmc = 4592065| issn = 1545-7885| volume = 13| issue = 10| pages = –1002264| last1 = Ioannidis| first1 = John P. A.| last2 = Fanelli| first2 = Daniele| last3 = Dunne| first3 = Debbie Drake| last4 = Goodman| first4 = Steven N.| title = Meta-research: Evaluation and Improvement of Research Methods and Practices| journal = PLOS Biology| date = 2015-10-02}}</ref> In the words of John Ioannidis, "Science is the best thing that has happened to human beings ... but we can do it better."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bach |first1=Author Becky |title=On communicating science and uncertainty: A podcast with John Ioannidis |url=https://scopeblog.stanford.edu/2015/12/08/on-communicating-science-and-uncertainty-a-podcast-with-john-ioannidis/ |website=Scope |accessdate=20 May 2019 |date=8 December 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
Meta-research continues to be conducted to identify the roots of the crisis and to address them. Methods of addressing the crisis include pre-registration of scientific studies and clinical trials as well as the founding of organizations such as CONSORT and the EQUATOR Network that issue guidelines for methodology and reporting. There are continuing efforts to reform the system of academic incentives, to improve the peer review process, to reduce the misuse of statistics, to combat bias in scientific literature, and to increase the overall quality and efficiency of the scientific process.<br />
<br />
=== Tackling publication bias with pre-registration of studies ===<br />
<br />
A recent innovation in scientific publishing to address the replication crisis is through the use of registered reports.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Registered Replication Reports|publisher=Association for Psychological Science|url = http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/replication|accessdate = 2015-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Psychology's 'registration revolution'|url = https://www.theguardian.com/science/head-quarters/2014/may/20/psychology-registration-revolution|newspaper = The Guardian|accessdate = 2015-11-13|first = Chris|last = Chambers|date = 2014-05-20}}</ref> The registered report format requires authors to submit a description of the study methods and analyses prior to data collection. Once the method and analysis plan is vetted through peer-review, publication of the findings is provisionally guaranteed, based on whether the authors follow the proposed protocol. One goal of registered reports is to circumvent the publication bias toward significant findings that can lead to implementation of questionable research practices and to encourage publication of studies with rigorous methods.<br />
<br />
The journal ''Psychological Science'' has encouraged the preregistration of studies and the reporting of effect sizes and confidence intervals.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Replication in Psychological Science|journal = Psychological Science|date = 2015-11-09|issn = 0956-7976|pmid = 26553013|pages = 1827–32|doi = 10.1177/0956797615616374|first = D. Stephen|last = Lindsay|volume = 26|issue = 12}}</ref> The editor in chief also noted that the editorial staff will be asking for replication of studies with surprising findings from examinations using small sample sizes before allowing the manuscripts to be published.<br />
<br />
Moreover, only a very small proportion of academic journals in psychology and neurosciences explicitly stated that they welcome submissions of replication studies in their aim and scope or instructions to authors.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yeung|first=Andy W. K.|date=2017|title=Do Neuroscience Journals Accept Replications? A Survey of Literature|journal=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience|language=English|volume=11|pages=468|doi=10.3389/fnhum.2017.00468|pmid=28979201|pmc=5611708|issn=1662-5161}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Martin|first=G. N.|last2=Clarke|first2=Richard M.|date=2017|title=Are Psychology Journals Anti-replication? A Snapshot of Editorial Practices|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|language=English|volume=8|pages=523|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00523|pmid=28443044|pmc=5387793|issn=1664-1078}}</ref> This phenomenon does not encourage the reporting or even attempt on replication studies.<br />
<br />
=== Emphasizing replication attempts in teaching ===<br />
<br />
Based on coursework in experimental methods at MIT and Stanford, it has been suggested that methods courses in psychology emphasize replication attempts rather than original studies.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Teaching Replication|journal = Perspectives on Psychological Science|date = 2012-11-01|issn = 1745-6916|pmid = 26168118|pages = 600–604|volume = 7|issue = 6|doi = 10.1177/1745691612460686|first = Michael C.|last = Frank|first2 = Rebecca|last2 = Saxe}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Harnessing the Undiscovered Resource of Student Research Projects|journal = Perspectives on Psychological Science|date = 2012-11-01|issn = 1745-6916|pmid = 26168119|pages = 605–607|volume = 7|issue = 6|doi = 10.1177/1745691612459057|first = Jon E.|last = Grahe|first2 = Alan|last2 = Reifman|first3 = Anthony D.|last3 = Hermann|first4 = Marie|last4 = Walker|first5 = Kathryn C.|last5 = Oleson|first6 = Michelle|last6 = Nario-Redmond|first7 = Richard P.|last7 = Wiebe}}</ref> Such an approach would help students learn scientific methodology and provide numerous independent replications of meaningful scientific findings that would test the replicability of scientific findings. Some have recommended that graduate students should be required to publish a high-quality replication attempt on a topic related to their doctoral research prior to graduation.<ref name="Everett 1152" /><br />
<br />
=== Reducing the ''p''-value required for claiming significance of new results ===<br />
<br />
Many publications require a ''p''-value of ''p'' < 0.05 to claim statistical significance. The paper "Redefine statistical significance",<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Redefine statistical significance|url = https://psyarxiv.com/mky9j|journal = PsyArXiv|first = Daniel|last = Benjamin}}</ref> signed by a large number of scientists and mathematicians, proposes that in "fields where the threshold for defining statistical significance for new discoveries is ''P'' < 0.05, we propose a change to ''P'' < 0.005. This simple step would immediately improve the reproducibility of scientific research in many fields."<br />
<br />
Their rationale is that "a leading cause of non-reproducibility (is that the) statistical standards of evidence for claiming new discoveries in many fields of science are simply too low. Associating 'statistically significant' findings with ''P'' < 0.05 results in a high rate of false positives even in the absence of other experimental, procedural and reporting problems."<br />
<br />
=== Addressing the misinterpretation of ''p''-values ===<br />
<br />
Although statisticians are unanimous that use of the ''p'' < 0.05 provides weaker evidence than is generally appreciated, there is a lack of unanimity about what should be done about it. Some have advocated that Bayesian methods should replace ''p''-values. This has not happened on a wide scale, partly because it is complicated, and partly because many users distrust the specification of prior distributions in the absence of hard data. A simplified version of the Bayesian argument, based on testing a point null hypothesis was suggested by Colquhoun (2014, 2017).<ref name="DC2014">{{cite journal|last1=Colquhoun|first1=David|title=An investigation of the false discovery rate and the misinterpretation of ''p''-values|journal=Royal Society Open Science|year=2015|volume=1|issue=3|page=140216|doi=10.1098/rsos.140216|pmid=26064558|pmc=4448847|arxiv=1407.5296|bibcode=2014RSOS....140216C}}</ref><ref name="DC2017">{{cite journal|last1=Colquhoun|first1=David|title=The reproducibility of research and the misinterpretation of p-values|journal=Royal Society Open Science|volume=4|issue=12|pages=171085|date=2017|doi=10.1098/rsos.171085|pmid=29308247|pmc=5750014}}</ref> The logical problems of inductive inference were discussed in "The problem with p-values" (2016).<ref name="DC2016">{{cite web|last1=Colquhoun|first1=David|title=The problem with p-values|url=https://aeon.co/essays/it-s-time-for-science-to-abandon-the-term-statistically-significant|work=Aeon Magazine|accessdate=11 December 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
The hazards of reliance on ''p''-values were emphasized by pointing out that even observation of ''p'' = 0.001 was not necessarily strong evidence against the null hypothesis.<ref name="DC2017" /> Despite the fact that the likelihood ratio in favour of the alternative hypothesis over the null is close to 100, if the hypothesis was implausible, with a prior probability of a real effect being 0.1, even the observation of ''p''&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.001 would have a false positive risk of 8 percent. It would not even reach the 5 percent level.<br />
<br />
It was recommended<ref name="DC2017" /> that the terms "significant" and "non-significant" should not be used. ''p''-values and confidence intervals should still be specified, but they should be accompanied by an indication of the false positive risk. It was suggested that the best way to do this is to calculate the prior probability that would be necessary to believe in order to achieve a false positive risk of, say, 5%. The calculations can be done with [[R_(programming_language)|R]] scripts that are provided,<ref name="DC2017" /> or, more simply, with a web calculator.<ref name="fpr-calc">{{cite web|last1=Longstaff|first1=Colin|last2=Colquhoun|first2=David|title=Calculator for false positive risk (FPR)|url=http://fpr-calc.ucl.ac.uk/|publisher=UCL}}</ref> This so-called reverse Bayesian approach, which was suggested by Matthews (2001),<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Matthews|first1=R. A. J.|title=Why should clinicians care about Bayesian methods?|journal=Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference|date=2001|volume=94|pages=43–58|doi=10.1016/S0378-3758(00)00232-9}}</ref> is one way to avoid the problem that the prior probability is rarely known.<br />
<br />
=== Encouraging larger sample sizes ===<br />
<br />
To improve the quality of replications, larger sample sizes than those used in the original study are often needed.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Is psychology suffering from a replication crisis? What does </ref> Larger sample sizes are needed because estimates of effect sizes in published work are often exaggerated due to publication bias and large sampling variability associated with small sample sizes in an original study.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Small studies are more heterogeneous than large ones: a meta-meta-analysis|journal = Journal of Clinical Epidemiology|pages = 860–869|volume = 68|issue = 8|doi = 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.03.017|pmid = 25959635|first = Joanna|last = IntHout|first2 = John P. A.|last2 = Ioannidis|first3 = George F.|last3 = Borm|first4 = Jelle J.|last4 = Goeman|year = 2015}}</ref><ref name="Button 365–376">{{Cite journal|title = Power failure: why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience|journal = Nature Reviews Neuroscience|date = 2013-05-01|issn = 1471-003X|pages = 365–376|volume = 14|issue = 5|doi = 10.1038/nrn3475|first = Katherine S.|last = Button|first2 = John P. A.|last2 = Ioannidis|first3 = Claire|last3 = Mokrysz|first4 = Brian A.|last4 = Nosek|first5 = Jonathan|last5 = Flint|first6 = Emma S. J.|last6 = Robinson|first7 = Marcus R.|last7 = Munafò|pmid=23571845}}</ref><ref name="Button 365–376" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Consequences of prejudice against the null hypothesis|url = http://content.apa.org/journals/bul/82/1/1|journal = Psychological Bulletin|pages = 1–20|volume = 82|issue = 1|doi = 10.1037/h0076157|language = en-US|first = Anthony G.|last = Greenwald|year = 1975}}</ref> Further, using significance thresholds usually leads to inflated effects, because particularly with small sample sizes, only the largest effects will become significant.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Amrhein|first1=Valentin|last2=Korner-Nievergelt|first2=Fränzi|last3=Roth|first3=Tobias|title=The earth is flat (p > 0.05): significance thresholds and the crisis of unreplicable research|journal=PeerJ|date=2017|volume=5|page=e3544|doi=10.7717/peerj.3544|pmid=28698825|pmc=5502092}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Sharing raw data in online repositories ===<br />
<br />
Online repositories where data, protocols, and findings can be stored and evaluated by the public seek to improve the integrity and reproducibility of research. Examples of such repositories include the Open Science Framework, Registry of Research Data Repositories, and Psychfiledrawer.org. Sites like Open Science Framework offer badges for using open science practices in an effort to incentivize scientists. However, there has been concern that those who are most likely to provide their data and code for analyses are the researchers that are likely the most sophisticated.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|title = Anticipating consequences of sharing raw data and code and of awarding badges for sharing|journal = Journal of Clinical Epidemiology|volume = 70|pages = 258–260|doi = 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.04.015|pmid = 26163123|first = John P. A.|last = Ioannidis|year = 2016}}</ref> John Ioannidis at Stanford University suggested that "the paradox may arise that the most meticulous and sophisticated and method-savvy and careful researchers may become more susceptible to criticism and reputation attacks by reanalyzers who hunt for errors, no matter how negligible these errors are".<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
=== Funding for replication studies ===<br />
<br />
In July 2016 the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research made €3 million available for replication studies. The funding is for replication based on reanalysis of existing data and replication by collecting and analysing new data. Funding is available in the areas of social sciences, health research and healthcare innovation.<ref>{{cite web|title=NWO makes 3 million available for Replication Studies pilot|url=http://www.nwo.nl/en/news-and-events/news/2016/nwo-makes-3-million-available-for-replication-studies-pilot.html|website=NWO|accessdate=2 August 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2013 the Laura and John Arnold Foundation funded the launch of [[Reproducibility_Project|The Center for Open Science]] with a $5.25 million grant and by 2017 had provided an additional $10 million in funding.<ref name="Wired2017">{{cite news|last1=Apple|first1=Sam|title=The Young Billionaire Behind the War on Bad Science|url=https://www.wired.com/2017/01/john-arnold-waging-war-on-bad-science/|work=Wired|date=January 22, 2017}}</ref> It also funded the launch of the Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford at Stanford University run by [[John_Ioannidis|John Ioannidis]] and Steven Goodman to study ways to improve scientific research.<ref name="Wired2017" /> It also provided funding for the AllTrials initiative led in part by Ben Goldacre.<ref name="Wired2017" /><br />
<br />
=== Emphasize triangulation, not just replication ===<br />
<br />
Marcus R. Munafò and George Davey Smith argue, in a piece published by ''[[Nature_(journal)|Nature]]'', that research should emphasize triangulation, not just replication. They claim that,<br />
<br />
<blockquote>replication alone will get us only so far (and) might actually make matters worse&nbsp;... We believe that an essential protection against flawed ideas is triangulation. This is the strategic use of multiple approaches to address one question. Each approach has its own unrelated assumptions, strengths and weaknesses. Results that agree across different methodologies are less likely to be [[Artifact (error)|artefacts]].&nbsp;... Maybe one reason replication has captured so much interest is the often-repeated idea that falsification is at the heart of the scientific enterprise. This idea was popularized by [[Karl Popper]]'s 1950s maxim that theories can never be proved, only falsified. Yet an overemphasis on repeating experiments could provide an unfounded sense of certainty about findings that rely on a single approach.&nbsp;... philosophers of science have moved on since Popper. Better descriptions of how scientists actually work include what epistemologist Peter Lipton called in 1991 "inference to the best explanation".<ref name=Munafo2018>{{cite journal|last1=Munafò|first1=Marcus R.|last2=Smith|first2=George Davey|title=Robust research needs many lines of evidence|journal=Nature|volume=553|issue=7689|pages=399–401|date=January 23, 2018|doi=10.1038/d41586-018-01023-3|pmid=29368721|bibcode=2018Natur.553..399M}}</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
*{{cite web |last1=Bastian |first1=Hilda |title=Reproducibility Crisis Timeline: Milestones in Tackling Research Reliability |url=https://blogs.plos.org/absolutely-maybe/2016/12/05/reproducibility-crisis-timeline-milestones-in-tackling-research-reliability/ |website=Absolutely Maybe |accessdate=5 June 2019 |date=5 December 2016}} <br />
*{{cite book |last1=Harris |first1=Richard |title=Rigor Mortis: How Sloppy Science Creates Worthless Cures, Crushes Hope, and Wastes Billions |date=2017 |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York |isbn=9780465097906}} <br />
*[https://www.firstthings.com/article/2016/05/scientific-regress Scientific Regress] – William A. Wilson in First Things, May 2016 <br />
*[https://www.displayr.com/what-is-the-replication-crisis/ What is the Replication Crisis?] by Tim Bock. – Being a short summary of what the replication crisis is about. <br />
*[http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124 Why Most Published Research Findings Are False] by John P. A. Ioannidis, Public Library of Science Medicine, 30 August 2005. <br />
*[https://fabiusmaximus.com/2016/04/19/replication-crisis-in-science-95394/ The replication crisis in science has just begun. It will be big.] by Larry Kummer, Editor Science & Nature 19 April 2016 on Fabius Maximus website.</div>
Admin
https://www.freewiki.eu/en/index.php?title=Module:Trim_quotes&diff=1418
Module:Trim quotes
2019-09-06T09:55:18Z
<p>Admin: 1 revision imported</p>
<hr />
<div>local p = {}<br />
<br />
function p._trim(s)<br />
if s then<br />
if s:match([[^(['"]).*%1$]]) then return p._trim(string.sub(s,2,-2)) else return s end<br />
else<br />
return ""<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
function p.trim(frame)<br />
local s = (frame.args['s'] or frame.args[1]) or (frame:getParent().args['s'] or frame:getParent().args[1])<br />
return p._trim(s)<br />
end<br />
<br />
return p</div>
Admin
https://www.freewiki.eu/en/index.php?title=Module:Shortcut/config&diff=1416
Module:Shortcut/config
2019-09-06T09:55:15Z
<p>Admin: 1 revision imported</p>
<hr />
<div>-- This module holds configuration data for [[Module:Shortcut]].<br />
<br />
return {<br />
<br />
-- The heading at the top of the shortcut box. It accepts the following parameter:<br />
-- $1 - the total number of shortcuts. (required)<br />
['shortcut-heading'] = '[[Wikipedia:Shortcut|{{PLURAL:$1|Shortcut|Shortcuts}}]]',<br />
<br />
-- The error message to display when a shortcut is invalid (is not a string, or<br />
-- is the blank string). It accepts the following parameter:<br />
-- $1 - the number of the shortcut in the argument list. (required)<br />
['invalid-shortcut-error'] = 'shortcut #$1 was invalid (shortcuts must be ' ..<br />
'strings of at least one character in length)',<br />
<br />
-- The error message to display when no shortcuts or other displayable content<br />
-- were specified. (required)<br />
['no-content-error'] = 'Error: no shortcuts were specified and the ' ..<br />
mw.text.nowiki('|msg=') ..<br />
' parameter was not set.',<br />
<br />
-- A category to add when the no-content-error message is displayed. (optional)<br />
['no-content-error-category'] = 'Shortcut templates with missing parameters',<br />
}</div>
Admin
https://www.freewiki.eu/en/index.php?title=Module:Shortcut&diff=1414
Module:Shortcut
2019-09-06T09:55:14Z
<p>Admin: 1 revision imported</p>
<hr />
<div>-- This module implements {{shortcut}}.<br />
<br />
-- Set constants<br />
local CONFIG_MODULE = 'Module:Shortcut/config'<br />
<br />
-- Load required modules<br />
local checkType = require('libraryUtil').checkType<br />
local yesno = require('Module:Yesno')<br />
<br />
local p = {}<br />
<br />
local function message(msg, ...)<br />
return mw.message.newRawMessage(msg, ...):plain()<br />
end<br />
<br />
local function makeCategoryLink(cat)<br />
return string.format('[[%s:%s]]', mw.site.namespaces[14].name, cat)<br />
end<br />
<br />
function p._main(shortcuts, options, frame, cfg)<br />
checkType('_main', 1, shortcuts, 'table')<br />
checkType('_main', 2, options, 'table', true)<br />
options = options or {}<br />
frame = frame or mw.getCurrentFrame()<br />
cfg = cfg or mw.loadData(CONFIG_MODULE)<br />
local isCategorized = yesno(options.category) ~= false<br />
<br />
-- Validate shortcuts<br />
for i, shortcut in ipairs(shortcuts) do<br />
if type(shortcut) ~= 'string' or #shortcut < 1 then<br />
error(message(cfg['invalid-shortcut-error'], i), 2)<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- Make the list items. These are the shortcuts plus any extra lines such<br />
-- as options.msg.<br />
local listItems = {}<br />
for i, shortcut in ipairs(shortcuts) do<br />
listItems[i] = frame:expandTemplate{<br />
title = 'No redirect',<br />
args = {shortcut}<br />
}<br />
end<br />
table.insert(listItems, options.msg)<br />
<br />
-- Return an error if we have nothing to display<br />
if #listItems < 1 then<br />
local msg = cfg['no-content-error']<br />
msg = string.format('<strong class="error">%s</strong>', msg)<br />
if isCategorized and cfg['no-content-error-category'] then<br />
msg = msg .. makeCategoryLink(cfg['no-content-error-category'])<br />
end<br />
return msg<br />
end<br />
<br />
local root = mw.html.create()<br />
root:wikitext(frame:extensionTag{ name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = 'Shortcut/styles.css'} })<br />
-- Anchors<br />
local anchorDiv = root<br />
:tag('div')<br />
:addClass('module-shortcutanchordiv')<br />
for i, shortcut in ipairs(shortcuts) do<br />
local anchor = mw.uri.anchorEncode(shortcut)<br />
anchorDiv:tag('span'):attr('id', anchor)<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- Shortcut heading<br />
local shortcutHeading<br />
do<br />
local nShortcuts = #shortcuts<br />
if nShortcuts > 0 then<br />
shortcutHeading = message(cfg['shortcut-heading'], nShortcuts)<br />
shortcutHeading = frame:preprocess(shortcutHeading)<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- Shortcut box<br />
local shortcutList = root<br />
:tag('div')<br />
:addClass('module-shortcutboxplain plainlist noprint')<br />
:attr('role', 'note')<br />
if shortcutHeading then<br />
shortcutList<br />
:tag('div')<br />
:addClass('module-shortcutlist')<br />
:wikitext(shortcutHeading)<br />
end<br />
local list = shortcutList:tag('ul')<br />
for i, item in ipairs(listItems) do<br />
list:tag('li'):wikitext(item)<br />
end<br />
return tostring(root)<br />
end<br />
<br />
function p.main(frame)<br />
local args = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs(frame, {<br />
wrappers = 'Template:Shortcut'<br />
})<br />
<br />
-- Separate shortcuts from options<br />
local shortcuts, options = {}, {}<br />
for k, v in pairs(args) do<br />
if type(k) == 'number' then<br />
shortcuts[k] = v<br />
else<br />
options[k] = v<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- Compress the shortcut array, which may contain nils.<br />
local function compressArray(t)<br />
local nums, ret = {}, {}<br />
for k in pairs(t) do<br />
nums[#nums + 1] = k<br />
end<br />
table.sort(nums)<br />
for i, num in ipairs(nums) do<br />
ret[i] = t[num]<br />
end<br />
return ret<br />
end<br />
shortcuts = compressArray(shortcuts)<br />
<br />
return p._main(shortcuts, options, frame)<br />
end<br />
<br />
return p</div>
Admin
https://www.freewiki.eu/en/index.php?title=Module:Redirect&diff=1412
Module:Redirect
2019-09-06T09:55:13Z
<p>Admin: 1 revision imported</p>
<hr />
<div>-- This module provides functions for getting the target of a redirect page.<br />
<br />
local p = {}<br />
<br />
-- Gets a mw.title object, using pcall to avoid generating script errors if we<br />
-- are over the expensive function count limit (among other possible causes).<br />
local function getTitle(...)<br />
local success, titleObj = pcall(mw.title.new, ...)<br />
if success then<br />
return titleObj<br />
else<br />
return nil<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- Gets the name of a page that a redirect leads to, or nil if it isn't a<br />
-- redirect.<br />
function p.getTargetFromText(text)<br />
return string.match(<br />
text,<br />
"^%s*#[Rr][Ee][Dd][Ii][Rr][Ee][Cc][Tt]%s*:?%s*%[%[([^%[%]|]-)%]%]"<br />
) or string.match(<br />
text,<br />
"^%s*#[Rr][Ee][Dd][Ii][Rr][Ee][Cc][Tt]%s*:?%s*%[%[([^%[%]|]-)|[^%[%]]-%]%]"<br />
)<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- Gets the target of a redirect. If the page specified is not a redirect,<br />
-- returns nil.<br />
function p.getTarget(page, fulltext)<br />
-- Get the title object. Both page names and title objects are allowed<br />
-- as input.<br />
local titleObj<br />
if type(page) == 'string' or type(page) == 'number' then<br />
titleObj = getTitle(page)<br />
elseif type(page) == 'table' and type(page.getContent) == 'function' then<br />
titleObj = page<br />
else<br />
error(string.format(<br />
"bad argument #1 to 'getTarget'"<br />
.. " (string, number, or title object expected, got %s)",<br />
type(page)<br />
), 2)<br />
end<br />
if not titleObj or not titleObj.isRedirect then<br />
return nil<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- Find the target by using string matching on the page content.<br />
local target = p.getTargetFromText(titleObj:getContent() or "")<br />
if target then<br />
local targetTitle = getTitle(target)<br />
if targetTitle then<br />
if fulltext then<br />
return targetTitle.fullText<br />
else<br />
return targetTitle.prefixedText<br />
end<br />
else<br />
return nil<br />
end<br />
else<br />
-- The page is a redirect, but matching failed. This indicates a bug in<br />
-- the redirect matching pattern, so throw an error.<br />
error(string.format(<br />
'could not parse redirect on page "%s"',<br />
fulltext and titleObj.fullText or titleObj.prefixedText<br />
))<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
--[[<br />
-- Given a single page name determines what page it redirects to and returns the<br />
-- target page name, or the passed page name when not a redirect. The passed<br />
-- page name can be given as plain text or as a page link.<br />
-- <br />
-- Returns page name as plain text, or when the bracket parameter is given, as a<br />
-- page link. Returns an error message when page does not exist or the redirect<br />
-- target cannot be determined for some reason.<br />
--]]<br />
function p.luaMain(rname, bracket, fulltext)<br />
if type(rname) ~= "string" or not rname:find("%S") then<br />
return nil<br />
end<br />
bracket = bracket and "[[%s]]" or "%s"<br />
rname = rname:match("%[%[(.+)%]%]") or rname<br />
local target = p.getTarget(rname, fulltext)<br />
local ret = target or rname<br />
ret = getTitle(ret)<br />
if ret then<br />
if fulltext then<br />
ret = ret.fullText<br />
else<br />
ret = ret.prefixedText<br />
end<br />
return bracket:format(ret)<br />
else<br />
return nil<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- Provides access to the luaMain function from wikitext.<br />
function p.main(frame)<br />
local args = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs(frame, {frameOnly = true})<br />
return p.luaMain(args[1], args.bracket, args.fulltext) or ''<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- Returns true if the specified page is a redirect, and false otherwise.<br />
function p.luaIsRedirect(page)<br />
local titleObj = getTitle(page)<br />
if not titleObj then<br />
return false<br />
end<br />
if titleObj.isRedirect then<br />
return true<br />
else<br />
return false<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- Provides access to the luaIsRedirect function from wikitext, returning 'yes'<br />
-- if the specified page is a redirect, and the blank string otherwise.<br />
function p.isRedirect(frame)<br />
local args = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs(frame, {frameOnly = true})<br />
if p.luaIsRedirect(args[1]) then<br />
return 'yes'<br />
else<br />
return ''<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
return p</div>
Admin
https://www.freewiki.eu/en/index.php?title=Module:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups&diff=1410
Module:Navbox with collapsible groups
2019-09-06T09:55:09Z
<p>Admin: 1 revision imported</p>
<hr />
<div>-- This module implements {{Navbox with collapsible groups}}<br />
local q = {}<br />
local Navbox = require('Module:Navbox')<br />
<br />
-- helper functions<br />
local function concatstrings(s)<br />
local r = table.concat(s, '')<br />
if r:match('^%s*$') then r = nil end<br />
return r<br />
end<br />
<br />
local function concatstyles(s)<br />
local r = table.concat(s, ';')<br />
while r:match(';%s*;') do<br />
r = mw.ustring.gsub(r, ';%s*;', ';')<br />
end<br />
if r:match('^%s*;%s*$') then r = nil end<br />
return r<br />
end<br />
<br />
function q._navbox(pargs)<br />
-- table for args passed to navbox<br />
local targs = {}<br />
<br />
-- process args<br />
local passthrough = {<br />
['name']=true,['navbar']=true,['state']=true,['border']=true,<br />
['bodyclass']=true,['groupclass']=true,['listclass']=true,<br />
['style']=true,['bodystyle']=true,['basestyle']=true,<br />
['title']=true,['titleclass']=true,['titlestyle']=true,<br />
['above']=true,['aboveclass']=true,['abovestyle']=true,<br />
['below']=true,['belowclass']=true,['belowstyle']=true,<br />
['image']=true,['imageclass']=true,['imagestyle']=true,<br />
['imageleft']=true,['imageleftstyle']=true<br />
}<br />
for k,v in pairs(pargs) do<br />
if k and type(k) == 'string' then<br />
if passthrough[k] then<br />
targs[k] = v<br />
elseif (k:match('^list[0-9][0-9]*$') <br />
or k:match('^content[0-9][0-9]*$') ) then<br />
local n = mw.ustring.gsub(k, '^[a-z]*([0-9]*)$', '%1')<br />
if (targs['list' .. n] == nil and pargs['group' .. n] == nil<br />
and pargs['sect' .. n] == nil and pargs['section' .. n] == nil) then<br />
targs['list' .. n] = concatstrings(<br />
{pargs['list' .. n] or '', pargs['content' .. n] or ''})<br />
end<br />
elseif (k:match('^group[0-9][0-9]*$') <br />
or k:match('^sect[0-9][0-9]*$') <br />
or k:match('^section[0-9][0-9]*$') ) then<br />
local n = mw.ustring.gsub(k, '^[a-z]*([0-9]*)$', '%1')<br />
if targs['list' .. n] == nil then<br />
local titlestyle = concatstyles(<br />
{pargs['groupstyle'] or '',pargs['secttitlestyle'] or '', <br />
pargs['group' .. n .. 'style'] or '', <br />
pargs['section' .. n ..'titlestyle'] or ''})<br />
local liststyle = concatstyles(<br />
{pargs['liststyle'] or '', pargs['contentstyle'] or '', <br />
pargs['list' .. n .. 'style'] or '', <br />
pargs['content' .. n .. 'style'] or ''})<br />
local title = concatstrings(<br />
{pargs['group' .. n] or '', <br />
pargs['sect' .. n] or '',<br />
pargs['section' .. n] or ''})<br />
local list = concatstrings(<br />
{pargs['list' .. n] or '', <br />
pargs['content' .. n] or ''})<br />
local state = (pargs['abbr' .. n] and pargs['abbr' .. n] == pargs['selected']) <br />
and 'uncollapsed' or pargs['state' .. n] or 'collapsed'<br />
<br />
targs['list' .. n] = Navbox._navbox(<br />
{'child', navbar = 'plain', state = state,<br />
basestyle = pargs['basestyle'],<br />
title = title, titlestyle = titlestyle,<br />
list1 = list, liststyle = liststyle,<br />
listclass = pargs['list' .. n .. 'class'],<br />
image = pargs['image' .. n],<br />
imageleft = pargs['imageleft' .. n],<br />
listpadding = pargs['listpadding']})<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
-- ordering of style and bodystyle<br />
targs['style'] = concatstyles({targs['style'] or '', targs['bodystyle'] or ''})<br />
targs['bodystyle'] = nil<br />
<br />
-- child or subgroup<br />
if targs['border'] == nil then targs['border'] = pargs[1] end<br />
<br />
return Navbox._navbox(targs)<br />
end<br />
<br />
function q.navbox(frame)<br />
local pargs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs(frame, {wrappers = {'Template:Navbox with collapsible groups'}})<br />
<br />
-- Read the arguments in the order they'll be output in, to make references number in the right order.<br />
local _<br />
_ = pargs.title<br />
_ = pargs.above<br />
for i = 1, 20 do<br />
_ = pargs["group" .. tostring(i)]<br />
_ = pargs["list" .. tostring(i)]<br />
end<br />
_ = pargs.below<br />
<br />
return q._navbox(pargs)<br />
end<br />
<br />
return q</div>
Admin
https://www.freewiki.eu/en/index.php?title=Module:Aligned_table&diff=1408
Module:Aligned table
2019-09-06T09:55:00Z
<p>Admin: 1 revision imported</p>
<hr />
<div>-- This module implements {{aligned table}}<br />
local p = {}<br />
<br />
local function isnotempty(s)<br />
return s and s:match( '^%s*(.-)%s*$' ) ~= ''<br />
end<br />
<br />
function p.table(frame)<br />
local args = (frame.args[3] ~= nil) and frame.args or frame:getParent().args<br />
local entries = {}<br />
local colclass = {}<br />
local colstyle = {}<br />
local cols = tonumber(args['cols']) or 2<br />
<br />
-- create the root table<br />
local root = mw.html.create('table')<br />
<br />
-- add table style for fullwidth<br />
if isnotempty(args['fullwidth']) then<br />
root<br />
:css('width', '100%')<br />
:css('border-collapse', 'collapse')<br />
:css('border-spacing', '0px 0px')<br />
:css('border', 'none')<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- add table classes<br />
if isnotempty(args['class']) then<br />
root:addClass(args['class'])<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- add table style<br />
if isnotempty(args['style']) then<br />
root:cssText(args['style'])<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- build arrays with the column styles and classes<br />
if isnotempty(args['leftright']) then<br />
colstyle[1] = 'text-align:left;'<br />
colstyle[2] = 'text-align:right;'<br />
end<br />
if isnotempty(args['rightleft']) then<br />
colstyle[1] = 'text-align:right;'<br />
colstyle[2] = 'text-align:left;'<br />
end<br />
for i = 1,cols do<br />
colclass[ i ] = colclass[ i ] or ''<br />
colstyle[ i ] = colstyle[ i ] or ''<br />
if isnotempty(args['colstyle']) then<br />
colstyle[ i ] = args['colstyle'] .. ';' .. colstyle[ i ]<br />
end<br />
if isnotempty(args['colalign' .. tostring(i)]) then<br />
colstyle[ i ] = 'text-align:' .. args['colalign' .. tostring(i)] .. ';' .. colstyle[ i ]<br />
elseif isnotempty(args['col' .. tostring(i) .. 'align']) then<br />
colstyle[ i ] = 'text-align:' .. args['col' .. tostring(i) .. 'align'] .. ';' .. colstyle[ i ]<br />
elseif isnotempty(args['align' .. tostring(i)]) then<br />
colstyle[ i ] = 'text-align:' .. args['align' .. tostring(i)] .. ';' .. colstyle[ i ]<br />
end<br />
if isnotempty(args['colnowrap' .. tostring(i)]) then<br />
colstyle[ i ] = 'white-space:nowrap;' .. colstyle[ i ]<br />
elseif isnotempty(args['col' .. tostring(i) .. 'nowrap']) then<br />
colstyle[ i ] = 'white-space:nowrap;' .. colstyle[ i ]<br />
elseif isnotempty(args['nowrap' .. tostring(i)]) then<br />
colstyle[ i ] = 'white-space:nowrap;' .. colstyle[ i ]<br />
end<br />
if isnotempty(args['colwidth' .. tostring(i)]) then<br />
colstyle[ i ] = 'width:' .. args['colwidth' .. tostring(i)] .. ';' .. colstyle[ i ]<br />
elseif isnotempty(args['col' .. tostring(i) .. 'width']) then<br />
colstyle[ i ] = 'width:' .. args['col' .. tostring(i) .. 'width'] .. ';' .. colstyle[ i ]<br />
elseif isnotempty(args['colwidth']) then<br />
colstyle[ i ] = 'width:' .. args['colwidth'] .. ';' .. colstyle[ i ]<br />
end<br />
if isnotempty(args['colstyle' .. tostring(i)]) then<br />
colstyle[ i ] = colstyle[ i ] .. args['colstyle' .. tostring(i)]<br />
elseif isnotempty(args['col' .. tostring(i) .. 'style']) then<br />
colstyle[ i ] = colstyle[ i ] .. args['col' .. tostring(i) .. 'style']<br />
elseif isnotempty(args['style' .. tostring(i)]) then<br />
colstyle[ i ] = colstyle[ i ] .. args['style' .. tostring(i)]<br />
end<br />
if isnotempty(args['colclass' .. tostring(i)]) then<br />
colclass[ i ] = args['colclass' .. tostring(i)]<br />
elseif isnotempty(args['col' .. tostring(i) .. 'class']) then<br />
colclass[ i ] = args['col' .. tostring(i) .. 'class']<br />
elseif isnotempty(args['class' .. tostring(i)]) then<br />
colclass[ i ] = args['class' .. tostring(i)]<br />
end<br />
end<br />
-- compute the maximum cell index<br />
local cellcount = 0<br />
for k, v in pairs( args ) do<br />
if type( k ) == 'number' then<br />
cellcount = math.max(cellcount, k)<br />
end<br />
end<br />
-- compute the number of rows<br />
local rows = math.ceil(cellcount / cols)<br />
<br />
-- build the table content<br />
if isnotempty(args['title']) then<br />
local caption = root:tag('caption')<br />
caption:cssText(args['titlestyle'])<br />
caption:wikitext(args['title'])<br />
end<br />
if isnotempty(args['above']) then<br />
local row = root:tag('tr')<br />
local cell = row:tag('th')<br />
cell:attr('colspan', cols)<br />
cell:cssText(args['abovestyle'])<br />
cell:wikitext(args['above'])<br />
end<br />
for j=1,rows do<br />
-- start a new row<br />
local row = root:tag('tr')<br />
if isnotempty(args['rowstyle']) then<br />
row:cssText(args['rowstyle'])<br />
else<br />
row:css('vertical-align', 'top')<br />
end<br />
-- loop over the cells in the row<br />
for i=1,cols do<br />
local cell<br />
if isnotempty(args['row' .. tostring(j) .. 'header']) then<br />
cell = row:tag('th'):attr('scope','col')<br />
elseif isnotempty(args['col' .. tostring(i) .. 'header']) then<br />
cell = row:tag('th'):attr('scope','row')<br />
else<br />
cell = row:tag('td')<br />
end<br />
if args['class' .. tostring(j) .. '.' .. tostring(i)] then<br />
cell:addClass(args['class' .. tostring(j) .. '.' .. tostring(i)])<br />
else<br />
if args['rowclass' .. tostring(j)] then<br />
cell:addClass(args['rowclass' .. tostring(j)])<br />
elseif args['row' .. tostring(j) .. 'class'] then<br />
cell:addClass(args['row' .. tostring(j) .. 'class'])<br />
elseif args['rowevenclass'] and math.fmod(j,2) == 0 then<br />
cell:addClass(args['rowevenclass'])<br />
elseif args['rowoddclass'] and math.fmod(j,2) == 1 then <br />
cell:addClass(args['rowoddclass'])<br />
end<br />
if colclass[i] ~= '' then<br />
cell:addClass(colclass[i])<br />
end<br />
end<br />
if args['style' .. tostring(j) .. '.' .. tostring(i)] then<br />
cell:cssText(args['style' .. tostring(j) .. '.' .. tostring(i)])<br />
else<br />
if args['rowstyle' .. tostring(j)] then<br />
cell:cssText(args['rowstyle' .. tostring(j)])<br />
elseif args['rowevenstyle'] and math.fmod(j,2) == 0 then<br />
cell:cssText(args['rowevenstyle'])<br />
elseif args['rowoddstyle'] and math.fmod(j,2) == 1 then <br />
cell:cssText(args['rowoddstyle'])<br />
elseif args['row' .. tostring(j) .. 'style'] then<br />
cell:cssText(args['row' .. tostring(j) .. 'style'])<br />
end<br />
if isnotempty(colstyle[i]) then<br />
cell:cssText(colstyle[i])<br />
end<br />
end<br />
cell:wikitext(mw.ustring.gsub(args[cols*(j - 1) + i] or '', '^(.-)%s*$', '%1') or '')<br />
end<br />
end<br />
-- return the root table<br />
return tostring(root)<br />
end<br />
<br />
return p</div>
Admin
https://www.freewiki.eu/en/index.php?title=Template:Trim_quotes/doc&diff=1406
Template:Trim quotes/doc
2019-09-06T09:54:59Z
<p>Admin: 1 revision imported</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Documentation subpage}}<br />
{{shortcut|Template:Trimq}}<br />
{{lua|Module:Trim quotes}}<br />
<br />
This template trims matched pairs of leading and trailing single (') and double (") quotes and whitespace from a string. The string should be passed as the first unnamed parameter or using {{para|1}} or {{para|s}} if your string contains any <code>=</code> signs. <!--You may [[WP:SUBST|substitute]] this template - that is, if used as {{tlxs|trim brackets}}, the resulting wikicode is "clean".--><br />
<br />
== Usage ==<br />
{{tlx|trim quotes|''text''}} = ''text'' with any leading or trailing quotes removed (as long as ''text'' doesn't contain any <code>=</code> signs).<br />
<br />
{{tlx|1=trim quotes|2=1=''text''}} or {{tlx|1=trim quotes|2=s=''text''}} = ''text'' with any leading or trailing quotes removed.<br />
<br />
== Example ==<br />
*{{tlx|trim quotes|<nowiki>1= 'abc' </nowiki>}} produces <code>{{trim quotes|1= 'abc' }}</code>.<br />
<br />
*{{tlx|trim quotes|<nowiki>1= ""abc's""</nowiki>}} produces <code>{{trim quotes|1= ""abc's"" }}</code><br />
<br />
*{{tlx|trim quotes|<nowiki>1= This is a "quote"</nowiki>}} produces <code>{{trim quotes|1= This is a "quote" }}</code> (since the quotes aren't at the beginning and end of the string)<br />
<br />
== Template data ==<br />
{{TemplateDataHeader}}<br />
<templatedata><br />
{<br />
"description": "The template trims matched pairs of leading and trailing single and double quotes from a string.",<br />
"params": {<br />
"1": {<br />
"label": "String",<br />
"description": "The string to be trimmed",<br />
"type": "string",<br />
"required": true<br />
}<br />
}<br />
}<br />
</templatedata><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* {{tl|trim}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{String-handling templates |trim quotes}}<br />
<br />
<includeonly>{{sandbox other||<br />
[[Category:String manipulation templates]]<br />
<br />
}}</includeonly></div>
Admin
https://www.freewiki.eu/en/index.php?title=Template:Shortcut/styles.css&diff=1400
Template:Shortcut/styles.css
2019-09-06T09:54:58Z
<p>Admin: 1 revision imported</p>
<hr />
<div>/* {{pp-template}} */<br />
.module-shortcutboxplain {<br />
float: right;<br />
border: 1px solid #aaa;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
margin: 0 0 0 1em;<br />
padding: 0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
font-size: 85%;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.module-shortcutlist {<br />
display: inline-block;<br />
border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;<br />
margin-bottom: 0.2em;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.module-shortcutanchordiv {<br />
position: relative;<br />
top: -3em;<br />
}<br />
<br />
li .module-shortcutanchordiv {<br />
float: right; /* IE/Edge in list items */<br />
}</div>
Admin
https://www.freewiki.eu/en/index.php?title=Template:String-handling_templates&diff=1402
Template:String-handling templates
2019-09-06T09:54:58Z
<p>Admin: 1 revision imported</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Navbox with collapsible groups<br />
| name = String-handling templates<br />
| state = {{{state|expanded}}}<br />
| bodyclass = plainlist<br />
| title = String-handling templates<br />
| selected = {{{selected|{{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}}}}<br />
<br />
<!---------------------- Trimming -------------------------><br />
| abbr1 = trim<br />
| sect1 = [[Trimming (computer programming)|Trimming]]<br />
| content1 =<br />
{{Navbox |child<br />
<br />
| group1 = By counting<br />
| list1 =<br />
{{Aligned table |fullwidth=on |style=text-align:left; |col1width=50%;<br />
| {{Aligned table |style=padding-right:2.5em;<br />
|col1style=width:12.5em;text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.75em; |col2style=font-style:italic;<br />
| {{tl|str mid}} | To return a substring specified by position and length.<br />
| {{tl|trunc}} | To trim down to a specified number of characters.<br />
| {{tl|str left}} | To trim down to a specified number of characters or duplicate the string to a specified number.<br />
| {{tl|str crop}} | To crop a specified number of characters off the end.<br />
| {{tl|chop head and tail}} | To crop a specified number of characters off the beginning and end.<br />
}}<br />
| {{Aligned table<br />
|col1style=width:12.5em;text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.75em; |col2style=font-style:italic;<br />
| {{tl|str right}} | To trim the first specified number of characters.<br />
| {{tl|str rightc}} | To return a number of characters from the end, returns a parameter if the string is empty.<br />
| {{tl|str rightmost}} | To trim down to the last specified number of characters.<br />
| {{tl|str sub old}} | To trim down to a specified number, starting at a given number from the left.<br />
| {{tl|str sub new}} | Select a substr based on starting and ending index.<br />
| {{tl|str index}} | Returns a given character from a string, but not accented letters.<br />
}} }}<br />
<br />
| group2 = By checking<br />
| list2 =<br />
{{Aligned table |fullwidth=on |style=text-align:left; |col1width=50%;<br />
| {{Aligned table |style=padding-right:2.5em;<br />
|col1style=width:12.5em;text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.75em; |col2style=font-style:italic;<br />
| {{tl|trim}} | To trim any leading or trailing whitespace<br />
| {{tl|str letter/trim}} | To trim down to the beginning letters.<br />
| {{tl|str number/trim}} | To trim down to the beginning numbers.<br />
| {{tl|trim brackets}} | To trim any leading or trailing square brackets.<br />
| {{tl|trim quotes}} | To trim leading or trailing matching quotes.<br />
}}<br />
| {{Aligned table<br />
|col1style=width:12.5em;text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.75em; |col2style=font-style:italic;<br />
| {{tl|first word}} | To trim down to the first space.<br />
| {{tl|remove first word}} | To remove anything before the first space.<br />
| {{tl|last word}} | To trim down from the last space.<br />
| {{tl|remove last word}} | To remove anything after the last space.<br />
}} }}<br />
<br />
| group3 = Dedicated<br />
| list3 =<br />
{{Aligned table |fullwidth=on |style=text-align:left; |col1width=50%;<br />
| {{Aligned table |style=padding-right:2.5em;<br />
|col1style=width:12.5em;text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.75em; |col2style=font-style:italic;<br />
| {{tl|delink}} | Removes wikilink brackets (wikicode).<br />
| {{tl|remove file prefix}} | Removes "File:" (or "Image:") from filenames.<br />
| {{tl|PAGENAMEBASE}} | To trim off any parenthesis text at the end of a string (disambiguation).<br />
| {{tl|title disambig text}} | Returns text in parentheses at the end of a string (disambiguation).<br />
}}<br />
| {{Aligned table<br />
|col1style=width:12.5em;text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.75em; |col2style=font-style:italic;<br />
| {{tl|WikiProjectbasename}} | Removes "WikiProject" from a pagename.<br />
| {{tl|remove unranked}} | Removes the string "unranked_" from the left of a string (taxonomy).<br />
| {{tl|ship prefix}} | Returns the length of a ship's name prefix, if listed (ship names).<br />
| {{tl|title year}} | Returns the 4-digit year from a pagename, if any.<br />
| {{tl|title decade}} | Returns the 4-digit decade (e.g. "1740s") from a pagename, if any.<br />
}} }}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<!----------- Insertion, replacement, length --------------><br />
| abbr2 = IRL<br />
| sect2 = Insertion, replacement and length<br />
| content2 =<br />
{{Aligned table |style=margin:0 auto 0;text-align:left;<br />
| <!---(Insertion, replacement)---><br />
{{Aligned table |style=padding-right:2.5em;<br />
|col1style=text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.75em; |col2style=font-style:italic;<br />
| {{tl|strloc insert}} | Inserts a string at character location strloc, or appends if strloc<{{=}}0.<br />
| {{tl|loop}} | Repeat character string a specified number of times.<br />
| {{tl|replace}} | Returns the string, after replacing ''all'' occurrences of a specified string with another string.<br />
| {{tl|str rep}} | Returns the string, after replacing the first occurrence of a specified string with another string.<br />
| {{tl|digits}} | Returns the string, after removing all characters that are not digits 0–9<br />
}}<br />
| <!---(Length)---><br />
{{Aligned table<br />
|col1style=text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.75em; |col2style=font-style:italic;<br />
| {{tl|str len}} | Returns a string's length.<br />
| {{tl|str ≥ len}} | To check if a string is "longer or equally long" or "shorter" than a given length.<br />
| {{tl|str ≤ len}} | To check if a string is "shorter or equally long" or "longer" than a given length.<br />
| {{tl|str ≠ len}} | To check if a string is "not equal" or "equal" to a given length.<br />
| {{tl|str ≤ ≥ len}} | To check if a string is "shorter", "equal", or "longer" than a given length.<br />
}} }}<br />
<br />
<!----------------- Analysis, technical -------------------><br />
| abbr3 = anlys/tech<br />
| sect3 = Analysis and technical<br />
| content3 =<br />
{{Aligned table |style=margin:0 auto 0;text-align:left;<br />
| <!---(Analysis)---><br />
{{Aligned table |style=padding-right:2.5em;<br />
|col1style=text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.75em; |col2style=font-style:italic;<br />
| {{tl|str endswith}} | To check if a string ends with a given string.<br />
| {{tl|str find}}<br/>{{tl|strfind short}} |style2.2=vertical-align:middle;|''Returns the numerical location of a given string in a string.''<br />
| {{tl|str find0}} | Zero-based substring search.<br />
| {{tl|str sub find}} | Searches a substring in a string at the given offset.<br />
| {{tl|str letter}} | Returns the number of letters that begin a string.<br />
| {{tl|str number}} | Returns the number of numbers that begin a string.<br />
| {{tl|str gtr str}} | Compares two strings for alphabetical order, and returns a value accordingly.<br />
}}<br />
| <!---(Analysis cont'd)---><br />
{{Aligned table<br />
|col1style=text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.75em; |col2style=font-style:italic;<br />
| {{tl|ASCII code}} | Returns the ASCII value of a single character.<br />
| {{tl|a or an}} | Takes a noun and produces the appropriate indefinite article, based on whether the first letter is a vowel.<br />
| &nbsp; | &nbsp;<br />
| {{tl|Count on page}} | Counts now many times a string is used on a page <br />
| {{tl|String on page}}| Finds if yes/no a string is used on a page<br />
| &nbsp; | &nbsp;<br />
<!---(Technical)---><br />
| [[Module:String]] | <br />
| [[mw:Help:Magic words|...Magic words]] | {{noitalic|About <code><nowiki>{{padleft:&#124;}}</nowiki></code>.}}<br />
| [[mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions|...ParserFunctions]] | {{noitalic|About <code><nowiki>{{#titleparts:&#124;}}, {{#expr:&#124;}}, {{#ifeq:&#124;}}, </nowiki></code> etc.}}<br />
}} }}<br />
<br />
<!--------------------- (disabled) ------------------------><br />
<!----<br />
| group12 = Feature requests<br />
| list12 =<br />
* [[bugzilla:6455]] – Set $wgPFEnableStringFunctions = true on WMF wikis<br />
* [[bugzilla:26092]] – Enable or install string parsing wikimarkup functionality on WMF wikis<br />
<br />
<!----Not in a navbox:<br />
| group13 = [[Wikipedia:Template sandbox and test cases|Sandboxes, testcases]]<br />
| list13 =<br />
* {{tl|Str find/sandbox}}<br />
* {{tl|Str index/getchar/sandbox}}<br />
* {{tl|Str index/getchar/testcases}}<br />
* {{tl|Str index/sandbox}}<br />
* {{tl|Str index/testcases}}<br />
* {{tl|Str index any/sandbox}}<br />
* {{tl|Str index any/testcases}}<br />
* {{tl|Str left/sandbox}}<br />
* {{tl|Str len/core/sandbox}}<br />
* {{tl|Str len/sandbox}}<br />
* {{tl|Str len/testcases}}<br />
* {{tl|Str rightc/testcases}}<br />
* {{tl|Str ≠ len/sandbox}}<br />
* {{tl|Str ≠ len/testcases}}<br />
-----><br />
<br />
<!----------------------- below ---------------------------><br />
| belowclass = hlist<br />
| below =<br />
* [[:Category:String manipulation templates]]<br />
* [[m:Category:String templates]]<br />
* [[:commons:Category:String manipulation templates]]<br />
<br />
| tracking = no <!--(keep all these string templates (by /doc pages) out of the tracking category)--><br />
<br />
}}<noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude></div>
Admin
https://www.freewiki.eu/en/index.php?title=Template:TemplateDataHeader&diff=1404
Template:TemplateDataHeader
2019-09-06T09:54:58Z
<p>Admin: 1 revision imported</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Template:TemplateData header]]<br />
{{R from move}}</div>
Admin
https://www.freewiki.eu/en/index.php?title=Template:Shortcut&diff=1398
Template:Shortcut
2019-09-06T09:54:57Z
<p>Admin: 1 revision imported</p>
<hr />
<div><includeonly>{{#invoke:Shortcut|main}}</includeonly><noinclude><br />
{{documentation}}<br />
<!-- Categories go on the /doc subpage, and interwikis go on Wikidata. --><br />
</noinclude></div>
Admin
https://www.freewiki.eu/en/index.php?title=Template:Noitalic/styles.css&diff=1394
Template:Noitalic/styles.css
2019-09-06T09:54:56Z
<p>Admin: 1 revision imported</p>
<hr />
<div>/* {{pp-template}} */<br />
/* Styling for Template:Noitalic */<br />
.noitalic {<br />
font-style: normal;<br />
}</div>
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https://www.freewiki.eu/en/index.php?title=Template:Sandbox_other&diff=1396
Template:Sandbox other
2019-09-06T09:54:56Z
<p>Admin: 1 revision imported</p>
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<div>{{#if:{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox|1}}{{#invoke:String|match|{{PAGENAME}}|/sandbox/styles.css$|plain=false|nomatch=}}|{{{1|}}}|{{{2|}}}}}<!--<br />
--><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude></div>
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https://www.freewiki.eu/en/index.php?title=Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups&diff=1388
Template:Navbox with collapsible groups
2019-09-06T09:54:55Z
<p>Admin: 1 revision imported</p>
<hr />
<div>{{#invoke:Navbox with collapsible groups|navbox}}<noinclude><br />
{{documentation}}<br />
</noinclude></div>
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2019-09-06T09:54:55Z
<p>Admin: 1 revision imported</p>
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<div>{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#if: {{{{{|safesubst:}}}#invoke:Redirect|isRedirect|{{{1}}}}}<br />
| <span class="plainlinks">[{{{{{|safesubst:}}}fullurl:{{{1}}}|redirect=no}} {{{2|{{{1}}}}}}]</span><br />
| {{{{{|safesubst:}}}#if:{{{2|}}}|[[:{{{{{|safesubst:}}}FULLPAGENAME:{{{1}}}}}|{{{2}}}]]|[[:{{{{{|safesubst:}}}FULLPAGENAME:{{{1}}}}}]]}}<br />
}}<noinclude><br />
{{documentation}}<br />
</noinclude></div>
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https://www.freewiki.eu/en/index.php?title=Template:Noitalic&diff=1392
Template:Noitalic
2019-09-06T09:54:55Z
<p>Admin: 1 revision imported</p>
<hr />
<div><templatestyles src="Noitalic/styles.css"/><span class="noitalic">{{{1}}}</span><noinclude><br />
{{documentation}}<br />
<!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS TO THE /doc SUBPAGE, THANKS --><br />
</noinclude></div>
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https://www.freewiki.eu/en/index.php?title=Template:Trim_quotes&diff=1382
Template:Trim quotes
2019-09-06T09:54:54Z
<p>Admin: 1 revision imported</p>
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<div>{{#invoke:Trim quotes|trim|s={{{s|{{{1|}}}}}}}}<noinclude><br />
{{documentation}}<br />
</noinclude></div>
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https://www.freewiki.eu/en/index.php?title=Template:%3D&diff=1384
Template:=
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<div>=<noinclude><br />
{{documentation}}<br />
</noinclude></div>
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https://www.freewiki.eu/en/index.php?title=Template:Aligned_table&diff=1386
Template:Aligned table
2019-09-06T09:54:54Z
<p>Admin: 1 revision imported</p>
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<div>{{<includeonly>safesubst:</includeonly>#invoke:aligned table|table}}<noinclude><br />
{{documentation}}<br />
</noinclude></div>
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https://www.freewiki.eu/en/index.php?title=Template:Quote/styles.css&diff=1378
Template:Quote/styles.css
2019-09-06T09:53:16Z
<p>Admin: 1 revision imported</p>
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<div>/* {{pp-template}} <br />
Styling for Template:Quote */<br />
.templatequote {<br />
overflow: hidden;<br />
margin: 1em 0;<br />
padding: 0 40px;<br />
}<br />
.templatequote .templatequotecite {<br />
line-height: 1.5em;<br />
/* @noflip */<br />
text-align: left;<br />
/* @noflip */<br />
padding-left: 1.6em;<br />
margin-top: 0;<br />
}</div>
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https://www.freewiki.eu/en/index.php?title=Template:Pp-template&diff=1380
Template:Pp-template
2019-09-06T09:53:16Z
<p>Admin: 1 revision imported</p>
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<div><includeonly>{{#invoke:Protection banner|main}}</includeonly><noinclude><br />
{{documentation}}<br />
<!-- Categories go on the /doc subpage, and interwikis go on Wikidata. --><br />
</noinclude></div>
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https://www.freewiki.eu/en/index.php?title=Reproducability_Crisis&diff=1318
Reproducability Crisis
2019-09-05T08:30:55Z
<p>Admin: Redirected page to Replication Crisis</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Replication Crisis]]</div>
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https://www.freewiki.eu/en/index.php?title=Replicability_Crisis&diff=1317
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2019-09-05T08:30:25Z
<p>Admin: Redirected page to Replication Crisis</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Replication Crisis]]</div>
Admin
https://www.freewiki.eu/en/index.php?title=Module:Language/data/iana_regions&diff=1315
Module:Language/data/iana regions
2019-09-03T09:26:04Z
<p>Admin: 1 revision imported</p>
<hr />
<div>-- File-Date: 2019-04-30<br />
return {<br />
["AC"] = {"Ascension Island"},<br />
["AD"] = {"Andorra"},<br />
["AE"] = {"United Arab Emirates"},<br />
["AF"] = {"Afghanistan"},<br />
["AG"] = {"Antigua and Barbuda"},<br />
["AI"] = {"Anguilla"},<br />
["AL"] = {"Albania"},<br />
["AM"] = {"Armenia"},<br />
["AO"] = {"Angola"},<br />
["AQ"] = {"Antarctica"},<br />
["AR"] = {"Argentina"},<br />
["AS"] = {"American Samoa"},<br />
["AT"] = {"Austria"},<br />
["AU"] = {"Australia"},<br />
["AW"] = {"Aruba"},<br />
["AX"] = {"Åland Islands"},<br />
["AZ"] = {"Azerbaijan"},<br />
["BA"] = {"Bosnia and Herzegovina"},<br />
["BB"] = {"Barbados"},<br />
["BD"] = {"Bangladesh"},<br />
["BE"] = {"Belgium"},<br />
["BF"] = {"Burkina Faso"},<br />
["BG"] = {"Bulgaria"},<br />
["BH"] = {"Bahrain"},<br />
["BI"] = {"Burundi"},<br />
["BJ"] = {"Benin"},<br />
["BL"] = {"Saint Barthélemy"},<br />
["BM"] = {"Bermuda"},<br />
["BN"] = {"Brunei Darussalam"},<br />
["BO"] = {"Bolivia"},<br />
["BQ"] = {"Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba"},<br />
["BR"] = {"Brazil"},<br />
["BS"] = {"Bahamas"},<br />
["BT"] = {"Bhutan"},<br />
["BV"] = {"Bouvet Island"},<br />
["BW"] = {"Botswana"},<br />
["BY"] = {"Belarus"},<br />
["BZ"] = {"Belize"},<br />
["CA"] = {"Canada"},<br />
["CC"] = {"Cocos (Keeling) Islands"},<br />
["CD"] = {"The Democratic Republic of the Congo"},<br />
["CF"] = {"Central African Republic"},<br />
["CG"] = {"Congo"},<br />
["CH"] = {"Switzerland"},<br />
["CI"] = {"Côte d'Ivoire"},<br />
["CK"] = {"Cook Islands"},<br />
["CL"] = {"Chile"},<br />
["CM"] = {"Cameroon"},<br />
["CN"] = {"China"},<br />
["CO"] = {"Colombia"},<br />
["CP"] = {"Clipperton Island"},<br />
["CR"] = {"Costa Rica"},<br />
["CU"] = {"Cuba"},<br />
["CV"] = {"Cabo Verde", "Cape Verde"},<br />
["CW"] = {"Curaçao"},<br />
["CX"] = {"Christmas Island"},<br />
["CY"] = {"Cyprus"},<br />
["CZ"] = {"Czechia", "Czech Republic"},<br />
["DE"] = {"Germany"},<br />
["DG"] = {"Diego Garcia"},<br />
["DJ"] = {"Djibouti"},<br />
["DK"] = {"Denmark"},<br />
["DM"] = {"Dominica"},<br />
["DO"] = {"Dominican Republic"},<br />
["DZ"] = {"Algeria"},<br />
["EA"] = {"Ceuta, Melilla"},<br />
["EC"] = {"Ecuador"},<br />
["EE"] = {"Estonia"},<br />
["EG"] = {"Egypt"},<br />
["EH"] = {"Western Sahara"},<br />
["ER"] = {"Eritrea"},<br />
["ES"] = {"Spain"},<br />
["ET"] = {"Ethiopia"},<br />
["EU"] = {"European Union"},<br />
["EZ"] = {"Eurozone"},<br />
["FI"] = {"Finland"},<br />
["FJ"] = {"Fiji"},<br />
["FK"] = {"Falkland Islands (Malvinas)"},<br />
["FM"] = {"Federated States of Micronesia"},<br />
["FO"] = {"Faroe Islands"},<br />
["FR"] = {"France"},<br />
["GA"] = {"Gabon"},<br />
["GB"] = {"United Kingdom"},<br />
["GD"] = {"Grenada"},<br />
["GE"] = {"Georgia"},<br />
["GF"] = {"French Guiana"},<br />
["GG"] = {"Guernsey"},<br />
["GH"] = {"Ghana"},<br />
["GI"] = {"Gibraltar"},<br />
["GL"] = {"Greenland"},<br />
["GM"] = {"Gambia"},<br />
["GN"] = {"Guinea"},<br />
["GP"] = {"Guadeloupe"},<br />
["GQ"] = {"Equatorial Guinea"},<br />
["GR"] = {"Greece"},<br />
["GS"] = {"South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands"},<br />
["GT"] = {"Guatemala"},<br />
["GU"] = {"Guam"},<br />
["GW"] = {"Guinea-Bissau"},<br />
["GY"] = {"Guyana"},<br />
["HK"] = {"Hong Kong"},<br />
["HM"] = {"Heard Island and McDonald Islands"},<br />
["HN"] = {"Honduras"},<br />
["HR"] = {"Croatia"},<br />
["HT"] = {"Haiti"},<br />
["HU"] = {"Hungary"},<br />
["IC"] = {"Canary Islands"},<br />
["ID"] = {"Indonesia"},<br />
["IE"] = {"Ireland"},<br />
["IL"] = {"Israel"},<br />
["IM"] = {"Isle of Man"},<br />
["IN"] = {"India"},<br />
["IO"] = {"British Indian Ocean Territory"},<br />
["IQ"] = {"Iraq"},<br />
["IR"] = {"Islamic Republic of Iran"},<br />
["IS"] = {"Iceland"},<br />
["IT"] = {"Italy"},<br />
["JE"] = {"Jersey"},<br />
["JM"] = {"Jamaica"},<br />
["JO"] = {"Jordan"},<br />
["JP"] = {"Japan"},<br />
["KE"] = {"Kenya"},<br />
["KG"] = {"Kyrgyzstan"},<br />
["KH"] = {"Cambodia"},<br />
["KI"] = {"Kiribati"},<br />
["KM"] = {"Comoros"},<br />
["KN"] = {"Saint Kitts and Nevis"},<br />
["KP"] = {"Democratic People's Republic of Korea"},<br />
["KR"] = {"Republic of Korea"},<br />
["KW"] = {"Kuwait"},<br />
["KY"] = {"Cayman Islands"},<br />
["KZ"] = {"Kazakhstan"},<br />
["LA"] = {"Lao People's Democratic Republic"},<br />
["LB"] = {"Lebanon"},<br />
["LC"] = {"Saint Lucia"},<br />
["LI"] = {"Liechtenstein"},<br />
["LK"] = {"Sri Lanka"},<br />
["LR"] = {"Liberia"},<br />
["LS"] = {"Lesotho"},<br />
["LT"] = {"Lithuania"},<br />
["LU"] = {"Luxembourg"},<br />
["LV"] = {"Latvia"},<br />
["LY"] = {"Libya"},<br />
["MA"] = {"Morocco"},<br />
["MC"] = {"Monaco"},<br />
["MD"] = {"Moldova"},<br />
["ME"] = {"Montenegro"},<br />
["MF"] = {"Saint Martin (French part)"},<br />
["MG"] = {"Madagascar"},<br />
["MH"] = {"Marshall Islands"},<br />
["MK"] = {"North Macedonia"},<br />
["ML"] = {"Mali"},<br />
["MM"] = {"Myanmar"},<br />
["MN"] = {"Mongolia"},<br />
["MO"] = {"Macao"},<br />
["MP"] = {"Northern Mariana Islands"},<br />
["MQ"] = {"Martinique"},<br />
["MR"] = {"Mauritania"},<br />
["MS"] = {"Montserrat"},<br />
["MT"] = {"Malta"},<br />
["MU"] = {"Mauritius"},<br />
["MV"] = {"Maldives"},<br />
["MW"] = {"Malawi"},<br />
["MX"] = {"Mexico"},<br />
["MY"] = {"Malaysia"},<br />
["MZ"] = {"Mozambique"},<br />
["NA"] = {"Namibia"},<br />
["NC"] = {"New Caledonia"},<br />
["NE"] = {"Niger"},<br />
["NF"] = {"Norfolk Island"},<br />
["NG"] = {"Nigeria"},<br />
["NI"] = {"Nicaragua"},<br />
["NL"] = {"Netherlands"},<br />
["NO"] = {"Norway"},<br />
["NP"] = {"Nepal"},<br />
["NR"] = {"Nauru"},<br />
["NU"] = {"Niue"},<br />
["NZ"] = {"New Zealand"},<br />
["OM"] = {"Oman"},<br />
["PA"] = {"Panama"},<br />
["PE"] = {"Peru"},<br />
["PF"] = {"French Polynesia"},<br />
["PG"] = {"Papua New Guinea"},<br />
["PH"] = {"Philippines"},<br />
["PK"] = {"Pakistan"},<br />
["PL"] = {"Poland"},<br />
["PM"] = {"Saint Pierre and Miquelon"},<br />
["PN"] = {"Pitcairn"},<br />
["PR"] = {"Puerto Rico"},<br />
["PS"] = {"State of Palestine"},<br />
["PT"] = {"Portugal"},<br />
["PW"] = {"Palau"},<br />
["PY"] = {"Paraguay"},<br />
["QA"] = {"Qatar"},<br />
["RE"] = {"Réunion"},<br />
["RO"] = {"Romania"},<br />
["RS"] = {"Serbia"},<br />
["RU"] = {"Russian Federation"},<br />
["RW"] = {"Rwanda"},<br />
["SA"] = {"Saudi Arabia"},<br />
["SB"] = {"Solomon Islands"},<br />
["SC"] = {"Seychelles"},<br />
["SD"] = {"Sudan"},<br />
["SE"] = {"Sweden"},<br />
["SG"] = {"Singapore"},<br />
["SH"] = {"Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha"},<br />
["SI"] = {"Slovenia"},<br />
["SJ"] = {"Svalbard and Jan Mayen"},<br />
["SK"] = {"Slovakia"},<br />
["SL"] = {"Sierra Leone"},<br />
["SM"] = {"San Marino"},<br />
["SN"] = {"Senegal"},<br />
["SO"] = {"Somalia"},<br />
["SR"] = {"Suriname"},<br />
["SS"] = {"South Sudan"},<br />
["ST"] = {"Sao Tome and Principe"},<br />
["SV"] = {"El Salvador"},<br />
["SX"] = {"Sint Maarten (Dutch part)"},<br />
["SY"] = {"Syrian Arab Republic"},<br />
["SZ"] = {"Eswatini", "eSwatini", "Swaziland"},<br />
["TA"] = {"Tristan da Cunha"},<br />
["TC"] = {"Turks and Caicos Islands"},<br />
["TD"] = {"Chad"},<br />
["TF"] = {"French Southern Territories"},<br />
["TG"] = {"Togo"},<br />
["TH"] = {"Thailand"},<br />
["TJ"] = {"Tajikistan"},<br />
["TK"] = {"Tokelau"},<br />
["TL"] = {"Timor-Leste"},<br />
["TM"] = {"Turkmenistan"},<br />
["TN"] = {"Tunisia"},<br />
["TO"] = {"Tonga"},<br />
["TR"] = {"Turkey"},<br />
["TT"] = {"Trinidad and Tobago"},<br />
["TV"] = {"Tuvalu"},<br />
["TW"] = {"Taiwan, Province of China"},<br />
["TZ"] = {"United Republic of Tanzania"},<br />
["UA"] = {"Ukraine"},<br />
["UG"] = {"Uganda"},<br />
["UM"] = {"United States Minor Outlying Islands"},<br />
["UN"] = {"United Nations"},<br />
["US"] = {"United States"},<br />
["UY"] = {"Uruguay"},<br />
["UZ"] = {"Uzbekistan"},<br />
["VA"] = {"Holy See (Vatican City State)"},<br />
["VC"] = {"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines"},<br />
["VE"] = {"Venezuela"},<br />
["VG"] = {"British Virgin Islands"},<br />
["VI"] = {"U.S. Virgin Islands"},<br />
["VN"] = {"Viet Nam"},<br />
["VU"] = {"Vanuatu"},<br />
["WF"] = {"Wallis and Futuna"},<br />
["WS"] = {"Samoa"},<br />
["YE"] = {"Yemen"},<br />
["YT"] = {"Mayotte"},<br />
["ZA"] = {"South Africa"},<br />
["ZM"] = {"Zambia"},<br />
["ZW"] = {"Zimbabwe"},<br />
["001"] = {"World"},<br />
["002"] = {"Africa"},<br />
["003"] = {"North America"},<br />
["005"] = {"South America"},<br />
["009"] = {"Oceania"},<br />
["011"] = {"Western Africa"},<br />
["013"] = {"Central America"},<br />
["014"] = {"Eastern Africa"},<br />
["015"] = {"Northern Africa"},<br />
["017"] = {"Middle Africa"},<br />
["018"] = {"Southern Africa"},<br />
["019"] = {"Americas"},<br />
["021"] = {"Northern America"},<br />
["029"] = {"Caribbean"},<br />
["030"] = {"Eastern Asia"},<br />
["034"] = {"Southern Asia"},<br />
["035"] = {"South-Eastern Asia"},<br />
["039"] = {"Southern Europe"},<br />
["053"] = {"Australia and New Zealand"},<br />
["054"] = {"Melanesia"},<br />
["057"] = {"Micronesia"},<br />
["061"] = {"Polynesia"},<br />
["142"] = {"Asia"},<br />
["143"] = {"Central Asia"},<br />
["145"] = {"Western Asia"},<br />
["150"] = {"Europe"},<br />
["151"] = {"Eastern Europe"},<br />
["154"] = {"Northern Europe"},<br />
["155"] = {"Western Europe"},<br />
["202"] = {"Sub-Saharan Africa"},<br />
["419"] = {"Latin America and the Caribbean"}<br />
}</div>
Admin
https://www.freewiki.eu/en/index.php?title=Module:Language/data/ISO_639-3&diff=1311
Module:Language/data/ISO 639-3
2019-09-03T09:26:03Z
<p>Admin: 1 revision imported</p>
<hr />
<div>-- File-Date: 2019-04-08<br />
return {<br />
["aaa"] = {"Ghotuo"},<br />
["aab"] = {"Alumu-Tesu"},<br />
["aac"] = {"Ari"},<br />
["aad"] = {"Amal"},<br />
["aae"] = {"Arbëreshë Albanian"},<br />
["aaf"] = {"Aranadan"},<br />
["aag"] = {"Ambrak"},<br />
["aah"] = {"Abu' Arapesh"},<br />
["aai"] = {"Arifama-Miniafia"},<br />
["aak"] = {"Ankave"},<br />
["aal"] = {"Afade"},<br />
["aan"] = {"Anambé"},<br />
["aao"] = {"Algerian Saharan Arabic"},<br />
["aap"] = {"Pará Arára"},<br />
["aaq"] = {"Eastern Abnaki"},<br />
["aar"] = {"Afar"},<br />
["aas"] = {"Aasáx"},<br />
["aat"] = {"Arvanitika Albanian"},<br />
["aau"] = {"Abau"},<br />
["aaw"] = {"Solong"},<br />
["aax"] = {"Mandobo Atas"},<br />
["aaz"] = {"Amarasi"},<br />
["aba"] = {"Abé"},<br />
["abb"] = {"Bankon"},<br />
["abc"] = {"Ambala Ayta"},<br />
["abd"] = {"Manide"},<br />
["abe"] = {"Western Abnaki"},<br />
["abf"] = {"Abai Sungai"},<br />
["abg"] = {"Abaga"},<br />
["abh"] = {"Tajiki Arabic"},<br />
["abi"] = {"Abidji"},<br />
["abj"] = {"Aka-Bea"},<br />
["abk"] = {"Abkhazian"},<br />
["abl"] = {"Lampung Nyo"},<br />
["abm"] = {"Abanyom"},<br />
["abn"] = {"Abua"},<br />
["abo"] = {"Abon"},<br />
["abp"] = {"Abellen Ayta"},<br />
["abq"] = {"Abaza"},<br />
["abr"] = {"Abron"},<br />
["abs"] = {"Ambonese Malay"},<br />
["abt"] = {"Ambulas"},<br />
["abu"] = {"Abure"},<br />
["abv"] = {"Baharna Arabic"},<br />
["abw"] = {"Pal"},<br />
["abx"] = {"Inabaknon"},<br />
["aby"] = {"Aneme Wake"},<br />
["abz"] = {"Abui"},<br />
["aca"] = {"Achagua"},<br />
["acb"] = {"Áncá"},<br />
["acd"] = {"Gikyode"},<br />
["ace"] = {"Achinese"},<br />
["acf"] = {"Saint Lucian Creole French"},<br />
["ach"] = {"Acoli"},<br />
["aci"] = {"Aka-Cari"},<br />
["ack"] = {"Aka-Kora"},<br />
["acl"] = {"Akar-Bale"},<br />
["acm"] = {"Mesopotamian Arabic"},<br />
["acn"] = {"Achang"},<br />
["acp"] = {"Eastern Acipa"},<br />
["acq"] = {"Ta'izzi-Adeni Arabic"},<br />
["acr"] = {"Achi"},<br />
["acs"] = {"Acroá"},<br />
["act"] = {"Achterhoeks"},<br />
["acu"] = {"Achuar-Shiwiar"},<br />
["acv"] = {"Achumawi"},<br />
["acw"] = {"Hijazi Arabic"},<br />
["acx"] = {"Omani Arabic"},<br />
["acy"] = {"Cypriot Arabic"},<br />
["acz"] = {"Acheron"},<br />
["ada"] = {"Adangme"},<br />
["adb"] = {"Adabe"},<br />
["add"] = {"Dzodinka", "Lidzonka"},<br />
["ade"] = {"Adele"},<br />
["adf"] = {"Dhofari Arabic"},<br />
["adg"] = {"Andegerebinha"},<br />
["adh"] = {"Adhola"},<br />
["adi"] = {"Adi"},<br />
["adj"] = {"Adioukrou"},<br />
["adl"] = {"Galo"},<br />
["adn"] = {"Adang"},<br />
["ado"] = {"Abu"},<br />
["adq"] = {"Adangbe"},<br />
["adr"] = {"Adonara"},<br />
["ads"] = {"Adamorobe Sign Language"},<br />
["adt"] = {"Adnyamathanha"},<br />
["adu"] = {"Aduge"},<br />
["adw"] = {"Amundava"},<br />
["adx"] = {"Amdo Tibetan"},<br />
["ady"] = {"Adygei", "Adyghe"},<br />
["adz"] = {"Adzera"},<br />
["aea"] = {"Areba"},<br />
["aeb"] = {"Tunisian Arabic"},<br />
["aec"] = {"Saidi Arabic"},<br />
["aed"] = {"Argentine Sign Language"},<br />
["aee"] = {"Northeast Pashai", "Northeast Pashayi"},<br />
["aek"] = {"Haeke"},<br />
["ael"] = {"Ambele"},<br />
["aem"] = {"Arem"},<br />
["aen"] = {"Armenian Sign Language"},<br />
["aeq"] = {"Aer"},<br />
["aer"] = {"Eastern Arrernte"},<br />
["aes"] = {"Alsea"},<br />
["aeu"] = {"Akeu"},<br />
["aew"] = {"Ambakich"},<br />
["aey"] = {"Amele"},<br />
["aez"] = {"Aeka"},<br />
["afb"] = {"Gulf Arabic"},<br />
["afd"] = {"Andai"},<br />
["afe"] = {"Putukwam"},<br />
["afg"] = {"Afghan Sign Language"},<br />
["afh"] = {"Afrihili"},<br />
["afi"] = {"Akrukay", "Chini"},<br />
["afk"] = {"Nanubae"},<br />
["afn"] = {"Defaka"},<br />
["afo"] = {"Eloyi"},<br />
["afp"] = {"Tapei"},<br />
["afr"] = {"Afrikaans"},<br />
["afs"] = {"Afro-Seminole Creole"},<br />
["aft"] = {"Afitti"},<br />
["afu"] = {"Awutu"},<br />
["afz"] = {"Obokuitai"},<br />
["aga"] = {"Aguano"},<br />
["agb"] = {"Legbo"},<br />
["agc"] = {"Agatu"},<br />
["agd"] = {"Agarabi"},<br />
["age"] = {"Angal"},<br />
["agf"] = {"Arguni"},<br />
["agg"] = {"Angor"},<br />
["agh"] = {"Ngelima"},<br />
["agi"] = {"Agariya"},<br />
["agj"] = {"Argobba"},<br />
["agk"] = {"Isarog Agta"},<br />
["agl"] = {"Fembe"},<br />
["agm"] = {"Angaataha"},<br />
["agn"] = {"Agutaynen"},<br />
["ago"] = {"Tainae"},<br />
["agq"] = {"Aghem"},<br />
["agr"] = {"Aguaruna"},<br />
["ags"] = {"Esimbi"},<br />
["agt"] = {"Central Cagayan Agta"},<br />
["agu"] = {"Aguacateco"},<br />
["agv"] = {"Remontado Dumagat"},<br />
["agw"] = {"Kahua"},<br />
["agx"] = {"Aghul"},<br />
["agy"] = {"Southern Alta"},<br />
["agz"] = {"Mt. Iriga Agta"},<br />
["aha"] = {"Ahanta"},<br />
["ahb"] = {"Axamb"},<br />
["ahg"] = {"Qimant"},<br />
["ahh"] = {"Aghu"},<br />
["ahi"] = {"Tiagbamrin Aizi"},<br />
["ahk"] = {"Akha"},<br />
["ahl"] = {"Igo"},<br />
["ahm"] = {"Mobumrin Aizi"},<br />
["ahn"] = {"Àhàn"},<br />
["aho"] = {"Ahom"},<br />
["ahp"] = {"Aproumu Aizi"},<br />
["ahr"] = {"Ahirani"},<br />
["ahs"] = {"Ashe"},<br />
["aht"] = {"Ahtena"},<br />
["aia"] = {"Arosi"},<br />
["aib"] = {"Ainu (China)"},<br />
["aic"] = {"Ainbai"},<br />
["aid"] = {"Alngith"},<br />
["aie"] = {"Amara"},<br />
["aif"] = {"Agi"},<br />
["aig"] = {"Antigua and Barbuda Creole English"},<br />
["aih"] = {"Ai-Cham"},<br />
["aii"] = {"Assyrian Neo-Aramaic"},<br />
["aij"] = {"Lishanid Noshan"},<br />
["aik"] = {"Ake"},<br />
["ail"] = {"Aimele"},<br />
["aim"] = {"Aimol"},<br />
["ain"] = {"Ainu (Japan)"},<br />
["aio"] = {"Aiton"},<br />
["aip"] = {"Burumakok"},<br />
["aiq"] = {"Aimaq"},<br />
["air"] = {"Airoran"},<br />
["ait"] = {"Arikem"},<br />
["aiw"] = {"Aari"},<br />
["aix"] = {"Aighon"},<br />
["aiy"] = {"Ali"},<br />
["aja"] = {"Aja (South Sudan)"},<br />
["ajg"] = {"Aja (Benin)"},<br />
["aji"] = {"Ajië"},<br />
["ajn"] = {"Andajin"},<br />
["ajp"] = {"South Levantine Arabic"},<br />
["ajt"] = {"Judeo-Tunisian Arabic"},<br />
["aju"] = {"Judeo-Moroccan Arabic"},<br />
["ajw"] = {"Ajawa"},<br />
["ajz"] = {"Amri Karbi"},<br />
["aka"] = {"Akan"},<br />
["akb"] = {"Batak Angkola"},<br />
["akc"] = {"Mpur"},<br />
["akd"] = {"Ukpet-Ehom"},<br />
["ake"] = {"Akawaio"},<br />
["akf"] = {"Akpa"},<br />
["akg"] = {"Anakalangu"},<br />
["akh"] = {"Angal Heneng"},<br />
["aki"] = {"Aiome"},<br />
["akj"] = {"Aka-Jeru"},<br />
["akk"] = {"Akkadian"},<br />
["akl"] = {"Aklanon"},<br />
["akm"] = {"Aka-Bo"},<br />
["ako"] = {"Akurio"},<br />
["akp"] = {"Siwu"},<br />
["akq"] = {"Ak"},<br />
["akr"] = {"Araki"},<br />
["aks"] = {"Akaselem"},<br />
["akt"] = {"Akolet"},<br />
["aku"] = {"Akum"},<br />
["akv"] = {"Akhvakh"},<br />
["akw"] = {"Akwa"},<br />
["akx"] = {"Aka-Kede"},<br />
["aky"] = {"Aka-Kol"},<br />
["akz"] = {"Alabama"},<br />
["ala"] = {"Alago"},<br />
["alc"] = {"Qawasqar"},<br />
["ald"] = {"Alladian"},<br />
["ale"] = {"Aleut"},<br />
["alf"] = {"Alege"},<br />
["alh"] = {"Alawa"},<br />
["ali"] = {"Amaimon"},<br />
["alj"] = {"Alangan"},<br />
["alk"] = {"Alak"},<br />
["all"] = {"Allar"},<br />
["alm"] = {"Amblong"},<br />
["aln"] = {"Gheg Albanian"},<br />
["alo"] = {"Larike-Wakasihu"},<br />
["alp"] = {"Alune"},<br />
["alq"] = {"Algonquin"},<br />
["alr"] = {"Alutor"},<br />
["als"] = {"Tosk Albanian"},<br />
["alt"] = {"Southern Altai"},<br />
["alu"] = {"'Are'are"},<br />
["alw"] = {"Alaba-K’abeena", "Wanbasana"},<br />
["alx"] = {"Amol"},<br />
["aly"] = {"Alyawarr"},<br />
["alz"] = {"Alur"},<br />
["ama"] = {"Amanayé"},<br />
["amb"] = {"Ambo"},<br />
["amc"] = {"Amahuaca"},<br />
["ame"] = {"Yanesha'"},<br />
["amf"] = {"Hamer-Banna"},<br />
["amg"] = {"Amurdak"},<br />
["amh"] = {"Amharic"},<br />
["ami"] = {"Amis"},<br />
["amj"] = {"Amdang"},<br />
["amk"] = {"Ambai"},<br />
["aml"] = {"War-Jaintia"},<br />
["amm"] = {"Ama (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["amn"] = {"Amanab"},<br />
["amo"] = {"Amo"},<br />
["amp"] = {"Alamblak"},<br />
["amq"] = {"Amahai"},<br />
["amr"] = {"Amarakaeri"},<br />
["ams"] = {"Southern Amami-Oshima"},<br />
["amt"] = {"Amto"},<br />
["amu"] = {"Guerrero Amuzgo"},<br />
["amv"] = {"Ambelau"},<br />
["amw"] = {"Western Neo-Aramaic"},<br />
["amx"] = {"Anmatyerre"},<br />
["amy"] = {"Ami"},<br />
["amz"] = {"Atampaya"},<br />
["ana"] = {"Andaqui"},<br />
["anb"] = {"Andoa"},<br />
["anc"] = {"Ngas"},<br />
["and"] = {"Ansus"},<br />
["ane"] = {"Xârâcùù"},<br />
["anf"] = {"Animere"},<br />
["ang"] = {"Old English (ca. 450-1100)"},<br />
["anh"] = {"Nend"},<br />
["ani"] = {"Andi"},<br />
["anj"] = {"Anor"},<br />
["ank"] = {"Goemai"},<br />
["anl"] = {"Anu-Hkongso Chin"},<br />
["anm"] = {"Anal"},<br />
["ann"] = {"Obolo"},<br />
["ano"] = {"Andoque"},<br />
["anp"] = {"Angika"},<br />
["anq"] = {"Jarawa (India)"},<br />
["anr"] = {"Andh"},<br />
["ans"] = {"Anserma"},<br />
["ant"] = {"Antakarinya", "Antikarinya"},<br />
["anu"] = {"Anuak"},<br />
["anv"] = {"Denya"},<br />
["anw"] = {"Anaang"},<br />
["anx"] = {"Andra-Hus"},<br />
["any"] = {"Anyin"},<br />
["anz"] = {"Anem"},<br />
["aoa"] = {"Angolar"},<br />
["aob"] = {"Abom"},<br />
["aoc"] = {"Pemon"},<br />
["aod"] = {"Andarum"},<br />
["aoe"] = {"Angal Enen"},<br />
["aof"] = {"Bragat"},<br />
["aog"] = {"Angoram"},<br />
["aoh"] = {"Arma"},<br />
["aoi"] = {"Anindilyakwa"},<br />
["aoj"] = {"Mufian"},<br />
["aok"] = {"Arhö"},<br />
["aol"] = {"Alor"},<br />
["aom"] = {"Ömie"},<br />
["aon"] = {"Bumbita Arapesh"},<br />
["aor"] = {"Aore"},<br />
["aos"] = {"Taikat"},<br />
["aot"] = {"A'tong", "Atong (India)"},<br />
["aou"] = {"A'ou"},<br />
["aox"] = {"Atorada"},<br />
["aoz"] = {"Uab Meto"},<br />
["apb"] = {"Sa'a"},<br />
["apc"] = {"North Levantine Arabic"},<br />
["apd"] = {"Sudanese Arabic"},<br />
["ape"] = {"Bukiyip"},<br />
["apf"] = {"Pahanan Agta"},<br />
["apg"] = {"Ampanang"},<br />
["aph"] = {"Athpariya"},<br />
["api"] = {"Apiaká"},<br />
["apj"] = {"Jicarilla Apache"},<br />
["apk"] = {"Kiowa Apache"},<br />
["apl"] = {"Lipan Apache"},<br />
["apm"] = {"Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache"},<br />
["apn"] = {"Apinayé"},<br />
["apo"] = {"Ambul"},<br />
["app"] = {"Apma"},<br />
["apq"] = {"A-Pucikwar"},<br />
["apr"] = {"Arop-Lokep"},<br />
["aps"] = {"Arop-Sissano"},<br />
["apt"] = {"Apatani"},<br />
["apu"] = {"Apurinã"},<br />
["apv"] = {"Alapmunte"},<br />
["apw"] = {"Western Apache"},<br />
["apx"] = {"Aputai"},<br />
["apy"] = {"Apalaí"},<br />
["apz"] = {"Safeyoka"},<br />
["aqc"] = {"Archi"},<br />
["aqd"] = {"Ampari Dogon"},<br />
["aqg"] = {"Arigidi"},<br />
["aqm"] = {"Atohwaim"},<br />
["aqn"] = {"Northern Alta"},<br />
["aqp"] = {"Atakapa"},<br />
["aqr"] = {"Arhâ"},<br />
["aqt"] = {"Angaité"},<br />
["aqz"] = {"Akuntsu"},<br />
["ara"] = {"Arabic"},<br />
["arb"] = {"Standard Arabic"},<br />
["arc"] = {"Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)", "Official Aramaic (700-300 BCE)"},<br />
["ard"] = {"Arabana"},<br />
["are"] = {"Western Arrarnta"},<br />
["arg"] = {"Aragonese"},<br />
["arh"] = {"Arhuaco"},<br />
["ari"] = {"Arikara"},<br />
["arj"] = {"Arapaso"},<br />
["ark"] = {"Arikapú"},<br />
["arl"] = {"Arabela"},<br />
["arn"] = {"Mapuche", "Mapudungun"},<br />
["aro"] = {"Araona"},<br />
["arp"] = {"Arapaho"},<br />
["arq"] = {"Algerian Arabic"},<br />
["arr"] = {"Karo (Brazil)"},<br />
["ars"] = {"Najdi Arabic"},<br />
["aru"] = {"Arawá", "Aruá (Amazonas State)"},<br />
["arv"] = {"Arbore"},<br />
["arw"] = {"Arawak"},<br />
["arx"] = {"Aruá (Rodonia State)"},<br />
["ary"] = {"Moroccan Arabic"},<br />
["arz"] = {"Egyptian Arabic"},<br />
["asa"] = {"Asu (Tanzania)"},<br />
["asb"] = {"Assiniboine"},<br />
["asc"] = {"Casuarina Coast Asmat"},<br />
["ase"] = {"American Sign Language"},<br />
["asf"] = {"Auslan", "Australian Sign Language"},<br />
["asg"] = {"Cishingini"},<br />
["ash"] = {"Abishira"},<br />
["asi"] = {"Buruwai"},<br />
["asj"] = {"Sari"},<br />
["ask"] = {"Ashkun"},<br />
["asl"] = {"Asilulu"},<br />
["asm"] = {"Assamese"},<br />
["asn"] = {"Xingú Asuriní"},<br />
["aso"] = {"Dano"},<br />
["asp"] = {"Algerian Sign Language"},<br />
["asq"] = {"Austrian Sign Language"},<br />
["asr"] = {"Asuri"},<br />
["ass"] = {"Ipulo"},<br />
["ast"] = {"Asturian", "Asturleonese", "Bable", "Leonese"},<br />
["asu"] = {"Tocantins Asurini"},<br />
["asv"] = {"Asoa"},<br />
["asw"] = {"Australian Aborigines Sign Language"},<br />
["asx"] = {"Muratayak"},<br />
["asy"] = {"Yaosakor Asmat"},<br />
["asz"] = {"As"},<br />
["ata"] = {"Pele-Ata"},<br />
["atb"] = {"Zaiwa"},<br />
["atc"] = {"Atsahuaca"},<br />
["atd"] = {"Ata Manobo"},<br />
["ate"] = {"Atemble"},<br />
["atg"] = {"Ivbie North-Okpela-Arhe"},<br />
["ati"] = {"Attié"},<br />
["atj"] = {"Atikamekw"},<br />
["atk"] = {"Ati"},<br />
["atl"] = {"Mt. Iraya Agta"},<br />
["atm"] = {"Ata"},<br />
["atn"] = {"Ashtiani"},<br />
["ato"] = {"Atong (Cameroon)"},<br />
["atp"] = {"Pudtol Atta"},<br />
["atq"] = {"Aralle-Tabulahan"},<br />
["atr"] = {"Waimiri-Atroari"},<br />
["ats"] = {"Gros Ventre"},<br />
["att"] = {"Pamplona Atta"},<br />
["atu"] = {"Reel"},<br />
["atv"] = {"Northern Altai"},<br />
["atw"] = {"Atsugewi"},<br />
["atx"] = {"Arutani"},<br />
["aty"] = {"Aneityum"},<br />
["atz"] = {"Arta"},<br />
["aua"] = {"Asumboa"},<br />
["aub"] = {"Alugu"},<br />
["auc"] = {"Waorani"},<br />
["aud"] = {"Anuta"},<br />
["aug"] = {"Aguna"},<br />
["auh"] = {"Aushi"},<br />
["aui"] = {"Anuki"},<br />
["auj"] = {"Awjilah"},<br />
["auk"] = {"Heyo"},<br />
["aul"] = {"Aulua"},<br />
["aum"] = {"Asu (Nigeria)"},<br />
["aun"] = {"Molmo One"},<br />
["auo"] = {"Auyokawa"},<br />
["aup"] = {"Makayam"},<br />
["auq"] = {"Anus", "Korur"},<br />
["aur"] = {"Aruek"},<br />
["aut"] = {"Austral"},<br />
["auu"] = {"Auye"},<br />
["auw"] = {"Awyi"},<br />
["aux"] = {"Aurá"},<br />
["auy"] = {"Awiyaana"},<br />
["auz"] = {"Uzbeki Arabic"},<br />
["ava"] = {"Avaric"},<br />
["avb"] = {"Avau"},<br />
["avd"] = {"Alviri-Vidari"},<br />
["ave"] = {"Avestan"},<br />
["avi"] = {"Avikam"},<br />
["avk"] = {"Kotava"},<br />
["avl"] = {"Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic"},<br />
["avm"] = {"Angkamuthi"},<br />
["avn"] = {"Avatime"},<br />
["avo"] = {"Agavotaguerra"},<br />
["avs"] = {"Aushiri"},<br />
["avt"] = {"Au"},<br />
["avu"] = {"Avokaya"},<br />
["avv"] = {"Avá-Canoeiro"},<br />
["awa"] = {"Awadhi"},<br />
["awb"] = {"Awa (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["awc"] = {"Cicipu"},<br />
["awe"] = {"Awetí"},<br />
["awg"] = {"Anguthimri"},<br />
["awh"] = {"Awbono"},<br />
["awi"] = {"Aekyom"},<br />
["awk"] = {"Awabakal"},<br />
["awm"] = {"Arawum"},<br />
["awn"] = {"Awngi"},<br />
["awo"] = {"Awak"},<br />
["awr"] = {"Awera"},<br />
["aws"] = {"South Awyu"},<br />
["awt"] = {"Araweté"},<br />
["awu"] = {"Central Awyu"},<br />
["awv"] = {"Jair Awyu"},<br />
["aww"] = {"Awun"},<br />
["awx"] = {"Awara"},<br />
["awy"] = {"Edera Awyu"},<br />
["axb"] = {"Abipon"},<br />
["axe"] = {"Ayerrerenge"},<br />
["axg"] = {"Mato Grosso Arára"},<br />
["axk"] = {"Yaka (Central African Republic)"},<br />
["axl"] = {"Lower Southern Aranda"},<br />
["axm"] = {"Middle Armenian"},<br />
["axx"] = {"Xârâgurè"},<br />
["aya"] = {"Awar"},<br />
["ayb"] = {"Ayizo Gbe"},<br />
["ayc"] = {"Southern Aymara"},<br />
["ayd"] = {"Ayabadhu"},<br />
["aye"] = {"Ayere"},<br />
["ayg"] = {"Ginyanga"},<br />
["ayh"] = {"Hadrami Arabic"},<br />
["ayi"] = {"Leyigha"},<br />
["ayk"] = {"Akuku"},<br />
["ayl"] = {"Libyan Arabic"},<br />
["aym"] = {"Aymara"},<br />
["ayn"] = {"Sanaani Arabic"},<br />
["ayo"] = {"Ayoreo"},<br />
["ayp"] = {"North Mesopotamian Arabic"},<br />
["ayq"] = {"Ayi (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["ayr"] = {"Central Aymara"},<br />
["ays"] = {"Sorsogon Ayta"},<br />
["ayt"] = {"Magbukun Ayta"},<br />
["ayu"] = {"Ayu"},<br />
["ayy"] = {"Tayabas Ayta"},<br />
["ayz"] = {"Mai Brat"},<br />
["aza"] = {"Azha"},<br />
["azb"] = {"South Azerbaijani"},<br />
["azd"] = {"Eastern Durango Nahuatl"},<br />
["aze"] = {"Azerbaijani"},<br />
["azg"] = {"San Pedro Amuzgos Amuzgo"},<br />
["azj"] = {"North Azerbaijani"},<br />
["azm"] = {"Ipalapa Amuzgo"},<br />
["azn"] = {"Western Durango Nahuatl"},<br />
["azo"] = {"Awing"},<br />
["azt"] = {"Faire Atta"},<br />
["azz"] = {"Highland Puebla Nahuatl"},<br />
["baa"] = {"Babatana"},<br />
["bab"] = {"Bainouk-Gunyuño"},<br />
["bac"] = {"Badui"},<br />
["bae"] = {"Baré"},<br />
["baf"] = {"Nubaca"},<br />
["bag"] = {"Tuki"},<br />
["bah"] = {"Bahamas Creole English"},<br />
["baj"] = {"Barakai"},<br />
["bak"] = {"Bashkir"},<br />
["bal"] = {"Baluchi"},<br />
["bam"] = {"Bambara"},<br />
["ban"] = {"Balinese"},<br />
["bao"] = {"Waimaha"},<br />
["bap"] = {"Bantawa"},<br />
["bar"] = {"Bavarian"},<br />
["bas"] = {"Basa (Cameroon)"},<br />
["bau"] = {"Bada (Nigeria)"},<br />
["bav"] = {"Vengo"},<br />
["baw"] = {"Bambili-Bambui"},<br />
["bax"] = {"Bamun"},<br />
["bay"] = {"Batuley"},<br />
["bba"] = {"Baatonum"},<br />
["bbb"] = {"Barai"},<br />
["bbc"] = {"Batak Toba"},<br />
["bbd"] = {"Bau"},<br />
["bbe"] = {"Bangba"},<br />
["bbf"] = {"Baibai"},<br />
["bbg"] = {"Barama"},<br />
["bbh"] = {"Bugan"},<br />
["bbi"] = {"Barombi"},<br />
["bbj"] = {"Ghomálá'"},<br />
["bbk"] = {"Babanki"},<br />
["bbl"] = {"Bats"},<br />
["bbm"] = {"Babango"},<br />
["bbn"] = {"Uneapa"},<br />
["bbo"] = {"Konabéré", "Northern Bobo Madaré"},<br />
["bbp"] = {"West Central Banda"},<br />
["bbq"] = {"Bamali"},<br />
["bbr"] = {"Girawa"},<br />
["bbs"] = {"Bakpinka"},<br />
["bbt"] = {"Mburku"},<br />
["bbu"] = {"Kulung (Nigeria)"},<br />
["bbv"] = {"Karnai"},<br />
["bbw"] = {"Baba"},<br />
["bbx"] = {"Bubia"},<br />
["bby"] = {"Befang"},<br />
["bbz"] = {"Babalia Creole Arabic"},<br />
["bca"] = {"Central Bai"},<br />
["bcb"] = {"Bainouk-Samik"},<br />
["bcc"] = {"Southern Balochi"},<br />
["bcd"] = {"North Babar"},<br />
["bce"] = {"Bamenyam"},<br />
["bcf"] = {"Bamu"},<br />
["bcg"] = {"Baga Pokur"},<br />
["bch"] = {"Bariai"},<br />
["bci"] = {"Baoulé"},<br />
["bcj"] = {"Bardi"},<br />
["bck"] = {"Bunuba"},<br />
["bcl"] = {"Central Bikol"},<br />
["bcm"] = {"Bannoni"},<br />
["bcn"] = {"Bali (Nigeria)"},<br />
["bco"] = {"Kaluli"},<br />
["bcp"] = {"Bali (Democratic Republic of Congo)"},<br />
["bcq"] = {"Bench"},<br />
["bcr"] = {"Babine"},<br />
["bcs"] = {"Kohumono"},<br />
["bct"] = {"Bendi"},<br />
["bcu"] = {"Awad Bing"},<br />
["bcv"] = {"Shoo-Minda-Nye"},<br />
["bcw"] = {"Bana"},<br />
["bcy"] = {"Bacama"},<br />
["bcz"] = {"Bainouk-Gunyaamolo"},<br />
["bda"] = {"Bayot"},<br />
["bdb"] = {"Basap"},<br />
["bdc"] = {"Emberá-Baudó"},<br />
["bdd"] = {"Bunama"},<br />
["bde"] = {"Bade"},<br />
["bdf"] = {"Biage"},<br />
["bdg"] = {"Bonggi"},<br />
["bdh"] = {"Baka (South Sudan)"},<br />
["bdi"] = {"Burun"},<br />
["bdj"] = {"Bai", "Bai (South Sudan)"},<br />
["bdk"] = {"Budukh"},<br />
["bdl"] = {"Indonesian Bajau"},<br />
["bdm"] = {"Buduma"},<br />
["bdn"] = {"Baldemu"},<br />
["bdo"] = {"Morom"},<br />
["bdp"] = {"Bende"},<br />
["bdq"] = {"Bahnar"},<br />
["bdr"] = {"West Coast Bajau"},<br />
["bds"] = {"Burunge"},<br />
["bdt"] = {"Bokoto"},<br />
["bdu"] = {"Oroko"},<br />
["bdv"] = {"Bodo Parja"},<br />
["bdw"] = {"Baham"},<br />
["bdx"] = {"Budong-Budong"},<br />
["bdy"] = {"Bandjalang"},<br />
["bdz"] = {"Badeshi"},<br />
["bea"] = {"Beaver"},<br />
["beb"] = {"Bebele"},<br />
["bec"] = {"Iceve-Maci"},<br />
["bed"] = {"Bedoanas"},<br />
["bee"] = {"Byangsi"},<br />
["bef"] = {"Benabena"},<br />
["beg"] = {"Belait"},<br />
["beh"] = {"Biali"},<br />
["bei"] = {"Bekati'"},<br />
["bej"] = {"Bedawiyet", "Beja"},<br />
["bek"] = {"Bebeli"},<br />
["bel"] = {"Belarusian"},<br />
["bem"] = {"Bemba (Zambia)"},<br />
["ben"] = {"Bengali"},<br />
["beo"] = {"Beami"},<br />
["bep"] = {"Besoa"},<br />
["beq"] = {"Beembe"},<br />
["bes"] = {"Besme"},<br />
["bet"] = {"Guiberoua Béte"},<br />
["beu"] = {"Blagar"},<br />
["bev"] = {"Daloa Bété"},<br />
["bew"] = {"Betawi"},<br />
["bex"] = {"Jur Modo"},<br />
["bey"] = {"Beli (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["bez"] = {"Bena (Tanzania)"},<br />
["bfa"] = {"Bari"},<br />
["bfb"] = {"Pauri Bareli"},<br />
["bfc"] = {"Northern Bai", "Panyi Bai"},<br />
["bfd"] = {"Bafut"},<br />
["bfe"] = {"Betaf", "Tena"},<br />
["bff"] = {"Bofi"},<br />
["bfg"] = {"Busang Kayan"},<br />
["bfh"] = {"Blafe"},<br />
["bfi"] = {"British Sign Language"},<br />
["bfj"] = {"Bafanji"},<br />
["bfk"] = {"Ban Khor Sign Language"},<br />
["bfl"] = {"Banda-Ndélé"},<br />
["bfm"] = {"Mmen"},<br />
["bfn"] = {"Bunak"},<br />
["bfo"] = {"Malba Birifor"},<br />
["bfp"] = {"Beba"},<br />
["bfq"] = {"Badaga"},<br />
["bfr"] = {"Bazigar"},<br />
["bfs"] = {"Southern Bai"},<br />
["bft"] = {"Balti"},<br />
["bfu"] = {"Gahri"},<br />
["bfw"] = {"Bondo"},<br />
["bfx"] = {"Bantayanon"},<br />
["bfy"] = {"Bagheli"},<br />
["bfz"] = {"Mahasu Pahari"},<br />
["bga"] = {"Gwamhi-Wuri"},<br />
["bgb"] = {"Bobongko"},<br />
["bgc"] = {"Haryanvi"},<br />
["bgd"] = {"Rathwi Bareli"},<br />
["bge"] = {"Bauria"},<br />
["bgf"] = {"Bangandu"},<br />
["bgg"] = {"Bugun"},<br />
["bgi"] = {"Giangan"},<br />
["bgj"] = {"Bangolan"},<br />
["bgk"] = {"Bit", "Buxinhua"},<br />
["bgl"] = {"Bo (Laos)"},<br />
["bgn"] = {"Western Balochi"},<br />
["bgo"] = {"Baga Koga"},<br />
["bgp"] = {"Eastern Balochi"},<br />
["bgq"] = {"Bagri"},<br />
["bgr"] = {"Bawm Chin"},<br />
["bgs"] = {"Tagabawa"},<br />
["bgt"] = {"Bughotu"},<br />
["bgu"] = {"Mbongno"},<br />
["bgv"] = {"Warkay-Bipim"},<br />
["bgw"] = {"Bhatri"},<br />
["bgx"] = {"Balkan Gagauz Turkish"},<br />
["bgy"] = {"Benggoi"},<br />
["bgz"] = {"Banggai"},<br />
["bha"] = {"Bharia"},<br />
["bhb"] = {"Bhili"},<br />
["bhc"] = {"Biga"},<br />
["bhd"] = {"Bhadrawahi"},<br />
["bhe"] = {"Bhaya"},<br />
["bhf"] = {"Odiai"},<br />
["bhg"] = {"Binandere"},<br />
["bhh"] = {"Bukharic"},<br />
["bhi"] = {"Bhilali"},<br />
["bhj"] = {"Bahing"},<br />
["bhl"] = {"Bimin"},<br />
["bhm"] = {"Bathari"},<br />
["bhn"] = {"Bohtan Neo-Aramaic"},<br />
["bho"] = {"Bhojpuri"},<br />
["bhp"] = {"Bima"},<br />
["bhq"] = {"Tukang Besi South"},<br />
["bhr"] = {"Bara Malagasy"},<br />
["bhs"] = {"Buwal"},<br />
["bht"] = {"Bhattiyali"},<br />
["bhu"] = {"Bhunjia"},<br />
["bhv"] = {"Bahau"},<br />
["bhw"] = {"Biak"},<br />
["bhx"] = {"Bhalay"},<br />
["bhy"] = {"Bhele"},<br />
["bhz"] = {"Bada (Indonesia)"},<br />
["bia"] = {"Badimaya"},<br />
["bib"] = {"Bisa", "Bissa"},<br />
["bic"] = {"Bikaru"},<br />
["bid"] = {"Bidiyo"},<br />
["bie"] = {"Bepour"},<br />
["bif"] = {"Biafada"},<br />
["big"] = {"Biangai"},<br />
["bij"] = {"Vaghat-Ya-Bijim-Legeri"},<br />
["bik"] = {"Bikol"},<br />
["bil"] = {"Bile"},<br />
["bim"] = {"Bimoba"},<br />
["bin"] = {"Bini", "Edo"},<br />
["bio"] = {"Nai"},<br />
["bip"] = {"Bila"},<br />
["biq"] = {"Bipi"},<br />
["bir"] = {"Bisorio"},<br />
["bis"] = {"Bislama"},<br />
["bit"] = {"Berinomo"},<br />
["biu"] = {"Biete"},<br />
["biv"] = {"Southern Birifor"},<br />
["biw"] = {"Kol (Cameroon)"},<br />
["bix"] = {"Bijori"},<br />
["biy"] = {"Birhor"},<br />
["biz"] = {"Baloi"},<br />
["bja"] = {"Budza"},<br />
["bjb"] = {"Banggarla"},<br />
["bjc"] = {"Bariji"},<br />
["bje"] = {"Biao-Jiao Mien"},<br />
["bjf"] = {"Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic"},<br />
["bjg"] = {"Bidyogo"},<br />
["bjh"] = {"Bahinemo"},<br />
["bji"] = {"Burji"},<br />
["bjj"] = {"Kanauji"},<br />
["bjk"] = {"Barok"},<br />
["bjl"] = {"Bulu (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["bjm"] = {"Bajelani"},<br />
["bjn"] = {"Banjar"},<br />
["bjo"] = {"Mid-Southern Banda"},<br />
["bjp"] = {"Fanamaket"},<br />
["bjr"] = {"Binumarien"},<br />
["bjs"] = {"Bajan"},<br />
["bjt"] = {"Balanta-Ganja"},<br />
["bju"] = {"Busuu"},<br />
["bjv"] = {"Bedjond"},<br />
["bjw"] = {"Bakwé"},<br />
["bjx"] = {"Banao Itneg"},<br />
["bjy"] = {"Bayali"},<br />
["bjz"] = {"Baruga"},<br />
["bka"] = {"Kyak"},<br />
["bkc"] = {"Baka (Cameroon)"},<br />
["bkd"] = {"Binukid", "Talaandig"},<br />
["bkf"] = {"Beeke"},<br />
["bkg"] = {"Buraka"},<br />
["bkh"] = {"Bakoko"},<br />
["bki"] = {"Baki"},<br />
["bkj"] = {"Pande"},<br />
["bkk"] = {"Brokskat"},<br />
["bkl"] = {"Berik"},<br />
["bkm"] = {"Kom (Cameroon)"},<br />
["bkn"] = {"Bukitan"},<br />
["bko"] = {"Kwa'"},<br />
["bkp"] = {"Boko (Democratic Republic of Congo)"},<br />
["bkq"] = {"Bakairí"},<br />
["bkr"] = {"Bakumpai"},<br />
["bks"] = {"Northern Sorsoganon"},<br />
["bkt"] = {"Boloki"},<br />
["bku"] = {"Buhid"},<br />
["bkv"] = {"Bekwarra"},<br />
["bkw"] = {"Bekwel"},<br />
["bkx"] = {"Baikeno"},<br />
["bky"] = {"Bokyi"},<br />
["bkz"] = {"Bungku"},<br />
["bla"] = {"Siksika"},<br />
["blb"] = {"Bilua"},<br />
["blc"] = {"Bella Coola"},<br />
["bld"] = {"Bolango"},<br />
["ble"] = {"Balanta-Kentohe"},<br />
["blf"] = {"Buol"},<br />
["blg"] = {"Balau"},<br />
["blh"] = {"Kuwaa"},<br />
["bli"] = {"Bolia"},<br />
["blj"] = {"Bolongan"},<br />
["blk"] = {"Pa'O", "Pa'o Karen"},<br />
["bll"] = {"Biloxi"},<br />
["blm"] = {"Beli (South Sudan)"},<br />
["bln"] = {"Southern Catanduanes Bikol"},<br />
["blo"] = {"Anii"},<br />
["blp"] = {"Blablanga"},<br />
["blq"] = {"Baluan-Pam"},<br />
["blr"] = {"Blang"},<br />
["bls"] = {"Balaesang"},<br />
["blt"] = {"Tai Dam"},<br />
["blv"] = {"Bolo", "Kibala"},<br />
["blw"] = {"Balangao"},<br />
["blx"] = {"Mag-Indi Ayta"},<br />
["bly"] = {"Notre"},<br />
["blz"] = {"Balantak"},<br />
["bma"] = {"Lame"},<br />
["bmb"] = {"Bembe"},<br />
["bmc"] = {"Biem"},<br />
["bmd"] = {"Baga Manduri"},<br />
["bme"] = {"Limassa"},<br />
["bmf"] = {"Bom-Kim"},<br />
["bmg"] = {"Bamwe"},<br />
["bmh"] = {"Kein"},<br />
["bmi"] = {"Bagirmi"},<br />
["bmj"] = {"Bote-Majhi"},<br />
["bmk"] = {"Ghayavi"},<br />
["bml"] = {"Bomboli"},<br />
["bmm"] = {"Northern Betsimisaraka Malagasy"},<br />
["bmn"] = {"Bina (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["bmo"] = {"Bambalang"},<br />
["bmp"] = {"Bulgebi"},<br />
["bmq"] = {"Bomu"},<br />
["bmr"] = {"Muinane"},<br />
["bms"] = {"Bilma Kanuri"},<br />
["bmt"] = {"Biao Mon"},<br />
["bmu"] = {"Somba-Siawari"},<br />
["bmv"] = {"Bum"},<br />
["bmw"] = {"Bomwali"},<br />
["bmx"] = {"Baimak"},<br />
["bmz"] = {"Baramu"},<br />
["bna"] = {"Bonerate"},<br />
["bnb"] = {"Bookan"},<br />
["bnc"] = {"Bontok"},<br />
["bnd"] = {"Banda (Indonesia)"},<br />
["bne"] = {"Bintauna"},<br />
["bnf"] = {"Masiwang"},<br />
["bng"] = {"Benga"},<br />
["bni"] = {"Bangi"},<br />
["bnj"] = {"Eastern Tawbuid"},<br />
["bnk"] = {"Bierebo"},<br />
["bnl"] = {"Boon"},<br />
["bnm"] = {"Batanga"},<br />
["bnn"] = {"Bunun"},<br />
["bno"] = {"Bantoanon"},<br />
["bnp"] = {"Bola"},<br />
["bnq"] = {"Bantik"},<br />
["bnr"] = {"Butmas-Tur"},<br />
["bns"] = {"Bundeli"},<br />
["bnu"] = {"Bentong"},<br />
["bnv"] = {"Beneraf", "Bonerif", "Edwas"},<br />
["bnw"] = {"Bisis"},<br />
["bnx"] = {"Bangubangu"},<br />
["bny"] = {"Bintulu"},<br />
["bnz"] = {"Beezen"},<br />
["boa"] = {"Bora"},<br />
["bob"] = {"Aweer"},<br />
["bod"] = {"Tibetan"},<br />
["boe"] = {"Mundabli"},<br />
["bof"] = {"Bolon"},<br />
["bog"] = {"Bamako Sign Language"},<br />
["boh"] = {"Boma"},<br />
["boi"] = {"Barbareño"},<br />
["boj"] = {"Anjam"},<br />
["bok"] = {"Bonjo"},<br />
["bol"] = {"Bole"},<br />
["bom"] = {"Berom"},<br />
["bon"] = {"Bine"},<br />
["boo"] = {"Tiemacèwè Bozo"},<br />
["bop"] = {"Bonkiman"},<br />
["boq"] = {"Bogaya"},<br />
["bor"] = {"Borôro"},<br />
["bos"] = {"Bosnian"},<br />
["bot"] = {"Bongo"},<br />
["bou"] = {"Bondei"},<br />
["bov"] = {"Tuwuli"},<br />
["bow"] = {"Rema"},<br />
["box"] = {"Buamu"},<br />
["boy"] = {"Bodo (Central African Republic)"},<br />
["boz"] = {"Tiéyaxo Bozo"},<br />
["bpa"] = {"Daakaka"},<br />
["bpb"] = {"Barbacoas"},<br />
["bpd"] = {"Banda-Banda"},<br />
["bpg"] = {"Bonggo"},<br />
["bph"] = {"Botlikh"},<br />
["bpi"] = {"Bagupi"},<br />
["bpj"] = {"Binji"},<br />
["bpk"] = {"'Ôrôê", "Orowe"},<br />
["bpl"] = {"Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin"},<br />
["bpm"] = {"Biyom"},<br />
["bpn"] = {"Dzao Min"},<br />
["bpo"] = {"Anasi"},<br />
["bpp"] = {"Kaure"},<br />
["bpq"] = {"Banda Malay"},<br />
["bpr"] = {"Koronadal Blaan"},<br />
["bps"] = {"Sarangani Blaan"},<br />
["bpt"] = {"Barrow Point"},<br />
["bpu"] = {"Bongu"},<br />
["bpv"] = {"Bian Marind"},<br />
["bpw"] = {"Bo (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["bpx"] = {"Palya Bareli"},<br />
["bpy"] = {"Bishnupriya"},<br />
["bpz"] = {"Bilba"},<br />
["bqa"] = {"Tchumbuli"},<br />
["bqb"] = {"Bagusa"},<br />
["bqc"] = {"Boko (Benin)", "Boo"},<br />
["bqd"] = {"Bung"},<br />
["bqf"] = {"Baga Kaloum"},<br />
["bqg"] = {"Bago-Kusuntu"},<br />
["bqh"] = {"Baima"},<br />
["bqi"] = {"Bakhtiari"},<br />
["bqj"] = {"Bandial"},<br />
["bqk"] = {"Banda-Mbrès"},<br />
["bql"] = {"Bilakura"},<br />
["bqm"] = {"Wumboko"},<br />
["bqn"] = {"Bulgarian Sign Language"},<br />
["bqo"] = {"Balo"},<br />
["bqp"] = {"Busa"},<br />
["bqq"] = {"Biritai"},<br />
["bqr"] = {"Burusu"},<br />
["bqs"] = {"Bosngun"},<br />
["bqt"] = {"Bamukumbit"},<br />
["bqu"] = {"Boguru"},<br />
["bqv"] = {"Begbere-Ejar", "Koro Wachi"},<br />
["bqw"] = {"Buru (Nigeria)"},<br />
["bqx"] = {"Baangi"},<br />
["bqy"] = {"Bengkala Sign Language"},<br />
["bqz"] = {"Bakaka"},<br />
["bra"] = {"Braj"},<br />
["brb"] = {"Lave"},<br />
["brc"] = {"Berbice Creole Dutch"},<br />
["brd"] = {"Baraamu"},<br />
["bre"] = {"Breton"},<br />
["brf"] = {"Bera"},<br />
["brg"] = {"Baure"},<br />
["brh"] = {"Brahui"},<br />
["bri"] = {"Mokpwe"},<br />
["brj"] = {"Bieria"},<br />
["brk"] = {"Birked"},<br />
["brl"] = {"Birwa"},<br />
["brm"] = {"Barambu"},<br />
["brn"] = {"Boruca"},<br />
["bro"] = {"Brokkat"},<br />
["brp"] = {"Barapasi"},<br />
["brq"] = {"Breri"},<br />
["brr"] = {"Birao"},<br />
["brs"] = {"Baras"},<br />
["brt"] = {"Bitare"},<br />
["bru"] = {"Eastern Bru"},<br />
["brv"] = {"Western Bru"},<br />
["brw"] = {"Bellari"},<br />
["brx"] = {"Bodo (India)"},<br />
["bry"] = {"Burui"},<br />
["brz"] = {"Bilbil"},<br />
["bsa"] = {"Abinomn"},<br />
["bsb"] = {"Brunei Bisaya"},<br />
["bsc"] = {"Bassari", "Oniyan"},<br />
["bse"] = {"Wushi"},<br />
["bsf"] = {"Bauchi"},<br />
["bsg"] = {"Bashkardi"},<br />
["bsh"] = {"Kati"},<br />
["bsi"] = {"Bassossi"},<br />
["bsj"] = {"Bangwinji"},<br />
["bsk"] = {"Burushaski"},<br />
["bsl"] = {"Basa-Gumna"},<br />
["bsm"] = {"Busami"},<br />
["bsn"] = {"Barasana-Eduria"},<br />
["bso"] = {"Buso"},<br />
["bsp"] = {"Baga Sitemu"},<br />
["bsq"] = {"Bassa"},<br />
["bsr"] = {"Bassa-Kontagora"},<br />
["bss"] = {"Akoose"},<br />
["bst"] = {"Basketo"},<br />
["bsu"] = {"Bahonsuai"},<br />
["bsv"] = {"Baga Sobané"},<br />
["bsw"] = {"Baiso"},<br />
["bsx"] = {"Yangkam"},<br />
["bsy"] = {"Sabah Bisaya"},<br />
["bta"] = {"Bata"},<br />
["btc"] = {"Bati (Cameroon)"},<br />
["btd"] = {"Batak Dairi"},<br />
["bte"] = {"Gamo-Ningi"},<br />
["btf"] = {"Birgit"},<br />
["btg"] = {"Gagnoa Bété"},<br />
["bth"] = {"Biatah Bidayuh"},<br />
["bti"] = {"Burate"},<br />
["btj"] = {"Bacanese Malay"},<br />
["btm"] = {"Batak Mandailing"},<br />
["btn"] = {"Ratagnon"},<br />
["bto"] = {"Rinconada Bikol"},<br />
["btp"] = {"Budibud"},<br />
["btq"] = {"Batek"},<br />
["btr"] = {"Baetora"},<br />
["bts"] = {"Batak Simalungun"},<br />
["btt"] = {"Bete-Bendi"},<br />
["btu"] = {"Batu"},<br />
["btv"] = {"Bateri"},<br />
["btw"] = {"Butuanon"},<br />
["btx"] = {"Batak Karo"},<br />
["bty"] = {"Bobot"},<br />
["btz"] = {"Batak Alas-Kluet"},<br />
["bua"] = {"Buriat"},<br />
["bub"] = {"Bua"},<br />
["buc"] = {"Bushi"},<br />
["bud"] = {"Ntcham"},<br />
["bue"] = {"Beothuk"},<br />
["buf"] = {"Bushoong"},<br />
["bug"] = {"Buginese"},<br />
["buh"] = {"Younuo Bunu"},<br />
["bui"] = {"Bongili"},<br />
["buj"] = {"Basa-Gurmana"},<br />
["buk"] = {"Bugawac"},<br />
["bul"] = {"Bulgarian"},<br />
["bum"] = {"Bulu (Cameroon)"},<br />
["bun"] = {"Sherbro"},<br />
["buo"] = {"Terei"},<br />
["bup"] = {"Busoa"},<br />
["buq"] = {"Brem"},<br />
["bus"] = {"Bokobaru"},<br />
["but"] = {"Bungain"},<br />
["buu"] = {"Budu"},<br />
["buv"] = {"Bun"},<br />
["buw"] = {"Bubi"},<br />
["bux"] = {"Boghom"},<br />
["buy"] = {"Bullom So"},<br />
["buz"] = {"Bukwen"},<br />
["bva"] = {"Barein"},<br />
["bvb"] = {"Bube"},<br />
["bvc"] = {"Baelelea"},<br />
["bvd"] = {"Baeggu"},<br />
["bve"] = {"Berau Malay"},<br />
["bvf"] = {"Boor"},<br />
["bvg"] = {"Bonkeng"},<br />
["bvh"] = {"Bure"},<br />
["bvi"] = {"Belanda Viri"},<br />
["bvj"] = {"Baan"},<br />
["bvk"] = {"Bukat"},<br />
["bvl"] = {"Bolivian Sign Language"},<br />
["bvm"] = {"Bamunka"},<br />
["bvn"] = {"Buna"},<br />
["bvo"] = {"Bolgo"},<br />
["bvp"] = {"Bumang"},<br />
["bvq"] = {"Birri"},<br />
["bvr"] = {"Burarra"},<br />
["bvt"] = {"Bati (Indonesia)"},<br />
["bvu"] = {"Bukit Malay"},<br />
["bvv"] = {"Baniva"},<br />
["bvw"] = {"Boga"},<br />
["bvx"] = {"Dibole"},<br />
["bvy"] = {"Baybayanon"},<br />
["bvz"] = {"Bauzi"},<br />
["bwa"] = {"Bwatoo"},<br />
["bwb"] = {"Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua"},<br />
["bwc"] = {"Bwile"},<br />
["bwd"] = {"Bwaidoka"},<br />
["bwe"] = {"Bwe Karen"},<br />
["bwf"] = {"Boselewa"},<br />
["bwg"] = {"Barwe"},<br />
["bwh"] = {"Bishuo"},<br />
["bwi"] = {"Baniwa"},<br />
["bwj"] = {"Láá Láá Bwamu"},<br />
["bwk"] = {"Bauwaki"},<br />
["bwl"] = {"Bwela"},<br />
["bwm"] = {"Biwat"},<br />
["bwn"] = {"Wunai Bunu"},<br />
["bwo"] = {"Borna (Ethiopia)", "Boro (Ethiopia)"},<br />
["bwp"] = {"Mandobo Bawah"},<br />
["bwq"] = {"Southern Bobo Madaré"},<br />
["bwr"] = {"Bura-Pabir"},<br />
["bws"] = {"Bomboma"},<br />
["bwt"] = {"Bafaw-Balong"},<br />
["bwu"] = {"Buli (Ghana)"},<br />
["bww"] = {"Bwa"},<br />
["bwx"] = {"Bu-Nao Bunu"},<br />
["bwy"] = {"Cwi Bwamu"},<br />
["bwz"] = {"Bwisi"},<br />
["bxa"] = {"Tairaha"},<br />
["bxb"] = {"Belanda Bor"},<br />
["bxc"] = {"Molengue"},<br />
["bxd"] = {"Pela"},<br />
["bxe"] = {"Birale"},<br />
["bxf"] = {"Bilur", "Minigir"},<br />
["bxg"] = {"Bangala"},<br />
["bxh"] = {"Buhutu"},<br />
["bxi"] = {"Pirlatapa"},<br />
["bxj"] = {"Bayungu"},<br />
["bxk"] = {"Bukusu", "Lubukusu"},<br />
["bxl"] = {"Jalkunan"},<br />
["bxm"] = {"Mongolia Buriat"},<br />
["bxn"] = {"Burduna"},<br />
["bxo"] = {"Barikanchi"},<br />
["bxp"] = {"Bebil"},<br />
["bxq"] = {"Beele"},<br />
["bxr"] = {"Russia Buriat"},<br />
["bxs"] = {"Busam"},<br />
["bxu"] = {"China Buriat"},<br />
["bxv"] = {"Berakou"},<br />
["bxw"] = {"Bankagooma"},<br />
["bxz"] = {"Binahari"},<br />
["bya"] = {"Batak"},<br />
["byb"] = {"Bikya"},<br />
["byc"] = {"Ubaghara"},<br />
["byd"] = {"Benyadu'"},<br />
["bye"] = {"Pouye"},<br />
["byf"] = {"Bete"},<br />
["byg"] = {"Baygo"},<br />
["byh"] = {"Bhujel"},<br />
["byi"] = {"Buyu"},<br />
["byj"] = {"Bina (Nigeria)"},<br />
["byk"] = {"Biao"},<br />
["byl"] = {"Bayono"},<br />
["bym"] = {"Bidjara"},<br />
["byn"] = {"Bilin", "Blin"},<br />
["byo"] = {"Biyo"},<br />
["byp"] = {"Bumaji"},<br />
["byq"] = {"Basay"},<br />
["byr"] = {"Baruya", "Yipma"},<br />
["bys"] = {"Burak"},<br />
["byt"] = {"Berti"},<br />
["byv"] = {"Medumba"},<br />
["byw"] = {"Belhariya"},<br />
["byx"] = {"Qaqet"},<br />
["byz"] = {"Banaro"},<br />
["bza"] = {"Bandi"},<br />
["bzb"] = {"Andio"},<br />
["bzc"] = {"Southern Betsimisaraka Malagasy"},<br />
["bzd"] = {"Bribri"},<br />
["bze"] = {"Jenaama Bozo"},<br />
["bzf"] = {"Boikin"},<br />
["bzg"] = {"Babuza"},<br />
["bzh"] = {"Mapos Buang"},<br />
["bzi"] = {"Bisu"},<br />
["bzj"] = {"Belize Kriol English"},<br />
["bzk"] = {"Nicaragua Creole English"},<br />
["bzl"] = {"Boano (Sulawesi)"},<br />
["bzm"] = {"Bolondo"},<br />
["bzn"] = {"Boano (Maluku)"},<br />
["bzo"] = {"Bozaba"},<br />
["bzp"] = {"Kemberano"},<br />
["bzq"] = {"Buli (Indonesia)"},<br />
["bzr"] = {"Biri"},<br />
["bzs"] = {"Brazilian Sign Language"},<br />
["bzt"] = {"Brithenig"},<br />
["bzu"] = {"Burmeso"},<br />
["bzv"] = {"Naami"},<br />
["bzw"] = {"Basa (Nigeria)"},<br />
["bzx"] = {"Kɛlɛngaxo Bozo"},<br />
["bzy"] = {"Obanliku"},<br />
["bzz"] = {"Evant"},<br />
["caa"] = {"Chortí"},<br />
["cab"] = {"Garifuna"},<br />
["cac"] = {"Chuj"},<br />
["cad"] = {"Caddo"},<br />
["cae"] = {"Laalaa", "Lehar"},<br />
["caf"] = {"Southern Carrier"},<br />
["cag"] = {"Nivaclé"},<br />
["cah"] = {"Cahuarano"},<br />
["caj"] = {"Chané"},<br />
["cak"] = {"Cakchiquel", "Kaqchikel"},<br />
["cal"] = {"Carolinian"},<br />
["cam"] = {"Cemuhî"},<br />
["can"] = {"Chambri"},<br />
["cao"] = {"Chácobo"},<br />
["cap"] = {"Chipaya"},<br />
["caq"] = {"Car Nicobarese"},<br />
["car"] = {"Galibi Carib"},<br />
["cas"] = {"Tsimané"},<br />
["cat"] = {"Catalan", "Valencian"},<br />
["cav"] = {"Cavineña"},<br />
["caw"] = {"Callawalla"},<br />
["cax"] = {"Chiquitano"},<br />
["cay"] = {"Cayuga"},<br />
["caz"] = {"Canichana"},<br />
["cbb"] = {"Cabiyarí"},<br />
["cbc"] = {"Carapana"},<br />
["cbd"] = {"Carijona"},<br />
["cbg"] = {"Chimila"},<br />
["cbi"] = {"Chachi"},<br />
["cbj"] = {"Ede Cabe"},<br />
["cbk"] = {"Chavacano"},<br />
["cbl"] = {"Bualkhaw Chin"},<br />
["cbn"] = {"Nyahkur"},<br />
["cbo"] = {"Izora"},<br />
["cbq"] = {"Cuba", "Tsucuba"},<br />
["cbr"] = {"Cashibo-Cacataibo"},<br />
["cbs"] = {"Cashinahua"},<br />
["cbt"] = {"Chayahuita"},<br />
["cbu"] = {"Candoshi-Shapra"},<br />
["cbv"] = {"Cacua"},<br />
["cbw"] = {"Kinabalian"},<br />
["cby"] = {"Carabayo"},<br />
["cca"] = {"Cauca"},<br />
["ccc"] = {"Chamicuro"},<br />
["ccd"] = {"Cafundo Creole"},<br />
["cce"] = {"Chopi"},<br />
["ccg"] = {"Samba Daka"},<br />
["cch"] = {"Atsam"},<br />
["ccj"] = {"Kasanga"},<br />
["ccl"] = {"Cutchi-Swahili"},<br />
["ccm"] = {"Malaccan Creole Malay"},<br />
["cco"] = {"Comaltepec Chinantec"},<br />
["ccp"] = {"Chakma"},<br />
["ccr"] = {"Cacaopera"},<br />
["cda"] = {"Choni"},<br />
["cde"] = {"Chenchu"},<br />
["cdf"] = {"Chiru"},<br />
["cdg"] = {"Chamari"},<br />
["cdh"] = {"Chambeali"},<br />
["cdi"] = {"Chodri"},<br />
["cdj"] = {"Churahi"},<br />
["cdm"] = {"Chepang"},<br />
["cdn"] = {"Chaudangsi"},<br />
["cdo"] = {"Min Dong Chinese"},<br />
["cdr"] = {"Cinda-Regi-Tiyal"},<br />
["cds"] = {"Chadian Sign Language"},<br />
["cdy"] = {"Chadong"},<br />
["cdz"] = {"Koda"},<br />
["cea"] = {"Lower Chehalis"},<br />
["ceb"] = {"Cebuano"},<br />
["ceg"] = {"Chamacoco"},<br />
["cek"] = {"Eastern Khumi Chin"},<br />
["cen"] = {"Cen"},<br />
["ces"] = {"Czech"},<br />
["cet"] = {"Centúúm"},<br />
["cey"] = {"Ekai Chin"},<br />
["cfa"] = {"Dijim-Bwilim"},<br />
["cfd"] = {"Cara"},<br />
["cfg"] = {"Como Karim"},<br />
["cfm"] = {"Falam Chin"},<br />
["cga"] = {"Changriwa"},<br />
["cgc"] = {"Kagayanen"},<br />
["cgg"] = {"Chiga"},<br />
["cgk"] = {"Chocangacakha"},<br />
["cha"] = {"Chamorro"},<br />
["chb"] = {"Chibcha"},<br />
["chc"] = {"Catawba"},<br />
["chd"] = {"Highland Oaxaca Chontal"},<br />
["che"] = {"Chechen"},<br />
["chf"] = {"Tabasco Chontal"},<br />
["chg"] = {"Chagatai"},<br />
["chh"] = {"Chinook"},<br />
["chj"] = {"Ojitlán Chinantec"},<br />
["chk"] = {"Chuukese"},<br />
["chl"] = {"Cahuilla"},<br />
["chm"] = {"Mari (Russia)"},<br />
["chn"] = {"Chinook jargon"},<br />
["cho"] = {"Choctaw"},<br />
["chp"] = {"Chipewyan", "Dene Suline"},<br />
["chq"] = {"Quiotepec Chinantec"},<br />
["chr"] = {"Cherokee"},<br />
["cht"] = {"Cholón"},<br />
["chu"] = {"Church Slavic", "Church Slavonic", "Old Bulgarian", "Old Church Slavonic", "Old Slavonic"},<br />
["chv"] = {"Chuvash"},<br />
["chw"] = {"Chuwabu"},<br />
["chx"] = {"Chantyal"},<br />
["chy"] = {"Cheyenne"},<br />
["chz"] = {"Ozumacín Chinantec"},<br />
["cia"] = {"Cia-Cia"},<br />
["cib"] = {"Ci Gbe"},<br />
["cic"] = {"Chickasaw"},<br />
["cid"] = {"Chimariko"},<br />
["cie"] = {"Cineni"},<br />
["cih"] = {"Chinali"},<br />
["cik"] = {"Chitkuli Kinnauri"},<br />
["cim"] = {"Cimbrian"},<br />
["cin"] = {"Cinta Larga"},<br />
["cip"] = {"Chiapanec"},<br />
["cir"] = {"Haméa", "Méa", "Tiri"},<br />
["ciw"] = {"Chippewa"},<br />
["ciy"] = {"Chaima"},<br />
["cja"] = {"Western Cham"},<br />
["cje"] = {"Chru"},<br />
["cjh"] = {"Upper Chehalis"},<br />
["cji"] = {"Chamalal"},<br />
["cjk"] = {"Chokwe"},<br />
["cjm"] = {"Eastern Cham"},<br />
["cjn"] = {"Chenapian"},<br />
["cjo"] = {"Ashéninka Pajonal"},<br />
["cjp"] = {"Cabécar"},<br />
["cjs"] = {"Shor"},<br />
["cjv"] = {"Chuave"},<br />
["cjy"] = {"Jinyu Chinese"},<br />
["ckb"] = {"Central Kurdish"},<br />
["ckh"] = {"Chak"},<br />
["ckl"] = {"Cibak"},<br />
["ckn"] = {"Kaang Chin"},<br />
["cko"] = {"Anufo"},<br />
["ckq"] = {"Kajakse"},<br />
["ckr"] = {"Kairak"},<br />
["cks"] = {"Tayo"},<br />
["ckt"] = {"Chukot"},<br />
["cku"] = {"Koasati"},<br />
["ckv"] = {"Kavalan"},<br />
["ckx"] = {"Caka"},<br />
["cky"] = {"Cakfem-Mushere"},<br />
["ckz"] = {"Cakchiquel-Quiché Mixed Language"},<br />
["cla"] = {"Ron"},<br />
["clc"] = {"Chilcotin"},<br />
["cld"] = {"Chaldean Neo-Aramaic"},<br />
["cle"] = {"Lealao Chinantec"},<br />
["clh"] = {"Chilisso"},<br />
["cli"] = {"Chakali"},<br />
["clj"] = {"Laitu Chin"},<br />
["clk"] = {"Idu-Mishmi"},<br />
["cll"] = {"Chala"},<br />
["clm"] = {"Clallam"},<br />
["clo"] = {"Lowland Oaxaca Chontal"},<br />
["clt"] = {"Lautu Chin"},<br />
["clu"] = {"Caluyanun"},<br />
["clw"] = {"Chulym"},<br />
["cly"] = {"Eastern Highland Chatino"},<br />
["cma"] = {"Maa"},<br />
["cme"] = {"Cerma"},<br />
["cmg"] = {"Classical Mongolian"},<br />
["cmi"] = {"Emberá-Chamí"},<br />
["cml"] = {"Campalagian"},<br />
["cmm"] = {"Michigamea"},<br />
["cmn"] = {"Mandarin Chinese"},<br />
["cmo"] = {"Central Mnong"},<br />
["cmr"] = {"Mro-Khimi Chin"},<br />
["cms"] = {"Messapic"},<br />
["cmt"] = {"Camtho"},<br />
["cna"] = {"Changthang"},<br />
["cnb"] = {"Chinbon Chin"},<br />
["cnc"] = {"Côông"},<br />
["cng"] = {"Northern Qiang"},<br />
["cnh"] = {"Haka Chin", "Hakha Chin"},<br />
["cni"] = {"Asháninka"},<br />
["cnk"] = {"Khumi Chin"},<br />
["cnl"] = {"Lalana Chinantec"},<br />
["cno"] = {"Con"},<br />
["cnr"] = {"Montenegrin"},<br />
["cns"] = {"Central Asmat"},<br />
["cnt"] = {"Tepetotutla Chinantec"},<br />
["cnu"] = {"Chenoua"},<br />
["cnw"] = {"Ngawn Chin"},<br />
["cnx"] = {"Middle Cornish"},<br />
["coa"] = {"Cocos Islands Malay"},<br />
["cob"] = {"Chicomuceltec"},<br />
["coc"] = {"Cocopa"},<br />
["cod"] = {"Cocama-Cocamilla"},<br />
["coe"] = {"Koreguaje"},<br />
["cof"] = {"Colorado"},<br />
["cog"] = {"Chong"},<br />
["coh"] = {"Chichonyi-Chidzihana-Chikauma", "Chonyi-Dzihana-Kauma"},<br />
["coj"] = {"Cochimi"},<br />
["cok"] = {"Santa Teresa Cora"},<br />
["col"] = {"Columbia-Wenatchi"},<br />
["com"] = {"Comanche"},<br />
["con"] = {"Cofán"},<br />
["coo"] = {"Comox"},<br />
["cop"] = {"Coptic"},<br />
["coq"] = {"Coquille"},<br />
["cor"] = {"Cornish"},<br />
["cos"] = {"Corsican"},<br />
["cot"] = {"Caquinte"},<br />
["cou"] = {"Wamey"},<br />
["cov"] = {"Cao Miao"},<br />
["cow"] = {"Cowlitz"},<br />
["cox"] = {"Nanti"},<br />
["coz"] = {"Chochotec"},<br />
["cpa"] = {"Palantla Chinantec"},<br />
["cpb"] = {"Ucayali-Yurúa Ashéninka"},<br />
["cpc"] = {"Ajyíninka Apurucayali"},<br />
["cpg"] = {"Cappadocian Greek"},<br />
["cpi"] = {"Chinese Pidgin English"},<br />
["cpn"] = {"Cherepon"},<br />
["cpo"] = {"Kpeego"},<br />
["cps"] = {"Capiznon"},<br />
["cpu"] = {"Pichis Ashéninka"},<br />
["cpx"] = {"Pu-Xian Chinese"},<br />
["cpy"] = {"South Ucayali Ashéninka"},<br />
["cqd"] = {"Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao"},<br />
["cra"] = {"Chara"},<br />
["crb"] = {"Island Carib"},<br />
["crc"] = {"Lonwolwol"},<br />
["crd"] = {"Coeur d'Alene"},<br />
["cre"] = {"Cree"},<br />
["crf"] = {"Caramanta"},<br />
["crg"] = {"Michif"},<br />
["crh"] = {"Crimean Tatar", "Crimean Turkish"},<br />
["cri"] = {"Sãotomense"},<br />
["crj"] = {"Southern East Cree"},<br />
["crk"] = {"Plains Cree"},<br />
["crl"] = {"Northern East Cree"},<br />
["crm"] = {"Moose Cree"},<br />
["crn"] = {"El Nayar Cora"},<br />
["cro"] = {"Crow"},<br />
["crq"] = {"Iyo'wujwa Chorote"},<br />
["crr"] = {"Carolina Algonquian"},<br />
["crs"] = {"Seselwa Creole French"},<br />
["crt"] = {"Iyojwa'ja Chorote"},<br />
["crv"] = {"Chaura"},<br />
["crw"] = {"Chrau"},<br />
["crx"] = {"Carrier"},<br />
["cry"] = {"Cori"},<br />
["crz"] = {"Cruzeño"},<br />
["csa"] = {"Chiltepec Chinantec"},<br />
["csb"] = {"Kashubian"},<br />
["csc"] = {"Catalan Sign Language", "Lengua de señas catalana", "Llengua de Signes Catalana"},<br />
["csd"] = {"Chiangmai Sign Language"},<br />
["cse"] = {"Czech Sign Language"},<br />
["csf"] = {"Cuba Sign Language"},<br />
["csg"] = {"Chilean Sign Language"},<br />
["csh"] = {"Asho Chin"},<br />
["csi"] = {"Coast Miwok"},<br />
["csj"] = {"Songlai Chin"},<br />
["csk"] = {"Jola-Kasa"},<br />
["csl"] = {"Chinese Sign Language"},<br />
["csm"] = {"Central Sierra Miwok"},<br />
["csn"] = {"Colombian Sign Language"},<br />
["cso"] = {"Sochiapam Chinantec", "Sochiapan Chinantec"},<br />
["csq"] = {"Croatia Sign Language"},<br />
["csr"] = {"Costa Rican Sign Language"},<br />
["css"] = {"Southern Ohlone"},<br />
["cst"] = {"Northern Ohlone"},<br />
["csv"] = {"Sumtu Chin"},<br />
["csw"] = {"Swampy Cree"},<br />
["csy"] = {"Siyin Chin"},<br />
["csz"] = {"Coos"},<br />
["cta"] = {"Tataltepec Chatino"},<br />
["ctc"] = {"Chetco"},<br />
["ctd"] = {"Tedim Chin"},<br />
["cte"] = {"Tepinapa Chinantec"},<br />
["ctg"] = {"Chittagonian"},<br />
["cth"] = {"Thaiphum Chin"},<br />
["ctl"] = {"Tlacoatzintepec Chinantec"},<br />
["ctm"] = {"Chitimacha"},<br />
["ctn"] = {"Chhintange"},<br />
["cto"] = {"Emberá-Catío"},<br />
["ctp"] = {"Western Highland Chatino"},<br />
["cts"] = {"Northern Catanduanes Bikol"},<br />
["ctt"] = {"Wayanad Chetti"},<br />
["ctu"] = {"Chol"},<br />
["ctz"] = {"Zacatepec Chatino"},<br />
["cua"] = {"Cua"},<br />
["cub"] = {"Cubeo"},<br />
["cuc"] = {"Usila Chinantec"},<br />
["cug"] = {"Chungmboko", "Cung"},<br />
["cuh"] = {"Chuka", "Gichuka"},<br />
["cui"] = {"Cuiba"},<br />
["cuj"] = {"Mashco Piro"},<br />
["cuk"] = {"San Blas Kuna"},<br />
["cul"] = {"Culina", "Kulina"},<br />
["cuo"] = {"Cumanagoto"},<br />
["cup"] = {"Cupeño"},<br />
["cuq"] = {"Cun"},<br />
["cur"] = {"Chhulung"},<br />
["cut"] = {"Teutila Cuicatec"},<br />
["cuu"] = {"Tai Ya"},<br />
["cuv"] = {"Cuvok"},<br />
["cuw"] = {"Chukwa"},<br />
["cux"] = {"Tepeuxila Cuicatec"},<br />
["cuy"] = {"Cuitlatec"},<br />
["cvg"] = {"Chug"},<br />
["cvn"] = {"Valle Nacional Chinantec"},<br />
["cwa"] = {"Kabwa"},<br />
["cwb"] = {"Maindo"},<br />
["cwd"] = {"Woods Cree"},<br />
["cwe"] = {"Kwere"},<br />
["cwg"] = {"Cheq Wong", "Chewong"},<br />
["cwt"] = {"Kuwaataay"},<br />
["cya"] = {"Nopala Chatino"},<br />
["cyb"] = {"Cayubaba"},<br />
["cym"] = {"Welsh"},<br />
["cyo"] = {"Cuyonon"},<br />
["czh"] = {"Huizhou Chinese"},<br />
["czk"] = {"Knaanic"},<br />
["czn"] = {"Zenzontepec Chatino"},<br />
["czo"] = {"Min Zhong Chinese"},<br />
["czt"] = {"Zotung Chin"},<br />
["daa"] = {"Dangaléat"},<br />
["dac"] = {"Dambi"},<br />
["dad"] = {"Marik"},<br />
["dae"] = {"Duupa"},<br />
["dag"] = {"Dagbani"},<br />
["dah"] = {"Gwahatike"},<br />
["dai"] = {"Day"},<br />
["daj"] = {"Dar Fur Daju"},<br />
["dak"] = {"Dakota"},<br />
["dal"] = {"Dahalo"},<br />
["dam"] = {"Damakawa"},<br />
["dan"] = {"Danish"},<br />
["dao"] = {"Daai Chin"},<br />
["daq"] = {"Dandami Maria"},<br />
["dar"] = {"Dargwa"},<br />
["das"] = {"Daho-Doo"},<br />
["dau"] = {"Dar Sila Daju"},<br />
["dav"] = {"Dawida", "Taita"},<br />
["daw"] = {"Davawenyo"},<br />
["dax"] = {"Dayi"},<br />
["daz"] = {"Dao"},<br />
["dba"] = {"Bangime"},<br />
["dbb"] = {"Deno"},<br />
["dbd"] = {"Dadiya"},<br />
["dbe"] = {"Dabe"},<br />
["dbf"] = {"Edopi"},<br />
["dbg"] = {"Dogul Dom Dogon"},<br />
["dbi"] = {"Doka"},<br />
["dbj"] = {"Ida'an"},<br />
["dbl"] = {"Dyirbal"},<br />
["dbm"] = {"Duguri"},<br />
["dbn"] = {"Duriankere"},<br />
["dbo"] = {"Dulbu"},<br />
["dbp"] = {"Duwai"},<br />
["dbq"] = {"Daba"},<br />
["dbr"] = {"Dabarre"},<br />
["dbt"] = {"Ben Tey Dogon"},<br />
["dbu"] = {"Bondum Dom Dogon"},<br />
["dbv"] = {"Dungu"},<br />
["dbw"] = {"Bankan Tey Dogon"},<br />
["dby"] = {"Dibiyaso"},<br />
["dcc"] = {"Deccan"},<br />
["dcr"] = {"Negerhollands"},<br />
["dda"] = {"Dadi Dadi"},<br />
["ddd"] = {"Dongotono"},<br />
["dde"] = {"Doondo"},<br />
["ddg"] = {"Fataluku"},<br />
["ddi"] = {"West Goodenough"},<br />
["ddj"] = {"Jaru"},<br />
["ddn"] = {"Dendi (Benin)"},<br />
["ddo"] = {"Dido"},<br />
["ddr"] = {"Dhudhuroa"},<br />
["dds"] = {"Donno So Dogon"},<br />
["ddw"] = {"Dawera-Daweloor"},<br />
["dec"] = {"Dagik"},<br />
["ded"] = {"Dedua"},<br />
["dee"] = {"Dewoin"},<br />
["def"] = {"Dezfuli"},<br />
["deg"] = {"Degema"},<br />
["deh"] = {"Dehwari"},<br />
["dei"] = {"Demisa"},<br />
["dek"] = {"Dek"},<br />
["del"] = {"Delaware"},<br />
["dem"] = {"Dem"},<br />
["den"] = {"Slave (Athapascan)"},<br />
["dep"] = {"Pidgin Delaware"},<br />
["deq"] = {"Dendi (Central African Republic)"},<br />
["der"] = {"Deori"},<br />
["des"] = {"Desano"},<br />
["deu"] = {"German"},<br />
["dev"] = {"Domung"},<br />
["dez"] = {"Dengese"},<br />
["dga"] = {"Southern Dagaare"},<br />
["dgb"] = {"Bunoge Dogon"},<br />
["dgc"] = {"Casiguran Dumagat Agta"},<br />
["dgd"] = {"Dagaari Dioula"},<br />
["dge"] = {"Degenan"},<br />
["dgg"] = {"Doga"},<br />
["dgh"] = {"Dghwede"},<br />
["dgi"] = {"Northern Dagara"},<br />
["dgk"] = {"Dagba"},<br />
["dgl"] = {"Andaandi", "Dongolawi"},<br />
["dgn"] = {"Dagoman"},<br />
["dgo"] = {"Dogri (individual language)"},<br />
["dgr"] = {"Dogrib"},<br />
["dgs"] = {"Dogoso"},<br />
["dgt"] = {"Ndra'ngith"},<br />
["dgu"] = {"Degaru"},<br />
["dgw"] = {"Daungwurrung"},<br />
["dgx"] = {"Doghoro"},<br />
["dgz"] = {"Daga"},<br />
["dhd"] = {"Dhundari"},<br />
["dhg"] = {"Dhangu", "Dhangu-Djangu", "Djangu"},<br />
["dhi"] = {"Dhimal"},<br />
["dhl"] = {"Dhalandji"},<br />
["dhm"] = {"Zemba"},<br />
["dhn"] = {"Dhanki"},<br />
["dho"] = {"Dhodia"},<br />
["dhr"] = {"Dhargari"},<br />
["dhs"] = {"Dhaiso"},<br />
["dhu"] = {"Dhurga"},<br />
["dhv"] = {"Dehu", "Drehu"},<br />
["dhw"] = {"Dhanwar (Nepal)"},<br />
["dhx"] = {"Dhungaloo"},<br />
["dia"] = {"Dia"},<br />
["dib"] = {"South Central Dinka"},<br />
["dic"] = {"Lakota Dida"},<br />
["did"] = {"Didinga"},<br />
["dif"] = {"Dieri", "Diyari"},<br />
["dig"] = {"Chidigo", "Digo"},<br />
["dih"] = {"Kumiai"},<br />
["dii"] = {"Dimbong"},<br />
["dij"] = {"Dai"},<br />
["dik"] = {"Southwestern Dinka"},<br />
["dil"] = {"Dilling"},<br />
["dim"] = {"Dime"},<br />
["din"] = {"Dinka"},<br />
["dio"] = {"Dibo"},<br />
["dip"] = {"Northeastern Dinka"},<br />
["diq"] = {"Dimli (individual language)"},<br />
["dir"] = {"Dirim"},<br />
["dis"] = {"Dimasa"},<br />
["diu"] = {"Diriku"},<br />
["div"] = {"Dhivehi", "Divehi", "Maldivian"},<br />
["diw"] = {"Northwestern Dinka"},<br />
["dix"] = {"Dixon Reef"},<br />
["diy"] = {"Diuwe"},<br />
["diz"] = {"Ding"},<br />
["dja"] = {"Djadjawurrung"},<br />
["djb"] = {"Djinba"},<br />
["djc"] = {"Dar Daju Daju"},<br />
["djd"] = {"Djamindjung", "Ngaliwurru"},<br />
["dje"] = {"Zarma"},<br />
["djf"] = {"Djangun"},<br />
["dji"] = {"Djinang"},<br />
["djj"] = {"Djeebbana"},<br />
["djk"] = {"Businenge Tongo", "Eastern Maroon Creole", "Nenge"},<br />
["djm"] = {"Jamsay Dogon"},<br />
["djn"] = {"Djauan", "Jawoyn"},<br />
["djo"] = {"Jangkang"},<br />
["djr"] = {"Djambarrpuyngu"},<br />
["dju"] = {"Kapriman"},<br />
["djw"] = {"Djawi"},<br />
["dka"] = {"Dakpakha"},<br />
["dkk"] = {"Dakka"},<br />
["dkr"] = {"Kuijau"},<br />
["dks"] = {"Southeastern Dinka"},<br />
["dkx"] = {"Mazagway"},<br />
["dlg"] = {"Dolgan"},<br />
["dlk"] = {"Dahalik"},<br />
["dlm"] = {"Dalmatian"},<br />
["dln"] = {"Darlong"},<br />
["dma"] = {"Duma"},<br />
["dmb"] = {"Mombo Dogon"},<br />
["dmc"] = {"Gavak"},<br />
["dmd"] = {"Madhi Madhi"},<br />
["dme"] = {"Dugwor"},<br />
["dmg"] = {"Upper Kinabatangan"},<br />
["dmk"] = {"Domaaki"},<br />
["dml"] = {"Dameli"},<br />
["dmm"] = {"Dama"},<br />
["dmo"] = {"Kemedzung"},<br />
["dmr"] = {"East Damar"},<br />
["dms"] = {"Dampelas"},<br />
["dmu"] = {"Dubu", "Tebi"},<br />
["dmv"] = {"Dumpas"},<br />
["dmw"] = {"Mudburra"},<br />
["dmx"] = {"Dema"},<br />
["dmy"] = {"Demta", "Sowari"},<br />
["dna"] = {"Upper Grand Valley Dani"},<br />
["dnd"] = {"Daonda"},<br />
["dne"] = {"Ndendeule"},<br />
["dng"] = {"Dungan"},<br />
["dni"] = {"Lower Grand Valley Dani"},<br />
["dnj"] = {"Dan"},<br />
["dnk"] = {"Dengka"},<br />
["dnn"] = {"Dzùùngoo"},<br />
["dno"] = {"Ndrulo", "Northern Lendu"},<br />
["dnr"] = {"Danaru"},<br />
["dnt"] = {"Mid Grand Valley Dani"},<br />
["dnu"] = {"Danau"},<br />
["dnv"] = {"Danu"},<br />
["dnw"] = {"Western Dani"},<br />
["dny"] = {"Dení"},<br />
["doa"] = {"Dom"},<br />
["dob"] = {"Dobu"},<br />
["doc"] = {"Northern Dong"},<br />
["doe"] = {"Doe"},<br />
["dof"] = {"Domu"},<br />
["doh"] = {"Dong"},<br />
["doi"] = {"Dogri (macrolanguage)"},<br />
["dok"] = {"Dondo"},<br />
["dol"] = {"Doso"},<br />
["don"] = {"Toura (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["doo"] = {"Dongo"},<br />
["dop"] = {"Lukpa"},<br />
["doq"] = {"Dominican Sign Language"},<br />
["dor"] = {"Dori'o"},<br />
["dos"] = {"Dogosé"},<br />
["dot"] = {"Dass"},<br />
["dov"] = {"Dombe"},<br />
["dow"] = {"Doyayo"},<br />
["dox"] = {"Bussa"},<br />
["doy"] = {"Dompo"},<br />
["doz"] = {"Dorze"},<br />
["dpp"] = {"Papar"},<br />
["drb"] = {"Dair"},<br />
["drc"] = {"Minderico"},<br />
["drd"] = {"Darmiya"},<br />
["dre"] = {"Dolpo"},<br />
["drg"] = {"Rungus"},<br />
["dri"] = {"C'Lela"},<br />
["drl"] = {"Paakantyi"},<br />
["drn"] = {"West Damar"},<br />
["dro"] = {"Daro-Matu Melanau"},<br />
["drq"] = {"Dura"},<br />
["drr"] = {"Dororo"},<br />
["drs"] = {"Gedeo"},<br />
["drt"] = {"Drents"},<br />
["dru"] = {"Rukai"},<br />
["dry"] = {"Darai"},<br />
["dsb"] = {"Lower Sorbian"},<br />
["dse"] = {"Dutch Sign Language"},<br />
["dsh"] = {"Daasanach"},<br />
["dsi"] = {"Disa"},<br />
["dsl"] = {"Danish Sign Language"},<br />
["dsn"] = {"Dusner"},<br />
["dso"] = {"Desiya"},<br />
["dsq"] = {"Tadaksahak"},<br />
["dta"] = {"Daur"},<br />
["dtb"] = {"Labuk-Kinabatangan Kadazan"},<br />
["dtd"] = {"Ditidaht"},<br />
["dth"] = {"Adithinngithigh"},<br />
["dti"] = {"Ana Tinga Dogon"},<br />
["dtk"] = {"Tene Kan Dogon"},<br />
["dtm"] = {"Tomo Kan Dogon"},<br />
["dtn"] = {"Daatsʼíin"},<br />
["dto"] = {"Tommo So Dogon"},<br />
["dtp"] = {"Central Dusun", "Kadazan Dusun"},<br />
["dtr"] = {"Lotud"},<br />
["dts"] = {"Toro So Dogon"},<br />
["dtt"] = {"Toro Tegu Dogon"},<br />
["dtu"] = {"Tebul Ure Dogon"},<br />
["dty"] = {"Dotyali"},<br />
["dua"] = {"Duala"},<br />
["dub"] = {"Dubli"},<br />
["duc"] = {"Duna"},<br />
["due"] = {"Umiray Dumaget Agta"},<br />
["duf"] = {"Drubea", "Dumbea"},<br />
["dug"] = {"Chiduruma", "Duruma"},<br />
["duh"] = {"Dungra Bhil"},<br />
["dui"] = {"Dumun"},<br />
["duk"] = {"Uyajitaya"},<br />
["dul"] = {"Alabat Island Agta"},<br />
["dum"] = {"Middle Dutch (ca. 1050-1350)"},<br />
["dun"] = {"Dusun Deyah"},<br />
["duo"] = {"Dupaninan Agta"},<br />
["dup"] = {"Duano"},<br />
["duq"] = {"Dusun Malang"},<br />
["dur"] = {"Dii"},<br />
["dus"] = {"Dumi"},<br />
["duu"] = {"Drung"},<br />
["duv"] = {"Duvle"},<br />
["duw"] = {"Dusun Witu"},<br />
["dux"] = {"Duungooma"},<br />
["duy"] = {"Dicamay Agta"},<br />
["duz"] = {"Duli-Gey"},<br />
["dva"] = {"Duau"},<br />
["dwa"] = {"Diri"},<br />
["dwr"] = {"Dawro"},<br />
["dws"] = {"Dutton World Speedwords"},<br />
["dwu"] = {"Dhuwal"},<br />
["dww"] = {"Dawawa"},<br />
["dwy"] = {"Dhuwaya"},<br />
["dwz"] = {"Dewas Rai"},<br />
["dya"] = {"Dyan"},<br />
["dyb"] = {"Dyaberdyaber"},<br />
["dyd"] = {"Dyugun"},<br />
["dyg"] = {"Villa Viciosa Agta"},<br />
["dyi"] = {"Djimini Senoufo"},<br />
["dym"] = {"Yanda Dom Dogon"},<br />
["dyn"] = {"Dhanggatti", "Dyangadi"},<br />
["dyo"] = {"Jola-Fonyi"},<br />
["dyu"] = {"Dyula"},<br />
["dyy"] = {"Djabugay", "Dyaabugay"},<br />
["dza"] = {"Tunzu"},<br />
["dze"] = {"Djiwarli"},<br />
["dzg"] = {"Dazaga"},<br />
["dzl"] = {"Dzalakha"},<br />
["dzn"] = {"Dzando"},<br />
["dzo"] = {"Dzongkha"},<br />
["eaa"] = {"Karenggapa"},<br />
["ebg"] = {"Ebughu"},<br />
["ebk"] = {"Eastern Bontok"},<br />
["ebo"] = {"Teke-Ebo"},<br />
["ebr"] = {"Ebrié"},<br />
["ebu"] = {"Embu", "Kiembu"},<br />
["ecr"] = {"Eteocretan"},<br />
["ecs"] = {"Ecuadorian Sign Language"},<br />
["ecy"] = {"Eteocypriot"},<br />
["eee"] = {"E"},<br />
["efa"] = {"Efai"},<br />
["efe"] = {"Efe"},<br />
["efi"] = {"Efik"},<br />
["ega"] = {"Ega"},<br />
["egl"] = {"Emilian"},<br />
["ego"] = {"Eggon"},<br />
["egy"] = {"Egyptian (Ancient)"},<br />
["ehu"] = {"Ehueun"},<br />
["eip"] = {"Eipomek"},<br />
["eit"] = {"Eitiep"},<br />
["eiv"] = {"Askopan"},<br />
["eja"] = {"Ejamat"},<br />
["eka"] = {"Ekajuk"},<br />
["ekc"] = {"Eastern Karnic"},<br />
["eke"] = {"Ekit"},<br />
["ekg"] = {"Ekari"},<br />
["eki"] = {"Eki"},<br />
["ekk"] = {"Standard Estonian"},<br />
["ekl"] = {"Kol", "Kol (Bangladesh)"},<br />
["ekm"] = {"Elip"},<br />
["eko"] = {"Koti"},<br />
["ekp"] = {"Ekpeye"},<br />
["ekr"] = {"Yace"},<br />
["eky"] = {"Eastern Kayah"},<br />
["ele"] = {"Elepi"},<br />
["elh"] = {"El Hugeirat"},<br />
["eli"] = {"Nding"},<br />
["elk"] = {"Elkei"},<br />
["ell"] = {"Modern Greek (1453-)"},<br />
["elm"] = {"Eleme"},<br />
["elo"] = {"El Molo"},<br />
["elu"] = {"Elu"},<br />
["elx"] = {"Elamite"},<br />
["ema"] = {"Emai-Iuleha-Ora"},<br />
["emb"] = {"Embaloh"},<br />
["eme"] = {"Emerillon"},<br />
["emg"] = {"Eastern Meohang"},<br />
["emi"] = {"Mussau-Emira"},<br />
["emk"] = {"Eastern Maninkakan"},<br />
["emm"] = {"Mamulique"},<br />
["emn"] = {"Eman"},<br />
["emp"] = {"Northern Emberá"},<br />
["ems"] = {"Pacific Gulf Yupik"},<br />
["emu"] = {"Eastern Muria"},<br />
["emw"] = {"Emplawas"},<br />
["emx"] = {"Erromintxela"},<br />
["emy"] = {"Epigraphic Mayan"},<br />
["ena"] = {"Apali"},<br />
["enb"] = {"Markweeta"},<br />
["enc"] = {"En"},<br />
["end"] = {"Ende"},<br />
["enf"] = {"Forest Enets"},<br />
["eng"] = {"English"},<br />
["enh"] = {"Tundra Enets"},<br />
["enl"] = {"Enlhet"},<br />
["enm"] = {"Middle English (1100-1500)"},<br />
["enn"] = {"Engenni"},<br />
["eno"] = {"Enggano"},<br />
["enq"] = {"Enga"},<br />
["enr"] = {"Emem", "Emumu"},<br />
["enu"] = {"Enu"},<br />
["env"] = {"Enwan (Edu State)"},<br />
["enw"] = {"Enwan (Akwa Ibom State)"},<br />
["enx"] = {"Enxet"},<br />
["eot"] = {"Beti (Côte d'Ivoire)"},<br />
["epi"] = {"Epie"},<br />
["epo"] = {"Esperanto"},<br />
["era"] = {"Eravallan"},<br />
["erg"] = {"Sie"},<br />
["erh"] = {"Eruwa"},<br />
["eri"] = {"Ogea"},<br />
["erk"] = {"South Efate"},<br />
["ero"] = {"Horpa"},<br />
["err"] = {"Erre"},<br />
["ers"] = {"Ersu"},<br />
["ert"] = {"Eritai"},<br />
["erw"] = {"Erokwanas"},<br />
["ese"] = {"Ese Ejja"},<br />
["esg"] = {"Aheri Gondi"},<br />
["esh"] = {"Eshtehardi"},<br />
["esi"] = {"North Alaskan Inupiatun"},<br />
["esk"] = {"Northwest Alaska Inupiatun"},<br />
["esl"] = {"Egypt Sign Language"},<br />
["esm"] = {"Esuma"},<br />
["esn"] = {"Salvadoran Sign Language"},<br />
["eso"] = {"Estonian Sign Language"},<br />
["esq"] = {"Esselen"},<br />
["ess"] = {"Central Siberian Yupik"},<br />
["est"] = {"Estonian"},<br />
["esu"] = {"Central Yupik"},<br />
["esy"] = {"Eskayan"},<br />
["etb"] = {"Etebi"},<br />
["etc"] = {"Etchemin"},<br />
["eth"] = {"Ethiopian Sign Language"},<br />
["etn"] = {"Eton (Vanuatu)"},<br />
["eto"] = {"Eton (Cameroon)"},<br />
["etr"] = {"Edolo"},<br />
["ets"] = {"Yekhee"},<br />
["ett"] = {"Etruscan"},<br />
["etu"] = {"Ejagham"},<br />
["etx"] = {"Eten"},<br />
["etz"] = {"Semimi"},<br />
["eus"] = {"Basque"},<br />
["eve"] = {"Even"},<br />
["evh"] = {"Uvbie"},<br />
["evn"] = {"Evenki"},<br />
["ewe"] = {"Ewe"},<br />
["ewo"] = {"Ewondo"},<br />
["ext"] = {"Extremaduran"},<br />
["eya"] = {"Eyak"},<br />
["eyo"] = {"Keiyo"},<br />
["eza"] = {"Ezaa"},<br />
["eze"] = {"Uzekwe"},<br />
["faa"] = {"Fasu"},<br />
["fab"] = {"Fa d'Ambu"},<br />
["fad"] = {"Wagi"},<br />
["faf"] = {"Fagani"},<br />
["fag"] = {"Finongan"},<br />
["fah"] = {"Baissa Fali"},<br />
["fai"] = {"Faiwol"},<br />
["faj"] = {"Faita"},<br />
["fak"] = {"Fang (Cameroon)"},<br />
["fal"] = {"South Fali"},<br />
["fam"] = {"Fam"},<br />
["fan"] = {"Fang (Equatorial Guinea)"},<br />
["fao"] = {"Faroese"},<br />
["fap"] = {"Paloor"},<br />
["far"] = {"Fataleka"},<br />
["fas"] = {"Persian"},<br />
["fat"] = {"Fanti"},<br />
["fau"] = {"Fayu"},<br />
["fax"] = {"Fala"},<br />
["fay"] = {"Southwestern Fars"},<br />
["faz"] = {"Northwestern Fars"},<br />
["fbl"] = {"West Albay Bikol"},<br />
["fcs"] = {"Quebec Sign Language"},<br />
["fer"] = {"Feroge"},<br />
["ffi"] = {"Foia Foia"},<br />
["ffm"] = {"Maasina Fulfulde"},<br />
["fgr"] = {"Fongoro"},<br />
["fia"] = {"Nobiin"},<br />
["fie"] = {"Fyer"},<br />
["fij"] = {"Fijian"},<br />
["fil"] = {"Filipino", "Pilipino"},<br />
["fin"] = {"Finnish"},<br />
["fip"] = {"Fipa"},<br />
["fir"] = {"Firan"},<br />
["fit"] = {"Tornedalen Finnish"},<br />
["fiw"] = {"Fiwaga"},<br />
["fkk"] = {"Kirya-Konzəl"},<br />
["fkv"] = {"Kven Finnish"},<br />
["fla"] = {"Kalispel-Pend d'Oreille"},<br />
["flh"] = {"Foau"},<br />
["fli"] = {"Fali"},<br />
["fll"] = {"North Fali"},<br />
["fln"] = {"Flinders Island"},<br />
["flr"] = {"Fuliiru"},<br />
["fly"] = {"Flaaitaal", "Tsotsitaal"},<br />
["fmp"] = {"Fe'fe'"},<br />
["fmu"] = {"Far Western Muria"},<br />
["fnb"] = {"Fanbak"},<br />
["fng"] = {"Fanagalo"},<br />
["fni"] = {"Fania"},<br />
["fod"] = {"Foodo"},<br />
["foi"] = {"Foi"},<br />
["fom"] = {"Foma"},<br />
["fon"] = {"Fon"},<br />
["for"] = {"Fore"},<br />
["fos"] = {"Siraya"},<br />
["fpe"] = {"Fernando Po Creole English"},<br />
["fqs"] = {"Fas"},<br />
["fra"] = {"French"},<br />
["frc"] = {"Cajun French"},<br />
["frd"] = {"Fordata"},<br />
["frk"] = {"Frankish"},<br />
["frm"] = {"Middle French (ca. 1400-1600)"},<br />
["fro"] = {"Old French (842-ca. 1400)"},<br />
["frp"] = {"Arpitan", "Francoprovençal"},<br />
["frq"] = {"Forak"},<br />
["frr"] = {"Northern Frisian"},<br />
["frs"] = {"Eastern Frisian"},<br />
["frt"] = {"Fortsenal"},<br />
["fry"] = {"Western Frisian"},<br />
["fse"] = {"Finnish Sign Language"},<br />
["fsl"] = {"French Sign Language"},<br />
["fss"] = {"finlandssvenskt teckenspråk", "Finland-Swedish Sign Language", "suomenruotsalainen viittomakieli"},<br />
["fub"] = {"Adamawa Fulfulde"},<br />
["fuc"] = {"Pulaar"},<br />
["fud"] = {"East Futuna"},<br />
["fue"] = {"Borgu Fulfulde"},<br />
["fuf"] = {"Pular"},<br />
["fuh"] = {"Western Niger Fulfulde"},<br />
["fui"] = {"Bagirmi Fulfulde"},<br />
["fuj"] = {"Ko"},<br />
["ful"] = {"Fulah"},<br />
["fum"] = {"Fum"},<br />
["fun"] = {"Fulniô"},<br />
["fuq"] = {"Central-Eastern Niger Fulfulde"},<br />
["fur"] = {"Friulian"},<br />
["fut"] = {"Futuna-Aniwa"},<br />
["fuu"] = {"Furu"},<br />
["fuv"] = {"Nigerian Fulfulde"},<br />
["fuy"] = {"Fuyug"},<br />
["fvr"] = {"Fur"},<br />
["fwa"] = {"Fwâi"},<br />
["fwe"] = {"Fwe"},<br />
["gaa"] = {"Ga"},<br />
["gab"] = {"Gabri"},<br />
["gac"] = {"Mixed Great Andamanese"},<br />
["gad"] = {"Gaddang"},<br />
["gae"] = {"Guarequena"},<br />
["gaf"] = {"Gende"},<br />
["gag"] = {"Gagauz"},<br />
["gah"] = {"Alekano"},<br />
["gai"] = {"Borei"},<br />
["gaj"] = {"Gadsup"},<br />
["gak"] = {"Gamkonora"},<br />
["gal"] = {"Galolen"},<br />
["gam"] = {"Kandawo"},<br />
["gan"] = {"Gan Chinese"},<br />
["gao"] = {"Gants"},<br />
["gap"] = {"Gal"},<br />
["gaq"] = {"Gata'"},<br />
["gar"] = {"Galeya"},<br />
["gas"] = {"Adiwasi Garasia"},<br />
["gat"] = {"Kenati"},<br />
["gau"] = {"Mudhili Gadaba"},<br />
["gaw"] = {"Nobonob"},<br />
["gax"] = {"Borana-Arsi-Guji Oromo"},<br />
["gay"] = {"Gayo"},<br />
["gaz"] = {"West Central Oromo"},<br />
["gba"] = {"Gbaya (Central African Republic)"},<br />
["gbb"] = {"Kaytetye"},<br />
["gbd"] = {"Karajarri"},<br />
["gbe"] = {"Niksek"},<br />
["gbf"] = {"Gaikundi"},<br />
["gbg"] = {"Gbanziri"},<br />
["gbh"] = {"Defi Gbe"},<br />
["gbi"] = {"Galela"},<br />
["gbj"] = {"Bodo Gadaba"},<br />
["gbk"] = {"Gaddi"},<br />
["gbl"] = {"Gamit"},<br />
["gbm"] = {"Garhwali"},<br />
["gbn"] = {"Mo'da"},<br />
["gbo"] = {"Northern Grebo"},<br />
["gbp"] = {"Gbaya-Bossangoa"},<br />
["gbq"] = {"Gbaya-Bozoum"},<br />
["gbr"] = {"Gbagyi"},<br />
["gbs"] = {"Gbesi Gbe"},<br />
["gbu"] = {"Gagadu"},<br />
["gbv"] = {"Gbanu"},<br />
["gbw"] = {"Gabi-Gabi"},<br />
["gbx"] = {"Eastern Xwla Gbe"},<br />
["gby"] = {"Gbari"},<br />
["gbz"] = {"Zoroastrian Dari"},<br />
["gcc"] = {"Mali"},<br />
["gcd"] = {"Ganggalida"},<br />
["gce"] = {"Galice"},<br />
["gcf"] = {"Guadeloupean Creole French"},<br />
["gcl"] = {"Grenadian Creole English"},<br />
["gcn"] = {"Gaina"},<br />
["gcr"] = {"Guianese Creole French"},<br />
["gct"] = {"Colonia Tovar German"},<br />
["gda"] = {"Gade Lohar"},<br />
["gdb"] = {"Pottangi Ollar Gadaba"},<br />
["gdc"] = {"Gugu Badhun"},<br />
["gdd"] = {"Gedaged"},<br />
["gde"] = {"Gude"},<br />
["gdf"] = {"Guduf-Gava"},<br />
["gdg"] = {"Ga'dang"},<br />
["gdh"] = {"Gadjerawang"},<br />
["gdi"] = {"Gundi"},<br />
["gdj"] = {"Gurdjar"},<br />
["gdk"] = {"Gadang"},<br />
["gdl"] = {"Dirasha"},<br />
["gdm"] = {"Laal"},<br />
["gdn"] = {"Umanakaina"},<br />
["gdo"] = {"Ghodoberi"},<br />
["gdq"] = {"Mehri"},<br />
["gdr"] = {"Wipi"},<br />
["gds"] = {"Ghandruk Sign Language"},<br />
["gdt"] = {"Kungardutyi"},<br />
["gdu"] = {"Gudu"},<br />
["gdx"] = {"Godwari"},<br />
["gea"] = {"Geruma"},<br />
["geb"] = {"Kire"},<br />
["gec"] = {"Gboloo Grebo"},<br />
["ged"] = {"Gade"},<br />
["geg"] = {"Gengle"},<br />
["geh"] = {"Hutterisch", "Hutterite German"},<br />
["gei"] = {"Gebe"},<br />
["gej"] = {"Gen"},<br />
["gek"] = {"Ywom"},<br />
["gel"] = {"ut-Ma'in"},<br />
["geq"] = {"Geme"},<br />
["ges"] = {"Geser-Gorom"},<br />
["gev"] = {"Eviya"},<br />
["gew"] = {"Gera"},<br />
["gex"] = {"Garre"},<br />
["gey"] = {"Enya"},<br />
["gez"] = {"Geez"},<br />
["gfk"] = {"Patpatar"},<br />
["gft"] = {"Gafat"},<br />
["gga"] = {"Gao"},<br />
["ggb"] = {"Gbii"},<br />
["ggd"] = {"Gugadj"},<br />
["gge"] = {"Gurr-goni"},<br />
["ggg"] = {"Gurgula"},<br />
["ggk"] = {"Kungarakany"},<br />
["ggl"] = {"Ganglau"},<br />
["ggt"] = {"Gitua"},<br />
["ggu"] = {"Gagu", "Gban"},<br />
["ggw"] = {"Gogodala"},<br />
["gha"] = {"Ghadamès"},<br />
["ghc"] = {"Hiberno-Scottish Gaelic"},<br />
["ghe"] = {"Southern Ghale"},<br />
["ghh"] = {"Northern Ghale"},<br />
["ghk"] = {"Geko Karen"},<br />
["ghl"] = {"Ghulfan"},<br />
["ghn"] = {"Ghanongga"},<br />
["gho"] = {"Ghomara"},<br />
["ghr"] = {"Ghera"},<br />
["ghs"] = {"Guhu-Samane"},<br />
["ght"] = {"Kuke", "Kutang Ghale"},<br />
["gia"] = {"Kija"},<br />
["gib"] = {"Gibanawa"},<br />
["gic"] = {"Gail"},<br />
["gid"] = {"Gidar"},<br />
["gie"] = {"Gaɓogbo", "Guébie"},<br />
["gig"] = {"Goaria"},<br />
["gih"] = {"Githabul"},<br />
["gil"] = {"Gilbertese"},<br />
["gim"] = {"Gimi (Eastern Highlands)"},<br />
["gin"] = {"Hinukh"},<br />
["gip"] = {"Gimi (West New Britain)"},<br />
["giq"] = {"Green Gelao"},<br />
["gir"] = {"Red Gelao"},<br />
["gis"] = {"North Giziga"},<br />
["git"] = {"Gitxsan"},<br />
["giu"] = {"Mulao"},<br />
["giw"] = {"White Gelao"},<br />
["gix"] = {"Gilima"},<br />
["giy"] = {"Giyug"},<br />
["giz"] = {"South Giziga"},<br />
["gji"] = {"Geji"},<br />
["gjk"] = {"Kachi Koli"},<br />
["gjm"] = {"Gunditjmara"},<br />
["gjn"] = {"Gonja"},<br />
["gjr"] = {"Gurindji Kriol"},<br />
["gju"] = {"Gujari"},<br />
["gka"] = {"Guya"},<br />
["gkd"] = {"Magɨ (Madang Province)"},<br />
["gke"] = {"Ndai"},<br />
["gkn"] = {"Gokana"},<br />
["gko"] = {"Kok-Nar"},<br />
["gkp"] = {"Guinea Kpelle"},<br />
["gku"] = {"ǂUngkue"},<br />
["gla"] = {"Gaelic", "Scottish Gaelic"},<br />
["glc"] = {"Bon Gula"},<br />
["gld"] = {"Nanai"},<br />
["gle"] = {"Irish"},<br />
["glg"] = {"Galician"},<br />
["glh"] = {"Northwest Pashai", "Northwest Pashayi"},<br />
["gli"] = {"Guliguli"},<br />
["glj"] = {"Gula Iro"},<br />
["glk"] = {"Gilaki"},<br />
["gll"] = {"Garlali"},<br />
["glo"] = {"Galambu"},<br />
["glr"] = {"Glaro-Twabo"},<br />
["glu"] = {"Gula (Chad)"},<br />
["glv"] = {"Manx"},<br />
["glw"] = {"Glavda"},<br />
["gly"] = {"Gule"},<br />
["gma"] = {"Gambera"},<br />
["gmb"] = {"Gula'alaa"},<br />
["gmd"] = {"Mághdì"},<br />
["gmg"] = {"Magɨyi"},<br />
["gmh"] = {"Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)"},<br />
["gml"] = {"Middle Low German"},<br />
["gmm"] = {"Gbaya-Mbodomo"},<br />
["gmn"] = {"Gimnime"},<br />
["gmu"] = {"Gumalu"},<br />
["gmv"] = {"Gamo"},<br />
["gmx"] = {"Magoma"},<br />
["gmy"] = {"Mycenaean Greek"},<br />
["gmz"] = {"Mgbolizhia"},<br />
["gna"] = {"Kaansa"},<br />
["gnb"] = {"Gangte"},<br />
["gnc"] = {"Guanche"},<br />
["gnd"] = {"Zulgo-Gemzek"},<br />
["gne"] = {"Ganang"},<br />
["gng"] = {"Ngangam"},<br />
["gnh"] = {"Lere"},<br />
["gni"] = {"Gooniyandi"},<br />
["gnj"] = {"Ngen"},<br />
["gnk"] = {"ǁGana"},<br />
["gnl"] = {"Gangulu"},<br />
["gnm"] = {"Ginuman"},<br />
["gnn"] = {"Gumatj"},<br />
["gno"] = {"Northern Gondi"},<br />
["gnq"] = {"Gana"},<br />
["gnr"] = {"Gureng Gureng"},<br />
["gnt"] = {"Guntai"},<br />
["gnu"] = {"Gnau"},<br />
["gnw"] = {"Western Bolivian Guaraní"},<br />
["gnz"] = {"Ganzi"},<br />
["goa"] = {"Guro"},<br />
["gob"] = {"Playero"},<br />
["goc"] = {"Gorakor"},<br />
["god"] = {"Godié"},<br />
["goe"] = {"Gongduk"},<br />
["gof"] = {"Gofa"},<br />
["gog"] = {"Gogo"},<br />
["goh"] = {"Old High German (ca. 750-1050)"},<br />
["goi"] = {"Gobasi"},<br />
["goj"] = {"Gowlan"},<br />
["gok"] = {"Gowli"},<br />
["gol"] = {"Gola"},<br />
["gom"] = {"Goan Konkani"},<br />
["gon"] = {"Gondi"},<br />
["goo"] = {"Gone Dau"},<br />
["gop"] = {"Yeretuar"},<br />
["goq"] = {"Gorap"},<br />
["gor"] = {"Gorontalo"},<br />
["gos"] = {"Gronings"},<br />
["got"] = {"Gothic"},<br />
["gou"] = {"Gavar"},<br />
["gow"] = {"Gorowa"},<br />
["gox"] = {"Gobu"},<br />
["goy"] = {"Goundo"},<br />
["goz"] = {"Gozarkhani"},<br />
["gpa"] = {"Gupa-Abawa"},<br />
["gpe"] = {"Ghanaian Pidgin English"},<br />
["gpn"] = {"Taiap"},<br />
["gqa"] = {"Ga'anda"},<br />
["gqi"] = {"Guiqiong"},<br />
["gqn"] = {"Guana (Brazil)"},<br />
["gqr"] = {"Gor"},<br />
["gqu"] = {"Qau"},<br />
["gra"] = {"Rajput Garasia"},<br />
["grb"] = {"Grebo"},<br />
["grc"] = {"Ancient Greek (to 1453)"},<br />
["grd"] = {"Guruntum-Mbaaru"},<br />
["grg"] = {"Madi"},<br />
["grh"] = {"Gbiri-Niragu"},<br />
["gri"] = {"Ghari"},<br />
["grj"] = {"Southern Grebo"},<br />
["grm"] = {"Kota Marudu Talantang"},<br />
["grn"] = {"Guarani"},<br />
["gro"] = {"Groma"},<br />
["grq"] = {"Gorovu"},<br />
["grr"] = {"Taznatit"},<br />
["grs"] = {"Gresi"},<br />
["grt"] = {"Garo"},<br />
["gru"] = {"Kistane"},<br />
["grv"] = {"Central Grebo"},<br />
["grw"] = {"Gweda"},<br />
["grx"] = {"Guriaso"},<br />
["gry"] = {"Barclayville Grebo"},<br />
["grz"] = {"Guramalum"},<br />
["gse"] = {"Ghanaian Sign Language"},<br />
["gsg"] = {"German Sign Language"},<br />
["gsl"] = {"Gusilay"},<br />
["gsm"] = {"Guatemalan Sign Language"},<br />
["gsn"] = {"Gusan", "Nema"},<br />
["gso"] = {"Southwest Gbaya"},<br />
["gsp"] = {"Wasembo"},<br />
["gss"] = {"Greek Sign Language"},<br />
["gsw"] = {"Alemannic", "Alsatian", "Swiss German"},<br />
["gta"] = {"Guató"},<br />
["gtu"] = {"Aghu-Tharnggala"},<br />
["gua"] = {"Shiki"},<br />
["gub"] = {"Guajajára"},<br />
["guc"] = {"Wayuu"},<br />
["gud"] = {"Yocoboué Dida"},<br />
["gue"] = {"Gurindji"},<br />
["guf"] = {"Gupapuyngu"},<br />
["gug"] = {"Paraguayan Guaraní"},<br />
["guh"] = {"Guahibo"},<br />
["gui"] = {"Eastern Bolivian Guaraní"},<br />
["guj"] = {"Gujarati"},<br />
["guk"] = {"Gumuz"},<br />
["gul"] = {"Sea Island Creole English"},<br />
["gum"] = {"Guambiano"},<br />
["gun"] = {"Mbyá Guaraní"},<br />
["guo"] = {"Guayabero"},<br />
["gup"] = {"Gunwinggu"},<br />
["guq"] = {"Aché"},<br />
["gur"] = {"Farefare"},<br />
["gus"] = {"Guinean Sign Language"},<br />
["gut"] = {"Maléku Jaíka"},<br />
["guu"] = {"Yanomamö"},<br />
["guw"] = {"Gun"},<br />
["gux"] = {"Gourmanchéma"},<br />
["guz"] = {"Ekegusii", "Gusii"},<br />
["gva"] = {"Guana (Paraguay)"},<br />
["gvc"] = {"Guanano"},<br />
["gve"] = {"Duwet"},<br />
["gvf"] = {"Golin"},<br />
["gvj"] = {"Guajá"},<br />
["gvl"] = {"Gulay"},<br />
["gvm"] = {"Gurmana"},<br />
["gvn"] = {"Kuku-Yalanji"},<br />
["gvo"] = {"Gavião Do Jiparaná"},<br />
["gvp"] = {"Pará Gavião"},<br />
["gvr"] = {"Gurung"},<br />
["gvs"] = {"Gumawana"},<br />
["gvy"] = {"Guyani"},<br />
["gwa"] = {"Mbato"},<br />
["gwb"] = {"Gwa"},<br />
["gwc"] = {"Kalami"},<br />
["gwd"] = {"Gawwada"},<br />
["gwe"] = {"Gweno"},<br />
["gwf"] = {"Gowro"},<br />
["gwg"] = {"Moo"},<br />
["gwi"] = {"Gwichʼin"},<br />
["gwj"] = {"ǀGwi"},<br />
["gwm"] = {"Awngthim"},<br />
["gwn"] = {"Gwandara"},<br />
["gwr"] = {"Gwere"},<br />
["gwt"] = {"Gawar-Bati"},<br />
["gwu"] = {"Guwamu"},<br />
["gww"] = {"Kwini"},<br />
["gwx"] = {"Gua"},<br />
["gxx"] = {"Wè Southern"},<br />
["gya"] = {"Northwest Gbaya"},<br />
["gyb"] = {"Garus"},<br />
["gyd"] = {"Kayardild"},<br />
["gye"] = {"Gyem"},<br />
["gyf"] = {"Gungabula"},<br />
["gyg"] = {"Gbayi"},<br />
["gyi"] = {"Gyele"},<br />
["gyl"] = {"Gayil"},<br />
["gym"] = {"Ngäbere"},<br />
["gyn"] = {"Guyanese Creole English"},<br />
["gyo"] = {"Gyalsumdo"},<br />
["gyr"] = {"Guarayu"},<br />
["gyy"] = {"Gunya"},<br />
["gza"] = {"Ganza"},<br />
["gzi"] = {"Gazi"},<br />
["gzn"] = {"Gane"},<br />
["haa"] = {"Han"},<br />
["hab"] = {"Hanoi Sign Language"},<br />
["hac"] = {"Gurani"},<br />
["had"] = {"Hatam"},<br />
["hae"] = {"Eastern Oromo"},<br />
["haf"] = {"Haiphong Sign Language"},<br />
["hag"] = {"Hanga"},<br />
["hah"] = {"Hahon"},<br />
["hai"] = {"Haida"},<br />
["haj"] = {"Hajong"},<br />
["hak"] = {"Hakka Chinese"},<br />
["hal"] = {"Halang"},<br />
["ham"] = {"Hewa"},<br />
["han"] = {"Hangaza"},<br />
["hao"] = {"Hakö"},<br />
["hap"] = {"Hupla"},<br />
["haq"] = {"Ha"},<br />
["har"] = {"Harari"},<br />
["has"] = {"Haisla"},<br />
["hat"] = {"Haitian", "Haitian Creole"},<br />
["hau"] = {"Hausa"},<br />
["hav"] = {"Havu"},<br />
["haw"] = {"Hawaiian"},<br />
["hax"] = {"Southern Haida"},<br />
["hay"] = {"Haya"},<br />
["haz"] = {"Hazaragi"},<br />
["hba"] = {"Hamba"},<br />
["hbb"] = {"Huba"},<br />
["hbn"] = {"Heiban"},<br />
["hbo"] = {"Ancient Hebrew"},<br />
["hbs"] = {"Serbo-Croatian"},<br />
["hbu"] = {"Habu"},<br />
["hca"] = {"Andaman Creole Hindi"},<br />
["hch"] = {"Huichol"},<br />
["hdn"] = {"Northern Haida"},<br />
["hds"] = {"Honduras Sign Language"},<br />
["hdy"] = {"Hadiyya"},<br />
["hea"] = {"Northern Qiandong Miao"},<br />
["heb"] = {"Hebrew"},<br />
["hed"] = {"Herdé"},<br />
["heg"] = {"Helong"},<br />
["heh"] = {"Hehe"},<br />
["hei"] = {"Heiltsuk"},<br />
["hem"] = {"Hemba"},<br />
["her"] = {"Herero"},<br />
["hgm"] = {"Haiǁom"},<br />
["hgw"] = {"Haigwai"},<br />
["hhi"] = {"Hoia Hoia"},<br />
["hhr"] = {"Kerak"},<br />
["hhy"] = {"Hoyahoya"},<br />
["hia"] = {"Lamang"},<br />
["hib"] = {"Hibito"},<br />
["hid"] = {"Hidatsa"},<br />
["hif"] = {"Fiji Hindi"},<br />
["hig"] = {"Kamwe"},<br />
["hih"] = {"Pamosu"},<br />
["hii"] = {"Hinduri"},<br />
["hij"] = {"Hijuk"},<br />
["hik"] = {"Seit-Kaitetu"},<br />
["hil"] = {"Hiligaynon"},<br />
["hin"] = {"Hindi"},<br />
["hio"] = {"Tsoa"},<br />
["hir"] = {"Himarimã"},<br />
["hit"] = {"Hittite"},<br />
["hiw"] = {"Hiw"},<br />
["hix"] = {"Hixkaryána"},<br />
["hji"] = {"Haji"},<br />
["hka"] = {"Kahe"},<br />
["hke"] = {"Hunde"},<br />
["hkk"] = {"Hunjara-Kaina Ke"},<br />
["hkn"] = {"Mel-Khaonh"},<br />
["hks"] = {"Heung Kong Sau Yue", "Hong Kong Sign Language"},<br />
["hla"] = {"Halia"},<br />
["hlb"] = {"Halbi"},<br />
["hld"] = {"Halang Doan"},<br />
["hle"] = {"Hlersu"},<br />
["hlt"] = {"Matu Chin"},<br />
["hlu"] = {"Hieroglyphic Luwian"},<br />
["hma"] = {"Southern Mashan Hmong", "Southern Mashan Miao"},<br />
["hmb"] = {"Humburi Senni Songhay"},<br />
["hmc"] = {"Central Huishui Hmong", "Central Huishui Miao"},<br />
["hmd"] = {"A-hmaos", "Da-Hua Miao", "Large Flowery Miao"},<br />
["hme"] = {"Eastern Huishui Hmong", "Eastern Huishui Miao"},<br />
["hmf"] = {"Hmong Don"},<br />
["hmg"] = {"Southwestern Guiyang Hmong"},<br />
["hmh"] = {"Southwestern Huishui Hmong", "Southwestern Huishui Miao"},<br />
["hmi"] = {"Northern Huishui Hmong", "Northern Huishui Miao"},<br />
["hmj"] = {"Ge", "Gejia"},<br />
["hmk"] = {"Maek"},<br />
["hml"] = {"Luopohe Hmong", "Luopohe Miao"},<br />
["hmm"] = {"Central Mashan Hmong", "Central Mashan Miao"},<br />
["hmn"] = {"Hmong", "Mong"},<br />
["hmo"] = {"Hiri Motu"},<br />
["hmp"] = {"Northern Mashan Hmong", "Northern Mashan Miao"},<br />
["hmq"] = {"Eastern Qiandong Miao"},<br />
["hmr"] = {"Hmar"},<br />
["hms"] = {"Southern Qiandong Miao"},<br />
["hmt"] = {"Hamtai"},<br />
["hmu"] = {"Hamap"},<br />
["hmv"] = {"Hmong Dô"},<br />
["hmw"] = {"Western Mashan Hmong", "Western Mashan Miao"},<br />
["hmy"] = {"Southern Guiyang Hmong", "Southern Guiyang Miao"},<br />
["hmz"] = {"Hmong Shua", "Sinicized Miao"},<br />
["hna"] = {"Mina (Cameroon)"},<br />
["hnd"] = {"Southern Hindko"},<br />
["hne"] = {"Chhattisgarhi"},<br />
["hnh"] = {"ǁAni"},<br />
["hni"] = {"Hani"},<br />
["hnj"] = {"Hmong Njua", "Mong Leng", "Mong Njua"},<br />
["hnn"] = {"Hanunoo"},<br />
["hno"] = {"Northern Hindko"},<br />
["hns"] = {"Caribbean Hindustani"},<br />
["hnu"] = {"Hung"},<br />
["hoa"] = {"Hoava"},<br />
["hob"] = {"Mari (Madang Province)"},<br />
["hoc"] = {"Ho"},<br />
["hod"] = {"Holma"},<br />
["hoe"] = {"Horom"},<br />
["hoh"] = {"Hobyót"},<br />
["hoi"] = {"Holikachuk"},<br />
["hoj"] = {"Hadothi", "Haroti"},<br />
["hol"] = {"Holu"},<br />
["hom"] = {"Homa"},<br />
["hoo"] = {"Holoholo"},<br />
["hop"] = {"Hopi"},<br />
["hor"] = {"Horo"},<br />
["hos"] = {"Ho Chi Minh City Sign Language"},<br />
["hot"] = {"Hote", "Malê"},<br />
["hov"] = {"Hovongan"},<br />
["how"] = {"Honi"},<br />
["hoy"] = {"Holiya"},<br />
["hoz"] = {"Hozo"},<br />
["hpo"] = {"Hpon"},<br />
["hps"] = {"Hawai'i Pidgin Sign Language", "Hawai'i Sign Language (HSL)"},<br />
["hra"] = {"Hrangkhol"},<br />
["hrc"] = {"Niwer Mil"},<br />
["hre"] = {"Hre"},<br />
["hrk"] = {"Haruku"},<br />
["hrm"] = {"Horned Miao"},<br />
["hro"] = {"Haroi"},<br />
["hrp"] = {"Nhirrpi"},<br />
["hrt"] = {"Hértevin"},<br />
["hru"] = {"Hruso"},<br />
["hrv"] = {"Croatian"},<br />
["hrw"] = {"Warwar Feni"},<br />
["hrx"] = {"Hunsrik"},<br />
["hrz"] = {"Harzani"},<br />
["hsb"] = {"Upper Sorbian"},<br />
["hsh"] = {"Hungarian Sign Language"},<br />
["hsl"] = {"Hausa Sign Language"},<br />
["hsn"] = {"Xiang Chinese"},<br />
["hss"] = {"Harsusi"},<br />
["hti"] = {"Hoti"},<br />
["hto"] = {"Minica Huitoto"},<br />
["hts"] = {"Hadza"},<br />
["htu"] = {"Hitu"},<br />
["htx"] = {"Middle Hittite"},<br />
["hub"] = {"Huambisa"},<br />
["huc"] = {"ǂHua"},<br />
["hud"] = {"Huaulu"},<br />
["hue"] = {"San Francisco Del Mar Huave"},<br />
["huf"] = {"Humene"},<br />
["hug"] = {"Huachipaeri"},<br />
["huh"] = {"Huilliche"},<br />
["hui"] = {"Huli"},<br />
["huj"] = {"Northern Guiyang Hmong", "Northern Guiyang Miao"},<br />
["huk"] = {"Hulung"},<br />
["hul"] = {"Hula"},<br />
["hum"] = {"Hungana"},<br />
["hun"] = {"Hungarian"},<br />
["huo"] = {"Hu"},<br />
["hup"] = {"Hupa"},<br />
["huq"] = {"Tsat"},<br />
["hur"] = {"Halkomelem"},<br />
["hus"] = {"Huastec"},<br />
["hut"] = {"Humla"},<br />
["huu"] = {"Murui Huitoto"},<br />
["huv"] = {"San Mateo Del Mar Huave"},<br />
["huw"] = {"Hukumina"},<br />
["hux"] = {"Nüpode Huitoto"},<br />
["huy"] = {"Hulaulá"},<br />
["huz"] = {"Hunzib"},<br />
["hvc"] = {"Haitian Vodoun Culture Language"},<br />
["hve"] = {"San Dionisio Del Mar Huave"},<br />
["hvk"] = {"Haveke"},<br />
["hvn"] = {"Sabu"},<br />
["hvv"] = {"Santa María Del Mar Huave"},<br />
["hwa"] = {"Wané"},<br />
["hwc"] = {"Hawai'i Creole English", "Hawai'i Pidgin"},<br />
["hwo"] = {"Hwana"},<br />
["hya"] = {"Hya"},<br />
["hye"] = {"Armenian"},<br />
["hyw"] = {"Western Armenian"},<br />
["iai"] = {"Iaai"},<br />
["ian"] = {"Iatmul"},<br />
["iar"] = {"Purari"},<br />
["iba"] = {"Iban"},<br />
["ibb"] = {"Ibibio"},<br />
["ibd"] = {"Iwaidja"},<br />
["ibe"] = {"Akpes"},<br />
["ibg"] = {"Ibanag"},<br />
["ibh"] = {"Bih"},<br />
["ibl"] = {"Ibaloi"},<br />
["ibm"] = {"Agoi"},<br />
["ibn"] = {"Ibino"},<br />
["ibo"] = {"Igbo"},<br />
["ibr"] = {"Ibuoro"},<br />
["ibu"] = {"Ibu"},<br />
["iby"] = {"Ibani"},<br />
["ica"] = {"Ede Ica"},<br />
["ich"] = {"Etkywan"},<br />
["icl"] = {"Icelandic Sign Language"},<br />
["icr"] = {"Islander Creole English"},<br />
["ida"] = {"Idakho-Isukha-Tiriki", "Luidakho-Luisukha-Lutirichi"},<br />
["idb"] = {"Indo-Portuguese"},<br />
["idc"] = {"Ajiya", "Idon"},<br />
["idd"] = {"Ede Idaca"},<br />
["ide"] = {"Idere"},<br />
["idi"] = {"Idi"},<br />
["ido"] = {"Ido"},<br />
["idr"] = {"Indri"},<br />
["ids"] = {"Idesa"},<br />
["idt"] = {"Idaté"},<br />
["idu"] = {"Idoma"},<br />
["ifa"] = {"Amganad Ifugao"},<br />
["ifb"] = {"Ayangan Ifugao", "Batad Ifugao"},<br />
["ife"] = {"Ifè"},<br />
["iff"] = {"Ifo"},<br />
["ifk"] = {"Tuwali Ifugao"},<br />
["ifm"] = {"Teke-Fuumu"},<br />
["ifu"] = {"Mayoyao Ifugao"},<br />
["ify"] = {"Keley-I Kallahan"},<br />
["igb"] = {"Ebira"},<br />
["ige"] = {"Igede"},<br />
["igg"] = {"Igana"},<br />
["igl"] = {"Igala"},<br />
["igm"] = {"Kanggape"},<br />
["ign"] = {"Ignaciano"},<br />
["igo"] = {"Isebe"},<br />
["igs"] = {"Interglossa"},<br />
["igw"] = {"Igwe"},<br />
["ihb"] = {"Iha Based Pidgin"},<br />
["ihi"] = {"Ihievbe"},<br />
["ihp"] = {"Iha"},<br />
["ihw"] = {"Bidhawal"},<br />
["iii"] = {"Nuosu", "Sichuan Yi"},<br />
["iin"] = {"Thiin"},<br />
["ijc"] = {"Izon"},<br />
["ije"] = {"Biseni"},<br />
["ijj"] = {"Ede Ije"},<br />
["ijn"] = {"Kalabari"},<br />
["ijs"] = {"Southeast Ijo"},<br />
["ike"] = {"Eastern Canadian Inuktitut"},<br />
["iki"] = {"Iko"},<br />
["ikk"] = {"Ika"},<br />
["ikl"] = {"Ikulu"},<br />
["iko"] = {"Olulumo-Ikom"},<br />
["ikp"] = {"Ikpeshi"},<br />
["ikr"] = {"Ikaranggal"},<br />
["iks"] = {"Inuit Sign Language"},<br />
["ikt"] = {"Inuinnaqtun", "Western Canadian Inuktitut"},<br />
["iku"] = {"Inuktitut"},<br />
["ikv"] = {"Iku-Gora-Ankwa"},<br />
["ikw"] = {"Ikwere"},<br />
["ikx"] = {"Ik"},<br />
["ikz"] = {"Ikizu"},<br />
["ila"] = {"Ile Ape"},<br />
["ilb"] = {"Ila"},<br />
["ile"] = {"Interlingue", "Occidental"},<br />
["ilg"] = {"Garig-Ilgar"},<br />
["ili"] = {"Ili Turki"},<br />
["ilk"] = {"Ilongot"},<br />
["ilm"] = {"Iranun (Malaysia)"},<br />
["ilo"] = {"Iloko"},<br />
["ilp"] = {"Iranun (Philippines)"},<br />
["ils"] = {"International Sign"},<br />
["ilu"] = {"Ili'uun"},<br />
["ilv"] = {"Ilue"},<br />
["ima"] = {"Mala Malasar"},<br />
["imi"] = {"Anamgura"},<br />
["iml"] = {"Miluk"},<br />
["imn"] = {"Imonda"},<br />
["imo"] = {"Imbongu"},<br />
["imr"] = {"Imroing"},<br />
["ims"] = {"Marsian"},<br />
["imy"] = {"Milyan"},<br />
["ina"] = {"Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association)"},<br />
["inb"] = {"Inga"},<br />
["ind"] = {"Indonesian"},<br />
["ing"] = {"Degexit'an"},<br />
["inh"] = {"Ingush"},<br />
["inj"] = {"Jungle Inga"},<br />
["inl"] = {"Indonesian Sign Language"},<br />
["inm"] = {"Minaean"},<br />
["inn"] = {"Isinai"},<br />
["ino"] = {"Inoke-Yate"},<br />
["inp"] = {"Iñapari"},<br />
["ins"] = {"Indian Sign Language"},<br />
["int"] = {"Intha"},<br />
["inz"] = {"Ineseño"},<br />
["ior"] = {"Inor"},<br />
["iou"] = {"Tuma-Irumu"},<br />
["iow"] = {"Iowa-Oto"},<br />
["ipi"] = {"Ipili"},<br />
["ipk"] = {"Inupiaq"},<br />
["ipo"] = {"Ipiko"},<br />
["iqu"] = {"Iquito"},<br />
["iqw"] = {"Ikwo"},<br />
["ire"] = {"Iresim"},<br />
["irh"] = {"Irarutu"},<br />
["iri"] = {"Irigwe", "Rigwe"},<br />
["irk"] = {"Iraqw"},<br />
["irn"] = {"Irántxe"},<br />
["irr"] = {"Ir"},<br />
["iru"] = {"Irula"},<br />
["irx"] = {"Kamberau"},<br />
["iry"] = {"Iraya"},<br />
["isa"] = {"Isabi"},<br />
["isc"] = {"Isconahua"},<br />
["isd"] = {"Isnag"},<br />
["ise"] = {"Italian Sign Language"},<br />
["isg"] = {"Irish Sign Language"},<br />
["ish"] = {"Esan"},<br />
["isi"] = {"Nkem-Nkum"},<br />
["isk"] = {"Ishkashimi"},<br />
["isl"] = {"Icelandic"},<br />
["ism"] = {"Masimasi"},<br />
["isn"] = {"Isanzu"},<br />
["iso"] = {"Isoko"},<br />
["isr"] = {"Israeli Sign Language"},<br />
["ist"] = {"Istriot"},<br />
["isu"] = {"Isu (Menchum Division)"},<br />
["ita"] = {"Italian"},<br />
["itb"] = {"Binongan Itneg"},<br />
["itd"] = {"Southern Tidung"},<br />
["ite"] = {"Itene"},<br />
["iti"] = {"Inlaod Itneg"},<br />
["itk"] = {"Judeo-Italian"},<br />
["itl"] = {"Itelmen"},<br />
["itm"] = {"Itu Mbon Uzo"},<br />
["ito"] = {"Itonama"},<br />
["itr"] = {"Iteri"},<br />
["its"] = {"Isekiri"},<br />
["itt"] = {"Maeng Itneg"},<br />
["itv"] = {"Itawit"},<br />
["itw"] = {"Ito"},<br />
["itx"] = {"Itik"},<br />
["ity"] = {"Moyadan Itneg"},<br />
["itz"] = {"Itzá"},<br />
["ium"] = {"Iu Mien"},<br />
["ivb"] = {"Ibatan"},<br />
["ivv"] = {"Ivatan"},<br />
["iwk"] = {"I-Wak"},<br />
["iwm"] = {"Iwam"},<br />
["iwo"] = {"Iwur"},<br />
["iws"] = {"Sepik Iwam"},<br />
["ixc"] = {"Ixcatec"},<br />
["ixl"] = {"Ixil"},<br />
["iya"] = {"Iyayu"},<br />
["iyo"] = {"Mesaka"},<br />
["iyx"] = {"Yaka (Congo)"},<br />
["izh"] = {"Ingrian"},<br />
["izr"] = {"Izere"},<br />
["izz"] = {"Izii"},<br />
["jaa"] = {"Jamamadí"},<br />
["jab"] = {"Hyam"},<br />
["jac"] = {"Jakalteko", "Popti'"},<br />
["jad"] = {"Jahanka"},<br />
["jae"] = {"Yabem"},<br />
["jaf"] = {"Jara"},<br />
["jah"] = {"Jah Hut"},<br />
["jaj"] = {"Zazao"},<br />
["jak"] = {"Jakun"},<br />
["jal"] = {"Yalahatan"},<br />
["jam"] = {"Jamaican Creole English"},<br />
["jan"] = {"Jandai"},<br />
["jao"] = {"Yanyuwa"},<br />
["jaq"] = {"Yaqay"},<br />
["jas"] = {"New Caledonian Javanese"},<br />
["jat"] = {"Jakati"},<br />
["jau"] = {"Yaur"},<br />
["jav"] = {"Javanese"},<br />
["jax"] = {"Jambi Malay"},<br />
["jay"] = {"Nhangu", "Yan-nhangu"},<br />
["jaz"] = {"Jawe"},<br />
["jbe"] = {"Judeo-Berber"},<br />
["jbi"] = {"Badjiri"},<br />
["jbj"] = {"Arandai"},<br />
["jbk"] = {"Barikewa"},<br />
["jbn"] = {"Nafusi"},<br />
["jbo"] = {"Lojban"},<br />
["jbr"] = {"Jofotek-Bromnya"},<br />
["jbt"] = {"Jabutí"},<br />
["jbu"] = {"Jukun Takum"},<br />
["jbw"] = {"Yawijibaya"},<br />
["jcs"] = {"Jamaican Country Sign Language"},<br />
["jct"] = {"Krymchak"},<br />
["jda"] = {"Jad"},<br />
["jdg"] = {"Jadgali"},<br />
["jdt"] = {"Judeo-Tat"},<br />
["jeb"] = {"Jebero"},<br />
["jee"] = {"Jerung"},<br />
["jeh"] = {"Jeh"},<br />
["jei"] = {"Yei"},<br />
["jek"] = {"Jeri Kuo"},<br />
["jel"] = {"Yelmek"},<br />
["jen"] = {"Dza"},<br />
["jer"] = {"Jere"},<br />
["jet"] = {"Manem"},<br />
["jeu"] = {"Jonkor Bourmataguil"},<br />
["jgb"] = {"Ngbee"},<br />
["jge"] = {"Judeo-Georgian"},<br />
["jgk"] = {"Gwak"},<br />
["jgo"] = {"Ngomba"},<br />
["jhi"] = {"Jehai"},<br />
["jhs"] = {"Jhankot Sign Language"},<br />
["jia"] = {"Jina"},<br />
["jib"] = {"Jibu"},<br />
["jic"] = {"Tol"},<br />
["jid"] = {"Bu"},<br />
["jie"] = {"Jilbe"},<br />
["jig"] = {"Djingili", "Jingulu"},<br />
["jih"] = {"Shangzhai", "sTodsde"},<br />
["jii"] = {"Jiiddu"},<br />
["jil"] = {"Jilim"},<br />
["jim"] = {"Jimi (Cameroon)"},<br />
["jio"] = {"Jiamao"},<br />
["jiq"] = {"Guanyinqiao", "Lavrung"},<br />
["jit"] = {"Jita"},<br />
["jiu"] = {"Youle Jinuo"},<br />
["jiv"] = {"Shuar"},<br />
["jiy"] = {"Buyuan Jinuo"},<br />
["jje"] = {"Jejueo"},<br />
["jjr"] = {"Bankal"},<br />
["jka"] = {"Kaera"},<br />
["jkm"] = {"Mobwa Karen"},<br />
["jko"] = {"Kubo"},<br />
["jkp"] = {"Paku Karen"},<br />
["jkr"] = {"Koro (India)"},<br />
["jku"] = {"Labir"},<br />
["jle"] = {"Ngile"},<br />
["jls"] = {"Jamaican Sign Language"},<br />
["jma"] = {"Dima"},<br />
["jmb"] = {"Zumbun"},<br />
["jmc"] = {"Machame"},<br />
["jmd"] = {"Yamdena"},<br />
["jmi"] = {"Jimi (Nigeria)"},<br />
["jml"] = {"Jumli"},<br />
["jmn"] = {"Makuri Naga"},<br />
["jmr"] = {"Kamara"},<br />
["jms"] = {"Mashi (Nigeria)"},<br />
["jmw"] = {"Mouwase"},<br />
["jmx"] = {"Western Juxtlahuaca Mixtec"},<br />
["jna"] = {"Jangshung"},<br />
["jnd"] = {"Jandavra"},<br />
["jng"] = {"Yangman"},<br />
["jni"] = {"Janji"},<br />
["jnj"] = {"Yemsa"},<br />
["jnl"] = {"Rawat"},<br />
["jns"] = {"Jaunsari"},<br />
["job"] = {"Joba"},<br />
["jod"] = {"Wojenaka"},<br />
["jog"] = {"Jogi"},<br />
["jor"] = {"Jorá"},<br />
["jos"] = {"Jordanian Sign Language"},<br />
["jow"] = {"Jowulu"},<br />
["jpa"] = {"Jewish Palestinian Aramaic"},<br />
["jpn"] = {"Japanese"},<br />
["jpr"] = {"Judeo-Persian"},<br />
["jqr"] = {"Jaqaru"},<br />
["jra"] = {"Jarai"},<br />
["jrb"] = {"Judeo-Arabic"},<br />
["jrr"] = {"Jiru"},<br />
["jrt"] = {"Jorto"},<br />
["jru"] = {"Japrería"},<br />
["jsl"] = {"Japanese Sign Language"},<br />
["jua"] = {"Júma"},<br />
["jub"] = {"Wannu"},<br />
["juc"] = {"Jurchen"},<br />
["jud"] = {"Worodougou"},<br />
["juh"] = {"Hõne"},<br />
["jui"] = {"Ngadjuri"},<br />
["juk"] = {"Wapan"},<br />
["jul"] = {"Jirel"},<br />
["jum"] = {"Jumjum"},<br />
["jun"] = {"Juang"},<br />
["juo"] = {"Jiba"},<br />
["jup"] = {"Hupdë"},<br />
["jur"] = {"Jurúna"},<br />
["jus"] = {"Jumla Sign Language"},<br />
["jut"] = {"Jutish"},<br />
["juu"] = {"Ju"},<br />
["juw"] = {"Wãpha"},<br />
["juy"] = {"Juray"},<br />
["jvd"] = {"Javindo"},<br />
["jvn"] = {"Caribbean Javanese"},<br />
["jwi"] = {"Jwira-Pepesa"},<br />
["jya"] = {"Jiarong"},<br />
["jye"] = {"Judeo-Yemeni Arabic"},<br />
["jyy"] = {"Jaya"},<br />
["kaa"] = {"Kara-Kalpak"},<br />
["kab"] = {"Kabyle"},<br />
["kac"] = {"Jingpho", "Kachin"},<br />
["kad"] = {"Adara"},<br />
["kae"] = {"Ketangalan"},<br />
["kaf"] = {"Katso"},<br />
["kag"] = {"Kajaman"},<br />
["kah"] = {"Kara (Central African Republic)"},<br />
["kai"] = {"Karekare"},<br />
["kaj"] = {"Jju"},<br />
["kak"] = {"Kalanguya", "Kayapa Kallahan"},<br />
["kal"] = {"Greenlandic", "Kalaallisut"},<br />
["kam"] = {"Kamba (Kenya)"},<br />
["kan"] = {"Kannada"},<br />
["kao"] = {"Xaasongaxango"},<br />
["kap"] = {"Bezhta"},<br />
["kaq"] = {"Capanahua"},<br />
["kas"] = {"Kashmiri"},<br />
["kat"] = {"Georgian"},<br />
["kau"] = {"Kanuri"},<br />
["kav"] = {"Katukína"},<br />
["kaw"] = {"Kawi"},<br />
["kax"] = {"Kao"},<br />
["kay"] = {"Kamayurá"},<br />
["kaz"] = {"Kazakh"},<br />
["kba"] = {"Kalarko"},<br />
["kbb"] = {"Kaxuiâna"},<br />
["kbc"] = {"Kadiwéu"},<br />
["kbd"] = {"Kabardian"},<br />
["kbe"] = {"Kanju"},<br />
["kbg"] = {"Khamba"},<br />
["kbh"] = {"Camsá"},<br />
["kbi"] = {"Kaptiau"},<br />
["kbj"] = {"Kari"},<br />
["kbk"] = {"Grass Koiari"},<br />
["kbl"] = {"Kanembu"},<br />
["kbm"] = {"Iwal"},<br />
["kbn"] = {"Kare (Central African Republic)"},<br />
["kbo"] = {"Keliko"},<br />
["kbp"] = {"Kabiyè"},<br />
["kbq"] = {"Kamano"},<br />
["kbr"] = {"Kafa"},<br />
["kbs"] = {"Kande"},<br />
["kbt"] = {"Abadi"},<br />
["kbu"] = {"Kabutra"},<br />
["kbv"] = {"Dera (Indonesia)"},<br />
["kbw"] = {"Kaiep"},<br />
["kbx"] = {"Ap Ma"},<br />
["kby"] = {"Manga Kanuri"},<br />
["kbz"] = {"Duhwa"},<br />
["kca"] = {"Khanty"},<br />
["kcb"] = {"Kawacha"},<br />
["kcc"] = {"Lubila"},<br />
["kcd"] = {"Ngkâlmpw Kanum"},<br />
["kce"] = {"Kaivi"},<br />
["kcf"] = {"Ukaan"},<br />
["kcg"] = {"Tyap"},<br />
["kch"] = {"Vono"},<br />
["kci"] = {"Kamantan"},<br />
["kcj"] = {"Kobiana"},<br />
["kck"] = {"Kalanga"},<br />
["kcl"] = {"Kala", "Kela (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["kcm"] = {"Gula (Central African Republic)"},<br />
["kcn"] = {"Nubi"},<br />
["kco"] = {"Kinalakna"},<br />
["kcp"] = {"Kanga"},<br />
["kcq"] = {"Kamo"},<br />
["kcr"] = {"Katla"},<br />
["kcs"] = {"Koenoem"},<br />
["kct"] = {"Kaian"},<br />
["kcu"] = {"Kami (Tanzania)"},<br />
["kcv"] = {"Kete"},<br />
["kcw"] = {"Kabwari"},<br />
["kcx"] = {"Kachama-Ganjule"},<br />
["kcy"] = {"Korandje"},<br />
["kcz"] = {"Konongo"},<br />
["kda"] = {"Worimi"},<br />
["kdc"] = {"Kutu"},<br />
["kdd"] = {"Yankunytjatjara"},<br />
["kde"] = {"Makonde"},<br />
["kdf"] = {"Mamusi"},<br />
["kdg"] = {"Seba"},<br />
["kdh"] = {"Tem"},<br />
["kdi"] = {"Kumam"},<br />
["kdj"] = {"Karamojong"},<br />
["kdk"] = {"Kwényi", "Numèè"},<br />
["kdl"] = {"Tsikimba"},<br />
["kdm"] = {"Kagoma"},<br />
["kdn"] = {"Kunda"},<br />
["kdp"] = {"Kaningdon-Nindem"},<br />
["kdq"] = {"Koch"},<br />
["kdr"] = {"Karaim"},<br />
["kdt"] = {"Kuy"},<br />
["kdu"] = {"Kadaru"},<br />
["kdw"] = {"Koneraw"},<br />
["kdx"] = {"Kam"},<br />
["kdy"] = {"Keder", "Keijar"},<br />
["kdz"] = {"Kwaja"},<br />
["kea"] = {"Kabuverdianu"},<br />
["keb"] = {"Kélé"},<br />
["kec"] = {"Keiga"},<br />
["ked"] = {"Kerewe"},<br />
["kee"] = {"Eastern Keres"},<br />
["kef"] = {"Kpessi"},<br />
["keg"] = {"Tese"},<br />
["keh"] = {"Keak"},<br />
["kei"] = {"Kei"},<br />
["kej"] = {"Kadar"},<br />
["kek"] = {"Kekchí"},<br />
["kel"] = {"Kela (Democratic Republic of Congo)"},<br />
["kem"] = {"Kemak"},<br />
["ken"] = {"Kenyang"},<br />
["keo"] = {"Kakwa"},<br />
["kep"] = {"Kaikadi"},<br />
["keq"] = {"Kamar"},<br />
["ker"] = {"Kera"},<br />
["kes"] = {"Kugbo"},<br />
["ket"] = {"Ket"},<br />
["keu"] = {"Akebu"},<br />
["kev"] = {"Kanikkaran"},<br />
["kew"] = {"West Kewa"},<br />
["kex"] = {"Kukna"},<br />
["key"] = {"Kupia"},<br />
["kez"] = {"Kukele"},<br />
["kfa"] = {"Kodava"},<br />
["kfb"] = {"Northwestern Kolami"},<br />
["kfc"] = {"Konda-Dora"},<br />
["kfd"] = {"Korra Koraga"},<br />
["kfe"] = {"Kota (India)"},<br />
["kff"] = {"Koya"},<br />
["kfg"] = {"Kudiya"},<br />
["kfh"] = {"Kurichiya"},<br />
["kfi"] = {"Kannada Kurumba"},<br />
["kfj"] = {"Kemiehua"},<br />
["kfk"] = {"Kinnauri"},<br />
["kfl"] = {"Kung"},<br />
["kfm"] = {"Khunsari"},<br />
["kfn"] = {"Kuk"},<br />
["kfo"] = {"Koro (Côte d'Ivoire)"},<br />
["kfp"] = {"Korwa"},<br />
["kfq"] = {"Korku"},<br />
["kfr"] = {"Kachhi", "Kutchi"},<br />
["kfs"] = {"Bilaspuri"},<br />
["kft"] = {"Kanjari"},<br />
["kfu"] = {"Katkari"},<br />
["kfv"] = {"Kurmukar"},<br />
["kfw"] = {"Kharam Naga"},<br />
["kfx"] = {"Kullu Pahari"},<br />
["kfy"] = {"Kumaoni"},<br />
["kfz"] = {"Koromfé"},<br />
["kga"] = {"Koyaga"},<br />
["kgb"] = {"Kawe"},<br />
["kge"] = {"Komering"},<br />
["kgf"] = {"Kube"},<br />
["kgg"] = {"Kusunda"},<br />
["kgi"] = {"Selangor Sign Language"},<br />
["kgj"] = {"Gamale Kham"},<br />
["kgk"] = {"Kaiwá"},<br />
["kgl"] = {"Kunggari"},<br />
["kgm"] = {"Karipúna"},<br />
["kgn"] = {"Karingani"},<br />
["kgo"] = {"Krongo"},<br />
["kgp"] = {"Kaingang"},<br />
["kgq"] = {"Kamoro"},<br />
["kgr"] = {"Abun"},<br />
["kgs"] = {"Kumbainggar"},<br />
["kgt"] = {"Somyev"},<br />
["kgu"] = {"Kobol"},<br />
["kgv"] = {"Karas"},<br />
["kgw"] = {"Karon Dori"},<br />
["kgx"] = {"Kamaru"},<br />
["kgy"] = {"Kyerung"},<br />
["kha"] = {"Khasi"},<br />
["khb"] = {"Lü"},<br />
["khc"] = {"Tukang Besi North"},<br />
["khd"] = {"Bädi Kanum"},<br />
["khe"] = {"Korowai"},<br />
["khf"] = {"Khuen"},<br />
["khg"] = {"Khams Tibetan"},<br />
["khh"] = {"Kehu"},<br />
["khj"] = {"Kuturmi"},<br />
["khk"] = {"Halh Mongolian"},<br />
["khl"] = {"Lusi"},<br />
["khm"] = {"Central Khmer", "Khmer"},<br />
["khn"] = {"Khandesi"},<br />
["kho"] = {"Khotanese", "Sakan"},<br />
["khp"] = {"Kapauri", "Kapori"},<br />
["khq"] = {"Koyra Chiini Songhay"},<br />
["khr"] = {"Kharia"},<br />
["khs"] = {"Kasua"},<br />
["kht"] = {"Khamti"},<br />
["khu"] = {"Nkhumbi"},<br />
["khv"] = {"Khvarshi"},<br />
["khw"] = {"Khowar"},<br />
["khx"] = {"Kanu"},<br />
["khy"] = {"Kele (Democratic Republic of Congo)"},<br />
["khz"] = {"Keapara"},<br />
["kia"] = {"Kim"},<br />
["kib"] = {"Koalib"},<br />
["kic"] = {"Kickapoo"},<br />
["kid"] = {"Koshin"},<br />
["kie"] = {"Kibet"},<br />
["kif"] = {"Eastern Parbate Kham"},<br />
["kig"] = {"Kimaama", "Kimaghima"},<br />
["kih"] = {"Kilmeri"},<br />
["kii"] = {"Kitsai"},<br />
["kij"] = {"Kilivila"},<br />
["kik"] = {"Gikuyu", "Kikuyu"},<br />
["kil"] = {"Kariya"},<br />
["kim"] = {"Karagas"},<br />
["kin"] = {"Kinyarwanda"},<br />
["kio"] = {"Kiowa"},<br />
["kip"] = {"Sheshi Kham"},<br />
["kiq"] = {"Kosadle", "Kosare"},<br />
["kir"] = {"Kirghiz", "Kyrgyz"},<br />
["kis"] = {"Kis"},<br />
["kit"] = {"Agob"},<br />
["kiu"] = {"Kirmanjki (individual language)"},<br />
["kiv"] = {"Kimbu"},<br />
["kiw"] = {"Northeast Kiwai"},<br />
["kix"] = {"Khiamniungan Naga"},<br />
["kiy"] = {"Kirikiri"},<br />
["kiz"] = {"Kisi"},<br />
["kja"] = {"Mlap"},<br />
["kjb"] = {"Kanjobal", "Q'anjob'al"},<br />
["kjc"] = {"Coastal Konjo"},<br />
["kjd"] = {"Southern Kiwai"},<br />
["kje"] = {"Kisar"},<br />
["kjf"] = {"Khalaj"},<br />
["kjg"] = {"Khmu"},<br />
["kjh"] = {"Khakas"},<br />
["kji"] = {"Zabana"},<br />
["kjj"] = {"Khinalugh"},<br />
["kjk"] = {"Highland Konjo"},<br />
["kjl"] = {"Western Parbate Kham"},<br />
["kjm"] = {"Kháng"},<br />
["kjn"] = {"Kunjen"},<br />
["kjo"] = {"Harijan Kinnauri"},<br />
["kjp"] = {"Pwo Eastern Karen"},<br />
["kjq"] = {"Western Keres"},<br />
["kjr"] = {"Kurudu"},<br />
["kjs"] = {"East Kewa"},<br />
["kjt"] = {"Phrae Pwo Karen"},<br />
["kju"] = {"Kashaya"},<br />
["kjv"] = {"Kaikavian Literary Language"},<br />
["kjx"] = {"Ramopa"},<br />
["kjy"] = {"Erave"},<br />
["kjz"] = {"Bumthangkha"},<br />
["kka"] = {"Kakanda"},<br />
["kkb"] = {"Kwerisa"},<br />
["kkc"] = {"Odoodee"},<br />
["kkd"] = {"Kinuku"},<br />
["kke"] = {"Kakabe"},<br />
["kkf"] = {"Kalaktang Monpa"},<br />
["kkg"] = {"Mabaka Valley Kalinga"},<br />
["kkh"] = {"Khün"},<br />
["kki"] = {"Kagulu"},<br />
["kkj"] = {"Kako"},<br />
["kkk"] = {"Kokota"},<br />
["kkl"] = {"Kosarek Yale"},<br />
["kkm"] = {"Kiong"},<br />
["kkn"] = {"Kon Keu"},<br />
["kko"] = {"Karko"},<br />
["kkp"] = {"Gugubera", "Koko-Bera"},<br />
["kkq"] = {"Kaiku"},<br />
["kkr"] = {"Kir-Balar"},<br />
["kks"] = {"Giiwo"},<br />
["kkt"] = {"Koi"},<br />
["kku"] = {"Tumi"},<br />
["kkv"] = {"Kangean"},<br />
["kkw"] = {"Teke-Kukuya"},<br />
["kkx"] = {"Kohin"},<br />
["kky"] = {"Guguyimidjir", "Guugu Yimidhirr"},<br />
["kkz"] = {"Kaska"},<br />
["kla"] = {"Klamath-Modoc"},<br />
["klb"] = {"Kiliwa"},<br />
["klc"] = {"Kolbila"},<br />
["kld"] = {"Gamilaraay"},<br />
["kle"] = {"Kulung (Nepal)"},<br />
["klf"] = {"Kendeje"},<br />
["klg"] = {"Tagakaulo"},<br />
["klh"] = {"Weliki"},<br />
["kli"] = {"Kalumpang"},<br />
["klj"] = {"Turkic Khalaj"},<br />
["klk"] = {"Kono (Nigeria)"},<br />
["kll"] = {"Kagan Kalagan"},<br />
["klm"] = {"Migum"},<br />
["kln"] = {"Kalenjin"},<br />
["klo"] = {"Kapya"},<br />
["klp"] = {"Kamasa"},<br />
["klq"] = {"Rumu"},<br />
["klr"] = {"Khaling"},<br />
["kls"] = {"Kalasha"},<br />
["klt"] = {"Nukna"},<br />
["klu"] = {"Klao"},<br />
["klv"] = {"Maskelynes"},<br />
["klw"] = {"Lindu", "Tado"},<br />
["klx"] = {"Koluwawa"},<br />
["kly"] = {"Kalao"},<br />
["klz"] = {"Kabola"},<br />
["kma"] = {"Konni"},<br />
["kmb"] = {"Kimbundu"},<br />
["kmc"] = {"Southern Dong"},<br />
["kmd"] = {"Majukayang Kalinga"},<br />
["kme"] = {"Bakole"},<br />
["kmf"] = {"Kare (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["kmg"] = {"Kâte"},<br />
["kmh"] = {"Kalam"},<br />
["kmi"] = {"Kami (Nigeria)"},<br />
["kmj"] = {"Kumarbhag Paharia"},<br />
["kmk"] = {"Limos Kalinga"},<br />
["kml"] = {"Tanudan Kalinga"},<br />
["kmm"] = {"Kom (India)"},<br />
["kmn"] = {"Awtuw"},<br />
["kmo"] = {"Kwoma"},<br />
["kmp"] = {"Gimme"},<br />
["kmq"] = {"Kwama"},<br />
["kmr"] = {"Northern Kurdish"},<br />
["kms"] = {"Kamasau"},<br />
["kmt"] = {"Kemtuik"},<br />
["kmu"] = {"Kanite"},<br />
["kmv"] = {"Karipúna Creole French"},<br />
["kmw"] = {"Komo (Democratic Republic of Congo)"},<br />
["kmx"] = {"Waboda"},<br />
["kmy"] = {"Koma"},<br />
["kmz"] = {"Khorasani Turkish"},<br />
["kna"] = {"Dera (Nigeria)"},<br />
["knb"] = {"Lubuagan Kalinga"},<br />
["knc"] = {"Central Kanuri"},<br />
["knd"] = {"Konda"},<br />
["kne"] = {"Kankanaey"},<br />
["knf"] = {"Mankanya"},<br />
["kng"] = {"Koongo"},<br />
["kni"] = {"Kanufi"},<br />
["knj"] = {"Western Kanjobal"},<br />
["knk"] = {"Kuranko"},<br />
["knl"] = {"Keninjal"},<br />
["knm"] = {"Kanamarí"},<br />
["knn"] = {"Konkani (individual language)"},<br />
["kno"] = {"Kono (Sierra Leone)"},<br />
["knp"] = {"Kwanja"},<br />
["knq"] = {"Kintaq"},<br />
["knr"] = {"Kaningra"},<br />
["kns"] = {"Kensiu"},<br />
["knt"] = {"Panoan Katukína"},<br />
["knu"] = {"Kono (Guinea)"},<br />
["knv"] = {"Tabo"},<br />
["knw"] = {"Kung-Ekoka"},<br />
["knx"] = {"Kendayan", "Salako"},<br />
["kny"] = {"Kanyok"},<br />
["knz"] = {"Kalamsé"},<br />
["koa"] = {"Konomala"},<br />
["koc"] = {"Kpati"},<br />
["kod"] = {"Kodi"},<br />
["koe"] = {"Kacipo-Balesi"},<br />
["kof"] = {"Kubi"},<br />
["kog"] = {"Cogui", "Kogi"},<br />
["koh"] = {"Koyo"},<br />
["koi"] = {"Komi-Permyak"},<br />
["kok"] = {"Konkani (macrolanguage)"},<br />
["kol"] = {"Kol (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["kom"] = {"Komi"},<br />
["kon"] = {"Kongo"},<br />
["koo"] = {"Konzo"},<br />
["kop"] = {"Waube"},<br />
["koq"] = {"Kota (Gabon)"},<br />
["kor"] = {"Korean"},<br />
["kos"] = {"Kosraean"},<br />
["kot"] = {"Lagwan"},<br />
["kou"] = {"Koke"},<br />
["kov"] = {"Kudu-Camo"},<br />
["kow"] = {"Kugama"},<br />
["koy"] = {"Koyukon"},<br />
["koz"] = {"Korak"},<br />
["kpa"] = {"Kutto"},<br />
["kpb"] = {"Mullu Kurumba"},<br />
["kpc"] = {"Curripaco"},<br />
["kpd"] = {"Koba"},<br />
["kpe"] = {"Kpelle"},<br />
["kpf"] = {"Komba"},<br />
["kpg"] = {"Kapingamarangi"},<br />
["kph"] = {"Kplang"},<br />
["kpi"] = {"Kofei"},<br />
["kpj"] = {"Karajá"},<br />
["kpk"] = {"Kpan"},<br />
["kpl"] = {"Kpala"},<br />
["kpm"] = {"Koho"},<br />
["kpn"] = {"Kepkiriwát"},<br />
["kpo"] = {"Ikposo"},<br />
["kpq"] = {"Korupun-Sela"},<br />
["kpr"] = {"Korafe-Yegha"},<br />
["kps"] = {"Tehit"},<br />
["kpt"] = {"Karata"},<br />
["kpu"] = {"Kafoa"},<br />
["kpv"] = {"Komi-Zyrian"},<br />
["kpw"] = {"Kobon"},<br />
["kpx"] = {"Mountain Koiali"},<br />
["kpy"] = {"Koryak"},<br />
["kpz"] = {"Kupsabiny"},<br />
["kqa"] = {"Mum"},<br />
["kqb"] = {"Kovai"},<br />
["kqc"] = {"Doromu-Koki"},<br />
["kqd"] = {"Koy Sanjaq Surat"},<br />
["kqe"] = {"Kalagan"},<br />
["kqf"] = {"Kakabai"},<br />
["kqg"] = {"Khe"},<br />
["kqh"] = {"Kisankasa"},<br />
["kqi"] = {"Koitabu"},<br />
["kqj"] = {"Koromira"},<br />
["kqk"] = {"Kotafon Gbe"},<br />
["kql"] = {"Kyenele"},<br />
["kqm"] = {"Khisa"},<br />
["kqn"] = {"Kaonde"},<br />
["kqo"] = {"Eastern Krahn"},<br />
["kqp"] = {"Kimré"},<br />
["kqq"] = {"Krenak"},<br />
["kqr"] = {"Kimaragang"},<br />
["kqs"] = {"Northern Kissi"},<br />
["kqt"] = {"Klias River Kadazan"},<br />
["kqu"] = {"Seroa"},<br />
["kqv"] = {"Okolod"},<br />
["kqw"] = {"Kandas"},<br />
["kqx"] = {"Mser"},<br />
["kqy"] = {"Koorete"},<br />
["kqz"] = {"Korana"},<br />
["kra"] = {"Kumhali"},<br />
["krb"] = {"Karkin"},<br />
["krc"] = {"Karachay-Balkar"},<br />
["krd"] = {"Kairui-Midiki"},<br />
["kre"] = {"Panará"},<br />
["krf"] = {"Koro (Vanuatu)"},<br />
["krh"] = {"Kurama"},<br />
["kri"] = {"Krio"},<br />
["krj"] = {"Kinaray-A"},<br />
["krk"] = {"Kerek"},<br />
["krl"] = {"Karelian"},<br />
["krn"] = {"Sapo"},<br />
["krp"] = {"Korop"},<br />
["krr"] = {"Krung"},<br />
["krs"] = {"Gbaya (Sudan)"},<br />
["krt"] = {"Tumari Kanuri"},<br />
["kru"] = {"Kurukh"},<br />
["krv"] = {"Kavet"},<br />
["krw"] = {"Western Krahn"},<br />
["krx"] = {"Karon"},<br />
["kry"] = {"Kryts"},<br />
["krz"] = {"Sota Kanum"},<br />
["ksa"] = {"Shuwa-Zamani"},<br />
["ksb"] = {"Shambala"},<br />
["ksc"] = {"Southern Kalinga"},<br />
["ksd"] = {"Kuanua"},<br />
["kse"] = {"Kuni"},<br />
["ksf"] = {"Bafia"},<br />
["ksg"] = {"Kusaghe"},<br />
["ksh"] = {"Kölsch"},<br />
["ksi"] = {"I'saka", "Krisa"},<br />
["ksj"] = {"Uare"},<br />
["ksk"] = {"Kansa"},<br />
["ksl"] = {"Kumalu"},<br />
["ksm"] = {"Kumba"},<br />
["ksn"] = {"Kasiguranin"},<br />
["kso"] = {"Kofa"},<br />
["ksp"] = {"Kaba"},<br />
["ksq"] = {"Kwaami"},<br />
["ksr"] = {"Borong"},<br />
["kss"] = {"Southern Kisi"},<br />
["kst"] = {"Winyé"},<br />
["ksu"] = {"Khamyang"},<br />
["ksv"] = {"Kusu"},<br />
["ksw"] = {"S'gaw Karen"},<br />
["ksx"] = {"Kedang"},<br />
["ksy"] = {"Kharia Thar"},<br />
["ksz"] = {"Kodaku"},<br />
["kta"] = {"Katua"},<br />
["ktb"] = {"Kambaata"},<br />
["ktc"] = {"Kholok"},<br />
["ktd"] = {"Kokata", "Kukatha"},<br />
["kte"] = {"Nubri"},<br />
["ktf"] = {"Kwami"},<br />
["ktg"] = {"Kalkutung"},<br />
["kth"] = {"Karanga"},<br />
["kti"] = {"North Muyu"},<br />
["ktj"] = {"Plapo Krumen"},<br />
["ktk"] = {"Kaniet"},<br />
["ktl"] = {"Koroshi"},<br />
["ktm"] = {"Kurti"},<br />
["ktn"] = {"Karitiâna"},<br />
["kto"] = {"Kuot"},<br />
["ktp"] = {"Kaduo"},<br />
["ktq"] = {"Katabaga"},<br />
["kts"] = {"South Muyu"},<br />
["ktt"] = {"Ketum"},<br />
["ktu"] = {"Kituba (Democratic Republic of Congo)"},<br />
["ktv"] = {"Eastern Katu"},<br />
["ktw"] = {"Kato"},<br />
["ktx"] = {"Kaxararí"},<br />
["kty"] = {"Kango (Bas-Uélé District)"},<br />
["ktz"] = {"Juǀʼhoan", "Juǀʼhoansi"},<br />
["kua"] = {"Kuanyama", "Kwanyama"},<br />
["kub"] = {"Kutep"},<br />
["kuc"] = {"Kwinsu"},<br />
["kud"] = {"'Auhelawa"},<br />
["kue"] = {"Kuman (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["kuf"] = {"Western Katu"},<br />
["kug"] = {"Kupa"},<br />
["kuh"] = {"Kushi"},<br />
["kui"] = {"Kuikúro-Kalapálo"},<br />
["kuj"] = {"Kuria"},<br />
["kuk"] = {"Kepo'"},<br />
["kul"] = {"Kulere"},<br />
["kum"] = {"Kumyk"},<br />
["kun"] = {"Kunama"},<br />
["kuo"] = {"Kumukio"},<br />
["kup"] = {"Kunimaipa"},<br />
["kuq"] = {"Karipuna"},<br />
["kur"] = {"Kurdish"},<br />
["kus"] = {"Kusaal"},<br />
["kut"] = {"Kutenai"},<br />
["kuu"] = {"Upper Kuskokwim"},<br />
["kuv"] = {"Kur"},<br />
["kuw"] = {"Kpagua"},<br />
["kux"] = {"Kukatja"},<br />
["kuy"] = {"Kuuku-Ya'u"},<br />
["kuz"] = {"Kunza"},<br />
["kva"] = {"Bagvalal"},<br />
["kvb"] = {"Kubu"},<br />
["kvc"] = {"Kove"},<br />
["kvd"] = {"Kui (Indonesia)"},<br />
["kve"] = {"Kalabakan"},<br />
["kvf"] = {"Kabalai"},<br />
["kvg"] = {"Kuni-Boazi"},<br />
["kvh"] = {"Komodo"},<br />
["kvi"] = {"Kwang"},<br />
["kvj"] = {"Psikye"},<br />
["kvk"] = {"Korean Sign Language"},<br />
["kvl"] = {"Kayaw"},<br />
["kvm"] = {"Kendem"},<br />
["kvn"] = {"Border Kuna"},<br />
["kvo"] = {"Dobel"},<br />
["kvp"] = {"Kompane"},<br />
["kvq"] = {"Geba Karen"},<br />
["kvr"] = {"Kerinci"},<br />
["kvt"] = {"Lahta", "Lahta Karen"},<br />
["kvu"] = {"Yinbaw Karen"},<br />
["kvv"] = {"Kola"},<br />
["kvw"] = {"Wersing"},<br />
["kvx"] = {"Parkari Koli"},<br />
["kvy"] = {"Yintale", "Yintale Karen"},<br />
["kvz"] = {"Tsakwambo", "Tsaukambo"},<br />
["kwa"] = {"Dâw"},<br />
["kwb"] = {"Kwa"},<br />
["kwc"] = {"Likwala"},<br />
["kwd"] = {"Kwaio"},<br />
["kwe"] = {"Kwerba"},<br />
["kwf"] = {"Kwara'ae"},<br />
["kwg"] = {"Sara Kaba Deme"},<br />
["kwh"] = {"Kowiai"},<br />
["kwi"] = {"Awa-Cuaiquer"},<br />
["kwj"] = {"Kwanga"},<br />
["kwk"] = {"Kwakiutl"},<br />
["kwl"] = {"Kofyar"},<br />
["kwm"] = {"Kwambi"},<br />
["kwn"] = {"Kwangali"},<br />
["kwo"] = {"Kwomtari"},<br />
["kwp"] = {"Kodia"},<br />
["kwr"] = {"Kwer"},<br />
["kws"] = {"Kwese"},<br />
["kwt"] = {"Kwesten"},<br />
["kwu"] = {"Kwakum"},<br />
["kwv"] = {"Sara Kaba Náà"},<br />
["kww"] = {"Kwinti"},<br />
["kwx"] = {"Khirwar"},<br />
["kwy"] = {"San Salvador Kongo"},<br />
["kwz"] = {"Kwadi"},<br />
["kxa"] = {"Kairiru"},<br />
["kxb"] = {"Krobu"},<br />
["kxc"] = {"Khonso", "Konso"},<br />
["kxd"] = {"Brunei"},<br />
["kxf"] = {"Manumanaw", "Manumanaw Karen"},<br />
["kxh"] = {"Karo (Ethiopia)"},<br />
["kxi"] = {"Keningau Murut"},<br />
["kxj"] = {"Kulfa"},<br />
["kxk"] = {"Zayein Karen"},<br />
["kxl"] = {"Nepali Kurux"},<br />
["kxm"] = {"Northern Khmer"},<br />
["kxn"] = {"Kanowit-Tanjong Melanau"},<br />
["kxo"] = {"Kanoé"},<br />
["kxp"] = {"Wadiyara Koli"},<br />
["kxq"] = {"Smärky Kanum"},<br />
["kxr"] = {"Koro (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["kxs"] = {"Kangjia"},<br />
["kxt"] = {"Koiwat"},<br />
["kxu"] = {"Kui (India)"},<br />
["kxv"] = {"Kuvi"},<br />
["kxw"] = {"Konai"},<br />
["kxx"] = {"Likuba"},<br />
["kxy"] = {"Kayong"},<br />
["kxz"] = {"Kerewo"},<br />
["kya"] = {"Kwaya"},<br />
["kyb"] = {"Butbut Kalinga"},<br />
["kyc"] = {"Kyaka"},<br />
["kyd"] = {"Karey"},<br />
["kye"] = {"Krache"},<br />
["kyf"] = {"Kouya"},<br />
["kyg"] = {"Keyagana"},<br />
["kyh"] = {"Karok"},<br />
["kyi"] = {"Kiput"},<br />
["kyj"] = {"Karao"},<br />
["kyk"] = {"Kamayo"},<br />
["kyl"] = {"Kalapuya"},<br />
["kym"] = {"Kpatili"},<br />
["kyn"] = {"Northern Binukidnon"},<br />
["kyo"] = {"Kelon"},<br />
["kyp"] = {"Kang"},<br />
["kyq"] = {"Kenga"},<br />
["kyr"] = {"Kuruáya"},<br />
["kys"] = {"Baram Kayan"},<br />
["kyt"] = {"Kayagar"},<br />
["kyu"] = {"Western Kayah"},<br />
["kyv"] = {"Kayort"},<br />
["kyw"] = {"Kudmali"},<br />
["kyx"] = {"Rapoisi"},<br />
["kyy"] = {"Kambaira"},<br />
["kyz"] = {"Kayabí"},<br />
["kza"] = {"Western Karaboro"},<br />
["kzb"] = {"Kaibobo"},<br />
["kzc"] = {"Bondoukou Kulango"},<br />
["kzd"] = {"Kadai"},<br />
["kze"] = {"Kosena"},<br />
["kzf"] = {"Da'a Kaili"},<br />
["kzg"] = {"Kikai"},<br />
["kzi"] = {"Kelabit"},<br />
["kzk"] = {"Kazukuru"},<br />
["kzl"] = {"Kayeli"},<br />
["kzm"] = {"Kais"},<br />
["kzn"] = {"Kokola"},<br />
["kzo"] = {"Kaningi"},<br />
["kzp"] = {"Kaidipang"},<br />
["kzq"] = {"Kaike"},<br />
["kzr"] = {"Karang"},<br />
["kzs"] = {"Sugut Dusun"},<br />
["kzu"] = {"Kayupulau"},<br />
["kzv"] = {"Komyandaret"},<br />
["kzw"] = {"Karirí-Xocó"},<br />
["kzx"] = {"Kamarian"},<br />
["kzy"] = {"Kango (Tshopo District)"},<br />
["kzz"] = {"Kalabra"},<br />
["laa"] = {"Southern Subanen"},<br />
["lab"] = {"Linear A"},<br />
["lac"] = {"Lacandon"},<br />
["lad"] = {"Ladino"},<br />
["lae"] = {"Pattani"},<br />
["laf"] = {"Lafofa"},<br />
["lag"] = {"Langi"},<br />
["lah"] = {"Lahnda"},<br />
["lai"] = {"Lambya"},<br />
["laj"] = {"Lango (Uganda)"},<br />
["lak"] = {"Laka (Nigeria)"},<br />
["lal"] = {"Lalia"},<br />
["lam"] = {"Lamba"},<br />
["lan"] = {"Laru"},<br />
["lao"] = {"Lao"},<br />
["lap"] = {"Laka (Chad)"},<br />
["laq"] = {"Qabiao"},<br />
["lar"] = {"Larteh"},<br />
["las"] = {"Lama (Togo)"},<br />
["lat"] = {"Latin"},<br />
["lau"] = {"Laba"},<br />
["lav"] = {"Latvian"},<br />
["law"] = {"Lauje"},<br />
["lax"] = {"Tiwa"},<br />
["lay"] = {"Lama Bai"},<br />
["laz"] = {"Aribwatsa"},<br />
["lbb"] = {"Label"},<br />
["lbc"] = {"Lakkia"},<br />
["lbe"] = {"Lak"},<br />
["lbf"] = {"Tinani"},<br />
["lbg"] = {"Laopang"},<br />
["lbi"] = {"La'bi"},<br />
["lbj"] = {"Ladakhi"},<br />
["lbk"] = {"Central Bontok"},<br />
["lbl"] = {"Libon Bikol"},<br />
["lbm"] = {"Lodhi"},<br />
["lbn"] = {"Rmeet"},<br />
["lbo"] = {"Laven"},<br />
["lbq"] = {"Wampar"},<br />
["lbr"] = {"Lohorung"},<br />
["lbs"] = {"Libyan Sign Language"},<br />
["lbt"] = {"Lachi"},<br />
["lbu"] = {"Labu"},<br />
["lbv"] = {"Lavatbura-Lamusong"},<br />
["lbw"] = {"Tolaki"},<br />
["lbx"] = {"Lawangan"},<br />
["lby"] = {"Lamalama", "Lamu-Lamu"},<br />
["lbz"] = {"Lardil"},<br />
["lcc"] = {"Legenyem"},<br />
["lcd"] = {"Lola"},<br />
["lce"] = {"Loncong", "Sekak"},<br />
["lcf"] = {"Lubu"},<br />
["lch"] = {"Luchazi"},<br />
["lcl"] = {"Lisela"},<br />
["lcm"] = {"Tungag"},<br />
["lcp"] = {"Western Lawa"},<br />
["lcq"] = {"Luhu"},<br />
["lcs"] = {"Lisabata-Nuniali"},<br />
["lda"] = {"Kla-Dan"},<br />
["ldb"] = {"Dũya"},<br />
["ldd"] = {"Luri"},<br />
["ldg"] = {"Lenyima"},<br />
["ldh"] = {"Lamja-Dengsa-Tola"},<br />
["ldi"] = {"Laari"},<br />
["ldj"] = {"Lemoro"},<br />
["ldk"] = {"Leelau"},<br />
["ldl"] = {"Kaan"},<br />
["ldm"] = {"Landoma"},<br />
["ldn"] = {"Láadan"},<br />
["ldo"] = {"Loo"},<br />
["ldp"] = {"Tso"},<br />
["ldq"] = {"Lufu"},<br />
["lea"] = {"Lega-Shabunda"},<br />
["leb"] = {"Lala-Bisa"},<br />
["lec"] = {"Leco"},<br />
["led"] = {"Lendu"},<br />
["lee"] = {"Lyélé"},<br />
["lef"] = {"Lelemi"},<br />
["leh"] = {"Lenje"},<br />
["lei"] = {"Lemio"},<br />
["lej"] = {"Lengola"},<br />
["lek"] = {"Leipon"},<br />
["lel"] = {"Lele (Democratic Republic of Congo)"},<br />
["lem"] = {"Nomaande"},<br />
["len"] = {"Lenca"},<br />
["leo"] = {"Leti (Cameroon)"},<br />
["lep"] = {"Lepcha"},<br />
["leq"] = {"Lembena"},<br />
["ler"] = {"Lenkau"},<br />
["les"] = {"Lese"},<br />
["let"] = {"Amio-Gelimi", "Lesing-Gelimi"},<br />
["leu"] = {"Kara (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["lev"] = {"Lamma"},<br />
["lew"] = {"Ledo Kaili"},<br />
["lex"] = {"Luang"},<br />
["ley"] = {"Lemolang"},<br />
["lez"] = {"Lezghian"},<br />
["lfa"] = {"Lefa"},<br />
["lfn"] = {"Lingua Franca Nova"},<br />
["lga"] = {"Lungga"},<br />
["lgb"] = {"Laghu"},<br />
["lgg"] = {"Lugbara"},<br />
["lgh"] = {"Laghuu"},<br />
["lgi"] = {"Lengilu"},<br />
["lgk"] = {"Lingarak", "Neverver"},<br />
["lgl"] = {"Wala"},<br />
["lgm"] = {"Lega-Mwenga"},<br />
["lgn"] = {"Opuuo", "T'apo"},<br />
["lgq"] = {"Logba"},<br />
["lgr"] = {"Lengo"},<br />
["lgt"] = {"Pahi"},<br />
["lgu"] = {"Longgu"},<br />
["lgz"] = {"Ligenza"},<br />
["lha"] = {"Laha (Viet Nam)"},<br />
["lhh"] = {"Laha (Indonesia)"},<br />
["lhi"] = {"Lahu Shi"},<br />
["lhl"] = {"Lahul Lohar"},<br />
["lhm"] = {"Lhomi"},<br />
["lhn"] = {"Lahanan"},<br />
["lhp"] = {"Lhokpu"},<br />
["lhs"] = {"Mlahsö"},<br />
["lht"] = {"Lo-Toga"},<br />
["lhu"] = {"Lahu"},<br />
["lia"] = {"West-Central Limba"},<br />
["lib"] = {"Likum"},<br />
["lic"] = {"Hlai"},<br />
["lid"] = {"Nyindrou"},<br />
["lie"] = {"Likila"},<br />
["lif"] = {"Limbu"},<br />
["lig"] = {"Ligbi"},<br />
["lih"] = {"Lihir"},<br />
["lij"] = {"Ligurian"},<br />
["lik"] = {"Lika"},<br />
["lil"] = {"Lillooet"},<br />
["lim"] = {"Limburgan", "Limburger", "Limburgish"},<br />
["lin"] = {"Lingala"},<br />
["lio"] = {"Liki"},<br />
["lip"] = {"Sekpele"},<br />
["liq"] = {"Libido"},<br />
["lir"] = {"Liberian English"},<br />
["lis"] = {"Lisu"},<br />
["lit"] = {"Lithuanian"},<br />
["liu"] = {"Logorik"},<br />
["liv"] = {"Liv"},<br />
["liw"] = {"Col"},<br />
["lix"] = {"Liabuku"},<br />
["liy"] = {"Banda-Bambari"},<br />
["liz"] = {"Libinza"},<br />
["lja"] = {"Golpa"},<br />
["lje"] = {"Rampi"},<br />
["lji"] = {"Laiyolo"},<br />
["ljl"] = {"Li'o"},<br />
["ljp"] = {"Lampung Api"},<br />
["ljw"] = {"Yirandali"},<br />
["ljx"] = {"Yuru"},<br />
["lka"] = {"Lakalei"},<br />
["lkb"] = {"Kabras", "Lukabaras"},<br />
["lkc"] = {"Kucong"},<br />
["lkd"] = {"Lakondê"},<br />
["lke"] = {"Kenyi"},<br />
["lkh"] = {"Lakha"},<br />
["lki"] = {"Laki"},<br />
["lkj"] = {"Remun"},<br />
["lkl"] = {"Laeko-Libuat"},<br />
["lkm"] = {"Kalaamaya"},<br />
["lkn"] = {"Lakon", "Vure"},<br />
["lko"] = {"Khayo", "Olukhayo"},<br />
["lkr"] = {"Päri"},<br />
["lks"] = {"Kisa", "Olushisa"},<br />
["lkt"] = {"Lakota"},<br />
["lku"] = {"Kungkari"},<br />
["lky"] = {"Lokoya"},<br />
["lla"] = {"Lala-Roba"},<br />
["llb"] = {"Lolo"},<br />
["llc"] = {"Lele (Guinea)"},<br />
["lld"] = {"Ladin"},<br />
["lle"] = {"Lele (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["llf"] = {"Hermit"},<br />
["llg"] = {"Lole"},<br />
["llh"] = {"Lamu"},<br />
["lli"] = {"Teke-Laali"},<br />
["llj"] = {"Ladji Ladji"},<br />
["llk"] = {"Lelak"},<br />
["lll"] = {"Lilau"},<br />
["llm"] = {"Lasalimu"},<br />
["lln"] = {"Lele (Chad)"},<br />
["llp"] = {"North Efate"},<br />
["llq"] = {"Lolak"},<br />
["lls"] = {"Lithuanian Sign Language"},<br />
["llu"] = {"Lau"},<br />
["llx"] = {"Lauan"},<br />
["lma"] = {"East Limba"},<br />
["lmb"] = {"Merei"},<br />
["lmc"] = {"Limilngan"},<br />
["lmd"] = {"Lumun"},<br />
["lme"] = {"Pévé"},<br />
["lmf"] = {"South Lembata"},<br />
["lmg"] = {"Lamogai"},<br />
["lmh"] = {"Lambichhong"},<br />
["lmi"] = {"Lombi"},<br />
["lmj"] = {"West Lembata"},<br />
["lmk"] = {"Lamkang"},<br />
["lml"] = {"Hano"},<br />
["lmn"] = {"Lambadi"},<br />
["lmo"] = {"Lombard"},<br />
["lmp"] = {"Limbum"},<br />
["lmq"] = {"Lamatuka"},<br />
["lmr"] = {"Lamalera"},<br />
["lmu"] = {"Lamenu"},<br />
["lmv"] = {"Lomaiviti"},<br />
["lmw"] = {"Lake Miwok"},<br />
["lmx"] = {"Laimbue"},<br />
["lmy"] = {"Lamboya"},<br />
["lmz"] = {"Lumbee"},<br />
["lna"] = {"Langbashe"},<br />
["lnb"] = {"Mbalanhu"},<br />
["lnd"] = {"Lun Bawang", "Lundayeh"},<br />
["lng"] = {"Langobardic"},<br />
["lnh"] = {"Lanoh"},<br />
["lni"] = {"Daantanai'"},<br />
["lnj"] = {"Leningitij"},<br />
["lnl"] = {"South Central Banda"},<br />
["lnm"] = {"Langam"},<br />
["lnn"] = {"Lorediakarkar"},<br />
["lno"] = {"Lango (South Sudan)"},<br />
["lns"] = {"Lamnso'"},<br />
["lnu"] = {"Longuda"},<br />
["lnw"] = {"Lanima"},<br />
["lnz"] = {"Lonzo"},<br />
["loa"] = {"Loloda"},<br />
["lob"] = {"Lobi"},<br />
["loc"] = {"Inonhan"},<br />
["loe"] = {"Saluan"},<br />
["lof"] = {"Logol"},<br />
["log"] = {"Logo"},<br />
["loh"] = {"Narim"},<br />
["loi"] = {"Loma (Côte d'Ivoire)"},<br />
["loj"] = {"Lou"},<br />
["lok"] = {"Loko"},<br />
["lol"] = {"Mongo"},<br />
["lom"] = {"Loma (Liberia)"},<br />
["lon"] = {"Malawi Lomwe"},<br />
["loo"] = {"Lombo"},<br />
["lop"] = {"Lopa"},<br />
["loq"] = {"Lobala"},<br />
["lor"] = {"Téén"},<br />
["los"] = {"Loniu"},<br />
["lot"] = {"Otuho"},<br />
["lou"] = {"Louisiana Creole"},<br />
["lov"] = {"Lopi"},<br />
["low"] = {"Tampias Lobu"},<br />
["lox"] = {"Loun"},<br />
["loy"] = {"Loke"},<br />
["loz"] = {"Lozi"},<br />
["lpa"] = {"Lelepa"},<br />
["lpe"] = {"Lepki"},<br />
["lpn"] = {"Long Phuri Naga"},<br />
["lpo"] = {"Lipo"},<br />
["lpx"] = {"Lopit"},<br />
["lra"] = {"Rara Bakati'"},<br />
["lrc"] = {"Northern Luri"},<br />
["lre"] = {"Laurentian"},<br />
["lrg"] = {"Laragia"},<br />
["lri"] = {"Marachi", "Olumarachi"},<br />
["lrk"] = {"Loarki"},<br />
["lrl"] = {"Lari"},<br />
["lrm"] = {"Marama", "Olumarama"},<br />
["lrn"] = {"Lorang"},<br />
["lro"] = {"Laro"},<br />
["lrr"] = {"Southern Yamphu"},<br />
["lrt"] = {"Larantuka Malay"},<br />
["lrv"] = {"Larevat"},<br />
["lrz"] = {"Lemerig"},<br />
["lsa"] = {"Lasgerdi"},<br />
["lsd"] = {"Lishana Deni"},<br />
["lse"] = {"Lusengo"},<br />
["lsh"] = {"Lish"},<br />
["lsi"] = {"Lashi"},<br />
["lsl"] = {"Latvian Sign Language"},<br />
["lsm"] = {"Olusamia", "Saamia"},<br />
["lsn"] = {"Tibetan Sign Language"},<br />
["lso"] = {"Laos Sign Language"},<br />
["lsp"] = {"Lengua de Señas Panameñas", "Panamanian Sign Language"},<br />
["lsr"] = {"Aruop"},<br />
["lss"] = {"Lasi"},<br />
["lst"] = {"Trinidad and Tobago Sign Language"},<br />
["lsv"] = {"Sivia Sign Language"},<br />
["lsy"] = {"Mauritian Sign Language"},<br />
["ltc"] = {"Late Middle Chinese"},<br />
["ltg"] = {"Latgalian"},<br />
["lth"] = {"Thur"},<br />
["lti"] = {"Leti (Indonesia)"},<br />
["ltn"] = {"Latundê"},<br />
["lto"] = {"Olutsotso", "Tsotso"},<br />
["lts"] = {"Lutachoni", "Tachoni"},<br />
["ltu"] = {"Latu"},<br />
["ltz"] = {"Letzeburgesch", "Luxembourgish"},<br />
["lua"] = {"Luba-Lulua"},<br />
["lub"] = {"Luba-Katanga"},<br />
["luc"] = {"Aringa"},<br />
["lud"] = {"Ludian"},<br />
["lue"] = {"Luvale"},<br />
["luf"] = {"Laua"},<br />
["lug"] = {"Ganda"},<br />
["lui"] = {"Luiseno"},<br />
["luj"] = {"Luna"},<br />
["luk"] = {"Lunanakha"},<br />
["lul"] = {"Olu'bo"},<br />
["lum"] = {"Luimbi"},<br />
["lun"] = {"Lunda"},<br />
["luo"] = {"Dholuo", "Luo (Kenya and Tanzania)"},<br />
["lup"] = {"Lumbu"},<br />
["luq"] = {"Lucumi"},<br />
["lur"] = {"Laura"},<br />
["lus"] = {"Lushai"},<br />
["lut"] = {"Lushootseed"},<br />
["luu"] = {"Lumba-Yakkha"},<br />
["luv"] = {"Luwati"},<br />
["luw"] = {"Luo (Cameroon)"},<br />
["luy"] = {"Luyia", "Oluluyia"},<br />
["luz"] = {"Southern Luri"},<br />
["lva"] = {"Maku'a"},<br />
["lvi"] = {"Lavi"},<br />
["lvk"] = {"Lavukaleve"},<br />
["lvs"] = {"Standard Latvian"},<br />
["lvu"] = {"Levuka"},<br />
["lwa"] = {"Lwalu"},<br />
["lwe"] = {"Lewo Eleng"},<br />
["lwg"] = {"Oluwanga", "Wanga"},<br />
["lwh"] = {"White Lachi"},<br />
["lwl"] = {"Eastern Lawa"},<br />
["lwm"] = {"Laomian"},<br />
["lwo"] = {"Luwo"},<br />
["lws"] = {"Malawian Sign Language"},<br />
["lwt"] = {"Lewotobi"},<br />
["lwu"] = {"Lawu"},<br />
["lww"] = {"Lewo"},<br />
["lya"] = {"Layakha"},<br />
["lyg"] = {"Lyngngam"},<br />
["lyn"] = {"Luyana"},<br />
["lzh"] = {"Literary Chinese"},<br />
["lzl"] = {"Litzlitz"},<br />
["lzn"] = {"Leinong Naga"},<br />
["lzz"] = {"Laz"},<br />
["maa"] = {"San Jerónimo Tecóatl Mazatec"},<br />
["mab"] = {"Yutanduchi Mixtec"},<br />
["mad"] = {"Madurese"},<br />
["mae"] = {"Bo-Rukul"},<br />
["maf"] = {"Mafa"},<br />
["mag"] = {"Magahi"},<br />
["mah"] = {"Marshallese"},<br />
["mai"] = {"Maithili"},<br />
["maj"] = {"Jalapa De Díaz Mazatec"},<br />
["mak"] = {"Makasar"},<br />
["mal"] = {"Malayalam"},<br />
["mam"] = {"Mam"},<br />
["man"] = {"Manding", "Mandingo"},<br />
["maq"] = {"Chiquihuitlán Mazatec"},<br />
["mar"] = {"Marathi"},<br />
["mas"] = {"Masai"},<br />
["mat"] = {"San Francisco Matlatzinca"},<br />
["mau"] = {"Huautla Mazatec"},<br />
["mav"] = {"Sateré-Mawé"},<br />
["maw"] = {"Mampruli"},<br />
["max"] = {"North Moluccan Malay"},<br />
["maz"] = {"Central Mazahua"},<br />
["mba"] = {"Higaonon"},<br />
["mbb"] = {"Western Bukidnon Manobo"},<br />
["mbc"] = {"Macushi"},<br />
["mbd"] = {"Dibabawon Manobo"},<br />
["mbe"] = {"Molale"},<br />
["mbf"] = {"Baba Malay"},<br />
["mbh"] = {"Mangseng"},<br />
["mbi"] = {"Ilianen Manobo"},<br />
["mbj"] = {"Nadëb"},<br />
["mbk"] = {"Malol"},<br />
["mbl"] = {"Maxakalí"},<br />
["mbm"] = {"Ombamba"},<br />
["mbn"] = {"Macaguán"},<br />
["mbo"] = {"Mbo (Cameroon)"},<br />
["mbp"] = {"Malayo"},<br />
["mbq"] = {"Maisin"},<br />
["mbr"] = {"Nukak Makú"},<br />
["mbs"] = {"Sarangani Manobo"},<br />
["mbt"] = {"Matigsalug Manobo"},<br />
["mbu"] = {"Mbula-Bwazza"},<br />
["mbv"] = {"Mbulungish"},<br />
["mbw"] = {"Maring"},<br />
["mbx"] = {"Mari (East Sepik Province)"},<br />
["mby"] = {"Memoni"},<br />
["mbz"] = {"Amoltepec Mixtec"},<br />
["mca"] = {"Maca"},<br />
["mcb"] = {"Machiguenga"},<br />
["mcc"] = {"Bitur"},<br />
["mcd"] = {"Sharanahua"},<br />
["mce"] = {"Itundujia Mixtec"},<br />
["mcf"] = {"Matsés"},<br />
["mcg"] = {"Mapoyo"},<br />
["mch"] = {"Maquiritari"},<br />
["mci"] = {"Mese"},<br />
["mcj"] = {"Mvanip"},<br />
["mck"] = {"Mbunda"},<br />
["mcl"] = {"Macaguaje"},<br />
["mcm"] = {"Malaccan Creole Portuguese"},<br />
["mcn"] = {"Masana"},<br />
["mco"] = {"Coatlán Mixe"},<br />
["mcp"] = {"Makaa"},<br />
["mcq"] = {"Ese"},<br />
["mcr"] = {"Menya"},<br />
["mcs"] = {"Mambai"},<br />
["mct"] = {"Mengisa"},<br />
["mcu"] = {"Cameroon Mambila"},<br />
["mcv"] = {"Minanibai"},<br />
["mcw"] = {"Mawa (Chad)"},<br />
["mcx"] = {"Mpiemo"},<br />
["mcy"] = {"South Watut"},<br />
["mcz"] = {"Mawan"},<br />
["mda"] = {"Mada (Nigeria)"},<br />
["mdb"] = {"Morigi"},<br />
["mdc"] = {"Male (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["mdd"] = {"Mbum"},<br />
["mde"] = {"Maba (Chad)"},<br />
["mdf"] = {"Moksha"},<br />
["mdg"] = {"Massalat"},<br />
["mdh"] = {"Maguindanaon"},<br />
["mdi"] = {"Mamvu"},<br />
["mdj"] = {"Mangbetu"},<br />
["mdk"] = {"Mangbutu"},<br />
["mdl"] = {"Maltese Sign Language"},<br />
["mdm"] = {"Mayogo"},<br />
["mdn"] = {"Mbati"},<br />
["mdp"] = {"Mbala"},<br />
["mdq"] = {"Mbole"},<br />
["mdr"] = {"Mandar"},<br />
["mds"] = {"Maria (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["mdt"] = {"Mbere"},<br />
["mdu"] = {"Mboko"},<br />
["mdv"] = {"Santa Lucía Monteverde Mixtec"},<br />
["mdw"] = {"Mbosi"},<br />
["mdx"] = {"Dizin"},<br />
["mdy"] = {"Male (Ethiopia)"},<br />
["mdz"] = {"Suruí Do Pará"},<br />
["mea"] = {"Menka"},<br />
["meb"] = {"Ikobi"},<br />
["mec"] = {"Marra"},<br />
["med"] = {"Melpa"},<br />
["mee"] = {"Mengen"},<br />
["mef"] = {"Megam"},<br />
["meh"] = {"Southwestern Tlaxiaco Mixtec"},<br />
["mei"] = {"Midob"},<br />
["mej"] = {"Meyah"},<br />
["mek"] = {"Mekeo"},<br />
["mel"] = {"Central Melanau"},<br />
["mem"] = {"Mangala"},<br />
["men"] = {"Mende (Sierra Leone)"},<br />
["meo"] = {"Kedah Malay"},<br />
["mep"] = {"Miriwoong"},<br />
["meq"] = {"Merey"},<br />
["mer"] = {"Meru"},<br />
["mes"] = {"Masmaje"},<br />
["met"] = {"Mato"},<br />
["meu"] = {"Motu"},<br />
["mev"] = {"Mano"},<br />
["mew"] = {"Maaka"},<br />
["mey"] = {"Hassaniyya"},<br />
["mez"] = {"Menominee"},<br />
["mfa"] = {"Pattani Malay"},<br />
["mfb"] = {"Bangka"},<br />
["mfc"] = {"Mba"},<br />
["mfd"] = {"Mendankwe-Nkwen"},<br />
["mfe"] = {"Morisyen"},<br />
["mff"] = {"Naki"},<br />
["mfg"] = {"Mogofin"},<br />
["mfh"] = {"Matal"},<br />
["mfi"] = {"Wandala"},<br />
["mfj"] = {"Mefele"},<br />
["mfk"] = {"North Mofu"},<br />
["mfl"] = {"Putai"},<br />
["mfm"] = {"Marghi South"},<br />
["mfn"] = {"Cross River Mbembe"},<br />
["mfo"] = {"Mbe"},<br />
["mfp"] = {"Makassar Malay"},<br />
["mfq"] = {"Moba"},<br />
["mfr"] = {"Marrithiyel"},<br />
["mfs"] = {"Mexican Sign Language"},<br />
["mft"] = {"Mokerang"},<br />
["mfu"] = {"Mbwela"},<br />
["mfv"] = {"Mandjak"},<br />
["mfw"] = {"Mulaha"},<br />
["mfx"] = {"Melo"},<br />
["mfy"] = {"Mayo"},<br />
["mfz"] = {"Mabaan"},<br />
["mga"] = {"Middle Irish (900-1200)"},<br />
["mgb"] = {"Mararit"},<br />
["mgc"] = {"Morokodo"},<br />
["mgd"] = {"Moru"},<br />
["mge"] = {"Mango"},<br />
["mgf"] = {"Maklew"},<br />
["mgg"] = {"Mpumpong"},<br />
["mgh"] = {"Makhuwa-Meetto"},<br />
["mgi"] = {"Lijili"},<br />
["mgj"] = {"Abureni"},<br />
["mgk"] = {"Mawes"},<br />
["mgl"] = {"Maleu-Kilenge"},<br />
["mgm"] = {"Mambae"},<br />
["mgn"] = {"Mbangi"},<br />
["mgo"] = {"Meta'"},<br />
["mgp"] = {"Eastern Magar"},<br />
["mgq"] = {"Malila"},<br />
["mgr"] = {"Mambwe-Lungu"},<br />
["mgs"] = {"Manda (Tanzania)"},<br />
["mgt"] = {"Mongol"},<br />
["mgu"] = {"Mailu"},<br />
["mgv"] = {"Matengo"},<br />
["mgw"] = {"Matumbi"},<br />
["mgy"] = {"Mbunga"},<br />
["mgz"] = {"Mbugwe"},<br />
["mha"] = {"Manda (India)"},<br />
["mhb"] = {"Mahongwe"},<br />
["mhc"] = {"Mocho"},<br />
["mhd"] = {"Mbugu"},<br />
["mhe"] = {"Besisi", "Mah Meri"},<br />
["mhf"] = {"Mamaa"},<br />
["mhg"] = {"Margu"},<br />
["mhi"] = {"Ma'di"},<br />
["mhj"] = {"Mogholi"},<br />
["mhk"] = {"Mungaka"},<br />
["mhl"] = {"Mauwake"},<br />
["mhm"] = {"Makhuwa-Moniga"},<br />
["mhn"] = {"Mócheno"},<br />
["mho"] = {"Mashi (Zambia)"},<br />
["mhp"] = {"Balinese Malay"},<br />
["mhq"] = {"Mandan"},<br />
["mhr"] = {"Eastern Mari"},<br />
["mhs"] = {"Buru (Indonesia)"},<br />
["mht"] = {"Mandahuaca"},<br />
["mhu"] = {"Darang Deng", "Digaro-Mishmi"},<br />
["mhw"] = {"Mbukushu"},<br />
["mhx"] = {"Lhaovo", "Maru"},<br />
["mhy"] = {"Ma'anyan"},<br />
["mhz"] = {"Mor (Mor Islands)"},<br />
["mia"] = {"Miami"},<br />
["mib"] = {"Atatláhuca Mixtec"},<br />
["mic"] = {"Micmac", "Mi'kmaq"},<br />
["mid"] = {"Mandaic"},<br />
["mie"] = {"Ocotepec Mixtec"},<br />
["mif"] = {"Mofu-Gudur"},<br />
["mig"] = {"San Miguel El Grande Mixtec"},<br />
["mih"] = {"Chayuco Mixtec"},<br />
["mii"] = {"Chigmecatitlán Mixtec"},<br />
["mij"] = {"Abar", "Mungbam"},<br />
["mik"] = {"Mikasuki"},<br />
["mil"] = {"Peñoles Mixtec"},<br />
["mim"] = {"Alacatlatzala Mixtec"},<br />
["min"] = {"Minangkabau"},<br />
["mio"] = {"Pinotepa Nacional Mixtec"},<br />
["mip"] = {"Apasco-Apoala Mixtec"},<br />
["miq"] = {"Mískito"},<br />
["mir"] = {"Isthmus Mixe"},<br />
["mis"] = {"Uncoded languages"},<br />
["mit"] = {"Southern Puebla Mixtec"},<br />
["miu"] = {"Cacaloxtepec Mixtec"},<br />
["miw"] = {"Akoye"},<br />
["mix"] = {"Mixtepec Mixtec"},<br />
["miy"] = {"Ayutla Mixtec"},<br />
["miz"] = {"Coatzospan Mixtec"},<br />
["mjb"] = {"Makalero"},<br />
["mjc"] = {"San Juan Colorado Mixtec"},<br />
["mjd"] = {"Northwest Maidu"},<br />
["mje"] = {"Muskum"},<br />
["mjg"] = {"Tu"},<br />
["mjh"] = {"Mwera (Nyasa)"},<br />
["mji"] = {"Kim Mun"},<br />
["mjj"] = {"Mawak"},<br />
["mjk"] = {"Matukar"},<br />
["mjl"] = {"Mandeali"},<br />
["mjm"] = {"Medebur"},<br />
["mjn"] = {"Ma (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["mjo"] = {"Malankuravan"},<br />
["mjp"] = {"Malapandaram"},<br />
["mjq"] = {"Malaryan"},<br />
["mjr"] = {"Malavedan"},<br />
["mjs"] = {"Miship"},<br />
["mjt"] = {"Sauria Paharia"},<br />
["mju"] = {"Manna-Dora"},<br />
["mjv"] = {"Mannan"},<br />
["mjw"] = {"Karbi"},<br />
["mjx"] = {"Mahali"},<br />
["mjy"] = {"Mahican"},<br />
["mjz"] = {"Majhi"},<br />
["mka"] = {"Mbre"},<br />
["mkb"] = {"Mal Paharia"},<br />
["mkc"] = {"Siliput"},<br />
["mkd"] = {"Macedonian"},<br />
["mke"] = {"Mawchi"},<br />
["mkf"] = {"Miya"},<br />
["mkg"] = {"Mak (China)"},<br />
["mki"] = {"Dhatki"},<br />
["mkj"] = {"Mokilese"},<br />
["mkk"] = {"Byep"},<br />
["mkl"] = {"Mokole"},<br />
["mkm"] = {"Moklen"},<br />
["mkn"] = {"Kupang Malay"},<br />
["mko"] = {"Mingang Doso"},<br />
["mkp"] = {"Moikodi"},<br />
["mkq"] = {"Bay Miwok"},<br />
["mkr"] = {"Malas"},<br />
["mks"] = {"Silacayoapan Mixtec"},<br />
["mkt"] = {"Vamale"},<br />
["mku"] = {"Konyanka Maninka"},<br />
["mkv"] = {"Mafea"},<br />
["mkw"] = {"Kituba (Congo)"},<br />
["mkx"] = {"Kinamiging Manobo"},<br />
["mky"] = {"East Makian"},<br />
["mkz"] = {"Makasae"},<br />
["mla"] = {"Malo"},<br />
["mlb"] = {"Mbule"},<br />
["mlc"] = {"Cao Lan"},<br />
["mle"] = {"Manambu"},<br />
["mlf"] = {"Mal"},<br />
["mlg"] = {"Malagasy"},<br />
["mlh"] = {"Mape"},<br />
["mli"] = {"Malimpung"},<br />
["mlj"] = {"Miltu"},<br />
["mlk"] = {"Ilwana", "Kiwilwana"},<br />
["mll"] = {"Malua Bay"},<br />
["mlm"] = {"Mulam"},<br />
["mln"] = {"Malango"},<br />
["mlo"] = {"Mlomp"},<br />
["mlp"] = {"Bargam"},<br />
["mlq"] = {"Western Maninkakan"},<br />
["mlr"] = {"Vame"},<br />
["mls"] = {"Masalit"},<br />
["mlt"] = {"Maltese"},<br />
["mlu"] = {"To'abaita"},<br />
["mlv"] = {"Motlav", "Mwotlap"},<br />
["mlw"] = {"Moloko"},<br />
["mlx"] = {"Malfaxal", "Naha'ai"},<br />
["mlz"] = {"Malaynon"},<br />
["mma"] = {"Mama"},<br />
["mmb"] = {"Momina"},<br />
["mmc"] = {"Michoacán Mazahua"},<br />
["mmd"] = {"Maonan"},<br />
["mme"] = {"Mae"},<br />
["mmf"] = {"Mundat"},<br />
["mmg"] = {"North Ambrym"},<br />
["mmh"] = {"Mehináku"},<br />
["mmi"] = {"Musar"},<br />
["mmj"] = {"Majhwar"},<br />
["mmk"] = {"Mukha-Dora"},<br />
["mml"] = {"Man Met"},<br />
["mmm"] = {"Maii"},<br />
["mmn"] = {"Mamanwa"},<br />
["mmo"] = {"Mangga Buang"},<br />
["mmp"] = {"Siawi"},<br />
["mmq"] = {"Musak"},<br />
["mmr"] = {"Western Xiangxi Miao"},<br />
["mmt"] = {"Malalamai"},<br />
["mmu"] = {"Mmaala"},<br />
["mmv"] = {"Miriti"},<br />
["mmw"] = {"Emae"},<br />
["mmx"] = {"Madak"},<br />
["mmy"] = {"Migaama"},<br />
["mmz"] = {"Mabaale"},<br />
["mna"] = {"Mbula"},<br />
["mnb"] = {"Muna"},<br />
["mnc"] = {"Manchu"},<br />
["mnd"] = {"Mondé"},<br />
["mne"] = {"Naba"},<br />
["mnf"] = {"Mundani"},<br />
["mng"] = {"Eastern Mnong"},<br />
["mnh"] = {"Mono (Democratic Republic of Congo)"},<br />
["mni"] = {"Manipuri"},<br />
["mnj"] = {"Munji"},<br />
["mnk"] = {"Mandinka"},<br />
["mnl"] = {"Tiale"},<br />
["mnm"] = {"Mapena"},<br />
["mnn"] = {"Southern Mnong"},<br />
["mnp"] = {"Min Bei Chinese"},<br />
["mnq"] = {"Minriq"},<br />
["mnr"] = {"Mono (USA)"},<br />
["mns"] = {"Mansi"},<br />
["mnu"] = {"Mer"},<br />
["mnv"] = {"Rennell-Bellona"},<br />
["mnw"] = {"Mon"},<br />
["mnx"] = {"Manikion"},<br />
["mny"] = {"Manyawa"},<br />
["mnz"] = {"Moni"},<br />
["moa"] = {"Mwan"},<br />
["moc"] = {"Mocoví"},<br />
["mod"] = {"Mobilian"},<br />
["moe"] = {"Montagnais"},<br />
["mog"] = {"Mongondow"},<br />
["moh"] = {"Mohawk"},<br />
["moi"] = {"Mboi"},<br />
["moj"] = {"Monzombo"},<br />
["mok"] = {"Morori"},<br />
["mom"] = {"Mangue"},<br />
["mon"] = {"Mongolian"},<br />
["moo"] = {"Monom"},<br />
["mop"] = {"Mopán Maya"},<br />
["moq"] = {"Mor (Bomberai Peninsula)"},<br />
["mor"] = {"Moro"},<br />
["mos"] = {"Mossi"},<br />
["mot"] = {"Barí"},<br />
["mou"] = {"Mogum"},<br />
["mov"] = {"Mohave"},<br />
["mow"] = {"Moi (Congo)"},<br />
["mox"] = {"Molima"},<br />
["moy"] = {"Shekkacho"},<br />
["moz"] = {"Gergiko", "Mukulu"},<br />
["mpa"] = {"Mpoto"},<br />
["mpb"] = {"Malak Malak", "Mullukmulluk"},<br />
["mpc"] = {"Mangarrayi"},<br />
["mpd"] = {"Machinere"},<br />
["mpe"] = {"Majang"},<br />
["mpg"] = {"Marba"},<br />
["mph"] = {"Maung"},<br />
["mpi"] = {"Mpade"},<br />
["mpj"] = {"Martu Wangka", "Wangkajunga"},<br />
["mpk"] = {"Mbara (Chad)"},<br />
["mpl"] = {"Middle Watut"},<br />
["mpm"] = {"Yosondúa Mixtec"},<br />
["mpn"] = {"Mindiri"},<br />
["mpo"] = {"Miu"},<br />
["mpp"] = {"Migabac"},<br />
["mpq"] = {"Matís"},<br />
["mpr"] = {"Vangunu"},<br />
["mps"] = {"Dadibi"},<br />
["mpt"] = {"Mian"},<br />
["mpu"] = {"Makuráp"},<br />
["mpv"] = {"Mungkip"},<br />
["mpw"] = {"Mapidian"},<br />
["mpx"] = {"Misima-Panaeati"},<br />
["mpy"] = {"Mapia"},<br />
["mpz"] = {"Mpi"},<br />
["mqa"] = {"Maba (Indonesia)"},<br />
["mqb"] = {"Mbuko"},<br />
["mqc"] = {"Mangole"},<br />
["mqe"] = {"Matepi"},<br />
["mqf"] = {"Momuna"},<br />
["mqg"] = {"Kota Bangun Kutai Malay"},<br />
["mqh"] = {"Tlazoyaltepec Mixtec"},<br />
["mqi"] = {"Mariri"},<br />
["mqj"] = {"Mamasa"},<br />
["mqk"] = {"Rajah Kabunsuwan Manobo"},<br />
["mql"] = {"Mbelime"},<br />
["mqm"] = {"South Marquesan"},<br />
["mqn"] = {"Moronene"},<br />
["mqo"] = {"Modole"},<br />
["mqp"] = {"Manipa"},<br />
["mqq"] = {"Minokok"},<br />
["mqr"] = {"Mander"},<br />
["mqs"] = {"West Makian"},<br />
["mqt"] = {"Mok"},<br />
["mqu"] = {"Mandari"},<br />
["mqv"] = {"Mosimo"},<br />
["mqw"] = {"Murupi"},<br />
["mqx"] = {"Mamuju"},<br />
["mqy"] = {"Manggarai"},<br />
["mqz"] = {"Pano"},<br />
["mra"] = {"Mlabri"},<br />
["mrb"] = {"Marino"},<br />
["mrc"] = {"Maricopa"},<br />
["mrd"] = {"Western Magar"},<br />
["mre"] = {"Martha's Vineyard Sign Language"},<br />
["mrf"] = {"Elseng"},<br />
["mrg"] = {"Mising"},<br />
["mrh"] = {"Mara Chin"},<br />
["mri"] = {"Maori"},<br />
["mrj"] = {"Western Mari"},<br />
["mrk"] = {"Hmwaveke"},<br />
["mrl"] = {"Mortlockese"},<br />
["mrm"] = {"Merlav", "Mwerlap"},<br />
["mrn"] = {"Cheke Holo"},<br />
["mro"] = {"Mru"},<br />
["mrp"] = {"Morouas"},<br />
["mrq"] = {"North Marquesan"},<br />
["mrr"] = {"Maria (India)"},<br />
["mrs"] = {"Maragus"},<br />
["mrt"] = {"Marghi Central"},<br />
["mru"] = {"Mono (Cameroon)"},<br />
["mrv"] = {"Mangareva"},<br />
["mrw"] = {"Maranao"},<br />
["mrx"] = {"Dineor", "Maremgi"},<br />
["mry"] = {"Mandaya"},<br />
["mrz"] = {"Marind"},<br />
["msa"] = {"Malay (macrolanguage)"},<br />
["msb"] = {"Masbatenyo"},<br />
["msc"] = {"Sankaran Maninka"},<br />
["msd"] = {"Yucatec Maya Sign Language"},<br />
["mse"] = {"Musey"},<br />
["msf"] = {"Mekwei"},<br />
["msg"] = {"Moraid"},<br />
["msh"] = {"Masikoro Malagasy"},<br />
["msi"] = {"Sabah Malay"},<br />
["msj"] = {"Ma (Democratic Republic of Congo)"},<br />
["msk"] = {"Mansaka"},<br />
["msl"] = {"Molof", "Poule"},<br />
["msm"] = {"Agusan Manobo"},<br />
["msn"] = {"Vurës"},<br />
["mso"] = {"Mombum"},<br />
["msp"] = {"Maritsauá"},<br />
["msq"] = {"Caac"},<br />
["msr"] = {"Mongolian Sign Language"},<br />
["mss"] = {"West Masela"},<br />
["msu"] = {"Musom"},<br />
["msv"] = {"Maslam"},<br />
["msw"] = {"Mansoanka"},<br />
["msx"] = {"Moresada"},<br />
["msy"] = {"Aruamu"},<br />
["msz"] = {"Momare"},<br />
["mta"] = {"Cotabato Manobo"},<br />
["mtb"] = {"Anyin Morofo"},<br />
["mtc"] = {"Munit"},<br />
["mtd"] = {"Mualang"},<br />
["mte"] = {"Mono (Solomon Islands)"},<br />
["mtf"] = {"Murik (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["mtg"] = {"Una"},<br />
["mth"] = {"Munggui"},<br />
["mti"] = {"Maiwa (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["mtj"] = {"Moskona"},<br />
["mtk"] = {"Mbe'"},<br />
["mtl"] = {"Montol"},<br />
["mtm"] = {"Mator"},<br />
["mtn"] = {"Matagalpa"},<br />
["mto"] = {"Totontepec Mixe"},<br />
["mtp"] = {"Wichí Lhamtés Nocten"},<br />
["mtq"] = {"Muong"},<br />
["mtr"] = {"Mewari"},<br />
["mts"] = {"Yora"},<br />
["mtt"] = {"Mota"},<br />
["mtu"] = {"Tututepec Mixtec"},<br />
["mtv"] = {"Asaro'o"},<br />
["mtw"] = {"Southern Binukidnon"},<br />
["mtx"] = {"Tidaá Mixtec"},<br />
["mty"] = {"Nabi"},<br />
["mua"] = {"Mundang"},<br />
["mub"] = {"Mubi"},<br />
["muc"] = {"Ajumbu"},<br />
["mud"] = {"Mednyj Aleut"},<br />
["mue"] = {"Media Lengua"},<br />
["mug"] = {"Musgu"},<br />
["muh"] = {"Mündü"},<br />
["mui"] = {"Musi"},<br />
["muj"] = {"Mabire"},<br />
["muk"] = {"Mugom"},<br />
["mul"] = {"Multiple languages"},<br />
["mum"] = {"Maiwala"},<br />
["muo"] = {"Nyong"},<br />
["mup"] = {"Malvi"},<br />
["muq"] = {"Eastern Xiangxi Miao"},<br />
["mur"] = {"Murle"},<br />
["mus"] = {"Creek"},<br />
["mut"] = {"Western Muria"},<br />
["muu"] = {"Yaaku"},<br />
["muv"] = {"Muthuvan"},<br />
["mux"] = {"Bo-Ung"},<br />
["muy"] = {"Muyang"},<br />
["muz"] = {"Mursi"},<br />
["mva"] = {"Manam"},<br />
["mvb"] = {"Mattole"},<br />
["mvd"] = {"Mamboru"},<br />
["mve"] = {"Marwari (Pakistan)"},<br />
["mvf"] = {"Peripheral Mongolian"},<br />
["mvg"] = {"Yucuañe Mixtec"},<br />
["mvh"] = {"Mulgi"},<br />
["mvi"] = {"Miyako"},<br />
["mvk"] = {"Mekmek"},<br />
["mvl"] = {"Mbara (Australia)"},<br />
["mvm"] = {"Muya"},<br />
["mvn"] = {"Minaveha"},<br />
["mvo"] = {"Marovo"},<br />
["mvp"] = {"Duri"},<br />
["mvq"] = {"Moere"},<br />
["mvr"] = {"Marau"},<br />
["mvs"] = {"Massep"},<br />
["mvt"] = {"Mpotovoro"},<br />
["mvu"] = {"Marfa"},<br />
["mvv"] = {"Tagal Murut"},<br />
["mvw"] = {"Machinga"},<br />
["mvx"] = {"Meoswar"},<br />
["mvy"] = {"Indus Kohistani"},<br />
["mvz"] = {"Mesqan"},<br />
["mwa"] = {"Mwatebu"},<br />
["mwb"] = {"Juwal"},<br />
["mwc"] = {"Are"},<br />
["mwe"] = {"Mwera (Chimwera)"},<br />
["mwf"] = {"Murrinh-Patha"},<br />
["mwg"] = {"Aiklep"},<br />
["mwh"] = {"Mouk-Aria"},<br />
["mwi"] = {"Labo", "Ninde"},<br />
["mwk"] = {"Kita Maninkakan"},<br />
["mwl"] = {"Mirandese"},<br />
["mwm"] = {"Sar"},<br />
["mwn"] = {"Nyamwanga"},<br />
["mwo"] = {"Central Maewo"},<br />
["mwp"] = {"Kala Lagaw Ya"},<br />
["mwq"] = {"Mün Chin"},<br />
["mwr"] = {"Marwari"},<br />
["mws"] = {"Mwimbi-Muthambi"},<br />
["mwt"] = {"Moken"},<br />
["mwu"] = {"Mittu"},<br />
["mwv"] = {"Mentawai"},<br />
["mww"] = {"Hmong Daw"},<br />
["mwz"] = {"Moingi"},<br />
["mxa"] = {"Northwest Oaxaca Mixtec"},<br />
["mxb"] = {"Tezoatlán Mixtec"},<br />
["mxc"] = {"Manyika"},<br />
["mxd"] = {"Modang"},<br />
["mxe"] = {"Mele-Fila"},<br />
["mxf"] = {"Malgbe"},<br />
["mxg"] = {"Mbangala"},<br />
["mxh"] = {"Mvuba"},<br />
["mxi"] = {"Mozarabic"},<br />
["mxj"] = {"Geman Deng", "Miju-Mishmi"},<br />
["mxk"] = {"Monumbo"},<br />
["mxl"] = {"Maxi Gbe"},<br />
["mxm"] = {"Meramera"},<br />
["mxn"] = {"Moi (Indonesia)"},<br />
["mxo"] = {"Mbowe"},<br />
["mxp"] = {"Tlahuitoltepec Mixe"},<br />
["mxq"] = {"Juquila Mixe"},<br />
["mxr"] = {"Murik (Malaysia)"},<br />
["mxs"] = {"Huitepec Mixtec"},<br />
["mxt"] = {"Jamiltepec Mixtec"},<br />
["mxu"] = {"Mada (Cameroon)"},<br />
["mxv"] = {"Metlatónoc Mixtec"},<br />
["mxw"] = {"Namo"},<br />
["mxx"] = {"Mahou", "Mawukakan"},<br />
["mxy"] = {"Southeastern Nochixtlán Mixtec"},<br />
["mxz"] = {"Central Masela"},<br />
["mya"] = {"Burmese"},<br />
["myb"] = {"Mbay"},<br />
["myc"] = {"Mayeka"},<br />
["mye"] = {"Myene"},<br />
["myf"] = {"Bambassi"},<br />
["myg"] = {"Manta"},<br />
["myh"] = {"Makah"},<br />
["myj"] = {"Mangayat"},<br />
["myk"] = {"Mamara Senoufo"},<br />
["myl"] = {"Moma"},<br />
["mym"] = {"Me'en"},<br />
["myo"] = {"Anfillo"},<br />
["myp"] = {"Pirahã"},<br />
["myr"] = {"Muniche"},<br />
["mys"] = {"Mesmes"},<br />
["myu"] = {"Mundurukú"},<br />
["myv"] = {"Erzya"},<br />
["myw"] = {"Muyuw"},<br />
["myx"] = {"Masaaba"},<br />
["myy"] = {"Macuna"},<br />
["myz"] = {"Classical Mandaic"},<br />
["mza"] = {"Santa María Zacatepec Mixtec"},<br />
["mzb"] = {"Tumzabt"},<br />
["mzc"] = {"Madagascar Sign Language"},<br />
["mzd"] = {"Malimba"},<br />
["mze"] = {"Morawa"},<br />
["mzg"] = {"Monastic Sign Language"},<br />
["mzh"] = {"Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay"},<br />
["mzi"] = {"Ixcatlán Mazatec"},<br />
["mzj"] = {"Manya"},<br />
["mzk"] = {"Nigeria Mambila"},<br />
["mzl"] = {"Mazatlán Mixe"},<br />
["mzm"] = {"Mumuye"},<br />
["mzn"] = {"Mazanderani"},<br />
["mzo"] = {"Matipuhy"},<br />
["mzp"] = {"Movima"},<br />
["mzq"] = {"Mori Atas"},<br />
["mzr"] = {"Marúbo"},<br />
["mzs"] = {"Macanese"},<br />
["mzt"] = {"Mintil"},<br />
["mzu"] = {"Inapang"},<br />
["mzv"] = {"Manza"},<br />
["mzw"] = {"Deg"},<br />
["mzx"] = {"Mawayana"},<br />
["mzy"] = {"Mozambican Sign Language"},<br />
["mzz"] = {"Maiadomu"},<br />
["naa"] = {"Namla"},<br />
["nab"] = {"Southern Nambikuára"},<br />
["nac"] = {"Narak"},<br />
["nae"] = {"Naka'ela"},<br />
["naf"] = {"Nabak"},<br />
["nag"] = {"Naga Pidgin"},<br />
["naj"] = {"Nalu"},<br />
["nak"] = {"Nakanai"},<br />
["nal"] = {"Nalik"},<br />
["nam"] = {"Ngan'gityemerri"},<br />
["nan"] = {"Min Nan Chinese"},<br />
["nao"] = {"Naaba"},<br />
["nap"] = {"Neapolitan"},<br />
["naq"] = {"Khoekhoe", "Nama (Namibia)"},<br />
["nar"] = {"Iguta"},<br />
["nas"] = {"Naasioi"},<br />
["nat"] = {"Ca̱hungwa̱rya̱", "Hungworo"},<br />
["nau"] = {"Nauru"},<br />
["nav"] = {"Navaho", "Navajo"},<br />
["naw"] = {"Nawuri"},<br />
["nax"] = {"Nakwi"},<br />
["nay"] = {"Ngarrindjeri"},<br />
["naz"] = {"Coatepec Nahuatl"},<br />
["nba"] = {"Nyemba"},<br />
["nbb"] = {"Ndoe"},<br />
["nbc"] = {"Chang Naga"},<br />
["nbd"] = {"Ngbinda"},<br />
["nbe"] = {"Konyak Naga"},<br />
["nbg"] = {"Nagarchal"},<br />
["nbh"] = {"Ngamo"},<br />
["nbi"] = {"Mao Naga"},<br />
["nbj"] = {"Ngarinyman"},<br />
["nbk"] = {"Nake"},<br />
["nbl"] = {"South Ndebele"},<br />
["nbm"] = {"Ngbaka Ma'bo"},<br />
["nbn"] = {"Kuri"},<br />
["nbo"] = {"Nkukoli"},<br />
["nbp"] = {"Nnam"},<br />
["nbq"] = {"Nggem"},<br />
["nbr"] = {"Numana"},<br />
["nbs"] = {"Namibian Sign Language"},<br />
["nbt"] = {"Na"},<br />
["nbu"] = {"Rongmei Naga"},<br />
["nbv"] = {"Ngamambo"},<br />
["nbw"] = {"Southern Ngbandi"},<br />
["nby"] = {"Ningera"},<br />
["nca"] = {"Iyo"},<br />
["ncb"] = {"Central Nicobarese"},<br />
["ncc"] = {"Ponam"},<br />
["ncd"] = {"Nachering"},<br />
["nce"] = {"Yale"},<br />
["ncf"] = {"Notsi"},<br />
["ncg"] = {"Nisga'a"},<br />
["nch"] = {"Central Huasteca Nahuatl"},<br />
["nci"] = {"Classical Nahuatl"},<br />
["ncj"] = {"Northern Puebla Nahuatl"},<br />
["nck"] = {"Na-kara"},<br />
["ncl"] = {"Michoacán Nahuatl"},<br />
["ncm"] = {"Nambo"},<br />
["ncn"] = {"Nauna"},<br />
["nco"] = {"Sibe"},<br />
["ncq"] = {"Northern Katang"},<br />
["ncr"] = {"Ncane"},<br />
["ncs"] = {"Nicaraguan Sign Language"},<br />
["nct"] = {"Chothe Naga"},<br />
["ncu"] = {"Chumburung"},<br />
["ncx"] = {"Central Puebla Nahuatl"},<br />
["ncz"] = {"Natchez"},<br />
["nda"] = {"Ndasa"},<br />
["ndb"] = {"Kenswei Nsei"},<br />
["ndc"] = {"Ndau"},<br />
["ndd"] = {"Nde-Nsele-Nta"},<br />
["nde"] = {"North Ndebele"},<br />
["ndf"] = {"Nadruvian"},<br />
["ndg"] = {"Ndengereko"},<br />
["ndh"] = {"Ndali"},<br />
["ndi"] = {"Samba Leko"},<br />
["ndj"] = {"Ndamba"},<br />
["ndk"] = {"Ndaka"},<br />
["ndl"] = {"Ndolo"},<br />
["ndm"] = {"Ndam"},<br />
["ndn"] = {"Ngundi"},<br />
["ndo"] = {"Ndonga"},<br />
["ndp"] = {"Ndo"},<br />
["ndq"] = {"Ndombe"},<br />
["ndr"] = {"Ndoola"},<br />
["nds"] = {"Low German", "Low Saxon"},<br />
["ndt"] = {"Ndunga"},<br />
["ndu"] = {"Dugun"},<br />
["ndv"] = {"Ndut"},<br />
["ndw"] = {"Ndobo"},<br />
["ndx"] = {"Nduga"},<br />
["ndy"] = {"Lutos"},<br />
["ndz"] = {"Ndogo"},<br />
["nea"] = {"Eastern Ngad'a"},<br />
["neb"] = {"Toura (Côte d'Ivoire)"},<br />
["nec"] = {"Nedebang"},<br />
["ned"] = {"Nde-Gbite"},<br />
["nee"] = {"Nêlêmwa-Nixumwak"},<br />
["nef"] = {"Nefamese"},<br />
["neg"] = {"Negidal"},<br />
["neh"] = {"Nyenkha"},<br />
["nei"] = {"Neo-Hittite"},<br />
["nej"] = {"Neko"},<br />
["nek"] = {"Neku"},<br />
["nem"] = {"Nemi"},<br />
["nen"] = {"Nengone"},<br />
["neo"] = {"Ná-Meo"},<br />
["nep"] = {"Nepali (macrolanguage)"},<br />
["neq"] = {"North Central Mixe"},<br />
["ner"] = {"Yahadian"},<br />
["nes"] = {"Bhoti Kinnauri"},<br />
["net"] = {"Nete"},<br />
["neu"] = {"Neo"},<br />
["nev"] = {"Nyaheun"},<br />
["new"] = {"Nepal Bhasa", "Newari"},<br />
["nex"] = {"Neme"},<br />
["ney"] = {"Neyo"},<br />
["nez"] = {"Nez Perce"},<br />
["nfa"] = {"Dhao"},<br />
["nfd"] = {"Ahwai"},<br />
["nfl"] = {"Äiwoo", "Ayiwo"},<br />
["nfr"] = {"Nafaanra"},<br />
["nfu"] = {"Mfumte"},<br />
["nga"] = {"Ngbaka"},<br />
["ngb"] = {"Northern Ngbandi"},<br />
["ngc"] = {"Ngombe (Democratic Republic of Congo)"},<br />
["ngd"] = {"Ngando (Central African Republic)"},<br />
["nge"] = {"Ngemba"},<br />
["ngg"] = {"Ngbaka Manza"},<br />
["ngh"] = {"Nǁng"},<br />
["ngi"] = {"Ngizim"},<br />
["ngj"] = {"Ngie"},<br />
["ngk"] = {"Dalabon"},<br />
["ngl"] = {"Lomwe"},<br />
["ngm"] = {"Ngatik Men's Creole"},<br />
["ngn"] = {"Ngwo"},<br />
["ngo"] = {"Ngoni"},<br />
["ngp"] = {"Ngulu"},<br />
["ngq"] = {"Ngoreme", "Ngurimi"},<br />
["ngr"] = {"Engdewu"},<br />
["ngs"] = {"Gvoko"},<br />
["ngt"] = {"Kriang", "Ngeq"},<br />
["ngu"] = {"Guerrero Nahuatl"},<br />
["ngv"] = {"Nagumi"},<br />
["ngw"] = {"Ngwaba"},<br />
["ngx"] = {"Nggwahyi"},<br />
["ngy"] = {"Tibea"},<br />
["ngz"] = {"Ngungwel"},<br />
["nha"] = {"Nhanda"},<br />
["nhb"] = {"Beng"},<br />
["nhc"] = {"Tabasco Nahuatl"},<br />
["nhd"] = {"Ava Guaraní", "Chiripá"},<br />
["nhe"] = {"Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl"},<br />
["nhf"] = {"Nhuwala"},<br />
["nhg"] = {"Tetelcingo Nahuatl"},<br />
["nhh"] = {"Nahari"},<br />
["nhi"] = {"Zacatlán-Ahuacatlán-Tepetzintla Nahuatl"},<br />
["nhk"] = {"Isthmus-Cosoleacaque Nahuatl"},<br />
["nhm"] = {"Morelos Nahuatl"},<br />
["nhn"] = {"Central Nahuatl"},<br />
["nho"] = {"Takuu"},<br />
["nhp"] = {"Isthmus-Pajapan Nahuatl"},<br />
["nhq"] = {"Huaxcaleca Nahuatl"},<br />
["nhr"] = {"Naro"},<br />
["nht"] = {"Ometepec Nahuatl"},<br />
["nhu"] = {"Noone"},<br />
["nhv"] = {"Temascaltepec Nahuatl"},<br />
["nhw"] = {"Western Huasteca Nahuatl"},<br />
["nhx"] = {"Isthmus-Mecayapan Nahuatl"},<br />
["nhy"] = {"Northern Oaxaca Nahuatl"},<br />
["nhz"] = {"Santa María La Alta Nahuatl"},<br />
["nia"] = {"Nias"},<br />
["nib"] = {"Nakame"},<br />
["nid"] = {"Ngandi"},<br />
["nie"] = {"Niellim"},<br />
["nif"] = {"Nek"},<br />
["nig"] = {"Ngalakgan"},<br />
["nih"] = {"Nyiha (Tanzania)"},<br />
["nii"] = {"Nii"},<br />
["nij"] = {"Ngaju"},<br />
["nik"] = {"Southern Nicobarese"},<br />
["nil"] = {"Nila"},<br />
["nim"] = {"Nilamba"},<br />
["nin"] = {"Ninzo"},<br />
["nio"] = {"Nganasan"},<br />
["niq"] = {"Nandi"},<br />
["nir"] = {"Nimboran"},<br />
["nis"] = {"Nimi"},<br />
["nit"] = {"Southeastern Kolami"},<br />
["niu"] = {"Niuean"},<br />
["niv"] = {"Gilyak"},<br />
["niw"] = {"Nimo"},<br />
["nix"] = {"Hema"},<br />
["niy"] = {"Ngiti"},<br />
["niz"] = {"Ningil"},<br />
["nja"] = {"Nzanyi"},<br />
["njb"] = {"Nocte Naga"},<br />
["njd"] = {"Ndonde Hamba"},<br />
["njh"] = {"Lotha Naga"},<br />
["nji"] = {"Gudanji"},<br />
["njj"] = {"Njen"},<br />
["njl"] = {"Njalgulgule"},<br />
["njm"] = {"Angami Naga"},<br />
["njn"] = {"Liangmai Naga"},<br />
["njo"] = {"Ao Naga"},<br />
["njr"] = {"Njerep"},<br />
["njs"] = {"Nisa"},<br />
["njt"] = {"Ndyuka-Trio Pidgin"},<br />
["nju"] = {"Ngadjunmaya"},<br />
["njx"] = {"Kunyi"},<br />
["njy"] = {"Njyem"},<br />
["njz"] = {"Nyishi"},<br />
["nka"] = {"Nkoya"},<br />
["nkb"] = {"Khoibu Naga"},<br />
["nkc"] = {"Nkongho"},<br />
["nkd"] = {"Koireng"},<br />
["nke"] = {"Duke"},<br />
["nkf"] = {"Inpui Naga"},<br />
["nkg"] = {"Nekgini"},<br />
["nkh"] = {"Khezha Naga"},<br />
["nki"] = {"Thangal Naga"},<br />
["nkj"] = {"Nakai"},<br />
["nkk"] = {"Nokuku"},<br />
["nkm"] = {"Namat"},<br />
["nkn"] = {"Nkangala"},<br />
["nko"] = {"Nkonya"},<br />
["nkp"] = {"Niuatoputapu"},<br />
["nkq"] = {"Nkami"},<br />
["nkr"] = {"Nukuoro"},<br />
["nks"] = {"North Asmat"},<br />
["nkt"] = {"Nyika (Tanzania)"},<br />
["nku"] = {"Bouna Kulango"},<br />
["nkv"] = {"Nyika (Malawi and Zambia)"},<br />
["nkw"] = {"Nkutu"},<br />
["nkx"] = {"Nkoroo"},<br />
["nkz"] = {"Nkari"},<br />
["nla"] = {"Ngombale"},<br />
["nlc"] = {"Nalca"},<br />
["nld"] = {"Dutch", "Flemish"},<br />
["nle"] = {"East Nyala"},<br />
["nlg"] = {"Gela"},<br />
["nli"] = {"Grangali"},<br />
["nlj"] = {"Nyali"},<br />
["nlk"] = {"Ninia Yali"},<br />
["nll"] = {"Nihali"},<br />
["nlm"] = {"Mankiyali"},<br />
["nlo"] = {"Ngul"},<br />
["nlq"] = {"Lao Naga"},<br />
["nlu"] = {"Nchumbulu"},<br />
["nlv"] = {"Orizaba Nahuatl"},<br />
["nlw"] = {"Walangama"},<br />
["nlx"] = {"Nahali"},<br />
["nly"] = {"Nyamal"},<br />
["nlz"] = {"Nalögo"},<br />
["nma"] = {"Maram Naga"},<br />
["nmb"] = {"Big Nambas", "V'ënen Taut"},<br />
["nmc"] = {"Ngam"},<br />
["nmd"] = {"Ndumu"},<br />
["nme"] = {"Mzieme Naga"},<br />
["nmf"] = {"Tangkhul Naga (India)"},<br />
["nmg"] = {"Kwasio"},<br />
["nmh"] = {"Monsang Naga"},<br />
["nmi"] = {"Nyam"},<br />
["nmj"] = {"Ngombe (Central African Republic)"},<br />
["nmk"] = {"Namakura"},<br />
["nml"] = {"Ndemli"},<br />
["nmm"] = {"Manangba"},<br />
["nmn"] = {"ǃXóõ"},<br />
["nmo"] = {"Moyon Naga"},<br />
["nmp"] = {"Nimanbur"},<br />
["nmq"] = {"Nambya"},<br />
["nmr"] = {"Nimbari"},<br />
["nms"] = {"Letemboi"},<br />
["nmt"] = {"Namonuito"},<br />
["nmu"] = {"Northeast Maidu"},<br />
["nmv"] = {"Ngamini"},<br />
["nmw"] = {"Nimoa", "Rifao"},<br />
["nmx"] = {"Nama (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["nmy"] = {"Namuyi"},<br />
["nmz"] = {"Nawdm"},<br />
["nna"] = {"Nyangumarta"},<br />
["nnb"] = {"Nande"},<br />
["nnc"] = {"Nancere"},<br />
["nnd"] = {"West Ambae"},<br />
["nne"] = {"Ngandyera"},<br />
["nnf"] = {"Ngaing"},<br />
["nng"] = {"Maring Naga"},<br />
["nnh"] = {"Ngiemboon"},<br />
["nni"] = {"North Nuaulu"},<br />
["nnj"] = {"Nyangatom"},<br />
["nnk"] = {"Nankina"},<br />
["nnl"] = {"Northern Rengma Naga"},<br />
["nnm"] = {"Namia"},<br />
["nnn"] = {"Ngete"},<br />
["nno"] = {"Norwegian Nynorsk"},<br />
["nnp"] = {"Wancho Naga"},<br />
["nnq"] = {"Ngindo"},<br />
["nnr"] = {"Narungga"},<br />
["nnt"] = {"Nanticoke"},<br />
["nnu"] = {"Dwang"},<br />
["nnv"] = {"Nugunu (Australia)"},<br />
["nnw"] = {"Southern Nuni"},<br />
["nny"] = {"Nyangga"},<br />
["nnz"] = {"Nda'nda'"},<br />
["noa"] = {"Woun Meu"},<br />
["nob"] = {"Norwegian Bokmål"},<br />
["noc"] = {"Nuk"},<br />
["nod"] = {"Northern Thai"},<br />
["noe"] = {"Nimadi"},<br />
["nof"] = {"Nomane"},<br />
["nog"] = {"Nogai"},<br />
["noh"] = {"Nomu"},<br />
["noi"] = {"Noiri"},<br />
["noj"] = {"Nonuya"},<br />
["nok"] = {"Nooksack"},<br />
["nol"] = {"Nomlaki"},<br />
["nom"] = {"Nocamán"},<br />
["non"] = {"Old Norse"},<br />
["nop"] = {"Numanggang"},<br />
["noq"] = {"Ngongo"},<br />
["nor"] = {"Norwegian"},<br />
["nos"] = {"Eastern Nisu"},<br />
["not"] = {"Nomatsiguenga"},<br />
["nou"] = {"Ewage-Notu"},<br />
["nov"] = {"Novial"},<br />
["now"] = {"Nyambo"},<br />
["noy"] = {"Noy"},<br />
["noz"] = {"Nayi"},<br />
["npa"] = {"Nar Phu"},<br />
["npb"] = {"Nupbikha"},<br />
["npg"] = {"Ponyo-Gongwang Naga"},<br />
["nph"] = {"Phom Naga"},<br />
["npi"] = {"Nepali (individual language)"},<br />
["npl"] = {"Southeastern Puebla Nahuatl"},<br />
["npn"] = {"Mondropolon"},<br />
["npo"] = {"Pochuri Naga"},<br />
["nps"] = {"Nipsan"},<br />
["npu"] = {"Puimei Naga"},<br />
["npx"] = {"Noipx"},<br />
["npy"] = {"Napu"},<br />
["nqg"] = {"Southern Nago"},<br />
["nqk"] = {"Kura Ede Nago"},<br />
["nql"] = {"Ngendelengo"},<br />
["nqm"] = {"Ndom"},<br />
["nqn"] = {"Nen"},<br />
["nqo"] = {"N'Ko"},<br />
["nqq"] = {"Kyan-Karyaw Naga"},<br />
["nqy"] = {"Akyaung Ari Naga"},<br />
["nra"] = {"Ngom"},<br />
["nrb"] = {"Nara"},<br />
["nrc"] = {"Noric"},<br />
["nre"] = {"Southern Rengma Naga"},<br />
["nrf"] = {"Guernésiais", "Jèrriais"},<br />
["nrg"] = {"Narango"},<br />
["nri"] = {"Chokri Naga"},<br />
["nrk"] = {"Ngarla"},<br />
["nrl"] = {"Ngarluma"},<br />
["nrm"] = {"Narom"},<br />
["nrn"] = {"Norn"},<br />
["nrp"] = {"North Picene"},<br />
["nrr"] = {"Nora", "Norra"},<br />
["nrt"] = {"Northern Kalapuya"},<br />
["nru"] = {"Narua"},<br />
["nrx"] = {"Ngurmbur"},<br />
["nrz"] = {"Lala"},<br />
["nsa"] = {"Sangtam Naga"},<br />
["nsc"] = {"Nshi"},<br />
["nsd"] = {"Southern Nisu"},<br />
["nse"] = {"Nsenga"},<br />
["nsf"] = {"Northwestern Nisu"},<br />
["nsg"] = {"Ngasa"},<br />
["nsh"] = {"Ngoshie"},<br />
["nsi"] = {"Nigerian Sign Language"},<br />
["nsk"] = {"Naskapi"},<br />
["nsl"] = {"Norwegian Sign Language"},<br />
["nsm"] = {"Sumi Naga"},<br />
["nsn"] = {"Nehan"},<br />
["nso"] = {"Northern Sotho", "Pedi", "Sepedi"},<br />
["nsp"] = {"Nepalese Sign Language"},<br />
["nsq"] = {"Northern Sierra Miwok"},<br />
["nsr"] = {"Maritime Sign Language"},<br />
["nss"] = {"Nali"},<br />
["nst"] = {"Tase Naga"},<br />
["nsu"] = {"Sierra Negra Nahuatl"},<br />
["nsv"] = {"Southwestern Nisu"},<br />
["nsw"] = {"Navut"},<br />
["nsx"] = {"Nsongo"},<br />
["nsy"] = {"Nasal"},<br />
["nsz"] = {"Nisenan"},<br />
["ntd"] = {"Northern Tidung"},<br />
["nte"] = {"Nathembo"},<br />
["ntg"] = {"Ngantangarra"},<br />
["nti"] = {"Natioro"},<br />
["ntj"] = {"Ngaanyatjarra"},<br />
["ntk"] = {"Ikoma-Nata-Isenye"},<br />
["ntm"] = {"Nateni"},<br />
["nto"] = {"Ntomba"},<br />
["ntp"] = {"Northern Tepehuan"},<br />
["ntr"] = {"Delo"},<br />
["ntu"] = {"Natügu"},<br />
["ntw"] = {"Nottoway"},<br />
["ntx"] = {"Tangkhul Naga (Myanmar)"},<br />
["nty"] = {"Mantsi"},<br />
["ntz"] = {"Natanzi"},<br />
["nua"] = {"Yuanga"},<br />
["nuc"] = {"Nukuini"},<br />
["nud"] = {"Ngala"},<br />
["nue"] = {"Ngundu"},<br />
["nuf"] = {"Nusu"},<br />
["nug"] = {"Nungali"},<br />
["nuh"] = {"Ndunda"},<br />
["nui"] = {"Ngumbi"},<br />
["nuj"] = {"Nyole"},<br />
["nuk"] = {"Nuuchahnulth", "Nuu-chah-nulth"},<br />
["nul"] = {"Nusa Laut"},<br />
["num"] = {"Niuafo'ou"},<br />
["nun"] = {"Anong"},<br />
["nuo"] = {"Nguôn"},<br />
["nup"] = {"Nupe-Nupe-Tako"},<br />
["nuq"] = {"Nukumanu"},<br />
["nur"] = {"Nukuria"},<br />
["nus"] = {"Nuer"},<br />
["nut"] = {"Nung (Viet Nam)"},<br />
["nuu"] = {"Ngbundu"},<br />
["nuv"] = {"Northern Nuni"},<br />
["nuw"] = {"Nguluwan"},<br />
["nux"] = {"Mehek"},<br />
["nuy"] = {"Nunggubuyu"},<br />
["nuz"] = {"Tlamacazapa Nahuatl"},<br />
["nvh"] = {"Nasarian"},<br />
["nvm"] = {"Namiae"},<br />
["nvo"] = {"Nyokon"},<br />
["nwa"] = {"Nawathinehena"},<br />
["nwb"] = {"Nyabwa"},<br />
["nwc"] = {"Classical Nepal Bhasa", "Classical Newari", "Old Newari"},<br />
["nwe"] = {"Ngwe"},<br />
["nwg"] = {"Ngayawung"},<br />
["nwi"] = {"Southwest Tanna"},<br />
["nwm"] = {"Nyamusa-Molo"},<br />
["nwo"] = {"Nauo"},<br />
["nwr"] = {"Nawaru"},<br />
["nwx"] = {"Middle Newar"},<br />
["nwy"] = {"Nottoway-Meherrin"},<br />
["nxa"] = {"Nauete"},<br />
["nxd"] = {"Ngando (Democratic Republic of Congo)"},<br />
["nxe"] = {"Nage"},<br />
["nxg"] = {"Ngad'a"},<br />
["nxi"] = {"Nindi"},<br />
["nxk"] = {"Koki Naga"},<br />
["nxl"] = {"South Nuaulu"},<br />
["nxm"] = {"Numidian"},<br />
["nxn"] = {"Ngawun"},<br />
["nxo"] = {"Ndambomo"},<br />
["nxq"] = {"Naxi"},<br />
["nxr"] = {"Ninggerum"},<br />
["nxu"] = {"Narau"},<br />
["nxx"] = {"Nafri"},<br />
["nya"] = {"Chewa", "Chichewa", "Nyanja"},<br />
["nyb"] = {"Nyangbo"},<br />
["nyc"] = {"Nyanga-li"},<br />
["nyd"] = {"Nyore", "Olunyole"},<br />
["nye"] = {"Nyengo"},<br />
["nyf"] = {"Giryama", "Kigiryama"},<br />
["nyg"] = {"Nyindu"},<br />
["nyh"] = {"Nyikina"},<br />
["nyi"] = {"Ama (Sudan)"},<br />
["nyj"] = {"Nyanga"},<br />
["nyk"] = {"Nyaneka"},<br />
["nyl"] = {"Nyeu"},<br />
["nym"] = {"Nyamwezi"},<br />
["nyn"] = {"Nyankole"},<br />
["nyo"] = {"Nyoro"},<br />
["nyp"] = {"Nyang'i"},<br />
["nyq"] = {"Nayini"},<br />
["nyr"] = {"Nyiha (Malawi)"},<br />
["nys"] = {"Nyungar"},<br />
["nyt"] = {"Nyawaygi"},<br />
["nyu"] = {"Nyungwe"},<br />
["nyv"] = {"Nyulnyul"},<br />
["nyw"] = {"Nyaw"},<br />
["nyx"] = {"Nganyaywana"},<br />
["nyy"] = {"Nyakyusa-Ngonde"},<br />
["nza"] = {"Tigon Mbembe"},<br />
["nzb"] = {"Njebi"},<br />
["nzd"] = {"Nzadi"},<br />
["nzi"] = {"Nzima"},<br />
["nzk"] = {"Nzakara"},<br />
["nzm"] = {"Zeme Naga"},<br />
["nzs"] = {"New Zealand Sign Language"},<br />
["nzu"] = {"Teke-Nzikou"},<br />
["nzy"] = {"Nzakambay"},<br />
["nzz"] = {"Nanga Dama Dogon"},<br />
["oaa"] = {"Orok"},<br />
["oac"] = {"Oroch"},<br />
["oar"] = {"Ancient Aramaic (up to 700 BCE)", "Old Aramaic (up to 700 BCE)"},<br />
["oav"] = {"Old Avar"},<br />
["obi"] = {"Obispeño"},<br />
["obk"] = {"Southern Bontok"},<br />
["obl"] = {"Oblo"},<br />
["obm"] = {"Moabite"},<br />
["obo"] = {"Obo Manobo"},<br />
["obr"] = {"Old Burmese"},<br />
["obt"] = {"Old Breton"},<br />
["obu"] = {"Obulom"},<br />
["oca"] = {"Ocaina"},<br />
["och"] = {"Old Chinese"},<br />
["oci"] = {"Occitan (post 1500)"},<br />
["oco"] = {"Old Cornish"},<br />
["ocu"] = {"Atzingo Matlatzinca"},<br />
["oda"] = {"Odut"},<br />
["odk"] = {"Od"},<br />
["odt"] = {"Old Dutch"},<br />
["odu"] = {"Odual"},<br />
["ofo"] = {"Ofo"},<br />
["ofs"] = {"Old Frisian"},<br />
["ofu"] = {"Efutop"},<br />
["ogb"] = {"Ogbia"},<br />
["ogc"] = {"Ogbah"},<br />
["oge"] = {"Old Georgian"},<br />
["ogg"] = {"Ogbogolo"},<br />
["ogo"] = {"Khana"},<br />
["ogu"] = {"Ogbronuagum"},<br />
["oht"] = {"Old Hittite"},<br />
["ohu"] = {"Old Hungarian"},<br />
["oia"] = {"Oirata"},<br />
["oin"] = {"Inebu One"},<br />
["ojb"] = {"Northwestern Ojibwa"},<br />
["ojc"] = {"Central Ojibwa"},<br />
["ojg"] = {"Eastern Ojibwa"},<br />
["oji"] = {"Ojibwa"},<br />
["ojp"] = {"Old Japanese"},<br />
["ojs"] = {"Severn Ojibwa"},<br />
["ojv"] = {"Ontong Java"},<br />
["ojw"] = {"Western Ojibwa"},<br />
["oka"] = {"Okanagan"},<br />
["okb"] = {"Okobo"},<br />
["okd"] = {"Okodia"},<br />
["oke"] = {"Okpe (Southwestern Edo)"},<br />
["okg"] = {"Koko Babangk"},<br />
["okh"] = {"Koresh-e Rostam"},<br />
["oki"] = {"Okiek"},<br />
["okj"] = {"Oko-Juwoi"},<br />
["okk"] = {"Kwamtim One"},<br />
["okl"] = {"Old Kentish Sign Language"},<br />
["okm"] = {"Middle Korean (10th-16th cent.)"},<br />
["okn"] = {"Oki-No-Erabu"},<br />
["oko"] = {"Old Korean (3rd-9th cent.)"},<br />
["okr"] = {"Kirike"},<br />
["oks"] = {"Oko-Eni-Osayen"},<br />
["oku"] = {"Oku"},<br />
["okv"] = {"Orokaiva"},<br />
["okx"] = {"Okpe (Northwestern Edo)"},<br />
["ola"] = {"Walungge"},<br />
["old"] = {"Mochi"},<br />
["ole"] = {"Olekha"},<br />
["olk"] = {"Olkol"},<br />
["olm"] = {"Oloma"},<br />
["olo"] = {"Livvi"},<br />
["olr"] = {"Olrat"},<br />
["olt"] = {"Old Lithuanian"},<br />
["olu"] = {"Kuvale"},<br />
["oma"] = {"Omaha-Ponca"},<br />
["omb"] = {"East Ambae"},<br />
["omc"] = {"Mochica"},<br />
["omg"] = {"Omagua"},<br />
["omi"] = {"Omi"},<br />
["omk"] = {"Omok"},<br />
["oml"] = {"Ombo"},<br />
["omn"] = {"Minoan"},<br />
["omo"] = {"Utarmbung"},<br />
["omp"] = {"Old Manipuri"},<br />
["omr"] = {"Old Marathi"},<br />
["omt"] = {"Omotik"},<br />
["omu"] = {"Omurano"},<br />
["omw"] = {"South Tairora"},<br />
["omx"] = {"Old Mon"},<br />
["ona"] = {"Ona"},<br />
["onb"] = {"Lingao"},<br />
["one"] = {"Oneida"},<br />
["ong"] = {"Olo"},<br />
["oni"] = {"Onin"},<br />
["onj"] = {"Onjob"},<br />
["onk"] = {"Kabore One"},<br />
["onn"] = {"Onobasulu"},<br />
["ono"] = {"Onondaga"},<br />
["onp"] = {"Sartang"},<br />
["onr"] = {"Northern One"},<br />
["ons"] = {"Ono"},<br />
["ont"] = {"Ontenu"},<br />
["onu"] = {"Unua"},<br />
["onw"] = {"Old Nubian"},<br />
["onx"] = {"Onin Based Pidgin"},<br />
["ood"] = {"Tohono O'odham"},<br />
["oog"] = {"Ong"},<br />
["oon"] = {"Önge"},<br />
["oor"] = {"Oorlams"},<br />
["oos"] = {"Old Ossetic"},<br />
["opa"] = {"Okpamheri"},<br />
["opk"] = {"Kopkaka"},<br />
["opm"] = {"Oksapmin"},<br />
["opo"] = {"Opao"},<br />
["opt"] = {"Opata"},<br />
["opy"] = {"Ofayé"},<br />
["ora"] = {"Oroha"},<br />
["orc"] = {"Orma"},<br />
["ore"] = {"Orejón"},<br />
["org"] = {"Oring"},<br />
["orh"] = {"Oroqen"},<br />
["ori"] = {"Oriya (macrolanguage)"},<br />
["orm"] = {"Oromo"},<br />
["orn"] = {"Orang Kanaq"},<br />
["oro"] = {"Orokolo"},<br />
["orr"] = {"Oruma"},<br />
["ors"] = {"Orang Seletar"},<br />
["ort"] = {"Adivasi Oriya"},<br />
["oru"] = {"Ormuri"},<br />
["orv"] = {"Old Russian"},<br />
["orw"] = {"Oro Win"},<br />
["orx"] = {"Oro"},<br />
["ory"] = {"Odia", "Oriya (individual language)"},<br />
["orz"] = {"Ormu"},<br />
["osa"] = {"Osage"},<br />
["osc"] = {"Oscan"},<br />
["osi"] = {"Osing"},<br />
["oso"] = {"Ososo"},<br />
["osp"] = {"Old Spanish"},<br />
["oss"] = {"Ossetian", "Ossetic"},<br />
["ost"] = {"Osatu"},<br />
["osu"] = {"Southern One"},<br />
["osx"] = {"Old Saxon"},<br />
["ota"] = {"Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)"},<br />
["otb"] = {"Old Tibetan"},<br />
["otd"] = {"Ot Danum"},<br />
["ote"] = {"Mezquital Otomi"},<br />
["oti"] = {"Oti"},<br />
["otk"] = {"Old Turkish"},<br />
["otl"] = {"Tilapa Otomi"},<br />
["otm"] = {"Eastern Highland Otomi"},<br />
["otn"] = {"Tenango Otomi"},<br />
["otq"] = {"Querétaro Otomi"},<br />
["otr"] = {"Otoro"},<br />
["ots"] = {"Estado de México Otomi"},<br />
["ott"] = {"Temoaya Otomi"},<br />
["otu"] = {"Otuke"},<br />
["otw"] = {"Ottawa"},<br />
["otx"] = {"Texcatepec Otomi"},<br />
["oty"] = {"Old Tamil"},<br />
["otz"] = {"Ixtenco Otomi"},<br />
["oua"] = {"Tagargrent"},<br />
["oub"] = {"Glio-Oubi"},<br />
["oue"] = {"Oune"},<br />
["oui"] = {"Old Uighur"},<br />
["oum"] = {"Ouma"},<br />
["ovd"] = {"Elfdalian", "Övdalian"},<br />
["owi"] = {"Owiniga"},<br />
["owl"] = {"Old Welsh"},<br />
["oyb"] = {"Oy"},<br />
["oyd"] = {"Oyda"},<br />
["oym"] = {"Wayampi"},<br />
["oyy"] = {"Oya'oya"},<br />
["ozm"] = {"Koonzime"},<br />
["pab"] = {"Parecís"},<br />
["pac"] = {"Pacoh"},<br />
["pad"] = {"Paumarí"},<br />
["pae"] = {"Pagibete"},<br />
["paf"] = {"Paranawát"},<br />
["pag"] = {"Pangasinan"},<br />
["pah"] = {"Tenharim"},<br />
["pai"] = {"Pe"},<br />
["pak"] = {"Parakanã"},<br />
["pal"] = {"Pahlavi"},<br />
["pam"] = {"Kapampangan", "Pampanga"},<br />
["pan"] = {"Panjabi", "Punjabi"},<br />
["pao"] = {"Northern Paiute"},<br />
["pap"] = {"Papiamento"},<br />
["paq"] = {"Parya"},<br />
["par"] = {"Panamint", "Timbisha"},<br />
["pas"] = {"Papasena"},<br />
["pat"] = {"Papitalai"},<br />
["pau"] = {"Palauan"},<br />
["pav"] = {"Pakaásnovos"},<br />
["paw"] = {"Pawnee"},<br />
["pax"] = {"Pankararé"},<br />
["pay"] = {"Pech"},<br />
["paz"] = {"Pankararú"},<br />
["pbb"] = {"Páez"},<br />
["pbc"] = {"Patamona"},<br />
["pbe"] = {"Mezontla Popoloca"},<br />
["pbf"] = {"Coyotepec Popoloca"},<br />
["pbg"] = {"Paraujano"},<br />
["pbh"] = {"E'ñapa Woromaipu"},<br />
["pbi"] = {"Parkwa"},<br />
["pbl"] = {"Mak (Nigeria)"},<br />
["pbm"] = {"Puebla Mazatec"},<br />
["pbn"] = {"Kpasam"},<br />
["pbo"] = {"Papel"},<br />
["pbp"] = {"Badyara"},<br />
["pbr"] = {"Pangwa"},<br />
["pbs"] = {"Central Pame"},<br />
["pbt"] = {"Southern Pashto"},<br />
["pbu"] = {"Northern Pashto"},<br />
["pbv"] = {"Pnar"},<br />
["pby"] = {"Pyu (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["pca"] = {"Santa Inés Ahuatempan Popoloca"},<br />
["pcb"] = {"Pear"},<br />
["pcc"] = {"Bouyei"},<br />
["pcd"] = {"Picard"},<br />
["pce"] = {"Ruching Palaung"},<br />
["pcf"] = {"Paliyan"},<br />
["pcg"] = {"Paniya"},<br />
["pch"] = {"Pardhan"},<br />
["pci"] = {"Duruwa"},<br />
["pcj"] = {"Parenga"},<br />
["pck"] = {"Paite Chin"},<br />
["pcl"] = {"Pardhi"},<br />
["pcm"] = {"Nigerian Pidgin"},<br />
["pcn"] = {"Piti"},<br />
["pcp"] = {"Pacahuara"},<br />
["pcw"] = {"Pyapun"},<br />
["pda"] = {"Anam"},<br />
["pdc"] = {"Pennsylvania German"},<br />
["pdi"] = {"Pa Di"},<br />
["pdn"] = {"Fedan", "Podena"},<br />
["pdo"] = {"Padoe"},<br />
["pdt"] = {"Plautdietsch"},<br />
["pdu"] = {"Kayan"},<br />
["pea"] = {"Peranakan Indonesian"},<br />
["peb"] = {"Eastern Pomo"},<br />
["ped"] = {"Mala (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["pee"] = {"Taje"},<br />
["pef"] = {"Northeastern Pomo"},<br />
["peg"] = {"Pengo"},<br />
["peh"] = {"Bonan"},<br />
["pei"] = {"Chichimeca-Jonaz"},<br />
["pej"] = {"Northern Pomo"},<br />
["pek"] = {"Penchal"},<br />
["pel"] = {"Pekal"},<br />
["pem"] = {"Phende"},<br />
["peo"] = {"Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)"},<br />
["pep"] = {"Kunja"},<br />
["peq"] = {"Southern Pomo"},<br />
["pes"] = {"Iranian Persian"},<br />
["pev"] = {"Pémono"},<br />
["pex"] = {"Petats"},<br />
["pey"] = {"Petjo"},<br />
["pez"] = {"Eastern Penan"},<br />
["pfa"] = {"Pááfang"},<br />
["pfe"] = {"Peere"},<br />
["pfl"] = {"Pfaelzisch"},<br />
["pga"] = {"Sudanese Creole Arabic"},<br />
["pgd"] = {"Gāndhārī"},<br />
["pgg"] = {"Pangwali"},<br />
["pgi"] = {"Pagi"},<br />
["pgk"] = {"Rerep"},<br />
["pgl"] = {"Primitive Irish"},<br />
["pgn"] = {"Paelignian"},<br />
["pgs"] = {"Pangseng"},<br />
["pgu"] = {"Pagu"},<br />
["pgz"] = {"Papua New Guinean Sign Language"},<br />
["pha"] = {"Pa-Hng"},<br />
["phd"] = {"Phudagi"},<br />
["phg"] = {"Phuong"},<br />
["phh"] = {"Phukha"},<br />
["phk"] = {"Phake"},<br />
["phl"] = {"Palula", "Phalura"},<br />
["phm"] = {"Phimbi"},<br />
["phn"] = {"Phoenician"},<br />
["pho"] = {"Phunoi"},<br />
["phq"] = {"Phana'"},<br />
["phr"] = {"Pahari-Potwari"},<br />
["pht"] = {"Phu Thai"},<br />
["phu"] = {"Phuan"},<br />
["phv"] = {"Pahlavani"},<br />
["phw"] = {"Phangduwali"},<br />
["pia"] = {"Pima Bajo"},<br />
["pib"] = {"Yine"},<br />
["pic"] = {"Pinji"},<br />
["pid"] = {"Piaroa"},<br />
["pie"] = {"Piro"},<br />
["pif"] = {"Pingelapese"},<br />
["pig"] = {"Pisabo"},<br />
["pih"] = {"Pitcairn-Norfolk"},<br />
["pii"] = {"Pini"},<br />
["pij"] = {"Pijao"},<br />
["pil"] = {"Yom"},<br />
["pim"] = {"Powhatan"},<br />
["pin"] = {"Piame"},<br />
["pio"] = {"Piapoco"},<br />
["pip"] = {"Pero"},<br />
["pir"] = {"Piratapuyo"},<br />
["pis"] = {"Pijin"},<br />
["pit"] = {"Pitta Pitta"},<br />
["piu"] = {"Pintupi-Luritja"},<br />
["piv"] = {"Pileni", "Vaeakau-Taumako"},<br />
["piw"] = {"Pimbwe"},<br />
["pix"] = {"Piu"},<br />
["piy"] = {"Piya-Kwonci"},<br />
["piz"] = {"Pije"},<br />
["pjt"] = {"Pitjantjatjara"},<br />
["pka"] = {"Ardhamāgadhī Prākrit"},<br />
["pkb"] = {"Kipfokomo", "Pokomo"},<br />
["pkc"] = {"Paekche"},<br />
["pkg"] = {"Pak-Tong"},<br />
["pkh"] = {"Pankhu"},<br />
["pkn"] = {"Pakanha"},<br />
["pko"] = {"Pökoot"},<br />
["pkp"] = {"Pukapuka"},<br />
["pkr"] = {"Attapady Kurumba"},<br />
["pks"] = {"Pakistan Sign Language"},<br />
["pkt"] = {"Maleng"},<br />
["pku"] = {"Paku"},<br />
["pla"] = {"Miani"},<br />
["plb"] = {"Polonombauk"},<br />
["plc"] = {"Central Palawano"},<br />
["pld"] = {"Polari"},<br />
["ple"] = {"Palu'e"},<br />
["plg"] = {"Pilagá"},<br />
["plh"] = {"Paulohi"},<br />
["pli"] = {"Pali"},<br />
["plj"] = {"Polci"},<br />
["plk"] = {"Kohistani Shina"},<br />
["pll"] = {"Shwe Palaung"},<br />
["pln"] = {"Palenquero"},<br />
["plo"] = {"Oluta Popoluca"},<br />
["plp"] = {"Palpa"},<br />
["plq"] = {"Palaic"},<br />
["plr"] = {"Palaka Senoufo"},<br />
["pls"] = {"San Marcos Tlacoyalco Popoloca", "San Marcos Tlalcoyalco Popoloca"},<br />
["plt"] = {"Plateau Malagasy"},<br />
["plu"] = {"Palikúr"},<br />
["plv"] = {"Southwest Palawano"},<br />
["plw"] = {"Brooke's Point Palawano"},<br />
["ply"] = {"Bolyu"},<br />
["plz"] = {"Paluan"},<br />
["pma"] = {"Paama"},<br />
["pmb"] = {"Pambia"},<br />
["pmd"] = {"Pallanganmiddang"},<br />
["pme"] = {"Pwaamei"},<br />
["pmf"] = {"Pamona"},<br />
["pmh"] = {"Māhārāṣṭri Prākrit"},<br />
["pmi"] = {"Northern Pumi"},<br />
["pmj"] = {"Southern Pumi"},<br />
["pmk"] = {"Pamlico"},<br />
["pml"] = {"Lingua Franca"},<br />
["pmm"] = {"Pomo"},<br />
["pmn"] = {"Pam"},<br />
["pmo"] = {"Pom"},<br />
["pmq"] = {"Northern Pame"},<br />
["pmr"] = {"Paynamar"},<br />
["pms"] = {"Piemontese"},<br />
["pmt"] = {"Tuamotuan"},<br />
["pmw"] = {"Plains Miwok"},<br />
["pmx"] = {"Poumei Naga"},<br />
["pmy"] = {"Papuan Malay"},<br />
["pmz"] = {"Southern Pame"},<br />
["pna"] = {"Punan Bah-Biau"},<br />
["pnb"] = {"Western Panjabi"},<br />
["pnc"] = {"Pannei"},<br />
["pnd"] = {"Mpinda"},<br />
["pne"] = {"Western Penan"},<br />
["png"] = {"Pongu"},<br />
["pnh"] = {"Penrhyn"},<br />
["pni"] = {"Aoheng"},<br />
["pnj"] = {"Pinjarup"},<br />
["pnk"] = {"Paunaka"},<br />
["pnl"] = {"Paleni"},<br />
["pnm"] = {"Punan Batu 1"},<br />
["pnn"] = {"Pinai-Hagahai"},<br />
["pno"] = {"Panobo"},<br />
["pnp"] = {"Pancana"},<br />
["pnq"] = {"Pana (Burkina Faso)"},<br />
["pnr"] = {"Panim"},<br />
["pns"] = {"Ponosakan"},<br />
["pnt"] = {"Pontic"},<br />
["pnu"] = {"Jiongnai Bunu"},<br />
["pnv"] = {"Pinigura"},<br />
["pnw"] = {"Banyjima", "Panytyima"},<br />
["pnx"] = {"Phong-Kniang"},<br />
["pny"] = {"Pinyin"},<br />
["pnz"] = {"Pana (Central African Republic)"},<br />
["poc"] = {"Poqomam"},<br />
["poe"] = {"San Juan Atzingo Popoloca"},<br />
["pof"] = {"Poke"},<br />
["pog"] = {"Potiguára"},<br />
["poh"] = {"Poqomchi'"},<br />
["poi"] = {"Highland Popoluca"},<br />
["pok"] = {"Pokangá"},<br />
["pol"] = {"Polish"},<br />
["pom"] = {"Southeastern Pomo"},<br />
["pon"] = {"Pohnpeian"},<br />
["poo"] = {"Central Pomo"},<br />
["pop"] = {"Pwapwâ"},<br />
["poq"] = {"Texistepec Popoluca"},<br />
["por"] = {"Portuguese"},<br />
["pos"] = {"Sayula Popoluca"},<br />
["pot"] = {"Potawatomi"},<br />
["pov"] = {"Upper Guinea Crioulo"},<br />
["pow"] = {"San Felipe Otlaltepec Popoloca"},<br />
["pox"] = {"Polabian"},<br />
["poy"] = {"Pogolo"},<br />
["ppe"] = {"Papi"},<br />
["ppi"] = {"Paipai"},<br />
["ppk"] = {"Uma"},<br />
["ppl"] = {"Nicarao", "Pipil"},<br />
["ppm"] = {"Papuma"},<br />
["ppn"] = {"Papapana"},<br />
["ppo"] = {"Folopa"},<br />
["ppp"] = {"Pelende"},<br />
["ppq"] = {"Pei"},<br />
["pps"] = {"San Luís Temalacayuca Popoloca"},<br />
["ppt"] = {"Pare"},<br />
["ppu"] = {"Papora"},<br />
["pqa"] = {"Pa'a"},<br />
["pqm"] = {"Malecite-Passamaquoddy"},<br />
["prc"] = {"Parachi"},<br />
["prd"] = {"Parsi-Dari"},<br />
["pre"] = {"Principense"},<br />
["prf"] = {"Paranan"},<br />
["prg"] = {"Prussian"},<br />
["prh"] = {"Porohanon"},<br />
["pri"] = {"Paicî"},<br />
["prk"] = {"Parauk"},<br />
["prl"] = {"Peruvian Sign Language"},<br />
["prm"] = {"Kibiri"},<br />
["prn"] = {"Prasuni"},<br />
["pro"] = {"Old Occitan (to 1500)", "Old Provençal (to 1500)"},<br />
["prp"] = {"Parsi"},<br />
["prq"] = {"Ashéninka Perené"},<br />
["prr"] = {"Puri"},<br />
["prs"] = {"Afghan Persian", "Dari"},<br />
["prt"] = {"Phai"},<br />
["pru"] = {"Puragi"},<br />
["prw"] = {"Parawen"},<br />
["prx"] = {"Purik"},<br />
["prz"] = {"Providencia Sign Language"},<br />
["psa"] = {"Asue Awyu"},<br />
["psc"] = {"Persian Sign Language"},<br />
["psd"] = {"Plains Indian Sign Language"},<br />
["pse"] = {"Central Malay"},<br />
["psg"] = {"Penang Sign Language"},<br />
["psh"] = {"Southwest Pashai", "Southwest Pashayi"},<br />
["psi"] = {"Southeast Pashai", "Southeast Pashayi"},<br />
["psl"] = {"Puerto Rican Sign Language"},<br />
["psm"] = {"Pauserna"},<br />
["psn"] = {"Panasuan"},<br />
["pso"] = {"Polish Sign Language"},<br />
["psp"] = {"Philippine Sign Language"},<br />
["psq"] = {"Pasi"},<br />
["psr"] = {"Portuguese Sign Language"},<br />
["pss"] = {"Kaulong"},<br />
["pst"] = {"Central Pashto"},<br />
["psu"] = {"Sauraseni Prākrit"},<br />
["psw"] = {"Port Sandwich"},<br />
["psy"] = {"Piscataway"},<br />
["pta"] = {"Pai Tavytera"},<br />
["pth"] = {"Pataxó Hã-Ha-Hãe"},<br />
["pti"] = {"Pindiini", "Wangkatha"},<br />
["ptn"] = {"Patani"},<br />
["pto"] = {"Zo'é"},<br />
["ptp"] = {"Patep"},<br />
["ptq"] = {"Pattapu"},<br />
["ptr"] = {"Piamatsina"},<br />
["ptt"] = {"Enrekang"},<br />
["ptu"] = {"Bambam"},<br />
["ptv"] = {"Port Vato"},<br />
["ptw"] = {"Pentlatch"},<br />
["pty"] = {"Pathiya"},<br />
["pua"] = {"Western Highland Purepecha"},<br />
["pub"] = {"Purum"},<br />
["puc"] = {"Punan Merap"},<br />
["pud"] = {"Punan Aput"},<br />
["pue"] = {"Puelche"},<br />
["puf"] = {"Punan Merah"},<br />
["pug"] = {"Phuie"},<br />
["pui"] = {"Puinave"},<br />
["puj"] = {"Punan Tubu"},<br />
["pum"] = {"Puma"},<br />
["puo"] = {"Puoc"},<br />
["pup"] = {"Pulabu"},<br />
["puq"] = {"Puquina"},<br />
["pur"] = {"Puruborá"},<br />
["pus"] = {"Pashto", "Pushto"},<br />
["put"] = {"Putoh"},<br />
["puu"] = {"Punu"},<br />
["puw"] = {"Puluwatese"},<br />
["pux"] = {"Puare"},<br />
["puy"] = {"Purisimeño"},<br />
["pwa"] = {"Pawaia"},<br />
["pwb"] = {"Panawa"},<br />
["pwg"] = {"Gapapaiwa"},<br />
["pwi"] = {"Patwin"},<br />
["pwm"] = {"Molbog"},<br />
["pwn"] = {"Paiwan"},<br />
["pwo"] = {"Pwo Western Karen"},<br />
["pwr"] = {"Powari"},<br />
["pww"] = {"Pwo Northern Karen"},<br />
["pxm"] = {"Quetzaltepec Mixe"},<br />
["pye"] = {"Pye Krumen"},<br />
["pym"] = {"Fyam"},<br />
["pyn"] = {"Poyanáwa"},<br />
["pys"] = {"Lengua de Señas del Paraguay", "Paraguayan Sign Language"},<br />
["pyu"] = {"Puyuma"},<br />
["pyx"] = {"Pyu (Myanmar)"},<br />
["pyy"] = {"Pyen"},<br />
["pzn"] = {"Para Naga"},<br />
["qua"] = {"Quapaw"},<br />
["qub"] = {"Huallaga Huánuco Quechua"},<br />
["quc"] = {"K'iche'", "Quiché"},<br />
["qud"] = {"Calderón Highland Quichua"},<br />
["que"] = {"Quechua"},<br />
["quf"] = {"Lambayeque Quechua"},<br />
["qug"] = {"Chimborazo Highland Quichua"},<br />
["quh"] = {"South Bolivian Quechua"},<br />
["qui"] = {"Quileute"},<br />
["quk"] = {"Chachapoyas Quechua"},<br />
["qul"] = {"North Bolivian Quechua"},<br />
["qum"] = {"Sipacapense"},<br />
["qun"] = {"Quinault"},<br />
["qup"] = {"Southern Pastaza Quechua"},<br />
["quq"] = {"Quinqui"},<br />
["qur"] = {"Yanahuanca Pasco Quechua"},<br />
["qus"] = {"Santiago del Estero Quichua"},<br />
["quv"] = {"Sacapulteco"},<br />
["quw"] = {"Tena Lowland Quichua"},<br />
["qux"] = {"Yauyos Quechua"},<br />
["quy"] = {"Ayacucho Quechua"},<br />
["quz"] = {"Cusco Quechua"},<br />
["qva"] = {"Ambo-Pasco Quechua"},<br />
["qvc"] = {"Cajamarca Quechua"},<br />
["qve"] = {"Eastern Apurímac Quechua"},<br />
["qvh"] = {"Huamalíes-Dos de Mayo Huánuco Quechua"},<br />
["qvi"] = {"Imbabura Highland Quichua"},<br />
["qvj"] = {"Loja Highland Quichua"},<br />
["qvl"] = {"Cajatambo North Lima Quechua"},<br />
["qvm"] = {"Margos-Yarowilca-Lauricocha Quechua"},<br />
["qvn"] = {"North Junín Quechua"},<br />
["qvo"] = {"Napo Lowland Quechua"},<br />
["qvp"] = {"Pacaraos Quechua"},<br />
["qvs"] = {"San Martín Quechua"},<br />
["qvw"] = {"Huaylla Wanca Quechua"},<br />
["qvy"] = {"Queyu"},<br />
["qvz"] = {"Northern Pastaza Quichua"},<br />
["qwa"] = {"Corongo Ancash Quechua"},<br />
["qwc"] = {"Classical Quechua"},<br />
["qwh"] = {"Huaylas Ancash Quechua"},<br />
["qwm"] = {"Kuman (Russia)"},<br />
["qws"] = {"Sihuas Ancash Quechua"},<br />
["qwt"] = {"Kwalhioqua-Tlatskanai"},<br />
["qxa"] = {"Chiquián Ancash Quechua"},<br />
["qxc"] = {"Chincha Quechua"},<br />
["qxh"] = {"Panao Huánuco Quechua"},<br />
["qxl"] = {"Salasaca Highland Quichua"},<br />
["qxn"] = {"Northern Conchucos Ancash Quechua"},<br />
["qxo"] = {"Southern Conchucos Ancash Quechua"},<br />
["qxp"] = {"Puno Quechua"},<br />
["qxq"] = {"Qashqa'i"},<br />
["qxr"] = {"Cañar Highland Quichua"},<br />
["qxs"] = {"Southern Qiang"},<br />
["qxt"] = {"Santa Ana de Tusi Pasco Quechua"},<br />
["qxu"] = {"Arequipa-La Unión Quechua"},<br />
["qxw"] = {"Jauja Wanca Quechua"},<br />
["qya"] = {"Quenya"},<br />
["qyp"] = {"Quiripi"},<br />
["raa"] = {"Dungmali"},<br />
["rab"] = {"Camling"},<br />
["rac"] = {"Rasawa"},<br />
["rad"] = {"Rade"},<br />
["raf"] = {"Western Meohang"},<br />
["rag"] = {"Logooli", "Lulogooli"},<br />
["rah"] = {"Rabha"},<br />
["rai"] = {"Ramoaaina"},<br />
["raj"] = {"Rajasthani"},<br />
["rak"] = {"Tulu-Bohuai"},<br />
["ral"] = {"Ralte"},<br />
["ram"] = {"Canela"},<br />
["ran"] = {"Riantana"},<br />
["rao"] = {"Rao"},<br />
["rap"] = {"Rapanui"},<br />
["raq"] = {"Saam"},<br />
["rar"] = {"Cook Islands Maori", "Rarotongan"},<br />
["ras"] = {"Tegali"},<br />
["rat"] = {"Razajerdi"},<br />
["rau"] = {"Raute"},<br />
["rav"] = {"Sampang"},<br />
["raw"] = {"Rawang"},<br />
["rax"] = {"Rang"},<br />
["ray"] = {"Rapa"},<br />
["raz"] = {"Rahambuu"},<br />
["rbb"] = {"Rumai Palaung"},<br />
["rbk"] = {"Northern Bontok"},<br />
["rbl"] = {"Miraya Bikol"},<br />
["rbp"] = {"Barababaraba"},<br />
["rcf"] = {"Réunion Creole French"},<br />
["rdb"] = {"Rudbari"},<br />
["rea"] = {"Rerau"},<br />
["reb"] = {"Rembong"},<br />
["ree"] = {"Rejang Kayan"},<br />
["reg"] = {"Kara (Tanzania)"},<br />
["rei"] = {"Reli"},<br />
["rej"] = {"Rejang"},<br />
["rel"] = {"Rendille"},<br />
["rem"] = {"Remo"},<br />
["ren"] = {"Rengao"},<br />
["rer"] = {"Rer Bare"},<br />
["res"] = {"Reshe"},<br />
["ret"] = {"Retta"},<br />
["rey"] = {"Reyesano"},<br />
["rga"] = {"Roria"},<br />
["rge"] = {"Romano-Greek"},<br />
["rgk"] = {"Rangkas"},<br />
["rgn"] = {"Romagnol"},<br />
["rgr"] = {"Resígaro"},<br />
["rgs"] = {"Southern Roglai"},<br />
["rgu"] = {"Ringgou"},<br />
["rhg"] = {"Rohingya"},<br />
["rhp"] = {"Yahang"},<br />
["ria"] = {"Riang (India)"},<br />
["rif"] = {"Tarifit"},<br />
["ril"] = {"Riang (Myanmar)", "Riang Lang"},<br />
["rim"] = {"Nyaturu"},<br />
["rin"] = {"Nungu"},<br />
["rir"] = {"Ribun"},<br />
["rit"] = {"Ritharrngu"},<br />
["riu"] = {"Riung"},<br />
["rjg"] = {"Rajong"},<br />
["rji"] = {"Raji"},<br />
["rjs"] = {"Rajbanshi"},<br />
["rka"] = {"Kraol"},<br />
["rkb"] = {"Rikbaktsa"},<br />
["rkh"] = {"Rakahanga-Manihiki"},<br />
["rki"] = {"Rakhine"},<br />
["rkm"] = {"Marka"},<br />
["rkt"] = {"Kamta", "Rangpuri"},<br />
["rkw"] = {"Arakwal"},<br />
["rma"] = {"Rama"},<br />
["rmb"] = {"Rembarrnga"},<br />
["rmc"] = {"Carpathian Romani"},<br />
["rmd"] = {"Traveller Danish"},<br />
["rme"] = {"Angloromani"},<br />
["rmf"] = {"Kalo Finnish Romani"},<br />
["rmg"] = {"Traveller Norwegian"},<br />
["rmh"] = {"Murkim"},<br />
["rmi"] = {"Lomavren"},<br />
["rmk"] = {"Romkun"},<br />
["rml"] = {"Baltic Romani"},<br />
["rmm"] = {"Roma"},<br />
["rmn"] = {"Balkan Romani"},<br />
["rmo"] = {"Sinte Romani"},<br />
["rmp"] = {"Rempi"},<br />
["rmq"] = {"Caló"},<br />
["rms"] = {"Romanian Sign Language"},<br />
["rmt"] = {"Domari"},<br />
["rmu"] = {"Tavringer Romani"},<br />
["rmv"] = {"Romanova"},<br />
["rmw"] = {"Welsh Romani"},<br />
["rmx"] = {"Romam"},<br />
["rmy"] = {"Vlax Romani"},<br />
["rmz"] = {"Marma"},<br />
["rnd"] = {"Ruund"},<br />
["rng"] = {"Ronga"},<br />
["rnl"] = {"Ranglong"},<br />
["rnn"] = {"Roon"},<br />
["rnp"] = {"Rongpo"},<br />
["rnr"] = {"Nari Nari"},<br />
["rnw"] = {"Rungwa"},<br />
["rob"] = {"Tae'"},<br />
["roc"] = {"Cacgia Roglai"},<br />
["rod"] = {"Rogo"},<br />
["roe"] = {"Ronji"},<br />
["rof"] = {"Rombo"},<br />
["rog"] = {"Northern Roglai"},<br />
["roh"] = {"Romansh"},<br />
["rol"] = {"Romblomanon"},<br />
["rom"] = {"Romany"},<br />
["ron"] = {"Moldavian", "Moldovan", "Romanian"},<br />
["roo"] = {"Rotokas"},<br />
["rop"] = {"Kriol"},<br />
["ror"] = {"Rongga"},<br />
["rou"] = {"Runga"},<br />
["row"] = {"Dela-Oenale"},<br />
["rpn"] = {"Repanbitip"},<br />
["rpt"] = {"Rapting"},<br />
["rri"] = {"Ririo"},<br />
["rro"] = {"Waima"},<br />
["rrt"] = {"Arritinngithigh"},<br />
["rsb"] = {"Romano-Serbian"},<br />
["rsl"] = {"Russian Sign Language"},<br />
["rsm"] = {"Miriwoong Sign Language"},<br />
["rtc"] = {"Rungtu Chin"},<br />
["rth"] = {"Ratahan"},<br />
["rtm"] = {"Rotuman"},<br />
["rts"] = {"Yurats"},<br />
["rtw"] = {"Rathawi"},<br />
["rub"] = {"Gungu"},<br />
["ruc"] = {"Ruuli"},<br />
["rue"] = {"Rusyn"},<br />
["ruf"] = {"Luguru"},<br />
["rug"] = {"Roviana"},<br />
["ruh"] = {"Ruga"},<br />
["rui"] = {"Rufiji"},<br />
["ruk"] = {"Che"},<br />
["run"] = {"Rundi"},<br />
["ruo"] = {"Istro Romanian"},<br />
["rup"] = {"Aromanian", "Arumanian", "Macedo-Romanian"},<br />
["ruq"] = {"Megleno Romanian"},<br />
["rus"] = {"Russian"},<br />
["rut"] = {"Rutul"},<br />
["ruu"] = {"Lanas Lobu"},<br />
["ruy"] = {"Mala (Nigeria)"},<br />
["ruz"] = {"Ruma"},<br />
["rwa"] = {"Rawo"},<br />
["rwk"] = {"Rwa"},<br />
["rwm"] = {"Amba (Uganda)"},<br />
["rwo"] = {"Rawa"},<br />
["rwr"] = {"Marwari (India)"},<br />
["rxd"] = {"Ngardi"},<br />
["rxw"] = {"Garuwali", "Karuwali"},<br />
["ryn"] = {"Northern Amami-Oshima"},<br />
["rys"] = {"Yaeyama"},<br />
["ryu"] = {"Central Okinawan"},<br />
["rzh"] = {"Rāziḥī"},<br />
["saa"] = {"Saba"},<br />
["sab"] = {"Buglere"},<br />
["sac"] = {"Meskwaki"},<br />
["sad"] = {"Sandawe"},<br />
["sae"] = {"Sabanê"},<br />
["saf"] = {"Safaliba"},<br />
["sag"] = {"Sango"},<br />
["sah"] = {"Yakut"},<br />
["saj"] = {"Sahu"},<br />
["sak"] = {"Sake"},<br />
["sam"] = {"Samaritan Aramaic"},<br />
["san"] = {"Sanskrit"},<br />
["sao"] = {"Sause"},<br />
["saq"] = {"Samburu"},<br />
["sar"] = {"Saraveca"},<br />
["sas"] = {"Sasak"},<br />
["sat"] = {"Santali"},<br />
["sau"] = {"Saleman"},<br />
["sav"] = {"Saafi-Saafi"},<br />
["saw"] = {"Sawi"},<br />
["sax"] = {"Sa"},<br />
["say"] = {"Saya"},<br />
["saz"] = {"Saurashtra"},<br />
["sba"] = {"Ngambay"},<br />
["sbb"] = {"Simbo"},<br />
["sbc"] = {"Kele (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["sbd"] = {"Southern Samo"},<br />
["sbe"] = {"Saliba"},<br />
["sbf"] = {"Chabu", "Shabo"},<br />
["sbg"] = {"Seget"},<br />
["sbh"] = {"Sori-Harengan"},<br />
["sbi"] = {"Seti"},<br />
["sbj"] = {"Surbakhal"},<br />
["sbk"] = {"Safwa"},<br />
["sbl"] = {"Botolan Sambal"},<br />
["sbm"] = {"Sagala"},<br />
["sbn"] = {"Sindhi Bhil"},<br />
["sbo"] = {"Sabüm"},<br />
["sbp"] = {"Sangu (Tanzania)"},<br />
["sbq"] = {"Sileibi"},<br />
["sbr"] = {"Sembakung Murut"},<br />
["sbs"] = {"Subiya"},<br />
["sbt"] = {"Kimki"},<br />
["sbu"] = {"Stod Bhoti"},<br />
["sbv"] = {"Sabine"},<br />
["sbw"] = {"Simba"},<br />
["sbx"] = {"Seberuang"},<br />
["sby"] = {"Soli"},<br />
["sbz"] = {"Sara Kaba"},<br />
["scb"] = {"Chut"},<br />
["sce"] = {"Dongxiang"},<br />
["scf"] = {"San Miguel Creole French"},<br />
["scg"] = {"Sanggau"},<br />
["sch"] = {"Sakachep"},<br />
["sci"] = {"Sri Lankan Creole Malay"},<br />
["sck"] = {"Sadri"},<br />
["scl"] = {"Shina"},<br />
["scn"] = {"Sicilian"},<br />
["sco"] = {"Scots"},<br />
["scp"] = {"Helambu Sherpa", "Hyolmo"},<br />
["scq"] = {"Sa'och"},<br />
["scs"] = {"North Slavey"},<br />
["sct"] = {"Southern Katang"},<br />
["scu"] = {"Shumcho"},<br />
["scv"] = {"Sheni"},<br />
["scw"] = {"Sha"},<br />
["scx"] = {"Sicel"},<br />
["sda"] = {"Toraja-Sa'dan"},<br />
["sdb"] = {"Shabak"},<br />
["sdc"] = {"Sassarese Sardinian"},<br />
["sde"] = {"Surubu"},<br />
["sdf"] = {"Sarli"},<br />
["sdg"] = {"Savi"},<br />
["sdh"] = {"Southern Kurdish"},<br />
["sdj"] = {"Suundi"},<br />
["sdk"] = {"Sos Kundi"},<br />
["sdl"] = {"Saudi Arabian Sign Language"},<br />
["sdm"] = {"Semandang"},<br />
["sdn"] = {"Gallurese Sardinian"},<br />
["sdo"] = {"Bukar-Sadung Bidayuh"},<br />
["sdp"] = {"Sherdukpen"},<br />
["sdr"] = {"Oraon Sadri"},<br />
["sds"] = {"Sened"},<br />
["sdt"] = {"Shuadit"},<br />
["sdu"] = {"Sarudu"},<br />
["sdx"] = {"Sibu Melanau"},<br />
["sdz"] = {"Sallands"},<br />
["sea"] = {"Semai"},<br />
["seb"] = {"Shempire Senoufo"},<br />
["sec"] = {"Sechelt"},<br />
["sed"] = {"Sedang"},<br />
["see"] = {"Seneca"},<br />
["sef"] = {"Cebaara Senoufo"},<br />
["seg"] = {"Segeju"},<br />
["seh"] = {"Sena"},<br />
["sei"] = {"Seri"},<br />
["sej"] = {"Sene"},<br />
["sek"] = {"Sekani"},<br />
["sel"] = {"Selkup"},<br />
["sen"] = {"Nanerigé Sénoufo"},<br />
["seo"] = {"Suarmin"},<br />
["sep"] = {"Sìcìté Sénoufo"},<br />
["seq"] = {"Senara Sénoufo"},<br />
["ser"] = {"Serrano"},<br />
["ses"] = {"Koyraboro Senni Songhai"},<br />
["set"] = {"Sentani"},<br />
["seu"] = {"Serui-Laut"},<br />
["sev"] = {"Nyarafolo Senoufo"},<br />
["sew"] = {"Sewa Bay"},<br />
["sey"] = {"Secoya"},<br />
["sez"] = {"Senthang Chin"},<br />
["sfb"] = {"French Belgian Sign Language", "Langue des signes de Belgique Francophone"},<br />
["sfe"] = {"Eastern Subanen"},<br />
["sfm"] = {"Small Flowery Miao"},<br />
["sfs"] = {"South African Sign Language"},<br />
["sfw"] = {"Sehwi"},<br />
["sga"] = {"Old Irish (to 900)"},<br />
["sgb"] = {"Mag-antsi Ayta"},<br />
["sgc"] = {"Kipsigis"},<br />
["sgd"] = {"Surigaonon"},<br />
["sge"] = {"Segai"},<br />
["sgg"] = {"Swiss-German Sign Language"},<br />
["sgh"] = {"Shughni"},<br />
["sgi"] = {"Suga"},<br />
["sgj"] = {"Surgujia"},<br />
["sgk"] = {"Sangkong"},<br />
["sgm"] = {"Singa"},<br />
["sgp"] = {"Singpho"},<br />
["sgr"] = {"Sangisari"},<br />
["sgs"] = {"Samogitian"},<br />
["sgt"] = {"Brokpake"},<br />
["sgu"] = {"Salas"},<br />
["sgw"] = {"Sebat Bet Gurage"},<br />
["sgx"] = {"Sierra Leone Sign Language"},<br />
["sgy"] = {"Sanglechi"},<br />
["sgz"] = {"Sursurunga"},<br />
["sha"] = {"Shall-Zwall"},<br />
["shb"] = {"Ninam"},<br />
["shc"] = {"Sonde"},<br />
["shd"] = {"Kundal Shahi"},<br />
["she"] = {"Sheko"},<br />
["shg"] = {"Shua"},<br />
["shh"] = {"Shoshoni"},<br />
["shi"] = {"Tachelhit"},<br />
["shj"] = {"Shatt"},<br />
["shk"] = {"Shilluk"},<br />
["shl"] = {"Shendu"},<br />
["shm"] = {"Shahrudi"},<br />
["shn"] = {"Shan"},<br />
["sho"] = {"Shanga"},<br />
["shp"] = {"Shipibo-Conibo"},<br />
["shq"] = {"Sala"},<br />
["shr"] = {"Shi"},<br />
["shs"] = {"Shuswap"},<br />
["sht"] = {"Shasta"},<br />
["shu"] = {"Chadian Arabic"},<br />
["shv"] = {"Shehri"},<br />
["shw"] = {"Shwai"},<br />
["shx"] = {"She"},<br />
["shy"] = {"Tachawit"},<br />
["shz"] = {"Syenara Senoufo"},<br />
["sia"] = {"Akkala Sami"},<br />
["sib"] = {"Sebop"},<br />
["sid"] = {"Sidamo"},<br />
["sie"] = {"Simaa"},<br />
["sif"] = {"Siamou"},<br />
["sig"] = {"Paasaal"},<br />
["sih"] = {"Sîshëë", "Zire"},<br />
["sii"] = {"Shom Peng"},<br />
["sij"] = {"Numbami"},<br />
["sik"] = {"Sikiana"},<br />
["sil"] = {"Tumulung Sisaala"},<br />
["sim"] = {"Mende (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["sin"] = {"Sinhala", "Sinhalese"},<br />
["sip"] = {"Sikkimese"},<br />
["siq"] = {"Sonia"},<br />
["sir"] = {"Siri"},<br />
["sis"] = {"Siuslaw"},<br />
["siu"] = {"Sinagen"},<br />
["siv"] = {"Sumariup"},<br />
["siw"] = {"Siwai"},<br />
["six"] = {"Sumau"},<br />
["siy"] = {"Sivandi"},<br />
["siz"] = {"Siwi"},<br />
["sja"] = {"Epena"},<br />
["sjb"] = {"Sajau Basap"},<br />
["sjd"] = {"Kildin Sami"},<br />
["sje"] = {"Pite Sami"},<br />
["sjg"] = {"Assangori"},<br />
["sjk"] = {"Kemi Sami"},<br />
["sjl"] = {"Miji", "Sajalong"},<br />
["sjm"] = {"Mapun"},<br />
["sjn"] = {"Sindarin"},<br />
["sjo"] = {"Xibe"},<br />
["sjp"] = {"Surjapuri"},<br />
["sjr"] = {"Siar-Lak"},<br />
["sjs"] = {"Senhaja De Srair"},<br />
["sjt"] = {"Ter Sami"},<br />
["sju"] = {"Ume Sami"},<br />
["sjw"] = {"Shawnee"},<br />
["ska"] = {"Skagit"},<br />
["skb"] = {"Saek"},<br />
["skc"] = {"Ma Manda"},<br />
["skd"] = {"Southern Sierra Miwok"},<br />
["ske"] = {"Seke (Vanuatu)"},<br />
["skf"] = {"Sakirabiá"},<br />
["skg"] = {"Sakalava Malagasy"},<br />
["skh"] = {"Sikule"},<br />
["ski"] = {"Sika"},<br />
["skj"] = {"Seke (Nepal)"},<br />
["skm"] = {"Kutong"},<br />
["skn"] = {"Kolibugan Subanon"},<br />
["sko"] = {"Seko Tengah"},<br />
["skp"] = {"Sekapan"},<br />
["skq"] = {"Sininkere"},<br />
["skr"] = {"Saraiki", "Seraiki"},<br />
["sks"] = {"Maia"},<br />
["skt"] = {"Sakata"},<br />
["sku"] = {"Sakao"},<br />
["skv"] = {"Skou"},<br />
["skw"] = {"Skepi Creole Dutch"},<br />
["skx"] = {"Seko Padang"},<br />
["sky"] = {"Sikaiana"},<br />
["skz"] = {"Sekar"},<br />
["slc"] = {"Sáliba"},<br />
["sld"] = {"Sissala"},<br />
["sle"] = {"Sholaga"},<br />
["slf"] = {"Swiss-Italian Sign Language"},<br />
["slg"] = {"Selungai Murut"},<br />
["slh"] = {"Southern Puget Sound Salish"},<br />
["sli"] = {"Lower Silesian"},<br />
["slj"] = {"Salumá"},<br />
["slk"] = {"Slovak"},<br />
["sll"] = {"Salt-Yui"},<br />
["slm"] = {"Pangutaran Sama"},<br />
["sln"] = {"Salinan"},<br />
["slp"] = {"Lamaholot"},<br />
["slq"] = {"Salchuq"},<br />
["slr"] = {"Salar"},<br />
["sls"] = {"Singapore Sign Language"},<br />
["slt"] = {"Sila"},<br />
["slu"] = {"Selaru"},<br />
["slv"] = {"Slovenian"},<br />
["slw"] = {"Sialum"},<br />
["slx"] = {"Salampasu"},<br />
["sly"] = {"Selayar"},<br />
["slz"] = {"Ma'ya"},<br />
["sma"] = {"Southern Sami"},<br />
["smb"] = {"Simbari"},<br />
["smc"] = {"Som"},<br />
["smd"] = {"Sama"},<br />
["sme"] = {"Northern Sami"},<br />
["smf"] = {"Auwe"},<br />
["smg"] = {"Simbali"},<br />
["smh"] = {"Samei"},<br />
["smj"] = {"Lule Sami"},<br />
["smk"] = {"Bolinao"},<br />
["sml"] = {"Central Sama"},<br />
["smm"] = {"Musasa"},<br />
["smn"] = {"Inari Sami"},<br />
["smo"] = {"Samoan"},<br />
["smp"] = {"Samaritan"},<br />
["smq"] = {"Samo"},<br />
["smr"] = {"Simeulue"},<br />
["sms"] = {"Skolt Sami"},<br />
["smt"] = {"Simte"},<br />
["smu"] = {"Somray"},<br />
["smv"] = {"Samvedi"},<br />
["smw"] = {"Sumbawa"},<br />
["smx"] = {"Samba"},<br />
["smy"] = {"Semnani"},<br />
["smz"] = {"Simeku"},<br />
["sna"] = {"Shona"},<br />
["snb"] = {"Sebuyau"},<br />
["snc"] = {"Sinaugoro"},<br />
["snd"] = {"Sindhi"},<br />
["sne"] = {"Bau Bidayuh"},<br />
["snf"] = {"Noon"},<br />
["sng"] = {"Sanga (Democratic Republic of Congo)"},<br />
["sni"] = {"Sensi"},<br />
["snj"] = {"Riverain Sango"},<br />
["snk"] = {"Soninke"},<br />
["snl"] = {"Sangil"},<br />
["snm"] = {"Southern Ma'di"},<br />
["snn"] = {"Siona"},<br />
["sno"] = {"Snohomish"},<br />
["snp"] = {"Siane"},<br />
["snq"] = {"Sangu (Gabon)"},<br />
["snr"] = {"Sihan"},<br />
["sns"] = {"Nahavaq", "South West Bay"},<br />
["snu"] = {"Senggi", "Viid"},<br />
["snv"] = {"Sa'ban"},<br />
["snw"] = {"Selee"},<br />
["snx"] = {"Sam"},<br />
["sny"] = {"Saniyo-Hiyewe"},<br />
["snz"] = {"Kou"},<br />
["soa"] = {"Thai Song"},<br />
["sob"] = {"Sobei"},<br />
["soc"] = {"So (Democratic Republic of Congo)"},<br />
["sod"] = {"Songoora"},<br />
["soe"] = {"Songomeno"},<br />
["sog"] = {"Sogdian"},<br />
["soh"] = {"Aka"},<br />
["soi"] = {"Sonha"},<br />
["soj"] = {"Soi"},<br />
["sok"] = {"Sokoro"},<br />
["sol"] = {"Solos"},<br />
["som"] = {"Somali"},<br />
["soo"] = {"Songo"},<br />
["sop"] = {"Songe"},<br />
["soq"] = {"Kanasi"},<br />
["sor"] = {"Somrai"},<br />
["sos"] = {"Seeku"},<br />
["sot"] = {"Southern Sotho"},<br />
["sou"] = {"Southern Thai"},<br />
["sov"] = {"Sonsorol"},<br />
["sow"] = {"Sowanda"},<br />
["sox"] = {"Swo"},<br />
["soy"] = {"Miyobe"},<br />
["soz"] = {"Temi"},<br />
["spa"] = {"Castilian", "Spanish"},<br />
["spb"] = {"Sepa (Indonesia)"},<br />
["spc"] = {"Sapé"},<br />
["spd"] = {"Saep"},<br />
["spe"] = {"Sepa (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["spg"] = {"Sian"},<br />
["spi"] = {"Saponi"},<br />
["spk"] = {"Sengo"},<br />
["spl"] = {"Selepet"},<br />
["spm"] = {"Akukem"},<br />
["spn"] = {"Sanapaná"},<br />
["spo"] = {"Spokane"},<br />
["spp"] = {"Supyire Senoufo"},<br />
["spq"] = {"Loreto-Ucayali Spanish"},<br />
["spr"] = {"Saparua"},<br />
["sps"] = {"Saposa"},<br />
["spt"] = {"Spiti Bhoti"},<br />
["spu"] = {"Sapuan"},<br />
["spv"] = {"Kosli", "Sambalpuri"},<br />
["spx"] = {"South Picene"},<br />
["spy"] = {"Sabaot"},<br />
["sqa"] = {"Shama-Sambuga"},<br />
["sqh"] = {"Shau"},<br />
["sqi"] = {"Albanian"},<br />
["sqk"] = {"Albanian Sign Language"},<br />
["sqm"] = {"Suma"},<br />
["sqn"] = {"Susquehannock"},<br />
["sqo"] = {"Sorkhei"},<br />
["sqq"] = {"Sou"},<br />
["sqr"] = {"Siculo Arabic"},<br />
["sqs"] = {"Sri Lankan Sign Language"},<br />
["sqt"] = {"Soqotri"},<br />
["squ"] = {"Squamish"},<br />
["sra"] = {"Saruga"},<br />
["srb"] = {"Sora"},<br />
["src"] = {"Logudorese Sardinian"},<br />
["srd"] = {"Sardinian"},<br />
["sre"] = {"Sara"},<br />
["srf"] = {"Nafi"},<br />
["srg"] = {"Sulod"},<br />
["srh"] = {"Sarikoli"},<br />
["sri"] = {"Siriano"},<br />
["srk"] = {"Serudung Murut"},<br />
["srl"] = {"Isirawa"},<br />
["srm"] = {"Saramaccan"},<br />
["srn"] = {"Sranan Tongo"},<br />
["sro"] = {"Campidanese Sardinian"},<br />
["srp"] = {"Serbian"},<br />
["srq"] = {"Sirionó"},<br />
["srr"] = {"Serer"},<br />
["srs"] = {"Sarsi"},<br />
["srt"] = {"Sauri"},<br />
["sru"] = {"Suruí"},<br />
["srv"] = {"Southern Sorsoganon"},<br />
["srw"] = {"Serua"},<br />
["srx"] = {"Sirmauri"},<br />
["sry"] = {"Sera"},<br />
["srz"] = {"Shahmirzadi"},<br />
["ssb"] = {"Southern Sama"},<br />
["ssc"] = {"Suba-Simbiti"},<br />
["ssd"] = {"Siroi"},<br />
["sse"] = {"Balangingi", "Bangingih Sama"},<br />
["ssf"] = {"Thao"},<br />
["ssg"] = {"Seimat"},<br />
["ssh"] = {"Shihhi Arabic"},<br />
["ssi"] = {"Sansi"},<br />
["ssj"] = {"Sausi"},<br />
["ssk"] = {"Sunam"},<br />
["ssl"] = {"Western Sisaala"},<br />
["ssm"] = {"Semnam"},<br />
["ssn"] = {"Waata"},<br />
["sso"] = {"Sissano"},<br />
["ssp"] = {"Spanish Sign Language"},<br />
["ssq"] = {"So'a"},<br />
["ssr"] = {"Swiss-French Sign Language"},<br />
["sss"] = {"Sô"},<br />
["sst"] = {"Sinasina"},<br />
["ssu"] = {"Susuami"},<br />
["ssv"] = {"Shark Bay"},<br />
["ssw"] = {"Swati"},<br />
["ssx"] = {"Samberigi"},<br />
["ssy"] = {"Saho"},<br />
["ssz"] = {"Sengseng"},<br />
["sta"] = {"Settla"},<br />
["stb"] = {"Northern Subanen"},<br />
["std"] = {"Sentinel"},<br />
["ste"] = {"Liana-Seti"},<br />
["stf"] = {"Seta"},<br />
["stg"] = {"Trieng"},<br />
["sth"] = {"Shelta"},<br />
["sti"] = {"Bulo Stieng"},<br />
["stj"] = {"Matya Samo"},<br />
["stk"] = {"Arammba"},<br />
["stl"] = {"Stellingwerfs"},<br />
["stm"] = {"Setaman"},<br />
["stn"] = {"Owa"},<br />
["sto"] = {"Stoney"},<br />
["stp"] = {"Southeastern Tepehuan"},<br />
["stq"] = {"Saterfriesisch"},<br />
["str"] = {"Straits Salish"},<br />
["sts"] = {"Shumashti"},<br />
["stt"] = {"Budeh Stieng"},<br />
["stu"] = {"Samtao"},<br />
["stv"] = {"Silt'e"},<br />
["stw"] = {"Satawalese"},<br />
["sty"] = {"Siberian Tatar"},<br />
["sua"] = {"Sulka"},<br />
["sub"] = {"Suku"},<br />
["suc"] = {"Western Subanon"},<br />
["sue"] = {"Suena"},<br />
["sug"] = {"Suganga"},<br />
["sui"] = {"Suki"},<br />
["suj"] = {"Shubi"},<br />
["suk"] = {"Sukuma"},<br />
["sun"] = {"Sundanese"},<br />
["suq"] = {"Suri"},<br />
["sur"] = {"Mwaghavul"},<br />
["sus"] = {"Susu"},<br />
["sut"] = {"Subtiaba"},<br />
["suv"] = {"Puroik"},<br />
["suw"] = {"Sumbwa"},<br />
["sux"] = {"Sumerian"},<br />
["suy"] = {"Suyá"},<br />
["suz"] = {"Sunwar"},<br />
["sva"] = {"Svan"},<br />
["svb"] = {"Ulau-Suain"},<br />
["svc"] = {"Vincentian Creole English"},<br />
["sve"] = {"Serili"},<br />
["svk"] = {"Slovakian Sign Language"},<br />
["svm"] = {"Slavomolisano"},<br />
["svs"] = {"Savosavo"},<br />
["svx"] = {"Skalvian"},<br />
["swa"] = {"Swahili (macrolanguage)"},<br />
["swb"] = {"Maore Comorian"},<br />
["swc"] = {"Congo Swahili"},<br />
["swe"] = {"Swedish"},<br />
["swf"] = {"Sere"},<br />
["swg"] = {"Swabian"},<br />
["swh"] = {"Kiswahili", "Swahili (individual language)"},<br />
["swi"] = {"Sui"},<br />
["swj"] = {"Sira"},<br />
["swk"] = {"Malawi Sena"},<br />
["swl"] = {"Swedish Sign Language"},<br />
["swm"] = {"Samosa"},<br />
["swn"] = {"Sawknah"},<br />
["swo"] = {"Shanenawa"},<br />
["swp"] = {"Suau"},<br />
["swq"] = {"Sharwa"},<br />
["swr"] = {"Saweru"},<br />
["sws"] = {"Seluwasan"},<br />
["swt"] = {"Sawila"},<br />
["swu"] = {"Suwawa"},<br />
["swv"] = {"Shekhawati"},<br />
["sww"] = {"Sowa"},<br />
["swx"] = {"Suruahá"},<br />
["swy"] = {"Sarua"},<br />
["sxb"] = {"Suba"},<br />
["sxc"] = {"Sicanian"},<br />
["sxe"] = {"Sighu"},<br />
["sxg"] = {"Shixing", "Shuhi"},<br />
["sxk"] = {"Southern Kalapuya"},<br />
["sxl"] = {"Selian"},<br />
["sxm"] = {"Samre"},<br />
["sxn"] = {"Sangir"},<br />
["sxo"] = {"Sorothaptic"},<br />
["sxr"] = {"Saaroa"},<br />
["sxs"] = {"Sasaru"},<br />
["sxu"] = {"Upper Saxon"},<br />
["sxw"] = {"Saxwe Gbe"},<br />
["sya"] = {"Siang"},<br />
["syb"] = {"Central Subanen"},<br />
["syc"] = {"Classical Syriac"},<br />
["syi"] = {"Seki"},<br />
["syk"] = {"Sukur"},<br />
["syl"] = {"Sylheti"},<br />
["sym"] = {"Maya Samo"},<br />
["syn"] = {"Senaya"},<br />
["syo"] = {"Suoy"},<br />
["syr"] = {"Syriac"},<br />
["sys"] = {"Sinyar"},<br />
["syw"] = {"Kagate"},<br />
["syx"] = {"Samay"},<br />
["syy"] = {"Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language"},<br />
["sza"] = {"Semelai"},<br />
["szb"] = {"Ngalum"},<br />
["szc"] = {"Semaq Beri"},<br />
["szd"] = {"Seru"},<br />
["sze"] = {"Seze"},<br />
["szg"] = {"Sengele"},<br />
["szl"] = {"Silesian"},<br />
["szn"] = {"Sula"},<br />
["szp"] = {"Suabo"},<br />
["szs"] = {"Solomon Islands Sign Language"},<br />
["szv"] = {"Isu (Fako Division)"},<br />
["szw"] = {"Sawai"},<br />
["szy"] = {"Sakizaya"},<br />
["taa"] = {"Lower Tanana"},<br />
["tab"] = {"Tabassaran"},<br />
["tac"] = {"Lowland Tarahumara"},<br />
["tad"] = {"Tause"},<br />
["tae"] = {"Tariana"},<br />
["taf"] = {"Tapirapé"},<br />
["tag"] = {"Tagoi"},<br />
["tah"] = {"Tahitian"},<br />
["taj"] = {"Eastern Tamang"},<br />
["tak"] = {"Tala"},<br />
["tal"] = {"Tal"},<br />
["tam"] = {"Tamil"},<br />
["tan"] = {"Tangale"},<br />
["tao"] = {"Yami"},<br />
["tap"] = {"Taabwa"},<br />
["taq"] = {"Tamasheq"},<br />
["tar"] = {"Central Tarahumara"},<br />
["tas"] = {"Tay Boi"},<br />
["tat"] = {"Tatar"},<br />
["tau"] = {"Upper Tanana"},<br />
["tav"] = {"Tatuyo"},<br />
["taw"] = {"Tai"},<br />
["tax"] = {"Tamki"},<br />
["tay"] = {"Atayal"},<br />
["taz"] = {"Tocho"},<br />
["tba"] = {"Aikanã"},<br />
["tbb"] = {"Tapeba"},<br />
["tbc"] = {"Takia"},<br />
["tbd"] = {"Kaki Ae"},<br />
["tbe"] = {"Tanimbili"},<br />
["tbf"] = {"Mandara"},<br />
["tbg"] = {"North Tairora"},<br />
["tbh"] = {"Dharawal", "Thurawal"},<br />
["tbi"] = {"Gaam"},<br />
["tbj"] = {"Tiang"},<br />
["tbk"] = {"Calamian Tagbanwa"},<br />
["tbl"] = {"Tboli"},<br />
["tbm"] = {"Tagbu"},<br />
["tbn"] = {"Barro Negro Tunebo"},<br />
["tbo"] = {"Tawala"},<br />
["tbp"] = {"Diebroud", "Taworta"},<br />
["tbr"] = {"Tumtum"},<br />
["tbs"] = {"Tanguat"},<br />
["tbt"] = {"Tembo (Kitembo)"},<br />
["tbu"] = {"Tubar"},<br />
["tbv"] = {"Tobo"},<br />
["tbw"] = {"Tagbanwa"},<br />
["tbx"] = {"Kapin"},<br />
["tby"] = {"Tabaru"},<br />
["tbz"] = {"Ditammari"},<br />
["tca"] = {"Ticuna"},<br />
["tcb"] = {"Tanacross"},<br />
["tcc"] = {"Datooga"},<br />
["tcd"] = {"Tafi"},<br />
["tce"] = {"Southern Tutchone"},<br />
["tcf"] = {"Malinaltepec Me'phaa", "Malinaltepec Tlapanec"},<br />
["tcg"] = {"Tamagario"},<br />
["tch"] = {"Turks And Caicos Creole English"},<br />
["tci"] = {"Wára"},<br />
["tck"] = {"Tchitchege"},<br />
["tcl"] = {"Taman (Myanmar)"},<br />
["tcm"] = {"Tanahmerah"},<br />
["tcn"] = {"Tichurong"},<br />
["tco"] = {"Taungyo"},<br />
["tcp"] = {"Tawr Chin"},<br />
["tcq"] = {"Kaiy"},<br />
["tcs"] = {"Torres Strait Creole", "Yumplatok"},<br />
["tct"] = {"T'en"},<br />
["tcu"] = {"Southeastern Tarahumara"},<br />
["tcw"] = {"Tecpatlán Totonac"},<br />
["tcx"] = {"Toda"},<br />
["tcy"] = {"Tulu"},<br />
["tcz"] = {"Thado Chin"},<br />
["tda"] = {"Tagdal"},<br />
["tdb"] = {"Panchpargania"},<br />
["tdc"] = {"Emberá-Tadó"},<br />
["tdd"] = {"Tai Nüa"},<br />
["tde"] = {"Tiranige Diga Dogon"},<br />
["tdf"] = {"Talieng"},<br />
["tdg"] = {"Western Tamang"},<br />
["tdh"] = {"Thulung"},<br />
["tdi"] = {"Tomadino"},<br />
["tdj"] = {"Tajio"},<br />
["tdk"] = {"Tambas"},<br />
["tdl"] = {"Sur"},<br />
["tdm"] = {"Taruma"},<br />
["tdn"] = {"Tondano"},<br />
["tdo"] = {"Teme"},<br />
["tdq"] = {"Tita"},<br />
["tdr"] = {"Todrah"},<br />
["tds"] = {"Doutai"},<br />
["tdt"] = {"Tetun Dili"},<br />
["tdv"] = {"Toro"},<br />
["tdx"] = {"Tandroy-Mahafaly Malagasy"},<br />
["tdy"] = {"Tadyawan"},<br />
["tea"] = {"Temiar"},<br />
["teb"] = {"Tetete"},<br />
["tec"] = {"Terik"},<br />
["ted"] = {"Tepo Krumen"},<br />
["tee"] = {"Huehuetla Tepehua"},<br />
["tef"] = {"Teressa"},<br />
["teg"] = {"Teke-Tege"},<br />
["teh"] = {"Tehuelche"},<br />
["tei"] = {"Torricelli"},<br />
["tek"] = {"Ibali Teke"},<br />
["tel"] = {"Telugu"},<br />
["tem"] = {"Timne"},<br />
["ten"] = {"Tama (Colombia)"},<br />
["teo"] = {"Teso"},<br />
["tep"] = {"Tepecano"},<br />
["teq"] = {"Temein"},<br />
["ter"] = {"Tereno"},<br />
["tes"] = {"Tengger"},<br />
["tet"] = {"Tetum"},<br />
["teu"] = {"Soo"},<br />
["tev"] = {"Teor"},<br />
["tew"] = {"Tewa (USA)"},<br />
["tex"] = {"Tennet"},<br />
["tey"] = {"Tulishi"},<br />
["tez"] = {"Tetserret"},<br />
["tfi"] = {"Tofin Gbe"},<br />
["tfn"] = {"Tanaina"},<br />
["tfo"] = {"Tefaro"},<br />
["tfr"] = {"Teribe"},<br />
["tft"] = {"Ternate"},<br />
["tga"] = {"Sagalla"},<br />
["tgb"] = {"Tobilung"},<br />
["tgc"] = {"Tigak"},<br />
["tgd"] = {"Ciwogai"},<br />
["tge"] = {"Eastern Gorkha Tamang"},<br />
["tgf"] = {"Chalikha"},<br />
["tgh"] = {"Tobagonian Creole English"},<br />
["tgi"] = {"Lawunuia"},<br />
["tgj"] = {"Tagin"},<br />
["tgk"] = {"Tajik"},<br />
["tgl"] = {"Tagalog"},<br />
["tgn"] = {"Tandaganon"},<br />
["tgo"] = {"Sudest"},<br />
["tgp"] = {"Tangoa"},<br />
["tgq"] = {"Tring"},<br />
["tgr"] = {"Tareng"},<br />
["tgs"] = {"Nume"},<br />
["tgt"] = {"Central Tagbanwa"},<br />
["tgu"] = {"Tanggu"},<br />
["tgv"] = {"Tingui-Boto"},<br />
["tgw"] = {"Tagwana Senoufo"},<br />
["tgx"] = {"Tagish"},<br />
["tgy"] = {"Togoyo"},<br />
["tgz"] = {"Tagalaka"},<br />
["tha"] = {"Thai"},<br />
["thd"] = {"Kuuk Thaayorre", "Thayore"},<br />
["the"] = {"Chitwania Tharu"},<br />
["thf"] = {"Thangmi"},<br />
["thh"] = {"Northern Tarahumara"},<br />
["thi"] = {"Tai Long"},<br />
["thk"] = {"Kitharaka", "Tharaka"},<br />
["thl"] = {"Dangaura Tharu"},<br />
["thm"] = {"Aheu"},<br />
["thn"] = {"Thachanadan"},<br />
["thp"] = {"Thompson"},<br />
["thq"] = {"Kochila Tharu"},<br />
["thr"] = {"Rana Tharu"},<br />
["ths"] = {"Thakali"},<br />
["tht"] = {"Tahltan"},<br />
["thu"] = {"Thuri"},<br />
["thv"] = {"Tahaggart Tamahaq"},<br />
["thw"] = {"Thudam"},<br />
["thy"] = {"Tha"},<br />
["thz"] = {"Tayart Tamajeq"},<br />
["tia"] = {"Tidikelt Tamazight"},<br />
["tic"] = {"Tira"},<br />
["tif"] = {"Tifal"},<br />
["tig"] = {"Tigre"},<br />
["tih"] = {"Timugon Murut"},<br />
["tii"] = {"Tiene"},<br />
["tij"] = {"Tilung"},<br />
["tik"] = {"Tikar"},<br />
["til"] = {"Tillamook"},<br />
["tim"] = {"Timbe"},<br />
["tin"] = {"Tindi"},<br />
["tio"] = {"Teop"},<br />
["tip"] = {"Trimuris"},<br />
["tiq"] = {"Tiéfo"},<br />
["tir"] = {"Tigrinya"},<br />
["tis"] = {"Masadiit Itneg"},<br />
["tit"] = {"Tinigua"},<br />
["tiu"] = {"Adasen"},<br />
["tiv"] = {"Tiv"},<br />
["tiw"] = {"Tiwi"},<br />
["tix"] = {"Southern Tiwa"},<br />
["tiy"] = {"Tiruray"},<br />
["tiz"] = {"Tai Hongjin"},<br />
["tja"] = {"Tajuasohn"},<br />
["tjg"] = {"Tunjung"},<br />
["tji"] = {"Northern Tujia"},<br />
["tjj"] = {"Tjungundji"},<br />
["tjl"] = {"Tai Laing"},<br />
["tjm"] = {"Timucua"},<br />
["tjn"] = {"Tonjon"},<br />
["tjo"] = {"Temacine Tamazight"},<br />
["tjp"] = {"Tjupany"},<br />
["tjs"] = {"Southern Tujia"},<br />
["tju"] = {"Tjurruru"},<br />
["tjw"] = {"Djabwurrung"},<br />
["tka"] = {"Truká"},<br />
["tkb"] = {"Buksa"},<br />
["tkd"] = {"Tukudede"},<br />
["tke"] = {"Takwane"},<br />
["tkf"] = {"Tukumanféd"},<br />
["tkg"] = {"Tesaka Malagasy"},<br />
["tkl"] = {"Tokelau"},<br />
["tkm"] = {"Takelma"},<br />
["tkn"] = {"Toku-No-Shima"},<br />
["tkp"] = {"Tikopia"},<br />
["tkq"] = {"Tee"},<br />
["tkr"] = {"Tsakhur"},<br />
["tks"] = {"Takestani"},<br />
["tkt"] = {"Kathoriya Tharu"},<br />
["tku"] = {"Upper Necaxa Totonac"},<br />
["tkv"] = {"Mur Pano"},<br />
["tkw"] = {"Teanu"},<br />
["tkx"] = {"Tangko"},<br />
["tkz"] = {"Takua"},<br />
["tla"] = {"Southwestern Tepehuan"},<br />
["tlb"] = {"Tobelo"},<br />
["tlc"] = {"Yecuatla Totonac"},<br />
["tld"] = {"Talaud"},<br />
["tlf"] = {"Telefol"},<br />
["tlg"] = {"Tofanma"},<br />
["tlh"] = {"Klingon", "tlhIngan Hol"},<br />
["tli"] = {"Tlingit"},<br />
["tlj"] = {"Talinga-Bwisi"},<br />
["tlk"] = {"Taloki"},<br />
["tll"] = {"Tetela"},<br />
["tlm"] = {"Tolomako"},<br />
["tln"] = {"Talondo'"},<br />
["tlo"] = {"Talodi"},<br />
["tlp"] = {"Filomena Mata-Coahuitlán Totonac"},<br />
["tlq"] = {"Tai Loi"},<br />
["tlr"] = {"Talise"},<br />
["tls"] = {"Tambotalo"},<br />
["tlt"] = {"Sou Nama", "Teluti"},<br />
["tlu"] = {"Tulehu"},<br />
["tlv"] = {"Taliabu"},<br />
["tlx"] = {"Khehek"},<br />
["tly"] = {"Talysh"},<br />
["tma"] = {"Tama (Chad)"},<br />
["tmb"] = {"Avava", "Katbol"},<br />
["tmc"] = {"Tumak"},<br />
["tmd"] = {"Haruai"},<br />
["tme"] = {"Tremembé"},<br />
["tmf"] = {"Toba-Maskoy"},<br />
["tmg"] = {"Ternateño"},<br />
["tmh"] = {"Tamashek"},<br />
["tmi"] = {"Tutuba"},<br />
["tmj"] = {"Samarokena"},<br />
["tmk"] = {"Northwestern Tamang"},<br />
["tml"] = {"Tamnim Citak"},<br />
["tmm"] = {"Tai Thanh"},<br />
["tmn"] = {"Taman (Indonesia)"},<br />
["tmo"] = {"Temoq"},<br />
["tmq"] = {"Tumleo"},<br />
["tmr"] = {"Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (ca. 200-1200 CE)"},<br />
["tms"] = {"Tima"},<br />
["tmt"] = {"Tasmate"},<br />
["tmu"] = {"Iau"},<br />
["tmv"] = {"Tembo (Motembo)"},<br />
["tmw"] = {"Temuan"},<br />
["tmy"] = {"Tami"},<br />
["tmz"] = {"Tamanaku"},<br />
["tna"] = {"Tacana"},<br />
["tnb"] = {"Western Tunebo"},<br />
["tnc"] = {"Tanimuca-Retuarã"},<br />
["tnd"] = {"Angosturas Tunebo"},<br />
["tng"] = {"Tobanga"},<br />
["tnh"] = {"Maiani"},<br />
["tni"] = {"Tandia"},<br />
["tnk"] = {"Kwamera"},<br />
["tnl"] = {"Lenakel"},<br />
["tnm"] = {"Tabla"},<br />
["tnn"] = {"North Tanna"},<br />
["tno"] = {"Toromono"},<br />
["tnp"] = {"Whitesands"},<br />
["tnq"] = {"Taino"},<br />
["tnr"] = {"Ménik"},<br />
["tns"] = {"Tenis"},<br />
["tnt"] = {"Tontemboan"},<br />
["tnu"] = {"Tay Khang"},<br />
["tnv"] = {"Tangchangya"},<br />
["tnw"] = {"Tonsawang"},<br />
["tnx"] = {"Tanema"},<br />
["tny"] = {"Tongwe"},<br />
["tnz"] = {"Ten'edn"},<br />
["tob"] = {"Toba"},<br />
["toc"] = {"Coyutla Totonac"},<br />
["tod"] = {"Toma"},<br />
["tof"] = {"Gizrra"},<br />
["tog"] = {"Tonga (Nyasa)"},<br />
["toh"] = {"Gitonga"},<br />
["toi"] = {"Tonga (Zambia)"},<br />
["toj"] = {"Tojolabal"},<br />
["tol"] = {"Tolowa"},<br />
["tom"] = {"Tombulu"},<br />
["ton"] = {"Tonga (Tonga Islands)"},<br />
["too"] = {"Xicotepec De Juárez Totonac"},<br />
["top"] = {"Papantla Totonac"},<br />
["toq"] = {"Toposa"},<br />
["tor"] = {"Togbo-Vara Banda"},<br />
["tos"] = {"Highland Totonac"},<br />
["tou"] = {"Tho"},<br />
["tov"] = {"Upper Taromi"},<br />
["tow"] = {"Jemez"},<br />
["tox"] = {"Tobian"},<br />
["toy"] = {"Topoiyo"},<br />
["toz"] = {"To"},<br />
["tpa"] = {"Taupota"},<br />
["tpc"] = {"Azoyú Me'phaa", "Azoyú Tlapanec"},<br />
["tpe"] = {"Tippera"},<br />
["tpf"] = {"Tarpia"},<br />
["tpg"] = {"Kula"},<br />
["tpi"] = {"Tok Pisin"},<br />
["tpj"] = {"Tapieté"},<br />
["tpk"] = {"Tupinikin"},<br />
["tpl"] = {"Tlacoapa Me'phaa", "Tlacoapa Tlapanec"},<br />
["tpm"] = {"Tampulma"},<br />
["tpn"] = {"Tupinambá"},<br />
["tpo"] = {"Tai Pao"},<br />
["tpp"] = {"Pisaflores Tepehua"},<br />
["tpq"] = {"Tukpa"},<br />
["tpr"] = {"Tuparí"},<br />
["tpt"] = {"Tlachichilco Tepehua"},<br />
["tpu"] = {"Tampuan"},<br />
["tpv"] = {"Tanapag"},<br />
["tpw"] = {"Tupí"},<br />
["tpx"] = {"Acatepec Me'phaa", "Acatepec Tlapanec"},<br />
["tpy"] = {"Trumai"},<br />
["tpz"] = {"Tinputz"},<br />
["tqb"] = {"Tembé"},<br />
["tql"] = {"Lehali"},<br />
["tqm"] = {"Turumsa"},<br />
["tqn"] = {"Tenino"},<br />
["tqo"] = {"Toaripi"},<br />
["tqp"] = {"Tomoip"},<br />
["tqq"] = {"Tunni"},<br />
["tqr"] = {"Torona"},<br />
["tqt"] = {"Western Totonac"},<br />
["tqu"] = {"Touo"},<br />
["tqw"] = {"Tonkawa"},<br />
["tra"] = {"Tirahi"},<br />
["trb"] = {"Terebu"},<br />
["trc"] = {"Copala Triqui"},<br />
["trd"] = {"Turi"},<br />
["tre"] = {"East Tarangan"},<br />
["trf"] = {"Trinidadian Creole English"},<br />
["trg"] = {"Lishán Didán"},<br />
["trh"] = {"Turaka"},<br />
["tri"] = {"Trió"},<br />
["trj"] = {"Toram"},<br />
["trl"] = {"Traveller Scottish"},<br />
["trm"] = {"Tregami"},<br />
["trn"] = {"Trinitario"},<br />
["tro"] = {"Tarao Naga"},<br />
["trp"] = {"Kok Borok"},<br />
["trq"] = {"San Martín Itunyoso Triqui"},<br />
["trr"] = {"Taushiro"},<br />
["trs"] = {"Chicahuaxtla Triqui"},<br />
["trt"] = {"Tunggare"},<br />
["tru"] = {"Surayt", "Turoyo"},<br />
["trv"] = {"Taroko"},<br />
["trw"] = {"Torwali"},<br />
["trx"] = {"Tringgus-Sembaan Bidayuh"},<br />
["try"] = {"Turung"},<br />
["trz"] = {"Torá"},<br />
["tsa"] = {"Tsaangi"},<br />
["tsb"] = {"Tsamai"},<br />
["tsc"] = {"Tswa"},<br />
["tsd"] = {"Tsakonian"},<br />
["tse"] = {"Tunisian Sign Language"},<br />
["tsg"] = {"Tausug"},<br />
["tsh"] = {"Tsuvan"},<br />
["tsi"] = {"Tsimshian"},<br />
["tsj"] = {"Tshangla"},<br />
["tsk"] = {"Tseku"},<br />
["tsl"] = {"Ts'ün-Lao"},<br />
["tsm"] = {"Türk İşaret Dili", "Turkish Sign Language"},<br />
["tsn"] = {"Tswana"},<br />
["tso"] = {"Tsonga"},<br />
["tsp"] = {"Northern Toussian"},<br />
["tsq"] = {"Thai Sign Language"},<br />
["tsr"] = {"Akei"},<br />
["tss"] = {"Taiwan Sign Language"},<br />
["tst"] = {"Tondi Songway Kiini"},<br />
["tsu"] = {"Tsou"},<br />
["tsv"] = {"Tsogo"},<br />
["tsw"] = {"Tsishingini"},<br />
["tsx"] = {"Mubami"},<br />
["tsy"] = {"Tebul Sign Language"},<br />
["tsz"] = {"Purepecha"},<br />
["tta"] = {"Tutelo"},<br />
["ttb"] = {"Gaa"},<br />
["ttc"] = {"Tektiteko"},<br />
["ttd"] = {"Tauade"},<br />
["tte"] = {"Bwanabwana"},<br />
["ttf"] = {"Tuotomb"},<br />
["ttg"] = {"Tutong"},<br />
["tth"] = {"Upper Ta'oih"},<br />
["tti"] = {"Tobati"},<br />
["ttj"] = {"Tooro"},<br />
["ttk"] = {"Totoro"},<br />
["ttl"] = {"Totela"},<br />
["ttm"] = {"Northern Tutchone"},<br />
["ttn"] = {"Towei"},<br />
["tto"] = {"Lower Ta'oih"},<br />
["ttp"] = {"Tombelala"},<br />
["ttq"] = {"Tawallammat Tamajaq"},<br />
["ttr"] = {"Tera"},<br />
["tts"] = {"Northeastern Thai"},<br />
["ttt"] = {"Muslim Tat"},<br />
["ttu"] = {"Torau"},<br />
["ttv"] = {"Titan"},<br />
["ttw"] = {"Long Wat"},<br />
["tty"] = {"Sikaritai"},<br />
["ttz"] = {"Tsum"},<br />
["tua"] = {"Wiarumus"},<br />
["tub"] = {"Tübatulabal"},<br />
["tuc"] = {"Mutu"},<br />
["tud"] = {"Tuxá"},<br />
["tue"] = {"Tuyuca"},<br />
["tuf"] = {"Central Tunebo"},<br />
["tug"] = {"Tunia"},<br />
["tuh"] = {"Taulil"},<br />
["tui"] = {"Tupuri"},<br />
["tuj"] = {"Tugutil"},<br />
["tuk"] = {"Turkmen"},<br />
["tul"] = {"Tula"},<br />
["tum"] = {"Tumbuka"},<br />
["tun"] = {"Tunica"},<br />
["tuo"] = {"Tucano"},<br />
["tuq"] = {"Tedaga"},<br />
["tur"] = {"Turkish"},<br />
["tus"] = {"Tuscarora"},<br />
["tuu"] = {"Tututni"},<br />
["tuv"] = {"Turkana"},<br />
["tux"] = {"Tuxináwa"},<br />
["tuy"] = {"Tugen"},<br />
["tuz"] = {"Turka"},<br />
["tva"] = {"Vaghua"},<br />
["tvd"] = {"Tsuvadi"},<br />
["tve"] = {"Te'un"},<br />
["tvk"] = {"Southeast Ambrym"},<br />
["tvl"] = {"Tuvalu"},<br />
["tvm"] = {"Tela-Masbuar"},<br />
["tvn"] = {"Tavoyan"},<br />
["tvo"] = {"Tidore"},<br />
["tvs"] = {"Taveta"},<br />
["tvt"] = {"Tutsa Naga"},<br />
["tvu"] = {"Tunen"},<br />
["tvw"] = {"Sedoa"},<br />
["tvx"] = {"Taivoan"},<br />
["tvy"] = {"Timor Pidgin"},<br />
["twa"] = {"Twana"},<br />
["twb"] = {"Western Tawbuid"},<br />
["twc"] = {"Teshenawa"},<br />
["twd"] = {"Twents"},<br />
["twe"] = {"Tewa (Indonesia)"},<br />
["twf"] = {"Northern Tiwa"},<br />
["twg"] = {"Tereweng"},<br />
["twh"] = {"Tai Dón"},<br />
["twi"] = {"Twi"},<br />
["twl"] = {"Tawara"},<br />
["twm"] = {"Tawang Monpa"},<br />
["twn"] = {"Twendi"},<br />
["two"] = {"Tswapong"},<br />
["twp"] = {"Ere"},<br />
["twq"] = {"Tasawaq"},<br />
["twr"] = {"Southwestern Tarahumara"},<br />
["twt"] = {"Turiwára"},<br />
["twu"] = {"Termanu"},<br />
["tww"] = {"Tuwari"},<br />
["twx"] = {"Tewe"},<br />
["twy"] = {"Tawoyan"},<br />
["txa"] = {"Tombonuo"},<br />
["txb"] = {"Tokharian B"},<br />
["txc"] = {"Tsetsaut"},<br />
["txe"] = {"Totoli"},<br />
["txg"] = {"Tangut"},<br />
["txh"] = {"Thracian"},<br />
["txi"] = {"Ikpeng"},<br />
["txj"] = {"Tarjumo"},<br />
["txm"] = {"Tomini"},<br />
["txn"] = {"West Tarangan"},<br />
["txo"] = {"Toto"},<br />
["txq"] = {"Tii"},<br />
["txr"] = {"Tartessian"},<br />
["txs"] = {"Tonsea"},<br />
["txt"] = {"Citak"},<br />
["txu"] = {"Kayapó"},<br />
["txx"] = {"Tatana"},<br />
["txy"] = {"Tanosy Malagasy"},<br />
["tya"] = {"Tauya"},<br />
["tye"] = {"Kyanga"},<br />
["tyh"] = {"O'du"},<br />
["tyi"] = {"Teke-Tsaayi"},<br />
["tyj"] = {"Tai Do", "Tai Yo"},<br />
["tyl"] = {"Thu Lao"},<br />
["tyn"] = {"Kombai"},<br />
["typ"] = {"Thaypan"},<br />
["tyr"] = {"Tai Daeng"},<br />
["tys"] = {"Tày Sa Pa"},<br />
["tyt"] = {"Tày Tac"},<br />
["tyu"] = {"Kua"},<br />
["tyv"] = {"Tuvinian"},<br />
["tyx"] = {"Teke-Tyee"},<br />
["tyz"] = {"Tày"},<br />
["tza"] = {"Tanzanian Sign Language"},<br />
["tzh"] = {"Tzeltal"},<br />
["tzj"] = {"Tz'utujil"},<br />
["tzl"] = {"Talossan"},<br />
["tzm"] = {"Central Atlas Tamazight"},<br />
["tzn"] = {"Tugun"},<br />
["tzo"] = {"Tzotzil"},<br />
["tzx"] = {"Tabriak"},<br />
["uam"] = {"Uamué"},<br />
["uan"] = {"Kuan"},<br />
["uar"] = {"Tairuma"},<br />
["uba"] = {"Ubang"},<br />
["ubi"] = {"Ubi"},<br />
["ubl"] = {"Buhi'non Bikol"},<br />
["ubr"] = {"Ubir"},<br />
["ubu"] = {"Umbu-Ungu"},<br />
["uby"] = {"Ubykh"},<br />
["uda"] = {"Uda"},<br />
["ude"] = {"Udihe"},<br />
["udg"] = {"Muduga"},<br />
["udi"] = {"Udi"},<br />
["udj"] = {"Ujir"},<br />
["udl"] = {"Wuzlam"},<br />
["udm"] = {"Udmurt"},<br />
["udu"] = {"Uduk"},<br />
["ues"] = {"Kioko"},<br />
["ufi"] = {"Ufim"},<br />
["uga"] = {"Ugaritic"},<br />
["ugb"] = {"Kuku-Ugbanh"},<br />
["uge"] = {"Ughele"},<br />
["ugn"] = {"Ugandan Sign Language"},<br />
["ugo"] = {"Ugong"},<br />
["ugy"] = {"Uruguayan Sign Language"},<br />
["uha"] = {"Uhami"},<br />
["uhn"] = {"Damal"},<br />
["uig"] = {"Uighur", "Uyghur"},<br />
["uis"] = {"Uisai"},<br />
["uiv"] = {"Iyive"},<br />
["uji"] = {"Tanjijili"},<br />
["uka"] = {"Kaburi"},<br />
["ukg"] = {"Ukuriguma"},<br />
["ukh"] = {"Ukhwejo"},<br />
["ukk"] = {"Muak Sa-aak"},<br />
["ukl"] = {"Ukrainian Sign Language"},<br />
["ukp"] = {"Ukpe-Bayobiri"},<br />
["ukq"] = {"Ukwa"},<br />
["ukr"] = {"Ukrainian"},<br />
["uks"] = {"Kaapor Sign Language", "Urubú-Kaapor Sign Language"},<br />
["uku"] = {"Ukue"},<br />
["ukw"] = {"Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni"},<br />
["uky"] = {"Kuuk-Yak"},<br />
["ula"] = {"Fungwa"},<br />
["ulb"] = {"Ulukwumi"},<br />
["ulc"] = {"Ulch"},<br />
["ule"] = {"Lule"},<br />
["ulf"] = {"Afra", "Usku"},<br />
["uli"] = {"Ulithian"},<br />
["ulk"] = {"Meriam Mir"},<br />
["ull"] = {"Ullatan"},<br />
["ulm"] = {"Ulumanda'"},<br />
["uln"] = {"Unserdeutsch"},<br />
["ulu"] = {"Uma' Lung"},<br />
["ulw"] = {"Ulwa"},<br />
["uma"] = {"Umatilla"},<br />
["umb"] = {"Umbundu"},<br />
["umc"] = {"Marrucinian"},<br />
["umd"] = {"Umbindhamu"},<br />
["umg"] = {"Morrobalama", "Umbuygamu"},<br />
["umi"] = {"Ukit"},<br />
["umm"] = {"Umon"},<br />
["umn"] = {"Makyan Naga"},<br />
["umo"] = {"Umotína"},<br />
["ump"] = {"Umpila"},<br />
["umr"] = {"Umbugarla"},<br />
["ums"] = {"Pendau"},<br />
["umu"] = {"Munsee"},<br />
["una"] = {"North Watut"},<br />
["und"] = {"Undetermined"},<br />
["une"] = {"Uneme"},<br />
["ung"] = {"Ngarinyin"},<br />
["unk"] = {"Enawené-Nawé"},<br />
["unm"] = {"Unami"},<br />
["unn"] = {"Kurnai"},<br />
["unr"] = {"Mundari"},<br />
["unu"] = {"Unubahe"},<br />
["unx"] = {"Munda"},<br />
["unz"] = {"Unde Kaili"},<br />
["upi"] = {"Umeda"},<br />
["upv"] = {"Uripiv-Wala-Rano-Atchin"},<br />
["ura"] = {"Urarina"},<br />
["urb"] = {"Kaapor", "Urubú-Kaapor"},<br />
["urc"] = {"Urningangg"},<br />
["urd"] = {"Urdu"},<br />
["ure"] = {"Uru"},<br />
["urf"] = {"Uradhi"},<br />
["urg"] = {"Urigina"},<br />
["urh"] = {"Urhobo"},<br />
["uri"] = {"Urim"},<br />
["urk"] = {"Urak Lawoi'"},<br />
["url"] = {"Urali"},<br />
["urm"] = {"Urapmin"},<br />
["urn"] = {"Uruangnirin"},<br />
["uro"] = {"Ura (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["urp"] = {"Uru-Pa-In"},<br />
["urr"] = {"Lehalurup", "Löyöp"},<br />
["urt"] = {"Urat"},<br />
["uru"] = {"Urumi"},<br />
["urv"] = {"Uruava"},<br />
["urw"] = {"Sop"},<br />
["urx"] = {"Urimo"},<br />
["ury"] = {"Orya"},<br />
["urz"] = {"Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau"},<br />
["usa"] = {"Usarufa"},<br />
["ush"] = {"Ushojo"},<br />
["usi"] = {"Usui"},<br />
["usk"] = {"Usaghade"},<br />
["usp"] = {"Uspanteco"},<br />
["uss"] = {"us-Saare"},<br />
["usu"] = {"Uya"},<br />
["uta"] = {"Otank"},<br />
["ute"] = {"Ute-Southern Paiute"},<br />
["uth"] = {"ut-Hun"},<br />
["utp"] = {"Amba (Solomon Islands)"},<br />
["utr"] = {"Etulo"},<br />
["utu"] = {"Utu"},<br />
["uum"] = {"Urum"},<br />
["uun"] = {"Kulon-Pazeh"},<br />
["uur"] = {"Ura (Vanuatu)"},<br />
["uuu"] = {"U"},<br />
["uve"] = {"Fagauvea", "West Uvean"},<br />
["uvh"] = {"Uri"},<br />
["uvl"] = {"Lote"},<br />
["uwa"] = {"Kuku-Uwanh"},<br />
["uya"] = {"Doko-Uyanga"},<br />
["uzb"] = {"Uzbek"},<br />
["uzn"] = {"Northern Uzbek"},<br />
["uzs"] = {"Southern Uzbek"},<br />
["vaa"] = {"Vaagri Booli"},<br />
["vae"] = {"Vale"},<br />
["vaf"] = {"Vafsi"},<br />
["vag"] = {"Vagla"},<br />
["vah"] = {"Varhadi-Nagpuri"},<br />
["vai"] = {"Vai"},<br />
["vaj"] = {"Northwestern ǃKung", "Sekele", "Vasekele"},<br />
["val"] = {"Vehes"},<br />
["vam"] = {"Vanimo"},<br />
["van"] = {"Valman"},<br />
["vao"] = {"Vao"},<br />
["vap"] = {"Vaiphei"},<br />
["var"] = {"Huarijio"},<br />
["vas"] = {"Vasavi"},<br />
["vau"] = {"Vanuma"},<br />
["vav"] = {"Varli"},<br />
["vay"] = {"Wayu"},<br />
["vbb"] = {"Southeast Babar"},<br />
["vbk"] = {"Southwestern Bontok"},<br />
["vec"] = {"Venetian"},<br />
["ved"] = {"Veddah"},<br />
["vel"] = {"Veluws"},<br />
["vem"] = {"Vemgo-Mabas"},<br />
["ven"] = {"Venda"},<br />
["veo"] = {"Ventureño"},<br />
["vep"] = {"Veps"},<br />
["ver"] = {"Mom Jango"},<br />
["vgr"] = {"Vaghri"},<br />
["vgt"] = {"Flemish Sign Language", "Vlaamse Gebarentaal"},<br />
["vic"] = {"Virgin Islands Creole English"},<br />
["vid"] = {"Vidunda"},<br />
["vie"] = {"Vietnamese"},<br />
["vif"] = {"Vili"},<br />
["vig"] = {"Viemo"},<br />
["vil"] = {"Vilela"},<br />
["vin"] = {"Vinza"},<br />
["vis"] = {"Vishavan"},<br />
["vit"] = {"Viti"},<br />
["viv"] = {"Iduna"},<br />
["vka"] = {"Kariyarra"},<br />
["vki"] = {"Ija-Zuba"},<br />
["vkj"] = {"Kujarge"},<br />
["vkk"] = {"Kaur"},<br />
["vkl"] = {"Kulisusu"},<br />
["vkm"] = {"Kamakan"},<br />
["vko"] = {"Kodeoha"},<br />
["vkp"] = {"Korlai Creole Portuguese"},<br />
["vkt"] = {"Tenggarong Kutai Malay"},<br />
["vku"] = {"Kurrama"},<br />
["vlp"] = {"Valpei"},<br />
["vls"] = {"Vlaams"},<br />
["vma"] = {"Martuyhunira"},<br />
["vmb"] = {"Barbaram"},<br />
["vmc"] = {"Juxtlahuaca Mixtec"},<br />
["vmd"] = {"Mudu Koraga"},<br />
["vme"] = {"East Masela"},<br />
["vmf"] = {"Mainfränkisch"},<br />
["vmg"] = {"Lungalunga"},<br />
["vmh"] = {"Maraghei"},<br />
["vmi"] = {"Miwa"},<br />
["vmj"] = {"Ixtayutla Mixtec"},<br />
["vmk"] = {"Makhuwa-Shirima"},<br />
["vml"] = {"Malgana"},<br />
["vmm"] = {"Mitlatongo Mixtec"},<br />
["vmp"] = {"Soyaltepec Mazatec"},<br />
["vmq"] = {"Soyaltepec Mixtec"},<br />
["vmr"] = {"Marenje"},<br />
["vms"] = {"Moksela"},<br />
["vmu"] = {"Muluridyi"},<br />
["vmv"] = {"Valley Maidu"},<br />
["vmw"] = {"Makhuwa"},<br />
["vmx"] = {"Tamazola Mixtec"},<br />
["vmy"] = {"Ayautla Mazatec"},<br />
["vmz"] = {"Mazatlán Mazatec"},<br />
["vnk"] = {"Lovono", "Vano"},<br />
["vnm"] = {"Neve'ei", "Vinmavis"},<br />
["vnp"] = {"Vunapu"},<br />
["vol"] = {"Volapük"},<br />
["vor"] = {"Voro"},<br />
["vot"] = {"Votic"},<br />
["vra"] = {"Vera'a"},<br />
["vro"] = {"Võro"},<br />
["vrs"] = {"Varisi"},<br />
["vrt"] = {"Banam Bay", "Burmbar"},<br />
["vsi"] = {"Moldova Sign Language"},<br />
["vsl"] = {"Venezuelan Sign Language"},<br />
["vsv"] = {"Llengua de signes valenciana", "Valencian Sign Language"},<br />
["vto"] = {"Vitou"},<br />
["vum"] = {"Vumbu"},<br />
["vun"] = {"Vunjo"},<br />
["vut"] = {"Vute"},<br />
["vwa"] = {"Awa (China)"},<br />
["waa"] = {"Walla Walla"},<br />
["wab"] = {"Wab"},<br />
["wac"] = {"Wasco-Wishram"},<br />
["wad"] = {"Wandamen"},<br />
["wae"] = {"Walser"},<br />
["waf"] = {"Wakoná"},<br />
["wag"] = {"Wa'ema"},<br />
["wah"] = {"Watubela"},<br />
["wai"] = {"Wares"},<br />
["waj"] = {"Waffa"},<br />
["wal"] = {"Wolaitta", "Wolaytta"},<br />
["wam"] = {"Wampanoag"},<br />
["wan"] = {"Wan"},<br />
["wao"] = {"Wappo"},<br />
["wap"] = {"Wapishana"},<br />
["waq"] = {"Wagiman"},<br />
["war"] = {"Waray (Philippines)"},<br />
["was"] = {"Washo"},<br />
["wat"] = {"Kaninuwa"},<br />
["wau"] = {"Waurá"},<br />
["wav"] = {"Waka"},<br />
["waw"] = {"Waiwai"},<br />
["wax"] = {"Marangis", "Watam"},<br />
["way"] = {"Wayana"},<br />
["waz"] = {"Wampur"},<br />
["wba"] = {"Warao"},<br />
["wbb"] = {"Wabo"},<br />
["wbe"] = {"Waritai"},<br />
["wbf"] = {"Wara"},<br />
["wbh"] = {"Wanda"},<br />
["wbi"] = {"Vwanji"},<br />
["wbj"] = {"Alagwa"},<br />
["wbk"] = {"Waigali"},<br />
["wbl"] = {"Wakhi"},<br />
["wbm"] = {"Wa"},<br />
["wbp"] = {"Warlpiri"},<br />
["wbq"] = {"Waddar"},<br />
["wbr"] = {"Wagdi"},<br />
["wbs"] = {"West Bengal Sign Language"},<br />
["wbt"] = {"Warnman"},<br />
["wbv"] = {"Wajarri"},<br />
["wbw"] = {"Woi"},<br />
["wca"] = {"Yanomámi"},<br />
["wci"] = {"Waci Gbe"},<br />
["wdd"] = {"Wandji"},<br />
["wdg"] = {"Wadaginam"},<br />
["wdj"] = {"Wadjiginy"},<br />
["wdk"] = {"Wadikali"},<br />
["wdu"] = {"Wadjigu"},<br />
["wdy"] = {"Wadjabangayi"},<br />
["wea"] = {"Wewaw"},<br />
["wec"] = {"Wè Western"},<br />
["wed"] = {"Wedau"},<br />
["weg"] = {"Wergaia"},<br />
["weh"] = {"Weh"},<br />
["wei"] = {"Kiunum"},<br />
["wem"] = {"Weme Gbe"},<br />
["weo"] = {"Wemale"},<br />
["wep"] = {"Westphalien"},<br />
["wer"] = {"Weri"},<br />
["wes"] = {"Cameroon Pidgin"},<br />
["wet"] = {"Perai"},<br />
["weu"] = {"Rawngtu Chin"},<br />
["wew"] = {"Wejewa"},<br />
["wfg"] = {"Yafi", "Zorop"},<br />
["wga"] = {"Wagaya"},<br />
["wgb"] = {"Wagawaga"},<br />
["wgg"] = {"Wangganguru", "Wangkangurru"},<br />
["wgi"] = {"Wahgi"},<br />
["wgo"] = {"Waigeo"},<br />
["wgu"] = {"Wirangu"},<br />
["wgy"] = {"Warrgamay"},<br />
["wha"] = {"Manusela", "Sou Upaa"},<br />
["whg"] = {"North Wahgi"},<br />
["whk"] = {"Wahau Kenyah"},<br />
["whu"] = {"Wahau Kayan"},<br />
["wib"] = {"Southern Toussian"},<br />
["wic"] = {"Wichita"},<br />
["wie"] = {"Wik-Epa"},<br />
["wif"] = {"Wik-Keyangan"},<br />
["wig"] = {"Wik Ngathan"},<br />
["wih"] = {"Wik-Me'anha"},<br />
["wii"] = {"Minidien"},<br />
["wij"] = {"Wik-Iiyanh"},<br />
["wik"] = {"Wikalkan"},<br />
["wil"] = {"Wilawila"},<br />
["wim"] = {"Wik-Mungkan"},<br />
["win"] = {"Ho-Chunk"},<br />
["wir"] = {"Wiraféd"},<br />
["wiu"] = {"Wiru"},<br />
["wiv"] = {"Vitu"},<br />
["wiy"] = {"Wiyot"},<br />
["wja"] = {"Waja"},<br />
["wji"] = {"Warji"},<br />
["wka"] = {"Kw'adza"},<br />
["wkb"] = {"Kumbaran"},<br />
["wkd"] = {"Mo", "Wakde"},<br />
["wkl"] = {"Kalanadi"},<br />
["wkr"] = {"Keerray-Woorroong"},<br />
["wku"] = {"Kunduvadi"},<br />
["wkw"] = {"Wakawaka"},<br />
["wky"] = {"Wangkayutyuru"},<br />
["wla"] = {"Walio"},<br />
["wlc"] = {"Mwali Comorian"},<br />
["wle"] = {"Wolane"},<br />
["wlg"] = {"Kunbarlang"},<br />
["wli"] = {"Waioli"},<br />
["wlk"] = {"Wailaki"},<br />
["wll"] = {"Wali (Sudan)"},<br />
["wlm"] = {"Middle Welsh"},<br />
["wln"] = {"Walloon"},<br />
["wlo"] = {"Wolio"},<br />
["wlr"] = {"Wailapa"},<br />
["wls"] = {"Wallisian"},<br />
["wlu"] = {"Wuliwuli"},<br />
["wlv"] = {"Wichí Lhamtés Vejoz"},<br />
["wlw"] = {"Walak"},<br />
["wlx"] = {"Wali (Ghana)"},<br />
["wly"] = {"Waling"},<br />
["wma"] = {"Mawa (Nigeria)"},<br />
["wmb"] = {"Wambaya"},<br />
["wmc"] = {"Wamas"},<br />
["wmd"] = {"Mamaindé"},<br />
["wme"] = {"Wambule"},<br />
["wmh"] = {"Waima'a"},<br />
["wmi"] = {"Wamin"},<br />
["wmm"] = {"Maiwa (Indonesia)"},<br />
["wmn"] = {"Waamwang"},<br />
["wmo"] = {"Wom (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["wms"] = {"Wambon"},<br />
["wmt"] = {"Walmajarri"},<br />
["wmw"] = {"Mwani"},<br />
["wmx"] = {"Womo"},<br />
["wnb"] = {"Wanambre"},<br />
["wnc"] = {"Wantoat"},<br />
["wnd"] = {"Wandarang"},<br />
["wne"] = {"Waneci"},<br />
["wng"] = {"Wanggom"},<br />
["wni"] = {"Ndzwani Comorian"},<br />
["wnk"] = {"Wanukaka"},<br />
["wnm"] = {"Wanggamala"},<br />
["wnn"] = {"Wunumara"},<br />
["wno"] = {"Wano"},<br />
["wnp"] = {"Wanap"},<br />
["wnu"] = {"Usan"},<br />
["wnw"] = {"Wintu"},<br />
["wny"] = {"Waanyi", "Wanyi"},<br />
["woa"] = {"Kuwema", "Tyaraity"},<br />
["wob"] = {"Wè Northern"},<br />
["woc"] = {"Wogeo"},<br />
["wod"] = {"Wolani"},<br />
["woe"] = {"Woleaian"},<br />
["wof"] = {"Gambian Wolof"},<br />
["wog"] = {"Wogamusin"},<br />
["woi"] = {"Kamang"},<br />
["wok"] = {"Longto"},<br />
["wol"] = {"Wolof"},<br />
["wom"] = {"Wom (Nigeria)"},<br />
["won"] = {"Wongo"},<br />
["woo"] = {"Manombai"},<br />
["wor"] = {"Woria"},<br />
["wos"] = {"Hanga Hundi"},<br />
["wow"] = {"Wawonii"},<br />
["woy"] = {"Weyto"},<br />
["wpc"] = {"Maco"},<br />
["wra"] = {"Warapu"},<br />
["wrb"] = {"Waluwarra", "Warluwara"},<br />
["wrd"] = {"Warduji"},<br />
["wrg"] = {"Gudjal", "Warungu"},<br />
["wrh"] = {"Wiradjuri"},<br />
["wri"] = {"Wariyangga"},<br />
["wrk"] = {"Garrwa"},<br />
["wrl"] = {"Warlmanpa"},<br />
["wrm"] = {"Warumungu"},<br />
["wrn"] = {"Warnang"},<br />
["wro"] = {"Worrorra"},<br />
["wrp"] = {"Waropen"},<br />
["wrr"] = {"Wardaman"},<br />
["wrs"] = {"Waris"},<br />
["wru"] = {"Waru"},<br />
["wrv"] = {"Waruna"},<br />
["wrw"] = {"Gugu Warra"},<br />
["wrx"] = {"Wae Rana"},<br />
["wry"] = {"Merwari"},<br />
["wrz"] = {"Waray (Australia)"},<br />
["wsa"] = {"Warembori"},<br />
["wsg"] = {"Adilabad Gondi"},<br />
["wsi"] = {"Wusi"},<br />
["wsk"] = {"Waskia"},<br />
["wsr"] = {"Owenia"},<br />
["wss"] = {"Wasa"},<br />
["wsu"] = {"Wasu"},<br />
["wsv"] = {"Wotapuri-Katarqalai"},<br />
["wtf"] = {"Watiwa"},<br />
["wth"] = {"Wathawurrung"},<br />
["wti"] = {"Berta"},<br />
["wtk"] = {"Watakataui"},<br />
["wtm"] = {"Mewati"},<br />
["wtw"] = {"Wotu"},<br />
["wua"] = {"Wikngenchera"},<br />
["wub"] = {"Wunambal"},<br />
["wud"] = {"Wudu"},<br />
["wuh"] = {"Wutunhua"},<br />
["wul"] = {"Silimo"},<br />
["wum"] = {"Wumbvu"},<br />
["wun"] = {"Bungu"},<br />
["wur"] = {"Wurrugu"},<br />
["wut"] = {"Wutung"},<br />
["wuu"] = {"Wu Chinese"},<br />
["wuv"] = {"Wuvulu-Aua"},<br />
["wux"] = {"Wulna"},<br />
["wuy"] = {"Wauyai"},<br />
["wwa"] = {"Waama"},<br />
["wwb"] = {"Wakabunga"},<br />
["wwo"] = {"Dorig", "Wetamut"},<br />
["wwr"] = {"Warrwa"},<br />
["www"] = {"Wawa"},<br />
["wxa"] = {"Waxianghua"},<br />
["wxw"] = {"Wardandi"},<br />
["wya"] = {"Wyandot"},<br />
["wyb"] = {"Wangaaybuwan-Ngiyambaa"},<br />
["wyi"] = {"Woiwurrung"},<br />
["wym"] = {"Wymysorys"},<br />
["wyr"] = {"Wayoró"},<br />
["wyy"] = {"Western Fijian"},<br />
["xaa"] = {"Andalusian Arabic"},<br />
["xab"] = {"Sambe"},<br />
["xac"] = {"Kachari"},<br />
["xad"] = {"Adai"},<br />
["xae"] = {"Aequian"},<br />
["xag"] = {"Aghwan"},<br />
["xai"] = {"Kaimbé"},<br />
["xaj"] = {"Ararandewára"},<br />
["xak"] = {"Máku"},<br />
["xal"] = {"Kalmyk", "Oirat"},<br />
["xam"] = {"ǀXam"},<br />
["xan"] = {"Xamtanga"},<br />
["xao"] = {"Khao"},<br />
["xap"] = {"Apalachee"},<br />
["xaq"] = {"Aquitanian"},<br />
["xar"] = {"Karami"},<br />
["xas"] = {"Kamas"},<br />
["xat"] = {"Katawixi"},<br />
["xau"] = {"Kauwera"},<br />
["xav"] = {"Xavánte"},<br />
["xaw"] = {"Kawaiisu"},<br />
["xay"] = {"Kayan Mahakam"},<br />
["xbb"] = {"Lower Burdekin"},<br />
["xbc"] = {"Bactrian"},<br />
["xbd"] = {"Bindal"},<br />
["xbe"] = {"Bigambal"},<br />
["xbg"] = {"Bunganditj"},<br />
["xbi"] = {"Kombio"},<br />
["xbj"] = {"Birrpayi"},<br />
["xbm"] = {"Middle Breton"},<br />
["xbn"] = {"Kenaboi"},<br />
["xbo"] = {"Bolgarian"},<br />
["xbp"] = {"Bibbulman"},<br />
["xbr"] = {"Kambera"},<br />
["xbw"] = {"Kambiwá"},<br />
["xby"] = {"Batjala", "Batyala"},<br />
["xcb"] = {"Cumbric"},<br />
["xcc"] = {"Camunic"},<br />
["xce"] = {"Celtiberian"},<br />
["xcg"] = {"Cisalpine Gaulish"},<br />
["xch"] = {"Chemakum", "Chimakum"},<br />
["xcl"] = {"Classical Armenian"},<br />
["xcm"] = {"Comecrudo"},<br />
["xcn"] = {"Cotoname"},<br />
["xco"] = {"Chorasmian"},<br />
["xcr"] = {"Carian"},<br />
["xct"] = {"Classical Tibetan"},<br />
["xcu"] = {"Curonian"},<br />
["xcv"] = {"Chuvantsy"},<br />
["xcw"] = {"Coahuilteco"},<br />
["xcy"] = {"Cayuse"},<br />
["xda"] = {"Darkinyung"},<br />
["xdc"] = {"Dacian"},<br />
["xdk"] = {"Dharuk"},<br />
["xdm"] = {"Edomite"},<br />
["xdo"] = {"Kwandu"},<br />
["xdy"] = {"Malayic Dayak"},<br />
["xeb"] = {"Eblan"},<br />
["xed"] = {"Hdi"},<br />
["xeg"] = {"ǁXegwi"},<br />
["xel"] = {"Kelo"},<br />
["xem"] = {"Kembayan"},<br />
["xep"] = {"Epi-Olmec"},<br />
["xer"] = {"Xerénte"},<br />
["xes"] = {"Kesawai"},<br />
["xet"] = {"Xetá"},<br />
["xeu"] = {"Keoru-Ahia"},<br />
["xfa"] = {"Faliscan"},<br />
["xga"] = {"Galatian"},<br />
["xgb"] = {"Gbin"},<br />
["xgd"] = {"Gudang"},<br />
["xgf"] = {"Gabrielino-Fernandeño"},<br />
["xgg"] = {"Goreng"},<br />
["xgi"] = {"Garingbal"},<br />
["xgl"] = {"Galindan"},<br />
["xgm"] = {"Dharumbal", "Guwinmal"},<br />
["xgr"] = {"Garza"},<br />
["xgu"] = {"Unggumi"},<br />
["xgw"] = {"Guwa"},<br />
["xha"] = {"Harami"},<br />
["xhc"] = {"Hunnic"},<br />
["xhd"] = {"Hadrami"},<br />
["xhe"] = {"Khetrani"},<br />
["xho"] = {"Xhosa"},<br />
["xhr"] = {"Hernican"},<br />
["xht"] = {"Hattic"},<br />
["xhu"] = {"Hurrian"},<br />
["xhv"] = {"Khua"},<br />
["xib"] = {"Iberian"},<br />
["xii"] = {"Xiri"},<br />
["xil"] = {"Illyrian"},<br />
["xin"] = {"Xinca"},<br />
["xir"] = {"Xiriâna"},<br />
["xis"] = {"Kisan"},<br />
["xiv"] = {"Indus Valley Language"},<br />
["xiy"] = {"Xipaya"},<br />
["xjb"] = {"Minjungbal"},<br />
["xjt"] = {"Jaitmatang"},<br />
["xka"] = {"Kalkoti"},<br />
["xkb"] = {"Northern Nago"},<br />
["xkc"] = {"Kho'ini"},<br />
["xkd"] = {"Mendalam Kayan"},<br />
["xke"] = {"Kereho"},<br />
["xkf"] = {"Khengkha"},<br />
["xkg"] = {"Kagoro"},<br />
["xki"] = {"Kenyan Sign Language"},<br />
["xkj"] = {"Kajali"},<br />
["xkk"] = {"Kaco'"},<br />
["xkl"] = {"Mainstream Kenyah"},<br />
["xkn"] = {"Kayan River Kayan"},<br />
["xko"] = {"Kiorr"},<br />
["xkp"] = {"Kabatei"},<br />
["xkq"] = {"Koroni"},<br />
["xkr"] = {"Xakriabá"},<br />
["xks"] = {"Kumbewaha"},<br />
["xkt"] = {"Kantosi"},<br />
["xku"] = {"Kaamba"},<br />
["xkv"] = {"Kgalagadi"},<br />
["xkw"] = {"Kembra"},<br />
["xkx"] = {"Karore"},<br />
["xky"] = {"Uma' Lasan"},<br />
["xkz"] = {"Kurtokha"},<br />
["xla"] = {"Kamula"},<br />
["xlb"] = {"Loup B"},<br />
["xlc"] = {"Lycian"},<br />
["xld"] = {"Lydian"},<br />
["xle"] = {"Lemnian"},<br />
["xlg"] = {"Ligurian (Ancient)"},<br />
["xli"] = {"Liburnian"},<br />
["xln"] = {"Alanic"},<br />
["xlo"] = {"Loup A"},<br />
["xlp"] = {"Lepontic"},<br />
["xls"] = {"Lusitanian"},<br />
["xlu"] = {"Cuneiform Luwian"},<br />
["xly"] = {"Elymian"},<br />
["xma"] = {"Mushungulu"},<br />
["xmb"] = {"Mbonga"},<br />
["xmc"] = {"Makhuwa-Marrevone"},<br />
["xmd"] = {"Mbudum"},<br />
["xme"] = {"Median"},<br />
["xmf"] = {"Mingrelian"},<br />
["xmg"] = {"Mengaka"},<br />
["xmh"] = {"Kugu-Muminh"},<br />
["xmj"] = {"Majera"},<br />
["xmk"] = {"Ancient Macedonian"},<br />
["xml"] = {"Malaysian Sign Language"},<br />
["xmm"] = {"Manado Malay"},<br />
["xmn"] = {"Manichaean Middle Persian"},<br />
["xmo"] = {"Morerebi"},<br />
["xmp"] = {"Kuku-Mu'inh"},<br />
["xmq"] = {"Kuku-Mangk"},<br />
["xmr"] = {"Meroitic"},<br />
["xms"] = {"Moroccan Sign Language"},<br />
["xmt"] = {"Matbat"},<br />
["xmu"] = {"Kamu"},<br />
["xmv"] = {"Antankarana Malagasy", "Tankarana Malagasy"},<br />
["xmw"] = {"Tsimihety Malagasy"},<br />
["xmx"] = {"Maden"},<br />
["xmy"] = {"Mayaguduna"},<br />
["xmz"] = {"Mori Bawah"},<br />
["xna"] = {"Ancient North Arabian"},<br />
["xnb"] = {"Kanakanabu"},<br />
["xng"] = {"Middle Mongolian"},<br />
["xnh"] = {"Kuanhua"},<br />
["xni"] = {"Ngarigu"},<br />
["xnk"] = {"Nganakarti"},<br />
["xnn"] = {"Northern Kankanay"},<br />
["xno"] = {"Anglo-Norman"},<br />
["xnr"] = {"Kangri"},<br />
["xns"] = {"Kanashi"},<br />
["xnt"] = {"Narragansett"},<br />
["xnu"] = {"Nukunul"},<br />
["xny"] = {"Nyiyaparli"},<br />
["xnz"] = {"Kenzi", "Mattoki"},<br />
["xoc"] = {"O'chi'chi'"},<br />
["xod"] = {"Kokoda"},<br />
["xog"] = {"Soga"},<br />
["xoi"] = {"Kominimung"},<br />
["xok"] = {"Xokleng"},<br />
["xom"] = {"Komo (Sudan)"},<br />
["xon"] = {"Konkomba"},<br />
["xoo"] = {"Xukurú"},<br />
["xop"] = {"Kopar"},<br />
["xor"] = {"Korubo"},<br />
["xow"] = {"Kowaki"},<br />
["xpa"] = {"Pirriya"},<br />
["xpc"] = {"Pecheneg"},<br />
["xpe"] = {"Liberia Kpelle"},<br />
["xpg"] = {"Phrygian"},<br />
["xpi"] = {"Pictish"},<br />
["xpj"] = {"Mpalitjanh"},<br />
["xpk"] = {"Kulina Pano"},<br />
["xpm"] = {"Pumpokol"},<br />
["xpn"] = {"Kapinawá"},<br />
["xpo"] = {"Pochutec"},<br />
["xpp"] = {"Puyo-Paekche"},<br />
["xpq"] = {"Mohegan-Pequot"},<br />
["xpr"] = {"Parthian"},<br />
["xps"] = {"Pisidian"},<br />
["xpt"] = {"Punthamara"},<br />
["xpu"] = {"Punic"},<br />
["xpy"] = {"Puyo"},<br />
["xqa"] = {"Karakhanid"},<br />
["xqt"] = {"Qatabanian"},<br />
["xra"] = {"Krahô"},<br />
["xrb"] = {"Eastern Karaboro"},<br />
["xrd"] = {"Gundungurra"},<br />
["xre"] = {"Kreye"},<br />
["xrg"] = {"Minang"},<br />
["xri"] = {"Krikati-Timbira"},<br />
["xrm"] = {"Armazic"},<br />
["xrn"] = {"Arin"},<br />
["xrq"] = {"Karranga"},<br />
["xrr"] = {"Raetic"},<br />
["xrt"] = {"Aranama-Tamique"},<br />
["xru"] = {"Marriammu"},<br />
["xrw"] = {"Karawa"},<br />
["xsa"] = {"Sabaean"},<br />
["xsb"] = {"Sambal"},<br />
["xsc"] = {"Scythian"},<br />
["xsd"] = {"Sidetic"},<br />
["xse"] = {"Sempan"},<br />
["xsh"] = {"Shamang"},<br />
["xsi"] = {"Sio"},<br />
["xsj"] = {"Subi"},<br />
["xsl"] = {"South Slavey"},<br />
["xsm"] = {"Kasem"},<br />
["xsn"] = {"Sanga (Nigeria)"},<br />
["xso"] = {"Solano"},<br />
["xsp"] = {"Silopi"},<br />
["xsq"] = {"Makhuwa-Saka"},<br />
["xsr"] = {"Sherpa"},<br />
["xss"] = {"Assan"},<br />
["xsu"] = {"Sanumá"},<br />
["xsv"] = {"Sudovian"},<br />
["xsy"] = {"Saisiyat"},<br />
["xta"] = {"Alcozauca Mixtec"},<br />
["xtb"] = {"Chazumba Mixtec"},<br />
["xtc"] = {"Katcha-Kadugli-Miri"},<br />
["xtd"] = {"Diuxi-Tilantongo Mixtec"},<br />
["xte"] = {"Ketengban"},<br />
["xtg"] = {"Transalpine Gaulish"},<br />
["xth"] = {"Yitha Yitha"},<br />
["xti"] = {"Sinicahua Mixtec"},<br />
["xtj"] = {"San Juan Teita Mixtec"},<br />
["xtl"] = {"Tijaltepec Mixtec"},<br />
["xtm"] = {"Magdalena Peñasco Mixtec"},<br />
["xtn"] = {"Northern Tlaxiaco Mixtec"},<br />
["xto"] = {"Tokharian A"},<br />
["xtp"] = {"San Miguel Piedras Mixtec"},<br />
["xtq"] = {"Tumshuqese"},<br />
["xtr"] = {"Early Tripuri"},<br />
["xts"] = {"Sindihui Mixtec"},<br />
["xtt"] = {"Tacahua Mixtec"},<br />
["xtu"] = {"Cuyamecalco Mixtec"},<br />
["xtv"] = {"Thawa"},<br />
["xtw"] = {"Tawandê"},<br />
["xty"] = {"Yoloxochitl Mixtec"},<br />
["xtz"] = {"Tasmanian"},<br />
["xua"] = {"Alu Kurumba"},<br />
["xub"] = {"Betta Kurumba"},<br />
["xud"] = {"Umiida"},<br />
["xug"] = {"Kunigami"},<br />
["xuj"] = {"Jennu Kurumba"},<br />
["xul"] = {"Ngunawal"},<br />
["xum"] = {"Umbrian"},<br />
["xun"] = {"Unggaranggu"},<br />
["xuo"] = {"Kuo"},<br />
["xup"] = {"Upper Umpqua"},<br />
["xur"] = {"Urartian"},<br />
["xut"] = {"Kuthant"},<br />
["xuu"] = {"Khwedam", "Kxoe"},<br />
["xve"] = {"Venetic"},<br />
["xvi"] = {"Kamviri"},<br />
["xvn"] = {"Vandalic"},<br />
["xvo"] = {"Volscian"},<br />
["xvs"] = {"Vestinian"},<br />
["xwa"] = {"Kwaza"},<br />
["xwc"] = {"Woccon"},<br />
["xwd"] = {"Wadi Wadi"},<br />
["xwe"] = {"Xwela Gbe"},<br />
["xwg"] = {"Kwegu"},<br />
["xwj"] = {"Wajuk"},<br />
["xwk"] = {"Wangkumara"},<br />
["xwl"] = {"Western Xwla Gbe"},<br />
["xwo"] = {"Written Oirat"},<br />
["xwr"] = {"Kwerba Mamberamo"},<br />
["xwt"] = {"Wotjobaluk"},<br />
["xww"] = {"Wemba Wemba"},<br />
["xxb"] = {"Boro (Ghana)"},<br />
["xxk"] = {"Ke'o"},<br />
["xxm"] = {"Minkin"},<br />
["xxr"] = {"Koropó"},<br />
["xxt"] = {"Tambora"},<br />
["xya"] = {"Yaygir"},<br />
["xyb"] = {"Yandjibara"},<br />
["xyj"] = {"Mayi-Yapi"},<br />
["xyk"] = {"Mayi-Kulan"},<br />
["xyl"] = {"Yalakalore"},<br />
["xyt"] = {"Mayi-Thakurti"},<br />
["xyy"] = {"Yorta Yorta"},<br />
["xzh"] = {"Zhang-Zhung"},<br />
["xzm"] = {"Zemgalian"},<br />
["xzp"] = {"Ancient Zapotec"},<br />
["yaa"] = {"Yaminahua"},<br />
["yab"] = {"Yuhup"},<br />
["yac"] = {"Pass Valley Yali"},<br />
["yad"] = {"Yagua"},<br />
["yae"] = {"Pumé"},<br />
["yaf"] = {"Yaka (Democratic Republic of Congo)"},<br />
["yag"] = {"Yámana"},<br />
["yah"] = {"Yazgulyam"},<br />
["yai"] = {"Yagnobi"},<br />
["yaj"] = {"Banda-Yangere"},<br />
["yak"] = {"Yakama"},<br />
["yal"] = {"Yalunka"},<br />
["yam"] = {"Yamba"},<br />
["yan"] = {"Mayangna"},<br />
["yao"] = {"Yao"},<br />
["yap"] = {"Yapese"},<br />
["yaq"] = {"Yaqui"},<br />
["yar"] = {"Yabarana"},<br />
["yas"] = {"Nugunu (Cameroon)"},<br />
["yat"] = {"Yambeta"},<br />
["yau"] = {"Yuwana"},<br />
["yav"] = {"Yangben"},<br />
["yaw"] = {"Yawalapití"},<br />
["yax"] = {"Yauma"},<br />
["yay"] = {"Agwagwune"},<br />
["yaz"] = {"Lokaa"},<br />
["yba"] = {"Yala"},<br />
["ybb"] = {"Yemba"},<br />
["ybe"] = {"West Yugur"},<br />
["ybh"] = {"Yakha"},<br />
["ybi"] = {"Yamphu"},<br />
["ybj"] = {"Hasha"},<br />
["ybk"] = {"Bokha"},<br />
["ybl"] = {"Yukuben"},<br />
["ybm"] = {"Yaben"},<br />
["ybn"] = {"Yabaâna"},<br />
["ybo"] = {"Yabong"},<br />
["ybx"] = {"Yawiyo"},<br />
["yby"] = {"Yaweyuha"},<br />
["ych"] = {"Chesu"},<br />
["ycl"] = {"Lolopo"},<br />
["ycn"] = {"Yucuna"},<br />
["ycp"] = {"Chepya"},<br />
["yda"] = {"Yanda"},<br />
["ydd"] = {"Eastern Yiddish"},<br />
["yde"] = {"Yangum Dey"},<br />
["ydg"] = {"Yidgha"},<br />
["ydk"] = {"Yoidik"},<br />
["yea"] = {"Ravula"},<br />
["yec"] = {"Yeniche"},<br />
["yee"] = {"Yimas"},<br />
["yei"] = {"Yeni"},<br />
["yej"] = {"Yevanic"},<br />
["yel"] = {"Yela"},<br />
["yer"] = {"Tarok"},<br />
["yes"] = {"Nyankpa"},<br />
["yet"] = {"Yetfa"},<br />
["yeu"] = {"Yerukula"},<br />
["yev"] = {"Yapunda"},<br />
["yey"] = {"Yeyi"},<br />
["yga"] = {"Malyangapa"},<br />
["ygi"] = {"Yiningayi"},<br />
["ygl"] = {"Yangum Gel"},<br />
["ygm"] = {"Yagomi"},<br />
["ygp"] = {"Gepo"},<br />
["ygr"] = {"Yagaria"},<br />
["ygs"] = {"Yolŋu Sign Language"},<br />
["ygu"] = {"Yugul"},<br />
["ygw"] = {"Yagwoia"},<br />
["yha"] = {"Baha Buyang"},<br />
["yhd"] = {"Judeo-Iraqi Arabic"},<br />
["yhl"] = {"Hlepho Phowa"},<br />
["yhs"] = {"Yan-nhaŋu Sign Language"},<br />
["yia"] = {"Yinggarda"},<br />
["yid"] = {"Yiddish"},<br />
["yif"] = {"Ache"},<br />
["yig"] = {"Wusa Nasu"},<br />
["yih"] = {"Western Yiddish"},<br />
["yii"] = {"Yidiny"},<br />
["yij"] = {"Yindjibarndi"},<br />
["yik"] = {"Dongshanba Lalo"},<br />
["yil"] = {"Yindjilandji"},<br />
["yim"] = {"Yimchungru Naga"},<br />
["yin"] = {"Riang Lai", "Yinchia"},<br />
["yip"] = {"Pholo"},<br />
["yiq"] = {"Miqie"},<br />
["yir"] = {"North Awyu"},<br />
["yis"] = {"Yis"},<br />
["yit"] = {"Eastern Lalu"},<br />
["yiu"] = {"Awu"},<br />
["yiv"] = {"Northern Nisu"},<br />
["yix"] = {"Axi Yi"},<br />
["yiz"] = {"Azhe"},<br />
["yka"] = {"Yakan"},<br />
["ykg"] = {"Northern Yukaghir"},<br />
["yki"] = {"Yoke"},<br />
["ykk"] = {"Yakaikeke"},<br />
["ykl"] = {"Khlula"},<br />
["ykm"] = {"Kap"},<br />
["ykn"] = {"Kua-nsi"},<br />
["yko"] = {"Yasa"},<br />
["ykr"] = {"Yekora"},<br />
["ykt"] = {"Kathu"},<br />
["yku"] = {"Kuamasi"},<br />
["yky"] = {"Yakoma"},<br />
["yla"] = {"Yaul"},<br />
["ylb"] = {"Yaleba"},<br />
["yle"] = {"Yele"},<br />
["ylg"] = {"Yelogu"},<br />
["yli"] = {"Angguruk Yali"},<br />
["yll"] = {"Yil"},<br />
["ylm"] = {"Limi"},<br />
["yln"] = {"Langnian Buyang"},<br />
["ylo"] = {"Naluo Yi"},<br />
["ylr"] = {"Yalarnnga"},<br />
["ylu"] = {"Aribwaung"},<br />
["yly"] = {"Nyâlayu", "Nyelâyu"},<br />
["ymb"] = {"Yambes"},<br />
["ymc"] = {"Southern Muji"},<br />
["ymd"] = {"Muda"},<br />
["yme"] = {"Yameo"},<br />
["ymg"] = {"Yamongeri"},<br />
["ymh"] = {"Mili"},<br />
["ymi"] = {"Moji"},<br />
["ymk"] = {"Makwe"},<br />
["yml"] = {"Iamalele"},<br />
["ymm"] = {"Maay"},<br />
["ymn"] = {"Sunum", "Yamna"},<br />
["ymo"] = {"Yangum Mon"},<br />
["ymp"] = {"Yamap"},<br />
["ymq"] = {"Qila Muji"},<br />
["ymr"] = {"Malasar"},<br />
["yms"] = {"Mysian"},<br />
["ymx"] = {"Northern Muji"},<br />
["ymz"] = {"Muzi"},<br />
["yna"] = {"Aluo"},<br />
["ynd"] = {"Yandruwandha"},<br />
["yne"] = {"Lang'e"},<br />
["yng"] = {"Yango"},<br />
["ynk"] = {"Naukan Yupik"},<br />
["ynl"] = {"Yangulam"},<br />
["ynn"] = {"Yana"},<br />
["yno"] = {"Yong"},<br />
["ynq"] = {"Yendang"},<br />
["yns"] = {"Yansi"},<br />
["ynu"] = {"Yahuna"},<br />
["yob"] = {"Yoba"},<br />
["yog"] = {"Yogad"},<br />
["yoi"] = {"Yonaguni"},<br />
["yok"] = {"Yokuts"},<br />
["yol"] = {"Yola"},<br />
["yom"] = {"Yombe"},<br />
["yon"] = {"Yongkom"},<br />
["yor"] = {"Yoruba"},<br />
["yot"] = {"Yotti"},<br />
["yox"] = {"Yoron"},<br />
["yoy"] = {"Yoy"},<br />
["ypa"] = {"Phala"},<br />
["ypb"] = {"Labo Phowa"},<br />
["ypg"] = {"Phola"},<br />
["yph"] = {"Phupha"},<br />
["ypm"] = {"Phuma"},<br />
["ypn"] = {"Ani Phowa"},<br />
["ypo"] = {"Alo Phola"},<br />
["ypp"] = {"Phupa"},<br />
["ypz"] = {"Phuza"},<br />
["yra"] = {"Yerakai"},<br />
["yrb"] = {"Yareba"},<br />
["yre"] = {"Yaouré"},<br />
["yrk"] = {"Nenets"},<br />
["yrl"] = {"Nhengatu"},<br />
["yrm"] = {"Yirrk-Mel"},<br />
["yrn"] = {"Yerong"},<br />
["yro"] = {"Yaroamë"},<br />
["yrs"] = {"Yarsun"},<br />
["yrw"] = {"Yarawata"},<br />
["yry"] = {"Yarluyandi"},<br />
["ysc"] = {"Yassic"},<br />
["ysd"] = {"Samatao"},<br />
["ysg"] = {"Sonaga"},<br />
["ysl"] = {"Yugoslavian Sign Language"},<br />
["ysn"] = {"Sani"},<br />
["yso"] = {"Nisi (China)"},<br />
["ysp"] = {"Southern Lolopo"},<br />
["ysr"] = {"Sirenik Yupik"},<br />
["yss"] = {"Yessan-Mayo"},<br />
["ysy"] = {"Sanie"},<br />
["yta"] = {"Talu"},<br />
["ytl"] = {"Tanglang"},<br />
["ytp"] = {"Thopho"},<br />
["ytw"] = {"Yout Wam"},<br />
["yty"] = {"Yatay"},<br />
["yua"] = {"Yucatec Maya", "Yucateco"},<br />
["yub"] = {"Yugambal"},<br />
["yuc"] = {"Yuchi"},<br />
["yud"] = {"Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic"},<br />
["yue"] = {"Yue Chinese"},<br />
["yuf"] = {"Havasupai-Walapai-Yavapai"},<br />
["yug"] = {"Yug"},<br />
["yui"] = {"Yurutí"},<br />
["yuj"] = {"Karkar-Yuri"},<br />
["yuk"] = {"Yuki"},<br />
["yul"] = {"Yulu"},<br />
["yum"] = {"Quechan"},<br />
["yun"] = {"Bena (Nigeria)"},<br />
["yup"] = {"Yukpa"},<br />
["yuq"] = {"Yuqui"},<br />
["yur"] = {"Yurok"},<br />
["yut"] = {"Yopno"},<br />
["yuw"] = {"Yau (Morobe Province)"},<br />
["yux"] = {"Southern Yukaghir"},<br />
["yuy"] = {"East Yugur"},<br />
["yuz"] = {"Yuracare"},<br />
["yva"] = {"Yawa"},<br />
["yvt"] = {"Yavitero"},<br />
["ywa"] = {"Kalou"},<br />
["ywg"] = {"Yinhawangka"},<br />
["ywl"] = {"Western Lalu"},<br />
["ywn"] = {"Yawanawa"},<br />
["ywq"] = {"Wuding-Luquan Yi"},<br />
["ywr"] = {"Yawuru"},<br />
["ywt"] = {"Central Lalo", "Xishanba Lalo"},<br />
["ywu"] = {"Wumeng Nasu"},<br />
["yww"] = {"Yawarawarga"},<br />
["yxa"] = {"Mayawali"},<br />
["yxg"] = {"Yagara"},<br />
["yxl"] = {"Yardliyawarra"},<br />
["yxm"] = {"Yinwum"},<br />
["yxu"] = {"Yuyu"},<br />
["yxy"] = {"Yabula Yabula"},<br />
["yyr"] = {"Yir Yoront"},<br />
["yyu"] = {"Yau (Sandaun Province)"},<br />
["yyz"] = {"Ayizi"},<br />
["yzg"] = {"E'ma Buyang"},<br />
["yzk"] = {"Zokhuo"},<br />
["zaa"] = {"Sierra de Juárez Zapotec"},<br />
["zab"] = {"San Juan Guelavía Zapotec", "Western Tlacolula Valley Zapotec"},<br />
["zac"] = {"Ocotlán Zapotec"},<br />
["zad"] = {"Cajonos Zapotec"},<br />
["zae"] = {"Yareni Zapotec"},<br />
["zaf"] = {"Ayoquesco Zapotec"},<br />
["zag"] = {"Zaghawa"},<br />
["zah"] = {"Zangwal"},<br />
["zai"] = {"Isthmus Zapotec"},<br />
["zaj"] = {"Zaramo"},<br />
["zak"] = {"Zanaki"},<br />
["zal"] = {"Zauzou"},<br />
["zam"] = {"Miahuatlán Zapotec"},<br />
["zao"] = {"Ozolotepec Zapotec"},<br />
["zap"] = {"Zapotec"},<br />
["zaq"] = {"Aloápam Zapotec"},<br />
["zar"] = {"Rincón Zapotec"},<br />
["zas"] = {"Santo Domingo Albarradas Zapotec"},<br />
["zat"] = {"Tabaa Zapotec"},<br />
["zau"] = {"Zangskari"},<br />
["zav"] = {"Yatzachi Zapotec"},<br />
["zaw"] = {"Mitla Zapotec"},<br />
["zax"] = {"Xadani Zapotec"},<br />
["zay"] = {"Zaysete", "Zayse-Zergulla"},<br />
["zaz"] = {"Zari"},<br />
["zbc"] = {"Central Berawan"},<br />
["zbe"] = {"East Berawan"},<br />
["zbl"] = {"Bliss", "Blissymbolics", "Blissymbols"},<br />
["zbt"] = {"Batui"},<br />
["zbw"] = {"West Berawan"},<br />
["zca"] = {"Coatecas Altas Zapotec"},<br />
["zch"] = {"Central Hongshuihe Zhuang"},<br />
["zdj"] = {"Ngazidja Comorian"},<br />
["zea"] = {"Zeeuws"},<br />
["zeg"] = {"Zenag"},<br />
["zeh"] = {"Eastern Hongshuihe Zhuang"},<br />
["zen"] = {"Zenaga"},<br />
["zga"] = {"Kinga"},<br />
["zgb"] = {"Guibei Zhuang"},<br />
["zgh"] = {"Standard Moroccan Tamazight"},<br />
["zgm"] = {"Minz Zhuang"},<br />
["zgn"] = {"Guibian Zhuang"},<br />
["zgr"] = {"Magori"},<br />
["zha"] = {"Chuang", "Zhuang"},<br />
["zhb"] = {"Zhaba"},<br />
["zhd"] = {"Dai Zhuang"},<br />
["zhi"] = {"Zhire"},<br />
["zhn"] = {"Nong Zhuang"},<br />
["zho"] = {"Chinese"},<br />
["zhw"] = {"Zhoa"},<br />
["zia"] = {"Zia"},<br />
["zib"] = {"Zimbabwe Sign Language"},<br />
["zik"] = {"Zimakani"},<br />
["zil"] = {"Zialo"},<br />
["zim"] = {"Mesme"},<br />
["zin"] = {"Zinza"},<br />
["zir"] = {"Ziriya"},<br />
["ziw"] = {"Zigula"},<br />
["ziz"] = {"Zizilivakan"},<br />
["zka"] = {"Kaimbulawa"},<br />
["zkb"] = {"Koibal"},<br />
["zkd"] = {"Kadu"},<br />
["zkg"] = {"Koguryo"},<br />
["zkh"] = {"Khorezmian"},<br />
["zkk"] = {"Karankawa"},<br />
["zkn"] = {"Kanan"},<br />
["zko"] = {"Kott"},<br />
["zkp"] = {"São Paulo Kaingáng"},<br />
["zkr"] = {"Zakhring"},<br />
["zkt"] = {"Kitan"},<br />
["zku"] = {"Kaurna"},<br />
["zkv"] = {"Krevinian"},<br />
["zkz"] = {"Khazar"},<br />
["zlj"] = {"Liujiang Zhuang"},<br />
["zlm"] = {"Malay (individual language)"},<br />
["zln"] = {"Lianshan Zhuang"},<br />
["zlq"] = {"Liuqian Zhuang"},<br />
["zma"] = {"Manda (Australia)"},<br />
["zmb"] = {"Zimba"},<br />
["zmc"] = {"Margany"},<br />
["zmd"] = {"Maridan"},<br />
["zme"] = {"Mangerr"},<br />
["zmf"] = {"Mfinu"},<br />
["zmg"] = {"Marti Ke"},<br />
["zmh"] = {"Makolkol"},<br />
["zmi"] = {"Negeri Sembilan Malay"},<br />
["zmj"] = {"Maridjabin"},<br />
["zmk"] = {"Mandandanyi"},<br />
["zml"] = {"Matngala"},<br />
["zmm"] = {"Marimanindji", "Marramaninyshi"},<br />
["zmn"] = {"Mbangwe"},<br />
["zmo"] = {"Molo"},<br />
["zmp"] = {"Mpuono"},<br />
["zmq"] = {"Mituku"},<br />
["zmr"] = {"Maranunggu"},<br />
["zms"] = {"Mbesa"},<br />
["zmt"] = {"Maringarr"},<br />
["zmu"] = {"Muruwari"},<br />
["zmv"] = {"Mbariman-Gudhinma"},<br />
["zmw"] = {"Mbo (Democratic Republic of Congo)"},<br />
["zmx"] = {"Bomitaba"},<br />
["zmy"] = {"Mariyedi"},<br />
["zmz"] = {"Mbandja"},<br />
["zna"] = {"Zan Gula"},<br />
["zne"] = {"Zande (individual language)"},<br />
["zng"] = {"Mang"},<br />
["znk"] = {"Manangkari"},<br />
["zns"] = {"Mangas"},<br />
["zoc"] = {"Copainalá Zoque"},<br />
["zoh"] = {"Chimalapa Zoque"},<br />
["zom"] = {"Zou"},<br />
["zoo"] = {"Asunción Mixtepec Zapotec"},<br />
["zoq"] = {"Tabasco Zoque"},<br />
["zor"] = {"Rayón Zoque"},<br />
["zos"] = {"Francisco León Zoque"},<br />
["zpa"] = {"Lachiguiri Zapotec"},<br />
["zpb"] = {"Yautepec Zapotec"},<br />
["zpc"] = {"Choapan Zapotec"},<br />
["zpd"] = {"Southeastern Ixtlán Zapotec"},<br />
["zpe"] = {"Petapa Zapotec"},<br />
["zpf"] = {"San Pedro Quiatoni Zapotec"},<br />
["zpg"] = {"Guevea De Humboldt Zapotec"},<br />
["zph"] = {"Totomachapan Zapotec"},<br />
["zpi"] = {"Santa María Quiegolani Zapotec"},<br />
["zpj"] = {"Quiavicuzas Zapotec"},<br />
["zpk"] = {"Tlacolulita Zapotec"},<br />
["zpl"] = {"Lachixío Zapotec"},<br />
["zpm"] = {"Mixtepec Zapotec"},<br />
["zpn"] = {"Santa Inés Yatzechi Zapotec"},<br />
["zpo"] = {"Amatlán Zapotec"},<br />
["zpp"] = {"El Alto Zapotec"},<br />
["zpq"] = {"Zoogocho Zapotec"},<br />
["zpr"] = {"Santiago Xanica Zapotec"},<br />
["zps"] = {"Coatlán Zapotec"},<br />
["zpt"] = {"San Vicente Coatlán Zapotec"},<br />
["zpu"] = {"Yalálag Zapotec"},<br />
["zpv"] = {"Chichicapan Zapotec"},<br />
["zpw"] = {"Zaniza Zapotec"},<br />
["zpx"] = {"San Baltazar Loxicha Zapotec"},<br />
["zpy"] = {"Mazaltepec Zapotec"},<br />
["zpz"] = {"Texmelucan Zapotec"},<br />
["zqe"] = {"Qiubei Zhuang"},<br />
["zra"] = {"Kara (Korea)"},<br />
["zrg"] = {"Mirgan"},<br />
["zrn"] = {"Zerenkel"},<br />
["zro"] = {"Záparo"},<br />
["zrp"] = {"Zarphatic"},<br />
["zrs"] = {"Mairasi"},<br />
["zsa"] = {"Sarasira"},<br />
["zsk"] = {"Kaskean"},<br />
["zsl"] = {"Zambian Sign Language"},<br />
["zsm"] = {"Standard Malay"},<br />
["zsr"] = {"Southern Rincon Zapotec"},<br />
["zsu"] = {"Sukurum"},<br />
["zte"] = {"Elotepec Zapotec"},<br />
["ztg"] = {"Xanaguía Zapotec"},<br />
["ztl"] = {"Lapaguía-Guivini Zapotec"},<br />
["ztm"] = {"San Agustín Mixtepec Zapotec"},<br />
["ztn"] = {"Santa Catarina Albarradas Zapotec"},<br />
["ztp"] = {"Loxicha Zapotec"},<br />
["ztq"] = {"Quioquitani-Quierí Zapotec"},<br />
["zts"] = {"Tilquiapan Zapotec"},<br />
["ztt"] = {"Tejalapan Zapotec"},<br />
["ztu"] = {"Güilá Zapotec"},<br />
["ztx"] = {"Zaachila Zapotec"},<br />
["zty"] = {"Yatee Zapotec"},<br />
["zua"] = {"Zeem"},<br />
["zuh"] = {"Tokano"},<br />
["zul"] = {"Zulu"},<br />
["zum"] = {"Kumzari"},<br />
["zun"] = {"Zuni"},<br />
["zuy"] = {"Zumaya"},<br />
["zwa"] = {"Zay"},<br />
["zxx"] = {"No linguistic content", "Not applicable"},<br />
["zyb"] = {"Yongbei Zhuang"},<br />
["zyg"] = {"Yang Zhuang"},<br />
["zyj"] = {"Youjiang Zhuang"},<br />
["zyn"] = {"Yongnan Zhuang"},<br />
["zyp"] = {"Zyphe Chin"},<br />
["zza"] = {"Dimili", "Dimli (macrolanguage)", "Kirdki", "Kirmanjki (macrolanguage)", "Zaza", "Zazaki"},<br />
["zzj"] = {"Zuojiang Zhuang"}<br />
}</div>
Admin
https://www.freewiki.eu/en/index.php?title=Module:Language/data/iana_languages&diff=1313
Module:Language/data/iana languages
2019-09-03T09:26:03Z
<p>Admin: 1 revision imported</p>
<hr />
<div>-- File-Date: 2019-04-30<br />
return {<br />
["aa"] = {"Afar"},<br />
["ab"] = {"Abkhazian"},<br />
["ae"] = {"Avestan"},<br />
["af"] = {"Afrikaans"},<br />
["ak"] = {"Akan"},<br />
["am"] = {"Amharic"},<br />
["an"] = {"Aragonese"},<br />
["ar"] = {"Arabic"},<br />
["as"] = {"Assamese"},<br />
["av"] = {"Avaric"},<br />
["ay"] = {"Aymara"},<br />
["az"] = {"Azerbaijani"},<br />
["ba"] = {"Bashkir"},<br />
["be"] = {"Belarusian"},<br />
["bg"] = {"Bulgarian"},<br />
["bh"] = {"Bihari languages"},<br />
["bi"] = {"Bislama"},<br />
["bm"] = {"Bambara"},<br />
["bn"] = {"Bengali", "Bangla"},<br />
["bo"] = {"Tibetan"},<br />
["br"] = {"Breton"},<br />
["bs"] = {"Bosnian"},<br />
["ca"] = {"Catalan", "Valencian"},<br />
["ce"] = {"Chechen"},<br />
["ch"] = {"Chamorro"},<br />
["co"] = {"Corsican"},<br />
["cr"] = {"Cree"},<br />
["cs"] = {"Czech"},<br />
["cu"] = {"Church Slavic", "Church Slavonic", "Old Bulgarian", "Old Church Slavonic", "Old Slavonic"},<br />
["cv"] = {"Chuvash"},<br />
["cy"] = {"Welsh"},<br />
["da"] = {"Danish"},<br />
["de"] = {"German"},<br />
["dv"] = {"Dhivehi", "Divehi", "Maldivian"},<br />
["dz"] = {"Dzongkha"},<br />
["ee"] = {"Ewe"},<br />
["el"] = {"Modern Greek (1453-)"},<br />
["en"] = {"English"},<br />
["eo"] = {"Esperanto"},<br />
["es"] = {"Spanish", "Castilian"},<br />
["et"] = {"Estonian"},<br />
["eu"] = {"Basque"},<br />
["fa"] = {"Persian"},<br />
["ff"] = {"Fulah"},<br />
["fi"] = {"Finnish"},<br />
["fj"] = {"Fijian"},<br />
["fo"] = {"Faroese"},<br />
["fr"] = {"French"},<br />
["fy"] = {"Western Frisian"},<br />
["ga"] = {"Irish"},<br />
["gd"] = {"Scottish Gaelic", "Gaelic"},<br />
["gl"] = {"Galician"},<br />
["gn"] = {"Guarani"},<br />
["gu"] = {"Gujarati"},<br />
["gv"] = {"Manx"},<br />
["ha"] = {"Hausa"},<br />
["he"] = {"Hebrew"},<br />
["hi"] = {"Hindi"},<br />
["ho"] = {"Hiri Motu"},<br />
["hr"] = {"Croatian"},<br />
["ht"] = {"Haitian", "Haitian Creole"},<br />
["hu"] = {"Hungarian"},<br />
["hy"] = {"Armenian"},<br />
["hz"] = {"Herero"},<br />
["ia"] = {"Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association)"},<br />
["id"] = {"Indonesian"},<br />
["ie"] = {"Interlingue", "Occidental"},<br />
["ig"] = {"Igbo"},<br />
["ii"] = {"Sichuan Yi", "Nuosu"},<br />
["ik"] = {"Inupiaq"},<br />
["io"] = {"Ido"},<br />
["is"] = {"Icelandic"},<br />
["it"] = {"Italian"},<br />
["iu"] = {"Inuktitut"},<br />
["ja"] = {"Japanese"},<br />
["jv"] = {"Javanese"},<br />
["ka"] = {"Georgian"},<br />
["kg"] = {"Kongo"},<br />
["ki"] = {"Kikuyu", "Gikuyu"},<br />
["kj"] = {"Kuanyama", "Kwanyama"},<br />
["kk"] = {"Kazakh"},<br />
["kl"] = {"Kalaallisut", "Greenlandic"},<br />
["km"] = {"Khmer", "Central Khmer"},<br />
["kn"] = {"Kannada"},<br />
["ko"] = {"Korean"},<br />
["kr"] = {"Kanuri"},<br />
["ks"] = {"Kashmiri"},<br />
["ku"] = {"Kurdish"},<br />
["kv"] = {"Komi"},<br />
["kw"] = {"Cornish"},<br />
["ky"] = {"Kirghiz", "Kyrgyz"},<br />
["la"] = {"Latin"},<br />
["lb"] = {"Luxembourgish", "Letzeburgesch"},<br />
["lg"] = {"Ganda", "Luganda"},<br />
["li"] = {"Limburgan", "Limburger", "Limburgish"},<br />
["ln"] = {"Lingala"},<br />
["lo"] = {"Lao"},<br />
["lt"] = {"Lithuanian"},<br />
["lu"] = {"Luba-Katanga"},<br />
["lv"] = {"Latvian"},<br />
["mg"] = {"Malagasy"},<br />
["mh"] = {"Marshallese"},<br />
["mi"] = {"Maori"},<br />
["mk"] = {"Macedonian"},<br />
["ml"] = {"Malayalam"},<br />
["mn"] = {"Mongolian"},<br />
["mr"] = {"Marathi"},<br />
["ms"] = {"Malay (macrolanguage)"},<br />
["mt"] = {"Maltese"},<br />
["my"] = {"Burmese"},<br />
["na"] = {"Nauru"},<br />
["nb"] = {"Norwegian Bokmål"},<br />
["nd"] = {"North Ndebele"},<br />
["ne"] = {"Nepali (macrolanguage)"},<br />
["ng"] = {"Ndonga"},<br />
["nl"] = {"Dutch", "Flemish"},<br />
["nn"] = {"Norwegian Nynorsk"},<br />
["no"] = {"Norwegian"},<br />
["nr"] = {"South Ndebele"},<br />
["nv"] = {"Navajo", "Navaho"},<br />
["ny"] = {"Nyanja", "Chewa", "Chichewa"},<br />
["oc"] = {"Occitan (post 1500)"},<br />
["oj"] = {"Ojibwa"},<br />
["om"] = {"Oromo"},<br />
["or"] = {"Oriya (macrolanguage)", "Odia (macrolanguage)"},<br />
["os"] = {"Ossetian", "Ossetic"},<br />
["pa"] = {"Panjabi", "Punjabi"},<br />
["pi"] = {"Pali"},<br />
["pl"] = {"Polish"},<br />
["ps"] = {"Pushto", "Pashto"},<br />
["pt"] = {"Portuguese"},<br />
["qu"] = {"Quechua"},<br />
["rm"] = {"Romansh"},<br />
["rn"] = {"Rundi"},<br />
["ro"] = {"Romanian", "Moldavian", "Moldovan"},<br />
["ru"] = {"Russian"},<br />
["rw"] = {"Kinyarwanda"},<br />
["sa"] = {"Sanskrit"},<br />
["sc"] = {"Sardinian"},<br />
["sd"] = {"Sindhi"},<br />
["se"] = {"Northern Sami"},<br />
["sg"] = {"Sango"},<br />
["sh"] = {"Serbo-Croatian"},<br />
["si"] = {"Sinhala", "Sinhalese"},<br />
["sk"] = {"Slovak"},<br />
["sl"] = {"Slovenian"},<br />
["sm"] = {"Samoan"},<br />
["sn"] = {"Shona"},<br />
["so"] = {"Somali"},<br />
["sq"] = {"Albanian"},<br />
["sr"] = {"Serbian"},<br />
["ss"] = {"Swati"},<br />
["st"] = {"Southern Sotho"},<br />
["su"] = {"Sundanese"},<br />
["sv"] = {"Swedish"},<br />
["sw"] = {"Swahili (macrolanguage)"},<br />
["ta"] = {"Tamil"},<br />
["te"] = {"Telugu"},<br />
["tg"] = {"Tajik"},<br />
["th"] = {"Thai"},<br />
["ti"] = {"Tigrinya"},<br />
["tk"] = {"Turkmen"},<br />
["tl"] = {"Tagalog"},<br />
["tn"] = {"Tswana"},<br />
["to"] = {"Tonga (Tonga Islands)"},<br />
["tr"] = {"Turkish"},<br />
["ts"] = {"Tsonga"},<br />
["tt"] = {"Tatar"},<br />
["tw"] = {"Twi"},<br />
["ty"] = {"Tahitian"},<br />
["ug"] = {"Uighur", "Uyghur"},<br />
["uk"] = {"Ukrainian"},<br />
["ur"] = {"Urdu"},<br />
["uz"] = {"Uzbek"},<br />
["ve"] = {"Venda"},<br />
["vi"] = {"Vietnamese"},<br />
["vo"] = {"Volapük"},<br />
["wa"] = {"Walloon"},<br />
["wo"] = {"Wolof"},<br />
["xh"] = {"Xhosa"},<br />
["yi"] = {"Yiddish"},<br />
["yo"] = {"Yoruba"},<br />
["za"] = {"Zhuang", "Chuang"},<br />
["zh"] = {"Chinese"},<br />
["zu"] = {"Zulu"},<br />
["aaa"] = {"Ghotuo"},<br />
["aab"] = {"Alumu-Tesu"},<br />
["aac"] = {"Ari"},<br />
["aad"] = {"Amal"},<br />
["aae"] = {"Arbëreshë Albanian"},<br />
["aaf"] = {"Aranadan"},<br />
["aag"] = {"Ambrak"},<br />
["aah"] = {"Abu' Arapesh"},<br />
["aai"] = {"Arifama-Miniafia"},<br />
["aak"] = {"Ankave"},<br />
["aal"] = {"Afade"},<br />
["aan"] = {"Anambé"},<br />
["aao"] = {"Algerian Saharan Arabic"},<br />
["aap"] = {"Pará Arára"},<br />
["aaq"] = {"Eastern Abnaki"},<br />
["aas"] = {"Aasáx"},<br />
["aat"] = {"Arvanitika Albanian"},<br />
["aau"] = {"Abau"},<br />
["aav"] = {"Austro-Asiatic languages"},<br />
["aaw"] = {"Solong"},<br />
["aax"] = {"Mandobo Atas"},<br />
["aaz"] = {"Amarasi"},<br />
["aba"] = {"Abé"},<br />
["abb"] = {"Bankon"},<br />
["abc"] = {"Ambala Ayta"},<br />
["abd"] = {"Manide"},<br />
["abe"] = {"Western Abnaki"},<br />
["abf"] = {"Abai Sungai"},<br />
["abg"] = {"Abaga"},<br />
["abh"] = {"Tajiki Arabic"},<br />
["abi"] = {"Abidji"},<br />
["abj"] = {"Aka-Bea"},<br />
["abl"] = {"Lampung Nyo"},<br />
["abm"] = {"Abanyom"},<br />
["abn"] = {"Abua"},<br />
["abo"] = {"Abon"},<br />
["abp"] = {"Abellen Ayta"},<br />
["abq"] = {"Abaza"},<br />
["abr"] = {"Abron"},<br />
["abs"] = {"Ambonese Malay"},<br />
["abt"] = {"Ambulas"},<br />
["abu"] = {"Abure"},<br />
["abv"] = {"Baharna Arabic"},<br />
["abw"] = {"Pal"},<br />
["abx"] = {"Inabaknon"},<br />
["aby"] = {"Aneme Wake"},<br />
["abz"] = {"Abui"},<br />
["aca"] = {"Achagua"},<br />
["acb"] = {"Áncá"},<br />
["acd"] = {"Gikyode"},<br />
["ace"] = {"Achinese"},<br />
["acf"] = {"Saint Lucian Creole French"},<br />
["ach"] = {"Acoli"},<br />
["aci"] = {"Aka-Cari"},<br />
["ack"] = {"Aka-Kora"},<br />
["acl"] = {"Akar-Bale"},<br />
["acm"] = {"Mesopotamian Arabic"},<br />
["acn"] = {"Achang"},<br />
["acp"] = {"Eastern Acipa"},<br />
["acq"] = {"Ta'izzi-Adeni Arabic"},<br />
["acr"] = {"Achi"},<br />
["acs"] = {"Acroá"},<br />
["act"] = {"Achterhoeks"},<br />
["acu"] = {"Achuar-Shiwiar"},<br />
["acv"] = {"Achumawi"},<br />
["acw"] = {"Hijazi Arabic"},<br />
["acx"] = {"Omani Arabic"},<br />
["acy"] = {"Cypriot Arabic"},<br />
["acz"] = {"Acheron"},<br />
["ada"] = {"Adangme"},<br />
["adb"] = {"Adabe"},<br />
["add"] = {"Lidzonka", "Dzodinka"},<br />
["ade"] = {"Adele"},<br />
["adf"] = {"Dhofari Arabic"},<br />
["adg"] = {"Andegerebinha"},<br />
["adh"] = {"Adhola"},<br />
["adi"] = {"Adi"},<br />
["adj"] = {"Adioukrou"},<br />
["adl"] = {"Galo"},<br />
["adn"] = {"Adang"},<br />
["ado"] = {"Abu"},<br />
["adq"] = {"Adangbe"},<br />
["adr"] = {"Adonara"},<br />
["ads"] = {"Adamorobe Sign Language"},<br />
["adt"] = {"Adnyamathanha"},<br />
["adu"] = {"Aduge"},<br />
["adw"] = {"Amundava"},<br />
["adx"] = {"Amdo Tibetan"},<br />
["ady"] = {"Adyghe", "Adygei"},<br />
["adz"] = {"Adzera"},<br />
["aea"] = {"Areba"},<br />
["aeb"] = {"Tunisian Arabic"},<br />
["aec"] = {"Saidi Arabic"},<br />
["aed"] = {"Argentine Sign Language"},<br />
["aee"] = {"Northeast Pashai", "Northeast Pashayi"},<br />
["aek"] = {"Haeke"},<br />
["ael"] = {"Ambele"},<br />
["aem"] = {"Arem"},<br />
["aen"] = {"Armenian Sign Language"},<br />
["aeq"] = {"Aer"},<br />
["aer"] = {"Eastern Arrernte"},<br />
["aes"] = {"Alsea"},<br />
["aeu"] = {"Akeu"},<br />
["aew"] = {"Ambakich"},<br />
["aey"] = {"Amele"},<br />
["aez"] = {"Aeka"},<br />
["afa"] = {"Afro-Asiatic languages"},<br />
["afb"] = {"Gulf Arabic"},<br />
["afd"] = {"Andai"},<br />
["afe"] = {"Putukwam"},<br />
["afg"] = {"Afghan Sign Language"},<br />
["afh"] = {"Afrihili"},<br />
["afi"] = {"Akrukay", "Chini"},<br />
["afk"] = {"Nanubae"},<br />
["afn"] = {"Defaka"},<br />
["afo"] = {"Eloyi"},<br />
["afp"] = {"Tapei"},<br />
["afs"] = {"Afro-Seminole Creole"},<br />
["aft"] = {"Afitti"},<br />
["afu"] = {"Awutu"},<br />
["afz"] = {"Obokuitai"},<br />
["aga"] = {"Aguano"},<br />
["agb"] = {"Legbo"},<br />
["agc"] = {"Agatu"},<br />
["agd"] = {"Agarabi"},<br />
["age"] = {"Angal"},<br />
["agf"] = {"Arguni"},<br />
["agg"] = {"Angor"},<br />
["agh"] = {"Ngelima"},<br />
["agi"] = {"Agariya"},<br />
["agj"] = {"Argobba"},<br />
["agk"] = {"Isarog Agta"},<br />
["agl"] = {"Fembe"},<br />
["agm"] = {"Angaataha"},<br />
["agn"] = {"Agutaynen"},<br />
["ago"] = {"Tainae"},<br />
["agq"] = {"Aghem"},<br />
["agr"] = {"Aguaruna"},<br />
["ags"] = {"Esimbi"},<br />
["agt"] = {"Central Cagayan Agta"},<br />
["agu"] = {"Aguacateco"},<br />
["agv"] = {"Remontado Dumagat"},<br />
["agw"] = {"Kahua"},<br />
["agx"] = {"Aghul"},<br />
["agy"] = {"Southern Alta"},<br />
["agz"] = {"Mt. Iriga Agta"},<br />
["aha"] = {"Ahanta"},<br />
["ahb"] = {"Axamb"},<br />
["ahg"] = {"Qimant"},<br />
["ahh"] = {"Aghu"},<br />
["ahi"] = {"Tiagbamrin Aizi"},<br />
["ahk"] = {"Akha"},<br />
["ahl"] = {"Igo"},<br />
["ahm"] = {"Mobumrin Aizi"},<br />
["ahn"] = {"Àhàn"},<br />
["aho"] = {"Ahom"},<br />
["ahp"] = {"Aproumu Aizi"},<br />
["ahr"] = {"Ahirani"},<br />
["ahs"] = {"Ashe"},<br />
["aht"] = {"Ahtena"},<br />
["aia"] = {"Arosi"},<br />
["aib"] = {"Ainu (China)"},<br />
["aic"] = {"Ainbai"},<br />
["aid"] = {"Alngith"},<br />
["aie"] = {"Amara"},<br />
["aif"] = {"Agi"},<br />
["aig"] = {"Antigua and Barbuda Creole English"},<br />
["aih"] = {"Ai-Cham"},<br />
["aii"] = {"Assyrian Neo-Aramaic"},<br />
["aij"] = {"Lishanid Noshan"},<br />
["aik"] = {"Ake"},<br />
["ail"] = {"Aimele"},<br />
["aim"] = {"Aimol"},<br />
["ain"] = {"Ainu (Japan)"},<br />
["aio"] = {"Aiton"},<br />
["aip"] = {"Burumakok"},<br />
["aiq"] = {"Aimaq"},<br />
["air"] = {"Airoran"},<br />
["ait"] = {"Arikem"},<br />
["aiw"] = {"Aari"},<br />
["aix"] = {"Aighon"},<br />
["aiy"] = {"Ali"},<br />
["aja"] = {"Aja (South Sudan)"},<br />
["ajg"] = {"Aja (Benin)"},<br />
["aji"] = {"Ajië"},<br />
["ajn"] = {"Andajin"},<br />
["ajp"] = {"South Levantine Arabic"},<br />
["ajt"] = {"Judeo-Tunisian Arabic"},<br />
["aju"] = {"Judeo-Moroccan Arabic"},<br />
["ajw"] = {"Ajawa"},<br />
["ajz"] = {"Amri Karbi"},<br />
["akb"] = {"Batak Angkola"},<br />
["akc"] = {"Mpur"},<br />
["akd"] = {"Ukpet-Ehom"},<br />
["ake"] = {"Akawaio"},<br />
["akf"] = {"Akpa"},<br />
["akg"] = {"Anakalangu"},<br />
["akh"] = {"Angal Heneng"},<br />
["aki"] = {"Aiome"},<br />
["akj"] = {"Aka-Jeru"},<br />
["akk"] = {"Akkadian"},<br />
["akl"] = {"Aklanon"},<br />
["akm"] = {"Aka-Bo"},<br />
["ako"] = {"Akurio"},<br />
["akp"] = {"Siwu"},<br />
["akq"] = {"Ak"},<br />
["akr"] = {"Araki"},<br />
["aks"] = {"Akaselem"},<br />
["akt"] = {"Akolet"},<br />
["aku"] = {"Akum"},<br />
["akv"] = {"Akhvakh"},<br />
["akw"] = {"Akwa"},<br />
["akx"] = {"Aka-Kede"},<br />
["aky"] = {"Aka-Kol"},<br />
["akz"] = {"Alabama"},<br />
["ala"] = {"Alago"},<br />
["alc"] = {"Qawasqar"},<br />
["ald"] = {"Alladian"},<br />
["ale"] = {"Aleut"},<br />
["alf"] = {"Alege"},<br />
["alg"] = {"Algonquian languages"},<br />
["alh"] = {"Alawa"},<br />
["ali"] = {"Amaimon"},<br />
["alj"] = {"Alangan"},<br />
["alk"] = {"Alak"},<br />
["all"] = {"Allar"},<br />
["alm"] = {"Amblong"},<br />
["aln"] = {"Gheg Albanian"},<br />
["alo"] = {"Larike-Wakasihu"},<br />
["alp"] = {"Alune"},<br />
["alq"] = {"Algonquin"},<br />
["alr"] = {"Alutor"},<br />
["als"] = {"Tosk Albanian"},<br />
["alt"] = {"Southern Altai"},<br />
["alu"] = {"'Are'are"},<br />
["alv"] = {"Atlantic-Congo languages"},<br />
["alw"] = {"Alaba-K’abeena", "Wanbasana"},<br />
["alx"] = {"Amol"},<br />
["aly"] = {"Alyawarr"},<br />
["alz"] = {"Alur"},<br />
["ama"] = {"Amanayé"},<br />
["amb"] = {"Ambo"},<br />
["amc"] = {"Amahuaca"},<br />
["ame"] = {"Yanesha'"},<br />
["amf"] = {"Hamer-Banna"},<br />
["amg"] = {"Amurdak"},<br />
["ami"] = {"Amis"},<br />
["amj"] = {"Amdang"},<br />
["amk"] = {"Ambai"},<br />
["aml"] = {"War-Jaintia"},<br />
["amm"] = {"Ama (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["amn"] = {"Amanab"},<br />
["amo"] = {"Amo"},<br />
["amp"] = {"Alamblak"},<br />
["amq"] = {"Amahai"},<br />
["amr"] = {"Amarakaeri"},<br />
["ams"] = {"Southern Amami-Oshima"},<br />
["amt"] = {"Amto"},<br />
["amu"] = {"Guerrero Amuzgo"},<br />
["amv"] = {"Ambelau"},<br />
["amw"] = {"Western Neo-Aramaic"},<br />
["amx"] = {"Anmatyerre"},<br />
["amy"] = {"Ami"},<br />
["amz"] = {"Atampaya"},<br />
["ana"] = {"Andaqui"},<br />
["anb"] = {"Andoa"},<br />
["anc"] = {"Ngas"},<br />
["and"] = {"Ansus"},<br />
["ane"] = {"Xârâcùù"},<br />
["anf"] = {"Animere"},<br />
["ang"] = {"Old English (ca. 450-1100)"},<br />
["anh"] = {"Nend"},<br />
["ani"] = {"Andi"},<br />
["anj"] = {"Anor"},<br />
["ank"] = {"Goemai"},<br />
["anl"] = {"Anu-Hkongso Chin"},<br />
["anm"] = {"Anal"},<br />
["ann"] = {"Obolo"},<br />
["ano"] = {"Andoque"},<br />
["anp"] = {"Angika"},<br />
["anq"] = {"Jarawa (India)"},<br />
["anr"] = {"Andh"},<br />
["ans"] = {"Anserma"},<br />
["ant"] = {"Antakarinya", "Antikarinya"},<br />
["anu"] = {"Anuak"},<br />
["anv"] = {"Denya"},<br />
["anw"] = {"Anaang"},<br />
["anx"] = {"Andra-Hus"},<br />
["any"] = {"Anyin"},<br />
["anz"] = {"Anem"},<br />
["aoa"] = {"Angolar"},<br />
["aob"] = {"Abom"},<br />
["aoc"] = {"Pemon"},<br />
["aod"] = {"Andarum"},<br />
["aoe"] = {"Angal Enen"},<br />
["aof"] = {"Bragat"},<br />
["aog"] = {"Angoram"},<br />
["aoh"] = {"Arma"},<br />
["aoi"] = {"Anindilyakwa"},<br />
["aoj"] = {"Mufian"},<br />
["aok"] = {"Arhö"},<br />
["aol"] = {"Alor"},<br />
["aom"] = {"Ömie"},<br />
["aon"] = {"Bumbita Arapesh"},<br />
["aor"] = {"Aore"},<br />
["aos"] = {"Taikat"},<br />
["aot"] = {"Atong (India)", "A'tong"},<br />
["aou"] = {"A'ou"},<br />
["aox"] = {"Atorada"},<br />
["aoz"] = {"Uab Meto"},<br />
["apa"] = {"Apache languages"},<br />
["apb"] = {"Sa'a"},<br />
["apc"] = {"North Levantine Arabic"},<br />
["apd"] = {"Sudanese Arabic"},<br />
["ape"] = {"Bukiyip"},<br />
["apf"] = {"Pahanan Agta"},<br />
["apg"] = {"Ampanang"},<br />
["aph"] = {"Athpariya"},<br />
["api"] = {"Apiaká"},<br />
["apj"] = {"Jicarilla Apache"},<br />
["apk"] = {"Kiowa Apache"},<br />
["apl"] = {"Lipan Apache"},<br />
["apm"] = {"Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache"},<br />
["apn"] = {"Apinayé"},<br />
["apo"] = {"Ambul"},<br />
["app"] = {"Apma"},<br />
["apq"] = {"A-Pucikwar"},<br />
["apr"] = {"Arop-Lokep"},<br />
["aps"] = {"Arop-Sissano"},<br />
["apt"] = {"Apatani"},<br />
["apu"] = {"Apurinã"},<br />
["apv"] = {"Alapmunte"},<br />
["apw"] = {"Western Apache"},<br />
["apx"] = {"Aputai"},<br />
["apy"] = {"Apalaí"},<br />
["apz"] = {"Safeyoka"},<br />
["aqa"] = {"Alacalufan languages"},<br />
["aqc"] = {"Archi"},<br />
["aqd"] = {"Ampari Dogon"},<br />
["aqg"] = {"Arigidi"},<br />
["aql"] = {"Algic languages"},<br />
["aqm"] = {"Atohwaim"},<br />
["aqn"] = {"Northern Alta"},<br />
["aqp"] = {"Atakapa"},<br />
["aqr"] = {"Arhâ"},<br />
["aqt"] = {"Angaité"},<br />
["aqz"] = {"Akuntsu"},<br />
["arb"] = {"Standard Arabic"},<br />
["arc"] = {"Official Aramaic (700-300 BCE)", "Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)"},<br />
["ard"] = {"Arabana"},<br />
["are"] = {"Western Arrarnta"},<br />
["arh"] = {"Arhuaco"},<br />
["ari"] = {"Arikara"},<br />
["arj"] = {"Arapaso"},<br />
["ark"] = {"Arikapú"},<br />
["arl"] = {"Arabela"},<br />
["arn"] = {"Mapudungun", "Mapuche"},<br />
["aro"] = {"Araona"},<br />
["arp"] = {"Arapaho"},<br />
["arq"] = {"Algerian Arabic"},<br />
["arr"] = {"Karo (Brazil)"},<br />
["ars"] = {"Najdi Arabic"},<br />
["art"] = {"Artificial languages"},<br />
["aru"] = {"Aruá (Amazonas State)", "Arawá"},<br />
["arv"] = {"Arbore"},<br />
["arw"] = {"Arawak"},<br />
["arx"] = {"Aruá (Rodonia State)"},<br />
["ary"] = {"Moroccan Arabic"},<br />
["arz"] = {"Egyptian Arabic"},<br />
["asa"] = {"Asu (Tanzania)"},<br />
["asb"] = {"Assiniboine"},<br />
["asc"] = {"Casuarina Coast Asmat"},<br />
["ase"] = {"American Sign Language"},<br />
["asf"] = {"Auslan", "Australian Sign Language"},<br />
["asg"] = {"Cishingini"},<br />
["ash"] = {"Abishira"},<br />
["asi"] = {"Buruwai"},<br />
["asj"] = {"Sari"},<br />
["ask"] = {"Ashkun"},<br />
["asl"] = {"Asilulu"},<br />
["asn"] = {"Xingú Asuriní"},<br />
["aso"] = {"Dano"},<br />
["asp"] = {"Algerian Sign Language"},<br />
["asq"] = {"Austrian Sign Language"},<br />
["asr"] = {"Asuri"},<br />
["ass"] = {"Ipulo"},<br />
["ast"] = {"Asturian", "Asturleonese", "Bable", "Leonese"},<br />
["asu"] = {"Tocantins Asurini"},<br />
["asv"] = {"Asoa"},<br />
["asw"] = {"Australian Aborigines Sign Language"},<br />
["asx"] = {"Muratayak"},<br />
["asy"] = {"Yaosakor Asmat"},<br />
["asz"] = {"As"},<br />
["ata"] = {"Pele-Ata"},<br />
["atb"] = {"Zaiwa"},<br />
["atc"] = {"Atsahuaca"},<br />
["atd"] = {"Ata Manobo"},<br />
["ate"] = {"Atemble"},<br />
["atg"] = {"Ivbie North-Okpela-Arhe"},<br />
["ath"] = {"Athapascan languages"},<br />
["ati"] = {"Attié"},<br />
["atj"] = {"Atikamekw"},<br />
["atk"] = {"Ati"},<br />
["atl"] = {"Mt. Iraya Agta"},<br />
["atm"] = {"Ata"},<br />
["atn"] = {"Ashtiani"},<br />
["ato"] = {"Atong (Cameroon)"},<br />
["atp"] = {"Pudtol Atta"},<br />
["atq"] = {"Aralle-Tabulahan"},<br />
["atr"] = {"Waimiri-Atroari"},<br />
["ats"] = {"Gros Ventre"},<br />
["att"] = {"Pamplona Atta"},<br />
["atu"] = {"Reel"},<br />
["atv"] = {"Northern Altai"},<br />
["atw"] = {"Atsugewi"},<br />
["atx"] = {"Arutani"},<br />
["aty"] = {"Aneityum"},<br />
["atz"] = {"Arta"},<br />
["aua"] = {"Asumboa"},<br />
["aub"] = {"Alugu"},<br />
["auc"] = {"Waorani"},<br />
["aud"] = {"Anuta"},<br />
["auf"] = {"Arauan languages"},<br />
["aug"] = {"Aguna"},<br />
["auh"] = {"Aushi"},<br />
["aui"] = {"Anuki"},<br />
["auj"] = {"Awjilah"},<br />
["auk"] = {"Heyo"},<br />
["aul"] = {"Aulua"},<br />
["aum"] = {"Asu (Nigeria)"},<br />
["aun"] = {"Molmo One"},<br />
["auo"] = {"Auyokawa"},<br />
["aup"] = {"Makayam"},<br />
["auq"] = {"Anus", "Korur"},<br />
["aur"] = {"Aruek"},<br />
["aus"] = {"Australian languages"},<br />
["aut"] = {"Austral"},<br />
["auu"] = {"Auye"},<br />
["auw"] = {"Awyi"},<br />
["aux"] = {"Aurá"},<br />
["auy"] = {"Awiyaana"},<br />
["auz"] = {"Uzbeki Arabic"},<br />
["avb"] = {"Avau"},<br />
["avd"] = {"Alviri-Vidari"},<br />
["avi"] = {"Avikam"},<br />
["avk"] = {"Kotava"},<br />
["avl"] = {"Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic"},<br />
["avm"] = {"Angkamuthi"},<br />
["avn"] = {"Avatime"},<br />
["avo"] = {"Agavotaguerra"},<br />
["avs"] = {"Aushiri"},<br />
["avt"] = {"Au"},<br />
["avu"] = {"Avokaya"},<br />
["avv"] = {"Avá-Canoeiro"},<br />
["awa"] = {"Awadhi"},<br />
["awb"] = {"Awa (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["awc"] = {"Cicipu"},<br />
["awd"] = {"Arawakan languages"},<br />
["awe"] = {"Awetí"},<br />
["awg"] = {"Anguthimri"},<br />
["awh"] = {"Awbono"},<br />
["awi"] = {"Aekyom"},<br />
["awk"] = {"Awabakal"},<br />
["awm"] = {"Arawum"},<br />
["awn"] = {"Awngi"},<br />
["awo"] = {"Awak"},<br />
["awr"] = {"Awera"},<br />
["aws"] = {"South Awyu"},<br />
["awt"] = {"Araweté"},<br />
["awu"] = {"Central Awyu"},<br />
["awv"] = {"Jair Awyu"},<br />
["aww"] = {"Awun"},<br />
["awx"] = {"Awara"},<br />
["awy"] = {"Edera Awyu"},<br />
["axb"] = {"Abipon"},<br />
["axe"] = {"Ayerrerenge"},<br />
["axg"] = {"Mato Grosso Arára"},<br />
["axk"] = {"Yaka (Central African Republic)"},<br />
["axl"] = {"Lower Southern Aranda"},<br />
["axm"] = {"Middle Armenian"},<br />
["axx"] = {"Xârâgurè"},<br />
["aya"] = {"Awar"},<br />
["ayb"] = {"Ayizo Gbe"},<br />
["ayc"] = {"Southern Aymara"},<br />
["ayd"] = {"Ayabadhu"},<br />
["aye"] = {"Ayere"},<br />
["ayg"] = {"Ginyanga"},<br />
["ayh"] = {"Hadrami Arabic"},<br />
["ayi"] = {"Leyigha"},<br />
["ayk"] = {"Akuku"},<br />
["ayl"] = {"Libyan Arabic"},<br />
["ayn"] = {"Sanaani Arabic"},<br />
["ayo"] = {"Ayoreo"},<br />
["ayp"] = {"North Mesopotamian Arabic"},<br />
["ayq"] = {"Ayi (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["ayr"] = {"Central Aymara"},<br />
["ays"] = {"Sorsogon Ayta"},<br />
["ayt"] = {"Magbukun Ayta"},<br />
["ayu"] = {"Ayu"},<br />
["ayy"] = {"Tayabas Ayta"},<br />
["ayz"] = {"Mai Brat"},<br />
["aza"] = {"Azha"},<br />
["azb"] = {"South Azerbaijani"},<br />
["azc"] = {"Uto-Aztecan languages"},<br />
["azd"] = {"Eastern Durango Nahuatl"},<br />
["azg"] = {"San Pedro Amuzgos Amuzgo"},<br />
["azj"] = {"North Azerbaijani"},<br />
["azm"] = {"Ipalapa Amuzgo"},<br />
["azn"] = {"Western Durango Nahuatl"},<br />
["azo"] = {"Awing"},<br />
["azt"] = {"Faire Atta"},<br />
["azz"] = {"Highland Puebla Nahuatl"},<br />
["baa"] = {"Babatana"},<br />
["bab"] = {"Bainouk-Gunyuño"},<br />
["bac"] = {"Badui"},<br />
["bad"] = {"Banda languages"},<br />
["bae"] = {"Baré"},<br />
["baf"] = {"Nubaca"},<br />
["bag"] = {"Tuki"},<br />
["bah"] = {"Bahamas Creole English"},<br />
["bai"] = {"Bamileke languages"},<br />
["baj"] = {"Barakai"},<br />
["bal"] = {"Baluchi"},<br />
["ban"] = {"Balinese"},<br />
["bao"] = {"Waimaha"},<br />
["bap"] = {"Bantawa"},<br />
["bar"] = {"Bavarian"},<br />
["bas"] = {"Basa (Cameroon)"},<br />
["bat"] = {"Baltic languages"},<br />
["bau"] = {"Bada (Nigeria)"},<br />
["bav"] = {"Vengo"},<br />
["baw"] = {"Bambili-Bambui"},<br />
["bax"] = {"Bamun"},<br />
["bay"] = {"Batuley"},<br />
["bba"] = {"Baatonum"},<br />
["bbb"] = {"Barai"},<br />
["bbc"] = {"Batak Toba"},<br />
["bbd"] = {"Bau"},<br />
["bbe"] = {"Bangba"},<br />
["bbf"] = {"Baibai"},<br />
["bbg"] = {"Barama"},<br />
["bbh"] = {"Bugan"},<br />
["bbi"] = {"Barombi"},<br />
["bbj"] = {"Ghomálá'"},<br />
["bbk"] = {"Babanki"},<br />
["bbl"] = {"Bats"},<br />
["bbm"] = {"Babango"},<br />
["bbn"] = {"Uneapa"},<br />
["bbo"] = {"Northern Bobo Madaré", "Konabéré"},<br />
["bbp"] = {"West Central Banda"},<br />
["bbq"] = {"Bamali"},<br />
["bbr"] = {"Girawa"},<br />
["bbs"] = {"Bakpinka"},<br />
["bbt"] = {"Mburku"},<br />
["bbu"] = {"Kulung (Nigeria)"},<br />
["bbv"] = {"Karnai"},<br />
["bbw"] = {"Baba"},<br />
["bbx"] = {"Bubia"},<br />
["bby"] = {"Befang"},<br />
["bbz"] = {"Babalia Creole Arabic"},<br />
["bca"] = {"Central Bai"},<br />
["bcb"] = {"Bainouk-Samik"},<br />
["bcc"] = {"Southern Balochi"},<br />
["bcd"] = {"North Babar"},<br />
["bce"] = {"Bamenyam"},<br />
["bcf"] = {"Bamu"},<br />
["bcg"] = {"Baga Pokur"},<br />
["bch"] = {"Bariai"},<br />
["bci"] = {"Baoulé"},<br />
["bcj"] = {"Bardi"},<br />
["bck"] = {"Bunuba"},<br />
["bcl"] = {"Central Bikol"},<br />
["bcm"] = {"Bannoni"},<br />
["bcn"] = {"Bali (Nigeria)"},<br />
["bco"] = {"Kaluli"},<br />
["bcp"] = {"Bali (Democratic Republic of Congo)"},<br />
["bcq"] = {"Bench"},<br />
["bcr"] = {"Babine"},<br />
["bcs"] = {"Kohumono"},<br />
["bct"] = {"Bendi"},<br />
["bcu"] = {"Awad Bing"},<br />
["bcv"] = {"Shoo-Minda-Nye"},<br />
["bcw"] = {"Bana"},<br />
["bcy"] = {"Bacama"},<br />
["bcz"] = {"Bainouk-Gunyaamolo"},<br />
["bda"] = {"Bayot"},<br />
["bdb"] = {"Basap"},<br />
["bdc"] = {"Emberá-Baudó"},<br />
["bdd"] = {"Bunama"},<br />
["bde"] = {"Bade"},<br />
["bdf"] = {"Biage"},<br />
["bdg"] = {"Bonggi"},<br />
["bdh"] = {"Baka (South Sudan)"},<br />
["bdi"] = {"Burun"},<br />
["bdj"] = {"Bai (South Sudan)", "Bai"},<br />
["bdk"] = {"Budukh"},<br />
["bdl"] = {"Indonesian Bajau"},<br />
["bdm"] = {"Buduma"},<br />
["bdn"] = {"Baldemu"},<br />
["bdo"] = {"Morom"},<br />
["bdp"] = {"Bende"},<br />
["bdq"] = {"Bahnar"},<br />
["bdr"] = {"West Coast Bajau"},<br />
["bds"] = {"Burunge"},<br />
["bdt"] = {"Bokoto"},<br />
["bdu"] = {"Oroko"},<br />
["bdv"] = {"Bodo Parja"},<br />
["bdw"] = {"Baham"},<br />
["bdx"] = {"Budong-Budong"},<br />
["bdy"] = {"Bandjalang"},<br />
["bdz"] = {"Badeshi"},<br />
["bea"] = {"Beaver"},<br />
["beb"] = {"Bebele"},<br />
["bec"] = {"Iceve-Maci"},<br />
["bed"] = {"Bedoanas"},<br />
["bee"] = {"Byangsi"},<br />
["bef"] = {"Benabena"},<br />
["beg"] = {"Belait"},<br />
["beh"] = {"Biali"},<br />
["bei"] = {"Bekati'"},<br />
["bej"] = {"Beja", "Bedawiyet"},<br />
["bek"] = {"Bebeli"},<br />
["bem"] = {"Bemba (Zambia)"},<br />
["beo"] = {"Beami"},<br />
["bep"] = {"Besoa"},<br />
["beq"] = {"Beembe"},<br />
["ber"] = {"Berber languages"},<br />
["bes"] = {"Besme"},<br />
["bet"] = {"Guiberoua Béte"},<br />
["beu"] = {"Blagar"},<br />
["bev"] = {"Daloa Bété"},<br />
["bew"] = {"Betawi"},<br />
["bex"] = {"Jur Modo"},<br />
["bey"] = {"Beli (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["bez"] = {"Bena (Tanzania)"},<br />
["bfa"] = {"Bari"},<br />
["bfb"] = {"Pauri Bareli"},<br />
["bfc"] = {"Panyi Bai", "Northern Bai"},<br />
["bfd"] = {"Bafut"},<br />
["bfe"] = {"Betaf", "Tena"},<br />
["bff"] = {"Bofi"},<br />
["bfg"] = {"Busang Kayan"},<br />
["bfh"] = {"Blafe"},<br />
["bfi"] = {"British Sign Language"},<br />
["bfj"] = {"Bafanji"},<br />
["bfk"] = {"Ban Khor Sign Language"},<br />
["bfl"] = {"Banda-Ndélé"},<br />
["bfm"] = {"Mmen"},<br />
["bfn"] = {"Bunak"},<br />
["bfo"] = {"Malba Birifor"},<br />
["bfp"] = {"Beba"},<br />
["bfq"] = {"Badaga"},<br />
["bfr"] = {"Bazigar"},<br />
["bfs"] = {"Southern Bai"},<br />
["bft"] = {"Balti"},<br />
["bfu"] = {"Gahri"},<br />
["bfw"] = {"Bondo"},<br />
["bfx"] = {"Bantayanon"},<br />
["bfy"] = {"Bagheli"},<br />
["bfz"] = {"Mahasu Pahari"},<br />
["bga"] = {"Gwamhi-Wuri"},<br />
["bgb"] = {"Bobongko"},<br />
["bgc"] = {"Haryanvi"},<br />
["bgd"] = {"Rathwi Bareli"},<br />
["bge"] = {"Bauria"},<br />
["bgf"] = {"Bangandu"},<br />
["bgg"] = {"Bugun"},<br />
["bgi"] = {"Giangan"},<br />
["bgj"] = {"Bangolan"},<br />
["bgk"] = {"Bit", "Buxinhua"},<br />
["bgl"] = {"Bo (Laos)"},<br />
["bgn"] = {"Western Balochi"},<br />
["bgo"] = {"Baga Koga"},<br />
["bgp"] = {"Eastern Balochi"},<br />
["bgq"] = {"Bagri"},<br />
["bgr"] = {"Bawm Chin"},<br />
["bgs"] = {"Tagabawa"},<br />
["bgt"] = {"Bughotu"},<br />
["bgu"] = {"Mbongno"},<br />
["bgv"] = {"Warkay-Bipim"},<br />
["bgw"] = {"Bhatri"},<br />
["bgx"] = {"Balkan Gagauz Turkish"},<br />
["bgy"] = {"Benggoi"},<br />
["bgz"] = {"Banggai"},<br />
["bha"] = {"Bharia"},<br />
["bhb"] = {"Bhili"},<br />
["bhc"] = {"Biga"},<br />
["bhd"] = {"Bhadrawahi"},<br />
["bhe"] = {"Bhaya"},<br />
["bhf"] = {"Odiai"},<br />
["bhg"] = {"Binandere"},<br />
["bhh"] = {"Bukharic"},<br />
["bhi"] = {"Bhilali"},<br />
["bhj"] = {"Bahing"},<br />
["bhl"] = {"Bimin"},<br />
["bhm"] = {"Bathari"},<br />
["bhn"] = {"Bohtan Neo-Aramaic"},<br />
["bho"] = {"Bhojpuri"},<br />
["bhp"] = {"Bima"},<br />
["bhq"] = {"Tukang Besi South"},<br />
["bhr"] = {"Bara Malagasy"},<br />
["bhs"] = {"Buwal"},<br />
["bht"] = {"Bhattiyali"},<br />
["bhu"] = {"Bhunjia"},<br />
["bhv"] = {"Bahau"},<br />
["bhw"] = {"Biak"},<br />
["bhx"] = {"Bhalay"},<br />
["bhy"] = {"Bhele"},<br />
["bhz"] = {"Bada (Indonesia)"},<br />
["bia"] = {"Badimaya"},<br />
["bib"] = {"Bissa", "Bisa"},<br />
["bic"] = {"Bikaru"},<br />
["bid"] = {"Bidiyo"},<br />
["bie"] = {"Bepour"},<br />
["bif"] = {"Biafada"},<br />
["big"] = {"Biangai"},<br />
["bij"] = {"Vaghat-Ya-Bijim-Legeri"},<br />
["bik"] = {"Bikol"},<br />
["bil"] = {"Bile"},<br />
["bim"] = {"Bimoba"},<br />
["bin"] = {"Bini", "Edo"},<br />
["bio"] = {"Nai"},<br />
["bip"] = {"Bila"},<br />
["biq"] = {"Bipi"},<br />
["bir"] = {"Bisorio"},<br />
["bit"] = {"Berinomo"},<br />
["biu"] = {"Biete"},<br />
["biv"] = {"Southern Birifor"},<br />
["biw"] = {"Kol (Cameroon)"},<br />
["bix"] = {"Bijori"},<br />
["biy"] = {"Birhor"},<br />
["biz"] = {"Baloi"},<br />
["bja"] = {"Budza"},<br />
["bjb"] = {"Banggarla"},<br />
["bjc"] = {"Bariji"},<br />
["bje"] = {"Biao-Jiao Mien"},<br />
["bjf"] = {"Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic"},<br />
["bjg"] = {"Bidyogo"},<br />
["bjh"] = {"Bahinemo"},<br />
["bji"] = {"Burji"},<br />
["bjj"] = {"Kanauji"},<br />
["bjk"] = {"Barok"},<br />
["bjl"] = {"Bulu (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["bjm"] = {"Bajelani"},<br />
["bjn"] = {"Banjar"},<br />
["bjo"] = {"Mid-Southern Banda"},<br />
["bjp"] = {"Fanamaket"},<br />
["bjr"] = {"Binumarien"},<br />
["bjs"] = {"Bajan"},<br />
["bjt"] = {"Balanta-Ganja"},<br />
["bju"] = {"Busuu"},<br />
["bjv"] = {"Bedjond"},<br />
["bjw"] = {"Bakwé"},<br />
["bjx"] = {"Banao Itneg"},<br />
["bjy"] = {"Bayali"},<br />
["bjz"] = {"Baruga"},<br />
["bka"] = {"Kyak"},<br />
["bkc"] = {"Baka (Cameroon)"},<br />
["bkd"] = {"Binukid", "Talaandig"},<br />
["bkf"] = {"Beeke"},<br />
["bkg"] = {"Buraka"},<br />
["bkh"] = {"Bakoko"},<br />
["bki"] = {"Baki"},<br />
["bkj"] = {"Pande"},<br />
["bkk"] = {"Brokskat"},<br />
["bkl"] = {"Berik"},<br />
["bkm"] = {"Kom (Cameroon)"},<br />
["bkn"] = {"Bukitan"},<br />
["bko"] = {"Kwa'"},<br />
["bkp"] = {"Boko (Democratic Republic of Congo)"},<br />
["bkq"] = {"Bakairí"},<br />
["bkr"] = {"Bakumpai"},<br />
["bks"] = {"Northern Sorsoganon"},<br />
["bkt"] = {"Boloki"},<br />
["bku"] = {"Buhid"},<br />
["bkv"] = {"Bekwarra"},<br />
["bkw"] = {"Bekwel"},<br />
["bkx"] = {"Baikeno"},<br />
["bky"] = {"Bokyi"},<br />
["bkz"] = {"Bungku"},<br />
["bla"] = {"Siksika"},<br />
["blb"] = {"Bilua"},<br />
["blc"] = {"Bella Coola"},<br />
["bld"] = {"Bolango"},<br />
["ble"] = {"Balanta-Kentohe"},<br />
["blf"] = {"Buol"},<br />
["blg"] = {"Balau"},<br />
["blh"] = {"Kuwaa"},<br />
["bli"] = {"Bolia"},<br />
["blj"] = {"Bolongan"},<br />
["blk"] = {"Pa'o Karen", "Pa'O"},<br />
["bll"] = {"Biloxi"},<br />
["blm"] = {"Beli (South Sudan)"},<br />
["bln"] = {"Southern Catanduanes Bikol"},<br />
["blo"] = {"Anii"},<br />
["blp"] = {"Blablanga"},<br />
["blq"] = {"Baluan-Pam"},<br />
["blr"] = {"Blang"},<br />
["bls"] = {"Balaesang"},<br />
["blt"] = {"Tai Dam"},<br />
["blv"] = {"Kibala", "Bolo"},<br />
["blw"] = {"Balangao"},<br />
["blx"] = {"Mag-Indi Ayta"},<br />
["bly"] = {"Notre"},<br />
["blz"] = {"Balantak"},<br />
["bma"] = {"Lame"},<br />
["bmb"] = {"Bembe"},<br />
["bmc"] = {"Biem"},<br />
["bmd"] = {"Baga Manduri"},<br />
["bme"] = {"Limassa"},<br />
["bmf"] = {"Bom-Kim"},<br />
["bmg"] = {"Bamwe"},<br />
["bmh"] = {"Kein"},<br />
["bmi"] = {"Bagirmi"},<br />
["bmj"] = {"Bote-Majhi"},<br />
["bmk"] = {"Ghayavi"},<br />
["bml"] = {"Bomboli"},<br />
["bmm"] = {"Northern Betsimisaraka Malagasy"},<br />
["bmn"] = {"Bina (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["bmo"] = {"Bambalang"},<br />
["bmp"] = {"Bulgebi"},<br />
["bmq"] = {"Bomu"},<br />
["bmr"] = {"Muinane"},<br />
["bms"] = {"Bilma Kanuri"},<br />
["bmt"] = {"Biao Mon"},<br />
["bmu"] = {"Somba-Siawari"},<br />
["bmv"] = {"Bum"},<br />
["bmw"] = {"Bomwali"},<br />
["bmx"] = {"Baimak"},<br />
["bmz"] = {"Baramu"},<br />
["bna"] = {"Bonerate"},<br />
["bnb"] = {"Bookan"},<br />
["bnc"] = {"Bontok"},<br />
["bnd"] = {"Banda (Indonesia)"},<br />
["bne"] = {"Bintauna"},<br />
["bnf"] = {"Masiwang"},<br />
["bng"] = {"Benga"},<br />
["bni"] = {"Bangi"},<br />
["bnj"] = {"Eastern Tawbuid"},<br />
["bnk"] = {"Bierebo"},<br />
["bnl"] = {"Boon"},<br />
["bnm"] = {"Batanga"},<br />
["bnn"] = {"Bunun"},<br />
["bno"] = {"Bantoanon"},<br />
["bnp"] = {"Bola"},<br />
["bnq"] = {"Bantik"},<br />
["bnr"] = {"Butmas-Tur"},<br />
["bns"] = {"Bundeli"},<br />
["bnt"] = {"Bantu languages"},<br />
["bnu"] = {"Bentong"},<br />
["bnv"] = {"Bonerif", "Beneraf", "Edwas"},<br />
["bnw"] = {"Bisis"},<br />
["bnx"] = {"Bangubangu"},<br />
["bny"] = {"Bintulu"},<br />
["bnz"] = {"Beezen"},<br />
["boa"] = {"Bora"},<br />
["bob"] = {"Aweer"},<br />
["boe"] = {"Mundabli"},<br />
["bof"] = {"Bolon"},<br />
["bog"] = {"Bamako Sign Language"},<br />
["boh"] = {"Boma"},<br />
["boi"] = {"Barbareño"},<br />
["boj"] = {"Anjam"},<br />
["bok"] = {"Bonjo"},<br />
["bol"] = {"Bole"},<br />
["bom"] = {"Berom"},<br />
["bon"] = {"Bine"},<br />
["boo"] = {"Tiemacèwè Bozo"},<br />
["bop"] = {"Bonkiman"},<br />
["boq"] = {"Bogaya"},<br />
["bor"] = {"Borôro"},<br />
["bot"] = {"Bongo"},<br />
["bou"] = {"Bondei"},<br />
["bov"] = {"Tuwuli"},<br />
["bow"] = {"Rema"},<br />
["box"] = {"Buamu"},<br />
["boy"] = {"Bodo (Central African Republic)"},<br />
["boz"] = {"Tiéyaxo Bozo"},<br />
["bpa"] = {"Daakaka"},<br />
["bpb"] = {"Barbacoas"},<br />
["bpd"] = {"Banda-Banda"},<br />
["bpg"] = {"Bonggo"},<br />
["bph"] = {"Botlikh"},<br />
["bpi"] = {"Bagupi"},<br />
["bpj"] = {"Binji"},<br />
["bpk"] = {"Orowe", "'Ôrôê"},<br />
["bpl"] = {"Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin"},<br />
["bpm"] = {"Biyom"},<br />
["bpn"] = {"Dzao Min"},<br />
["bpo"] = {"Anasi"},<br />
["bpp"] = {"Kaure"},<br />
["bpq"] = {"Banda Malay"},<br />
["bpr"] = {"Koronadal Blaan"},<br />
["bps"] = {"Sarangani Blaan"},<br />
["bpt"] = {"Barrow Point"},<br />
["bpu"] = {"Bongu"},<br />
["bpv"] = {"Bian Marind"},<br />
["bpw"] = {"Bo (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["bpx"] = {"Palya Bareli"},<br />
["bpy"] = {"Bishnupriya"},<br />
["bpz"] = {"Bilba"},<br />
["bqa"] = {"Tchumbuli"},<br />
["bqb"] = {"Bagusa"},<br />
["bqc"] = {"Boko (Benin)", "Boo"},<br />
["bqd"] = {"Bung"},<br />
["bqf"] = {"Baga Kaloum"},<br />
["bqg"] = {"Bago-Kusuntu"},<br />
["bqh"] = {"Baima"},<br />
["bqi"] = {"Bakhtiari"},<br />
["bqj"] = {"Bandial"},<br />
["bqk"] = {"Banda-Mbrès"},<br />
["bql"] = {"Bilakura"},<br />
["bqm"] = {"Wumboko"},<br />
["bqn"] = {"Bulgarian Sign Language"},<br />
["bqo"] = {"Balo"},<br />
["bqp"] = {"Busa"},<br />
["bqq"] = {"Biritai"},<br />
["bqr"] = {"Burusu"},<br />
["bqs"] = {"Bosngun"},<br />
["bqt"] = {"Bamukumbit"},<br />
["bqu"] = {"Boguru"},<br />
["bqv"] = {"Koro Wachi", "Begbere-Ejar"},<br />
["bqw"] = {"Buru (Nigeria)"},<br />
["bqx"] = {"Baangi"},<br />
["bqy"] = {"Bengkala Sign Language"},<br />
["bqz"] = {"Bakaka"},<br />
["bra"] = {"Braj"},<br />
["brb"] = {"Lave"},<br />
["brc"] = {"Berbice Creole Dutch"},<br />
["brd"] = {"Baraamu"},<br />
["brf"] = {"Bera"},<br />
["brg"] = {"Baure"},<br />
["brh"] = {"Brahui"},<br />
["bri"] = {"Mokpwe"},<br />
["brj"] = {"Bieria"},<br />
["brk"] = {"Birked"},<br />
["brl"] = {"Birwa"},<br />
["brm"] = {"Barambu"},<br />
["brn"] = {"Boruca"},<br />
["bro"] = {"Brokkat"},<br />
["brp"] = {"Barapasi"},<br />
["brq"] = {"Breri"},<br />
["brr"] = {"Birao"},<br />
["brs"] = {"Baras"},<br />
["brt"] = {"Bitare"},<br />
["bru"] = {"Eastern Bru"},<br />
["brv"] = {"Western Bru"},<br />
["brw"] = {"Bellari"},<br />
["brx"] = {"Bodo (India)"},<br />
["bry"] = {"Burui"},<br />
["brz"] = {"Bilbil"},<br />
["bsa"] = {"Abinomn"},<br />
["bsb"] = {"Brunei Bisaya"},<br />
["bsc"] = {"Bassari", "Oniyan"},<br />
["bse"] = {"Wushi"},<br />
["bsf"] = {"Bauchi"},<br />
["bsg"] = {"Bashkardi"},<br />
["bsh"] = {"Kati"},<br />
["bsi"] = {"Bassossi"},<br />
["bsj"] = {"Bangwinji"},<br />
["bsk"] = {"Burushaski"},<br />
["bsl"] = {"Basa-Gumna"},<br />
["bsm"] = {"Busami"},<br />
["bsn"] = {"Barasana-Eduria"},<br />
["bso"] = {"Buso"},<br />
["bsp"] = {"Baga Sitemu"},<br />
["bsq"] = {"Bassa"},<br />
["bsr"] = {"Bassa-Kontagora"},<br />
["bss"] = {"Akoose"},<br />
["bst"] = {"Basketo"},<br />
["bsu"] = {"Bahonsuai"},<br />
["bsv"] = {"Baga Sobané"},<br />
["bsw"] = {"Baiso"},<br />
["bsx"] = {"Yangkam"},<br />
["bsy"] = {"Sabah Bisaya"},<br />
["bta"] = {"Bata"},<br />
["btc"] = {"Bati (Cameroon)"},<br />
["btd"] = {"Batak Dairi"},<br />
["bte"] = {"Gamo-Ningi"},<br />
["btf"] = {"Birgit"},<br />
["btg"] = {"Gagnoa Bété"},<br />
["bth"] = {"Biatah Bidayuh"},<br />
["bti"] = {"Burate"},<br />
["btj"] = {"Bacanese Malay"},<br />
["btk"] = {"Batak languages"},<br />
["btm"] = {"Batak Mandailing"},<br />
["btn"] = {"Ratagnon"},<br />
["bto"] = {"Rinconada Bikol"},<br />
["btp"] = {"Budibud"},<br />
["btq"] = {"Batek"},<br />
["btr"] = {"Baetora"},<br />
["bts"] = {"Batak Simalungun"},<br />
["btt"] = {"Bete-Bendi"},<br />
["btu"] = {"Batu"},<br />
["btv"] = {"Bateri"},<br />
["btw"] = {"Butuanon"},<br />
["btx"] = {"Batak Karo"},<br />
["bty"] = {"Bobot"},<br />
["btz"] = {"Batak Alas-Kluet"},<br />
["bua"] = {"Buriat"},<br />
["bub"] = {"Bua"},<br />
["buc"] = {"Bushi"},<br />
["bud"] = {"Ntcham"},<br />
["bue"] = {"Beothuk"},<br />
["buf"] = {"Bushoong"},<br />
["bug"] = {"Buginese"},<br />
["buh"] = {"Younuo Bunu"},<br />
["bui"] = {"Bongili"},<br />
["buj"] = {"Basa-Gurmana"},<br />
["buk"] = {"Bugawac"},<br />
["bum"] = {"Bulu (Cameroon)"},<br />
["bun"] = {"Sherbro"},<br />
["buo"] = {"Terei"},<br />
["bup"] = {"Busoa"},<br />
["buq"] = {"Brem"},<br />
["bus"] = {"Bokobaru"},<br />
["but"] = {"Bungain"},<br />
["buu"] = {"Budu"},<br />
["buv"] = {"Bun"},<br />
["buw"] = {"Bubi"},<br />
["bux"] = {"Boghom"},<br />
["buy"] = {"Bullom So"},<br />
["buz"] = {"Bukwen"},<br />
["bva"] = {"Barein"},<br />
["bvb"] = {"Bube"},<br />
["bvc"] = {"Baelelea"},<br />
["bvd"] = {"Baeggu"},<br />
["bve"] = {"Berau Malay"},<br />
["bvf"] = {"Boor"},<br />
["bvg"] = {"Bonkeng"},<br />
["bvh"] = {"Bure"},<br />
["bvi"] = {"Belanda Viri"},<br />
["bvj"] = {"Baan"},<br />
["bvk"] = {"Bukat"},<br />
["bvl"] = {"Bolivian Sign Language"},<br />
["bvm"] = {"Bamunka"},<br />
["bvn"] = {"Buna"},<br />
["bvo"] = {"Bolgo"},<br />
["bvp"] = {"Bumang"},<br />
["bvq"] = {"Birri"},<br />
["bvr"] = {"Burarra"},<br />
["bvt"] = {"Bati (Indonesia)"},<br />
["bvu"] = {"Bukit Malay"},<br />
["bvv"] = {"Baniva"},<br />
["bvw"] = {"Boga"},<br />
["bvx"] = {"Dibole"},<br />
["bvy"] = {"Baybayanon"},<br />
["bvz"] = {"Bauzi"},<br />
["bwa"] = {"Bwatoo"},<br />
["bwb"] = {"Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua"},<br />
["bwc"] = {"Bwile"},<br />
["bwd"] = {"Bwaidoka"},<br />
["bwe"] = {"Bwe Karen"},<br />
["bwf"] = {"Boselewa"},<br />
["bwg"] = {"Barwe"},<br />
["bwh"] = {"Bishuo"},<br />
["bwi"] = {"Baniwa"},<br />
["bwj"] = {"Láá Láá Bwamu"},<br />
["bwk"] = {"Bauwaki"},<br />
["bwl"] = {"Bwela"},<br />
["bwm"] = {"Biwat"},<br />
["bwn"] = {"Wunai Bunu"},<br />
["bwo"] = {"Boro (Ethiopia)", "Borna (Ethiopia)"},<br />
["bwp"] = {"Mandobo Bawah"},<br />
["bwq"] = {"Southern Bobo Madaré"},<br />
["bwr"] = {"Bura-Pabir"},<br />
["bws"] = {"Bomboma"},<br />
["bwt"] = {"Bafaw-Balong"},<br />
["bwu"] = {"Buli (Ghana)"},<br />
["bww"] = {"Bwa"},<br />
["bwx"] = {"Bu-Nao Bunu"},<br />
["bwy"] = {"Cwi Bwamu"},<br />
["bwz"] = {"Bwisi"},<br />
["bxa"] = {"Tairaha"},<br />
["bxb"] = {"Belanda Bor"},<br />
["bxc"] = {"Molengue"},<br />
["bxd"] = {"Pela"},<br />
["bxe"] = {"Birale"},<br />
["bxf"] = {"Bilur", "Minigir"},<br />
["bxg"] = {"Bangala"},<br />
["bxh"] = {"Buhutu"},<br />
["bxi"] = {"Pirlatapa"},<br />
["bxj"] = {"Bayungu"},<br />
["bxk"] = {"Bukusu", "Lubukusu"},<br />
["bxl"] = {"Jalkunan"},<br />
["bxm"] = {"Mongolia Buriat"},<br />
["bxn"] = {"Burduna"},<br />
["bxo"] = {"Barikanchi"},<br />
["bxp"] = {"Bebil"},<br />
["bxq"] = {"Beele"},<br />
["bxr"] = {"Russia Buriat"},<br />
["bxs"] = {"Busam"},<br />
["bxu"] = {"China Buriat"},<br />
["bxv"] = {"Berakou"},<br />
["bxw"] = {"Bankagooma"},<br />
["bxz"] = {"Binahari"},<br />
["bya"] = {"Batak"},<br />
["byb"] = {"Bikya"},<br />
["byc"] = {"Ubaghara"},<br />
["byd"] = {"Benyadu'"},<br />
["bye"] = {"Pouye"},<br />
["byf"] = {"Bete"},<br />
["byg"] = {"Baygo"},<br />
["byh"] = {"Bhujel"},<br />
["byi"] = {"Buyu"},<br />
["byj"] = {"Bina (Nigeria)"},<br />
["byk"] = {"Biao"},<br />
["byl"] = {"Bayono"},<br />
["bym"] = {"Bidjara"},<br />
["byn"] = {"Bilin", "Blin"},<br />
["byo"] = {"Biyo"},<br />
["byp"] = {"Bumaji"},<br />
["byq"] = {"Basay"},<br />
["byr"] = {"Baruya", "Yipma"},<br />
["bys"] = {"Burak"},<br />
["byt"] = {"Berti"},<br />
["byv"] = {"Medumba"},<br />
["byw"] = {"Belhariya"},<br />
["byx"] = {"Qaqet"},<br />
["byz"] = {"Banaro"},<br />
["bza"] = {"Bandi"},<br />
["bzb"] = {"Andio"},<br />
["bzc"] = {"Southern Betsimisaraka Malagasy"},<br />
["bzd"] = {"Bribri"},<br />
["bze"] = {"Jenaama Bozo"},<br />
["bzf"] = {"Boikin"},<br />
["bzg"] = {"Babuza"},<br />
["bzh"] = {"Mapos Buang"},<br />
["bzi"] = {"Bisu"},<br />
["bzj"] = {"Belize Kriol English"},<br />
["bzk"] = {"Nicaragua Creole English"},<br />
["bzl"] = {"Boano (Sulawesi)"},<br />
["bzm"] = {"Bolondo"},<br />
["bzn"] = {"Boano (Maluku)"},<br />
["bzo"] = {"Bozaba"},<br />
["bzp"] = {"Kemberano"},<br />
["bzq"] = {"Buli (Indonesia)"},<br />
["bzr"] = {"Biri"},<br />
["bzs"] = {"Brazilian Sign Language"},<br />
["bzt"] = {"Brithenig"},<br />
["bzu"] = {"Burmeso"},<br />
["bzv"] = {"Naami"},<br />
["bzw"] = {"Basa (Nigeria)"},<br />
["bzx"] = {"Kɛlɛngaxo Bozo"},<br />
["bzy"] = {"Obanliku"},<br />
["bzz"] = {"Evant"},<br />
["caa"] = {"Chortí"},<br />
["cab"] = {"Garifuna"},<br />
["cac"] = {"Chuj"},<br />
["cad"] = {"Caddo"},<br />
["cae"] = {"Lehar", "Laalaa"},<br />
["caf"] = {"Southern Carrier"},<br />
["cag"] = {"Nivaclé"},<br />
["cah"] = {"Cahuarano"},<br />
["cai"] = {"Central American Indian languages"},<br />
["caj"] = {"Chané"},<br />
["cak"] = {"Kaqchikel", "Cakchiquel"},<br />
["cal"] = {"Carolinian"},<br />
["cam"] = {"Cemuhî"},<br />
["can"] = {"Chambri"},<br />
["cao"] = {"Chácobo"},<br />
["cap"] = {"Chipaya"},<br />
["caq"] = {"Car Nicobarese"},<br />
["car"] = {"Galibi Carib"},<br />
["cas"] = {"Tsimané"},<br />
["cau"] = {"Caucasian languages"},<br />
["cav"] = {"Cavineña"},<br />
["caw"] = {"Callawalla"},<br />
["cax"] = {"Chiquitano"},<br />
["cay"] = {"Cayuga"},<br />
["caz"] = {"Canichana"},<br />
["cba"] = {"Chibchan languages"},<br />
["cbb"] = {"Cabiyarí"},<br />
["cbc"] = {"Carapana"},<br />
["cbd"] = {"Carijona"},<br />
["cbg"] = {"Chimila"},<br />
["cbi"] = {"Chachi"},<br />
["cbj"] = {"Ede Cabe"},<br />
["cbk"] = {"Chavacano"},<br />
["cbl"] = {"Bualkhaw Chin"},<br />
["cbn"] = {"Nyahkur"},<br />
["cbo"] = {"Izora"},<br />
["cbq"] = {"Tsucuba", "Cuba"},<br />
["cbr"] = {"Cashibo-Cacataibo"},<br />
["cbs"] = {"Cashinahua"},<br />
["cbt"] = {"Chayahuita"},<br />
["cbu"] = {"Candoshi-Shapra"},<br />
["cbv"] = {"Cacua"},<br />
["cbw"] = {"Kinabalian"},<br />
["cby"] = {"Carabayo"},<br />
["cca"] = {"Cauca"},<br />
["ccc"] = {"Chamicuro"},<br />
["ccd"] = {"Cafundo Creole"},<br />
["cce"] = {"Chopi"},<br />
["ccg"] = {"Samba Daka"},<br />
["cch"] = {"Atsam"},<br />
["ccj"] = {"Kasanga"},<br />
["ccl"] = {"Cutchi-Swahili"},<br />
["ccm"] = {"Malaccan Creole Malay"},<br />
["ccn"] = {"North Caucasian languages"},<br />
["cco"] = {"Comaltepec Chinantec"},<br />
["ccp"] = {"Chakma"},<br />
["ccr"] = {"Cacaopera"},<br />
["ccs"] = {"South Caucasian languages"},<br />
["cda"] = {"Choni"},<br />
["cdc"] = {"Chadic languages"},<br />
["cdd"] = {"Caddoan languages"},<br />
["cde"] = {"Chenchu"},<br />
["cdf"] = {"Chiru"},<br />
["cdg"] = {"Chamari"},<br />
["cdh"] = {"Chambeali"},<br />
["cdi"] = {"Chodri"},<br />
["cdj"] = {"Churahi"},<br />
["cdm"] = {"Chepang"},<br />
["cdn"] = {"Chaudangsi"},<br />
["cdo"] = {"Min Dong Chinese"},<br />
["cdr"] = {"Cinda-Regi-Tiyal"},<br />
["cds"] = {"Chadian Sign Language"},<br />
["cdy"] = {"Chadong"},<br />
["cdz"] = {"Koda"},<br />
["cea"] = {"Lower Chehalis"},<br />
["ceb"] = {"Cebuano"},<br />
["ceg"] = {"Chamacoco"},<br />
["cek"] = {"Eastern Khumi Chin"},<br />
["cel"] = {"Celtic languages"},<br />
["cen"] = {"Cen"},<br />
["cet"] = {"Centúúm"},<br />
["cey"] = {"Ekai Chin"},<br />
["cfa"] = {"Dijim-Bwilim"},<br />
["cfd"] = {"Cara"},<br />
["cfg"] = {"Como Karim"},<br />
["cfm"] = {"Falam Chin"},<br />
["cga"] = {"Changriwa"},<br />
["cgc"] = {"Kagayanen"},<br />
["cgg"] = {"Chiga"},<br />
["cgk"] = {"Chocangacakha"},<br />
["chb"] = {"Chibcha"},<br />
["chc"] = {"Catawba"},<br />
["chd"] = {"Highland Oaxaca Chontal"},<br />
["chf"] = {"Tabasco Chontal"},<br />
["chg"] = {"Chagatai"},<br />
["chh"] = {"Chinook"},<br />
["chj"] = {"Ojitlán Chinantec"},<br />
["chk"] = {"Chuukese"},<br />
["chl"] = {"Cahuilla"},<br />
["chm"] = {"Mari (Russia)"},<br />
["chn"] = {"Chinook jargon"},<br />
["cho"] = {"Choctaw"},<br />
["chp"] = {"Chipewyan", "Dene Suline"},<br />
["chq"] = {"Quiotepec Chinantec"},<br />
["chr"] = {"Cherokee"},<br />
["cht"] = {"Cholón"},<br />
["chw"] = {"Chuwabu"},<br />
["chx"] = {"Chantyal"},<br />
["chy"] = {"Cheyenne"},<br />
["chz"] = {"Ozumacín Chinantec"},<br />
["cia"] = {"Cia-Cia"},<br />
["cib"] = {"Ci Gbe"},<br />
["cic"] = {"Chickasaw"},<br />
["cid"] = {"Chimariko"},<br />
["cie"] = {"Cineni"},<br />
["cih"] = {"Chinali"},<br />
["cik"] = {"Chitkuli Kinnauri"},<br />
["cim"] = {"Cimbrian"},<br />
["cin"] = {"Cinta Larga"},<br />
["cip"] = {"Chiapanec"},<br />
["cir"] = {"Tiri", "Haméa", "Méa"},<br />
["ciw"] = {"Chippewa"},<br />
["ciy"] = {"Chaima"},<br />
["cja"] = {"Western Cham"},<br />
["cje"] = {"Chru"},<br />
["cjh"] = {"Upper Chehalis"},<br />
["cji"] = {"Chamalal"},<br />
["cjk"] = {"Chokwe"},<br />
["cjm"] = {"Eastern Cham"},<br />
["cjn"] = {"Chenapian"},<br />
["cjo"] = {"Ashéninka Pajonal"},<br />
["cjp"] = {"Cabécar"},<br />
["cjs"] = {"Shor"},<br />
["cjv"] = {"Chuave"},<br />
["cjy"] = {"Jinyu Chinese"},<br />
["ckb"] = {"Central Kurdish"},<br />
["ckh"] = {"Chak"},<br />
["ckl"] = {"Cibak"},<br />
["ckn"] = {"Kaang Chin"},<br />
["cko"] = {"Anufo"},<br />
["ckq"] = {"Kajakse"},<br />
["ckr"] = {"Kairak"},<br />
["cks"] = {"Tayo"},<br />
["ckt"] = {"Chukot"},<br />
["cku"] = {"Koasati"},<br />
["ckv"] = {"Kavalan"},<br />
["ckx"] = {"Caka"},<br />
["cky"] = {"Cakfem-Mushere"},<br />
["ckz"] = {"Cakchiquel-Quiché Mixed Language"},<br />
["cla"] = {"Ron"},<br />
["clc"] = {"Chilcotin"},<br />
["cld"] = {"Chaldean Neo-Aramaic"},<br />
["cle"] = {"Lealao Chinantec"},<br />
["clh"] = {"Chilisso"},<br />
["cli"] = {"Chakali"},<br />
["clj"] = {"Laitu Chin"},<br />
["clk"] = {"Idu-Mishmi"},<br />
["cll"] = {"Chala"},<br />
["clm"] = {"Clallam"},<br />
["clo"] = {"Lowland Oaxaca Chontal"},<br />
["clt"] = {"Lautu Chin"},<br />
["clu"] = {"Caluyanun"},<br />
["clw"] = {"Chulym"},<br />
["cly"] = {"Eastern Highland Chatino"},<br />
["cma"] = {"Maa"},<br />
["cmc"] = {"Chamic languages"},<br />
["cme"] = {"Cerma"},<br />
["cmg"] = {"Classical Mongolian"},<br />
["cmi"] = {"Emberá-Chamí"},<br />
["cml"] = {"Campalagian"},<br />
["cmm"] = {"Michigamea"},<br />
["cmn"] = {"Mandarin Chinese"},<br />
["cmo"] = {"Central Mnong"},<br />
["cmr"] = {"Mro-Khimi Chin"},<br />
["cms"] = {"Messapic"},<br />
["cmt"] = {"Camtho"},<br />
["cna"] = {"Changthang"},<br />
["cnb"] = {"Chinbon Chin"},<br />
["cnc"] = {"Côông"},<br />
["cng"] = {"Northern Qiang"},<br />
["cnh"] = {"Hakha Chin", "Haka Chin"},<br />
["cni"] = {"Asháninka"},<br />
["cnk"] = {"Khumi Chin"},<br />
["cnl"] = {"Lalana Chinantec"},<br />
["cno"] = {"Con"},<br />
["cnr"] = {"Montenegrin"},<br />
["cns"] = {"Central Asmat"},<br />
["cnt"] = {"Tepetotutla Chinantec"},<br />
["cnu"] = {"Chenoua"},<br />
["cnw"] = {"Ngawn Chin"},<br />
["cnx"] = {"Middle Cornish"},<br />
["coa"] = {"Cocos Islands Malay"},<br />
["cob"] = {"Chicomuceltec"},<br />
["coc"] = {"Cocopa"},<br />
["cod"] = {"Cocama-Cocamilla"},<br />
["coe"] = {"Koreguaje"},<br />
["cof"] = {"Colorado"},<br />
["cog"] = {"Chong"},<br />
["coh"] = {"Chonyi-Dzihana-Kauma", "Chichonyi-Chidzihana-Chikauma"},<br />
["coj"] = {"Cochimi"},<br />
["cok"] = {"Santa Teresa Cora"},<br />
["col"] = {"Columbia-Wenatchi"},<br />
["com"] = {"Comanche"},<br />
["con"] = {"Cofán"},<br />
["coo"] = {"Comox"},<br />
["cop"] = {"Coptic"},<br />
["coq"] = {"Coquille"},<br />
["cot"] = {"Caquinte"},<br />
["cou"] = {"Wamey"},<br />
["cov"] = {"Cao Miao"},<br />
["cow"] = {"Cowlitz"},<br />
["cox"] = {"Nanti"},<br />
["coz"] = {"Chochotec"},<br />
["cpa"] = {"Palantla Chinantec"},<br />
["cpb"] = {"Ucayali-Yurúa Ashéninka"},<br />
["cpc"] = {"Ajyíninka Apurucayali"},<br />
["cpe"] = {"English-based creoles and pidgins"},<br />
["cpf"] = {"French-based creoles and pidgins"},<br />
["cpg"] = {"Cappadocian Greek"},<br />
["cpi"] = {"Chinese Pidgin English"},<br />
["cpn"] = {"Cherepon"},<br />
["cpo"] = {"Kpeego"},<br />
["cpp"] = {"Portuguese-based creoles and pidgins"},<br />
["cps"] = {"Capiznon"},<br />
["cpu"] = {"Pichis Ashéninka"},<br />
["cpx"] = {"Pu-Xian Chinese"},<br />
["cpy"] = {"South Ucayali Ashéninka"},<br />
["cqd"] = {"Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao"},<br />
["cra"] = {"Chara"},<br />
["crb"] = {"Island Carib"},<br />
["crc"] = {"Lonwolwol"},<br />
["crd"] = {"Coeur d'Alene"},<br />
["crf"] = {"Caramanta"},<br />
["crg"] = {"Michif"},<br />
["crh"] = {"Crimean Tatar", "Crimean Turkish"},<br />
["cri"] = {"Sãotomense"},<br />
["crj"] = {"Southern East Cree"},<br />
["crk"] = {"Plains Cree"},<br />
["crl"] = {"Northern East Cree"},<br />
["crm"] = {"Moose Cree"},<br />
["crn"] = {"El Nayar Cora"},<br />
["cro"] = {"Crow"},<br />
["crp"] = {"Creoles and pidgins"},<br />
["crq"] = {"Iyo'wujwa Chorote"},<br />
["crr"] = {"Carolina Algonquian"},<br />
["crs"] = {"Seselwa Creole French"},<br />
["crt"] = {"Iyojwa'ja Chorote"},<br />
["crv"] = {"Chaura"},<br />
["crw"] = {"Chrau"},<br />
["crx"] = {"Carrier"},<br />
["cry"] = {"Cori"},<br />
["crz"] = {"Cruzeño"},<br />
["csa"] = {"Chiltepec Chinantec"},<br />
["csb"] = {"Kashubian"},<br />
["csc"] = {"Catalan Sign Language", "Lengua de señas catalana", "Llengua de Signes Catalana"},<br />
["csd"] = {"Chiangmai Sign Language"},<br />
["cse"] = {"Czech Sign Language"},<br />
["csf"] = {"Cuba Sign Language"},<br />
["csg"] = {"Chilean Sign Language"},<br />
["csh"] = {"Asho Chin"},<br />
["csi"] = {"Coast Miwok"},<br />
["csj"] = {"Songlai Chin"},<br />
["csk"] = {"Jola-Kasa"},<br />
["csl"] = {"Chinese Sign Language"},<br />
["csm"] = {"Central Sierra Miwok"},<br />
["csn"] = {"Colombian Sign Language"},<br />
["cso"] = {"Sochiapam Chinantec", "Sochiapan Chinantec"},<br />
["csq"] = {"Croatia Sign Language"},<br />
["csr"] = {"Costa Rican Sign Language"},<br />
["css"] = {"Southern Ohlone"},<br />
["cst"] = {"Northern Ohlone"},<br />
["csu"] = {"Central Sudanic languages"},<br />
["csv"] = {"Sumtu Chin"},<br />
["csw"] = {"Swampy Cree"},<br />
["csy"] = {"Siyin Chin"},<br />
["csz"] = {"Coos"},<br />
["cta"] = {"Tataltepec Chatino"},<br />
["ctc"] = {"Chetco"},<br />
["ctd"] = {"Tedim Chin"},<br />
["cte"] = {"Tepinapa Chinantec"},<br />
["ctg"] = {"Chittagonian"},<br />
["cth"] = {"Thaiphum Chin"},<br />
["ctl"] = {"Tlacoatzintepec Chinantec"},<br />
["ctm"] = {"Chitimacha"},<br />
["ctn"] = {"Chhintange"},<br />
["cto"] = {"Emberá-Catío"},<br />
["ctp"] = {"Western Highland Chatino"},<br />
["cts"] = {"Northern Catanduanes Bikol"},<br />
["ctt"] = {"Wayanad Chetti"},<br />
["ctu"] = {"Chol"},<br />
["ctz"] = {"Zacatepec Chatino"},<br />
["cua"] = {"Cua"},<br />
["cub"] = {"Cubeo"},<br />
["cuc"] = {"Usila Chinantec"},<br />
["cug"] = {"Chungmboko", "Cung"},<br />
["cuh"] = {"Chuka", "Gichuka"},<br />
["cui"] = {"Cuiba"},<br />
["cuj"] = {"Mashco Piro"},<br />
["cuk"] = {"San Blas Kuna"},<br />
["cul"] = {"Culina", "Kulina"},<br />
["cuo"] = {"Cumanagoto"},<br />
["cup"] = {"Cupeño"},<br />
["cuq"] = {"Cun"},<br />
["cur"] = {"Chhulung"},<br />
["cus"] = {"Cushitic languages"},<br />
["cut"] = {"Teutila Cuicatec"},<br />
["cuu"] = {"Tai Ya"},<br />
["cuv"] = {"Cuvok"},<br />
["cuw"] = {"Chukwa"},<br />
["cux"] = {"Tepeuxila Cuicatec"},<br />
["cuy"] = {"Cuitlatec"},<br />
["cvg"] = {"Chug"},<br />
["cvn"] = {"Valle Nacional Chinantec"},<br />
["cwa"] = {"Kabwa"},<br />
["cwb"] = {"Maindo"},<br />
["cwd"] = {"Woods Cree"},<br />
["cwe"] = {"Kwere"},<br />
["cwg"] = {"Chewong", "Cheq Wong"},<br />
["cwt"] = {"Kuwaataay"},<br />
["cya"] = {"Nopala Chatino"},<br />
["cyb"] = {"Cayubaba"},<br />
["cyo"] = {"Cuyonon"},<br />
["czh"] = {"Huizhou Chinese"},<br />
["czk"] = {"Knaanic"},<br />
["czn"] = {"Zenzontepec Chatino"},<br />
["czo"] = {"Min Zhong Chinese"},<br />
["czt"] = {"Zotung Chin"},<br />
["daa"] = {"Dangaléat"},<br />
["dac"] = {"Dambi"},<br />
["dad"] = {"Marik"},<br />
["dae"] = {"Duupa"},<br />
["dag"] = {"Dagbani"},<br />
["dah"] = {"Gwahatike"},<br />
["dai"] = {"Day"},<br />
["daj"] = {"Dar Fur Daju"},<br />
["dak"] = {"Dakota"},<br />
["dal"] = {"Dahalo"},<br />
["dam"] = {"Damakawa"},<br />
["dao"] = {"Daai Chin"},<br />
["daq"] = {"Dandami Maria"},<br />
["dar"] = {"Dargwa"},<br />
["das"] = {"Daho-Doo"},<br />
["dau"] = {"Dar Sila Daju"},<br />
["dav"] = {"Taita", "Dawida"},<br />
["daw"] = {"Davawenyo"},<br />
["dax"] = {"Dayi"},<br />
["day"] = {"Land Dayak languages"},<br />
["daz"] = {"Dao"},<br />
["dba"] = {"Bangime"},<br />
["dbb"] = {"Deno"},<br />
["dbd"] = {"Dadiya"},<br />
["dbe"] = {"Dabe"},<br />
["dbf"] = {"Edopi"},<br />
["dbg"] = {"Dogul Dom Dogon"},<br />
["dbi"] = {"Doka"},<br />
["dbj"] = {"Ida'an"},<br />
["dbl"] = {"Dyirbal"},<br />
["dbm"] = {"Duguri"},<br />
["dbn"] = {"Duriankere"},<br />
["dbo"] = {"Dulbu"},<br />
["dbp"] = {"Duwai"},<br />
["dbq"] = {"Daba"},<br />
["dbr"] = {"Dabarre"},<br />
["dbt"] = {"Ben Tey Dogon"},<br />
["dbu"] = {"Bondum Dom Dogon"},<br />
["dbv"] = {"Dungu"},<br />
["dbw"] = {"Bankan Tey Dogon"},<br />
["dby"] = {"Dibiyaso"},<br />
["dcc"] = {"Deccan"},<br />
["dcr"] = {"Negerhollands"},<br />
["dda"] = {"Dadi Dadi"},<br />
["ddd"] = {"Dongotono"},<br />
["dde"] = {"Doondo"},<br />
["ddg"] = {"Fataluku"},<br />
["ddi"] = {"West Goodenough"},<br />
["ddj"] = {"Jaru"},<br />
["ddn"] = {"Dendi (Benin)"},<br />
["ddo"] = {"Dido"},<br />
["ddr"] = {"Dhudhuroa"},<br />
["dds"] = {"Donno So Dogon"},<br />
["ddw"] = {"Dawera-Daweloor"},<br />
["dec"] = {"Dagik"},<br />
["ded"] = {"Dedua"},<br />
["dee"] = {"Dewoin"},<br />
["def"] = {"Dezfuli"},<br />
["deg"] = {"Degema"},<br />
["deh"] = {"Dehwari"},<br />
["dei"] = {"Demisa"},<br />
["dek"] = {"Dek"},<br />
["del"] = {"Delaware"},<br />
["dem"] = {"Dem"},<br />
["den"] = {"Slave (Athapascan)"},<br />
["dep"] = {"Pidgin Delaware"},<br />
["deq"] = {"Dendi (Central African Republic)"},<br />
["der"] = {"Deori"},<br />
["des"] = {"Desano"},<br />
["dev"] = {"Domung"},<br />
["dez"] = {"Dengese"},<br />
["dga"] = {"Southern Dagaare"},<br />
["dgb"] = {"Bunoge Dogon"},<br />
["dgc"] = {"Casiguran Dumagat Agta"},<br />
["dgd"] = {"Dagaari Dioula"},<br />
["dge"] = {"Degenan"},<br />
["dgg"] = {"Doga"},<br />
["dgh"] = {"Dghwede"},<br />
["dgi"] = {"Northern Dagara"},<br />
["dgk"] = {"Dagba"},<br />
["dgl"] = {"Andaandi", "Dongolawi"},<br />
["dgn"] = {"Dagoman"},<br />
["dgo"] = {"Dogri (individual language)"},<br />
["dgr"] = {"Dogrib"},<br />
["dgs"] = {"Dogoso"},<br />
["dgt"] = {"Ndra'ngith"},<br />
["dgu"] = {"Degaru"},<br />
["dgw"] = {"Daungwurrung"},<br />
["dgx"] = {"Doghoro"},<br />
["dgz"] = {"Daga"},<br />
["dhd"] = {"Dhundari"},<br />
["dhg"] = {"Dhangu-Djangu", "Dhangu", "Djangu"},<br />
["dhi"] = {"Dhimal"},<br />
["dhl"] = {"Dhalandji"},<br />
["dhm"] = {"Zemba"},<br />
["dhn"] = {"Dhanki"},<br />
["dho"] = {"Dhodia"},<br />
["dhr"] = {"Dhargari"},<br />
["dhs"] = {"Dhaiso"},<br />
["dhu"] = {"Dhurga"},<br />
["dhv"] = {"Dehu", "Drehu"},<br />
["dhw"] = {"Dhanwar (Nepal)"},<br />
["dhx"] = {"Dhungaloo"},<br />
["dia"] = {"Dia"},<br />
["dib"] = {"South Central Dinka"},<br />
["dic"] = {"Lakota Dida"},<br />
["did"] = {"Didinga"},<br />
["dif"] = {"Dieri", "Diyari"},<br />
["dig"] = {"Digo", "Chidigo"},<br />
["dih"] = {"Kumiai"},<br />
["dii"] = {"Dimbong"},<br />
["dij"] = {"Dai"},<br />
["dik"] = {"Southwestern Dinka"},<br />
["dil"] = {"Dilling"},<br />
["dim"] = {"Dime"},<br />
["din"] = {"Dinka"},<br />
["dio"] = {"Dibo"},<br />
["dip"] = {"Northeastern Dinka"},<br />
["diq"] = {"Dimli (individual language)"},<br />
["dir"] = {"Dirim"},<br />
["dis"] = {"Dimasa"},<br />
["diu"] = {"Diriku"},<br />
["diw"] = {"Northwestern Dinka"},<br />
["dix"] = {"Dixon Reef"},<br />
["diy"] = {"Diuwe"},<br />
["diz"] = {"Ding"},<br />
["dja"] = {"Djadjawurrung"},<br />
["djb"] = {"Djinba"},<br />
["djc"] = {"Dar Daju Daju"},<br />
["djd"] = {"Djamindjung", "Ngaliwurru"},<br />
["dje"] = {"Zarma"},<br />
["djf"] = {"Djangun"},<br />
["dji"] = {"Djinang"},<br />
["djj"] = {"Djeebbana"},<br />
["djk"] = {"Eastern Maroon Creole", "Businenge Tongo", "Nenge"},<br />
["djm"] = {"Jamsay Dogon"},<br />
["djn"] = {"Jawoyn", "Djauan"},<br />
["djo"] = {"Jangkang"},<br />
["djr"] = {"Djambarrpuyngu"},<br />
["dju"] = {"Kapriman"},<br />
["djw"] = {"Djawi"},<br />
["dka"] = {"Dakpakha"},<br />
["dkk"] = {"Dakka"},<br />
["dkr"] = {"Kuijau"},<br />
["dks"] = {"Southeastern Dinka"},<br />
["dkx"] = {"Mazagway"},<br />
["dlg"] = {"Dolgan"},<br />
["dlk"] = {"Dahalik"},<br />
["dlm"] = {"Dalmatian"},<br />
["dln"] = {"Darlong"},<br />
["dma"] = {"Duma"},<br />
["dmb"] = {"Mombo Dogon"},<br />
["dmc"] = {"Gavak"},<br />
["dmd"] = {"Madhi Madhi"},<br />
["dme"] = {"Dugwor"},<br />
["dmg"] = {"Upper Kinabatangan"},<br />
["dmk"] = {"Domaaki"},<br />
["dml"] = {"Dameli"},<br />
["dmm"] = {"Dama"},<br />
["dmn"] = {"Mande languages"},<br />
["dmo"] = {"Kemedzung"},<br />
["dmr"] = {"East Damar"},<br />
["dms"] = {"Dampelas"},<br />
["dmu"] = {"Dubu", "Tebi"},<br />
["dmv"] = {"Dumpas"},<br />
["dmw"] = {"Mudburra"},<br />
["dmx"] = {"Dema"},<br />
["dmy"] = {"Demta", "Sowari"},<br />
["dna"] = {"Upper Grand Valley Dani"},<br />
["dnd"] = {"Daonda"},<br />
["dne"] = {"Ndendeule"},<br />
["dng"] = {"Dungan"},<br />
["dni"] = {"Lower Grand Valley Dani"},<br />
["dnj"] = {"Dan"},<br />
["dnk"] = {"Dengka"},<br />
["dnn"] = {"Dzùùngoo"},<br />
["dno"] = {"Ndrulo", "Northern Lendu"},<br />
["dnr"] = {"Danaru"},<br />
["dnt"] = {"Mid Grand Valley Dani"},<br />
["dnu"] = {"Danau"},<br />
["dnv"] = {"Danu"},<br />
["dnw"] = {"Western Dani"},<br />
["dny"] = {"Dení"},<br />
["doa"] = {"Dom"},<br />
["dob"] = {"Dobu"},<br />
["doc"] = {"Northern Dong"},<br />
["doe"] = {"Doe"},<br />
["dof"] = {"Domu"},<br />
["doh"] = {"Dong"},<br />
["doi"] = {"Dogri (macrolanguage)"},<br />
["dok"] = {"Dondo"},<br />
["dol"] = {"Doso"},<br />
["don"] = {"Toura (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["doo"] = {"Dongo"},<br />
["dop"] = {"Lukpa"},<br />
["doq"] = {"Dominican Sign Language"},<br />
["dor"] = {"Dori'o"},<br />
["dos"] = {"Dogosé"},<br />
["dot"] = {"Dass"},<br />
["dov"] = {"Dombe"},<br />
["dow"] = {"Doyayo"},<br />
["dox"] = {"Bussa"},<br />
["doy"] = {"Dompo"},<br />
["doz"] = {"Dorze"},<br />
["dpp"] = {"Papar"},<br />
["dra"] = {"Dravidian languages"},<br />
["drb"] = {"Dair"},<br />
["drc"] = {"Minderico"},<br />
["drd"] = {"Darmiya"},<br />
["dre"] = {"Dolpo"},<br />
["drg"] = {"Rungus"},<br />
["dri"] = {"C'Lela"},<br />
["drl"] = {"Paakantyi"},<br />
["drn"] = {"West Damar"},<br />
["dro"] = {"Daro-Matu Melanau"},<br />
["drq"] = {"Dura"},<br />
["drr"] = {"Dororo"},<br />
["drs"] = {"Gedeo"},<br />
["drt"] = {"Drents"},<br />
["dru"] = {"Rukai"},<br />
["dry"] = {"Darai"},<br />
["dsb"] = {"Lower Sorbian"},<br />
["dse"] = {"Dutch Sign Language"},<br />
["dsh"] = {"Daasanach"},<br />
["dsi"] = {"Disa"},<br />
["dsl"] = {"Danish Sign Language"},<br />
["dsn"] = {"Dusner"},<br />
["dso"] = {"Desiya"},<br />
["dsq"] = {"Tadaksahak"},<br />
["dta"] = {"Daur"},<br />
["dtb"] = {"Labuk-Kinabatangan Kadazan"},<br />
["dtd"] = {"Ditidaht"},<br />
["dth"] = {"Adithinngithigh"},<br />
["dti"] = {"Ana Tinga Dogon"},<br />
["dtk"] = {"Tene Kan Dogon"},<br />
["dtm"] = {"Tomo Kan Dogon"},<br />
["dtn"] = {"Daatsʼíin"},<br />
["dto"] = {"Tommo So Dogon"},<br />
["dtp"] = {"Kadazan Dusun", "Central Dusun"},<br />
["dtr"] = {"Lotud"},<br />
["dts"] = {"Toro So Dogon"},<br />
["dtt"] = {"Toro Tegu Dogon"},<br />
["dtu"] = {"Tebul Ure Dogon"},<br />
["dty"] = {"Dotyali"},<br />
["dua"] = {"Duala"},<br />
["dub"] = {"Dubli"},<br />
["duc"] = {"Duna"},<br />
["due"] = {"Umiray Dumaget Agta"},<br />
["duf"] = {"Dumbea", "Drubea"},<br />
["dug"] = {"Duruma", "Chiduruma"},<br />
["duh"] = {"Dungra Bhil"},<br />
["dui"] = {"Dumun"},<br />
["duk"] = {"Uyajitaya"},<br />
["dul"] = {"Alabat Island Agta"},<br />
["dum"] = {"Middle Dutch (ca. 1050-1350)"},<br />
["dun"] = {"Dusun Deyah"},<br />
["duo"] = {"Dupaninan Agta"},<br />
["dup"] = {"Duano"},<br />
["duq"] = {"Dusun Malang"},<br />
["dur"] = {"Dii"},<br />
["dus"] = {"Dumi"},<br />
["duu"] = {"Drung"},<br />
["duv"] = {"Duvle"},<br />
["duw"] = {"Dusun Witu"},<br />
["dux"] = {"Duungooma"},<br />
["duy"] = {"Dicamay Agta"},<br />
["duz"] = {"Duli-Gey"},<br />
["dva"] = {"Duau"},<br />
["dwa"] = {"Diri"},<br />
["dwr"] = {"Dawro"},<br />
["dws"] = {"Dutton World Speedwords"},<br />
["dwu"] = {"Dhuwal"},<br />
["dww"] = {"Dawawa"},<br />
["dwy"] = {"Dhuwaya"},<br />
["dwz"] = {"Dewas Rai"},<br />
["dya"] = {"Dyan"},<br />
["dyb"] = {"Dyaberdyaber"},<br />
["dyd"] = {"Dyugun"},<br />
["dyg"] = {"Villa Viciosa Agta"},<br />
["dyi"] = {"Djimini Senoufo"},<br />
["dym"] = {"Yanda Dom Dogon"},<br />
["dyn"] = {"Dyangadi", "Dhanggatti"},<br />
["dyo"] = {"Jola-Fonyi"},<br />
["dyu"] = {"Dyula"},<br />
["dyy"] = {"Djabugay", "Dyaabugay"},<br />
["dza"] = {"Tunzu"},<br />
["dze"] = {"Djiwarli"},<br />
["dzg"] = {"Dazaga"},<br />
["dzl"] = {"Dzalakha"},<br />
["dzn"] = {"Dzando"},<br />
["eaa"] = {"Karenggapa"},<br />
["ebg"] = {"Ebughu"},<br />
["ebk"] = {"Eastern Bontok"},<br />
["ebo"] = {"Teke-Ebo"},<br />
["ebr"] = {"Ebrié"},<br />
["ebu"] = {"Embu", "Kiembu"},<br />
["ecr"] = {"Eteocretan"},<br />
["ecs"] = {"Ecuadorian Sign Language"},<br />
["ecy"] = {"Eteocypriot"},<br />
["eee"] = {"E"},<br />
["efa"] = {"Efai"},<br />
["efe"] = {"Efe"},<br />
["efi"] = {"Efik"},<br />
["ega"] = {"Ega"},<br />
["egl"] = {"Emilian"},<br />
["ego"] = {"Eggon"},<br />
["egx"] = {"Egyptian languages"},<br />
["egy"] = {"Egyptian (Ancient)"},<br />
["ehu"] = {"Ehueun"},<br />
["eip"] = {"Eipomek"},<br />
["eit"] = {"Eitiep"},<br />
["eiv"] = {"Askopan"},<br />
["eja"] = {"Ejamat"},<br />
["eka"] = {"Ekajuk"},<br />
["ekc"] = {"Eastern Karnic"},<br />
["eke"] = {"Ekit"},<br />
["ekg"] = {"Ekari"},<br />
["eki"] = {"Eki"},<br />
["ekk"] = {"Standard Estonian"},<br />
["ekl"] = {"Kol (Bangladesh)", "Kol"},<br />
["ekm"] = {"Elip"},<br />
["eko"] = {"Koti"},<br />
["ekp"] = {"Ekpeye"},<br />
["ekr"] = {"Yace"},<br />
["eky"] = {"Eastern Kayah"},<br />
["ele"] = {"Elepi"},<br />
["elh"] = {"El Hugeirat"},<br />
["eli"] = {"Nding"},<br />
["elk"] = {"Elkei"},<br />
["elm"] = {"Eleme"},<br />
["elo"] = {"El Molo"},<br />
["elu"] = {"Elu"},<br />
["elx"] = {"Elamite"},<br />
["ema"] = {"Emai-Iuleha-Ora"},<br />
["emb"] = {"Embaloh"},<br />
["eme"] = {"Emerillon"},<br />
["emg"] = {"Eastern Meohang"},<br />
["emi"] = {"Mussau-Emira"},<br />
["emk"] = {"Eastern Maninkakan"},<br />
["emm"] = {"Mamulique"},<br />
["emn"] = {"Eman"},<br />
["emp"] = {"Northern Emberá"},<br />
["ems"] = {"Pacific Gulf Yupik"},<br />
["emu"] = {"Eastern Muria"},<br />
["emw"] = {"Emplawas"},<br />
["emx"] = {"Erromintxela"},<br />
["emy"] = {"Epigraphic Mayan"},<br />
["ena"] = {"Apali"},<br />
["enb"] = {"Markweeta"},<br />
["enc"] = {"En"},<br />
["end"] = {"Ende"},<br />
["enf"] = {"Forest Enets"},<br />
["enh"] = {"Tundra Enets"},<br />
["enl"] = {"Enlhet"},<br />
["enm"] = {"Middle English (1100-1500)"},<br />
["enn"] = {"Engenni"},<br />
["eno"] = {"Enggano"},<br />
["enq"] = {"Enga"},<br />
["enr"] = {"Emumu", "Emem"},<br />
["enu"] = {"Enu"},<br />
["env"] = {"Enwan (Edu State)"},<br />
["enw"] = {"Enwan (Akwa Ibom State)"},<br />
["enx"] = {"Enxet"},<br />
["eot"] = {"Beti (Côte d'Ivoire)"},<br />
["epi"] = {"Epie"},<br />
["era"] = {"Eravallan"},<br />
["erg"] = {"Sie"},<br />
["erh"] = {"Eruwa"},<br />
["eri"] = {"Ogea"},<br />
["erk"] = {"South Efate"},<br />
["ero"] = {"Horpa"},<br />
["err"] = {"Erre"},<br />
["ers"] = {"Ersu"},<br />
["ert"] = {"Eritai"},<br />
["erw"] = {"Erokwanas"},<br />
["ese"] = {"Ese Ejja"},<br />
["esg"] = {"Aheri Gondi"},<br />
["esh"] = {"Eshtehardi"},<br />
["esi"] = {"North Alaskan Inupiatun"},<br />
["esk"] = {"Northwest Alaska Inupiatun"},<br />
["esl"] = {"Egypt Sign Language"},<br />
["esm"] = {"Esuma"},<br />
["esn"] = {"Salvadoran Sign Language"},<br />
["eso"] = {"Estonian Sign Language"},<br />
["esq"] = {"Esselen"},<br />
["ess"] = {"Central Siberian Yupik"},<br />
["esu"] = {"Central Yupik"},<br />
["esx"] = {"Eskimo-Aleut languages"},<br />
["esy"] = {"Eskayan"},<br />
["etb"] = {"Etebi"},<br />
["etc"] = {"Etchemin"},<br />
["eth"] = {"Ethiopian Sign Language"},<br />
["etn"] = {"Eton (Vanuatu)"},<br />
["eto"] = {"Eton (Cameroon)"},<br />
["etr"] = {"Edolo"},<br />
["ets"] = {"Yekhee"},<br />
["ett"] = {"Etruscan"},<br />
["etu"] = {"Ejagham"},<br />
["etx"] = {"Eten"},<br />
["etz"] = {"Semimi"},<br />
["euq"] = {"Basque (family)"},<br />
["eve"] = {"Even"},<br />
["evh"] = {"Uvbie"},<br />
["evn"] = {"Evenki"},<br />
["ewo"] = {"Ewondo"},<br />
["ext"] = {"Extremaduran"},<br />
["eya"] = {"Eyak"},<br />
["eyo"] = {"Keiyo"},<br />
["eza"] = {"Ezaa"},<br />
["eze"] = {"Uzekwe"},<br />
["faa"] = {"Fasu"},<br />
["fab"] = {"Fa d'Ambu"},<br />
["fad"] = {"Wagi"},<br />
["faf"] = {"Fagani"},<br />
["fag"] = {"Finongan"},<br />
["fah"] = {"Baissa Fali"},<br />
["fai"] = {"Faiwol"},<br />
["faj"] = {"Faita"},<br />
["fak"] = {"Fang (Cameroon)"},<br />
["fal"] = {"South Fali"},<br />
["fam"] = {"Fam"},<br />
["fan"] = {"Fang (Equatorial Guinea)"},<br />
["fap"] = {"Paloor"},<br />
["far"] = {"Fataleka"},<br />
["fat"] = {"Fanti"},<br />
["fau"] = {"Fayu"},<br />
["fax"] = {"Fala"},<br />
["fay"] = {"Southwestern Fars"},<br />
["faz"] = {"Northwestern Fars"},<br />
["fbl"] = {"West Albay Bikol"},<br />
["fcs"] = {"Quebec Sign Language"},<br />
["fer"] = {"Feroge"},<br />
["ffi"] = {"Foia Foia"},<br />
["ffm"] = {"Maasina Fulfulde"},<br />
["fgr"] = {"Fongoro"},<br />
["fia"] = {"Nobiin"},<br />
["fie"] = {"Fyer"},<br />
["fil"] = {"Filipino", "Pilipino"},<br />
["fip"] = {"Fipa"},<br />
["fir"] = {"Firan"},<br />
["fit"] = {"Tornedalen Finnish"},<br />
["fiu"] = {"Finno-Ugrian languages"},<br />
["fiw"] = {"Fiwaga"},<br />
["fkk"] = {"Kirya-Konzəl"},<br />
["fkv"] = {"Kven Finnish"},<br />
["fla"] = {"Kalispel-Pend d'Oreille"},<br />
["flh"] = {"Foau"},<br />
["fli"] = {"Fali"},<br />
["fll"] = {"North Fali"},<br />
["fln"] = {"Flinders Island"},<br />
["flr"] = {"Fuliiru"},<br />
["fly"] = {"Flaaitaal", "Tsotsitaal"},<br />
["fmp"] = {"Fe'fe'"},<br />
["fmu"] = {"Far Western Muria"},<br />
["fnb"] = {"Fanbak"},<br />
["fng"] = {"Fanagalo"},<br />
["fni"] = {"Fania"},<br />
["fod"] = {"Foodo"},<br />
["foi"] = {"Foi"},<br />
["fom"] = {"Foma"},<br />
["fon"] = {"Fon"},<br />
["for"] = {"Fore"},<br />
["fos"] = {"Siraya"},<br />
["fox"] = {"Formosan languages"},<br />
["fpe"] = {"Fernando Po Creole English"},<br />
["fqs"] = {"Fas"},<br />
["frc"] = {"Cajun French"},<br />
["frd"] = {"Fordata"},<br />
["frk"] = {"Frankish"},<br />
["frm"] = {"Middle French (ca. 1400-1600)"},<br />
["fro"] = {"Old French (842-ca. 1400)"},<br />
["frp"] = {"Arpitan", "Francoprovençal"},<br />
["frq"] = {"Forak"},<br />
["frr"] = {"Northern Frisian"},<br />
["frs"] = {"Eastern Frisian"},<br />
["frt"] = {"Fortsenal"},<br />
["fse"] = {"Finnish Sign Language"},<br />
["fsl"] = {"French Sign Language"},<br />
["fss"] = {"Finland-Swedish Sign Language", "finlandssvenskt teckenspråk", "suomenruotsalainen viittomakieli"},<br />
["fub"] = {"Adamawa Fulfulde"},<br />
["fuc"] = {"Pulaar"},<br />
["fud"] = {"East Futuna"},<br />
["fue"] = {"Borgu Fulfulde"},<br />
["fuf"] = {"Pular"},<br />
["fuh"] = {"Western Niger Fulfulde"},<br />
["fui"] = {"Bagirmi Fulfulde"},<br />
["fuj"] = {"Ko"},<br />
["fum"] = {"Fum"},<br />
["fun"] = {"Fulniô"},<br />
["fuq"] = {"Central-Eastern Niger Fulfulde"},<br />
["fur"] = {"Friulian"},<br />
["fut"] = {"Futuna-Aniwa"},<br />
["fuu"] = {"Furu"},<br />
["fuv"] = {"Nigerian Fulfulde"},<br />
["fuy"] = {"Fuyug"},<br />
["fvr"] = {"Fur"},<br />
["fwa"] = {"Fwâi"},<br />
["fwe"] = {"Fwe"},<br />
["gaa"] = {"Ga"},<br />
["gab"] = {"Gabri"},<br />
["gac"] = {"Mixed Great Andamanese"},<br />
["gad"] = {"Gaddang"},<br />
["gae"] = {"Guarequena"},<br />
["gaf"] = {"Gende"},<br />
["gag"] = {"Gagauz"},<br />
["gah"] = {"Alekano"},<br />
["gai"] = {"Borei"},<br />
["gaj"] = {"Gadsup"},<br />
["gak"] = {"Gamkonora"},<br />
["gal"] = {"Galolen"},<br />
["gam"] = {"Kandawo"},<br />
["gan"] = {"Gan Chinese"},<br />
["gao"] = {"Gants"},<br />
["gap"] = {"Gal"},<br />
["gaq"] = {"Gata'"},<br />
["gar"] = {"Galeya"},<br />
["gas"] = {"Adiwasi Garasia"},<br />
["gat"] = {"Kenati"},<br />
["gau"] = {"Mudhili Gadaba"},<br />
["gaw"] = {"Nobonob"},<br />
["gax"] = {"Borana-Arsi-Guji Oromo"},<br />
["gay"] = {"Gayo"},<br />
["gaz"] = {"West Central Oromo"},<br />
["gba"] = {"Gbaya (Central African Republic)"},<br />
["gbb"] = {"Kaytetye"},<br />
["gbd"] = {"Karajarri"},<br />
["gbe"] = {"Niksek"},<br />
["gbf"] = {"Gaikundi"},<br />
["gbg"] = {"Gbanziri"},<br />
["gbh"] = {"Defi Gbe"},<br />
["gbi"] = {"Galela"},<br />
["gbj"] = {"Bodo Gadaba"},<br />
["gbk"] = {"Gaddi"},<br />
["gbl"] = {"Gamit"},<br />
["gbm"] = {"Garhwali"},<br />
["gbn"] = {"Mo'da"},<br />
["gbo"] = {"Northern Grebo"},<br />
["gbp"] = {"Gbaya-Bossangoa"},<br />
["gbq"] = {"Gbaya-Bozoum"},<br />
["gbr"] = {"Gbagyi"},<br />
["gbs"] = {"Gbesi Gbe"},<br />
["gbu"] = {"Gagadu"},<br />
["gbv"] = {"Gbanu"},<br />
["gbw"] = {"Gabi-Gabi"},<br />
["gbx"] = {"Eastern Xwla Gbe"},<br />
["gby"] = {"Gbari"},<br />
["gbz"] = {"Zoroastrian Dari"},<br />
["gcc"] = {"Mali"},<br />
["gcd"] = {"Ganggalida"},<br />
["gce"] = {"Galice"},<br />
["gcf"] = {"Guadeloupean Creole French"},<br />
["gcl"] = {"Grenadian Creole English"},<br />
["gcn"] = {"Gaina"},<br />
["gcr"] = {"Guianese Creole French"},<br />
["gct"] = {"Colonia Tovar German"},<br />
["gda"] = {"Gade Lohar"},<br />
["gdb"] = {"Pottangi Ollar Gadaba"},<br />
["gdc"] = {"Gugu Badhun"},<br />
["gdd"] = {"Gedaged"},<br />
["gde"] = {"Gude"},<br />
["gdf"] = {"Guduf-Gava"},<br />
["gdg"] = {"Ga'dang"},<br />
["gdh"] = {"Gadjerawang"},<br />
["gdi"] = {"Gundi"},<br />
["gdj"] = {"Gurdjar"},<br />
["gdk"] = {"Gadang"},<br />
["gdl"] = {"Dirasha"},<br />
["gdm"] = {"Laal"},<br />
["gdn"] = {"Umanakaina"},<br />
["gdo"] = {"Ghodoberi"},<br />
["gdq"] = {"Mehri"},<br />
["gdr"] = {"Wipi"},<br />
["gds"] = {"Ghandruk Sign Language"},<br />
["gdt"] = {"Kungardutyi"},<br />
["gdu"] = {"Gudu"},<br />
["gdx"] = {"Godwari"},<br />
["gea"] = {"Geruma"},<br />
["geb"] = {"Kire"},<br />
["gec"] = {"Gboloo Grebo"},<br />
["ged"] = {"Gade"},<br />
["geg"] = {"Gengle"},<br />
["geh"] = {"Hutterite German", "Hutterisch"},<br />
["gei"] = {"Gebe"},<br />
["gej"] = {"Gen"},<br />
["gek"] = {"Ywom"},<br />
["gel"] = {"ut-Ma'in"},<br />
["gem"] = {"Germanic languages"},<br />
["geq"] = {"Geme"},<br />
["ges"] = {"Geser-Gorom"},<br />
["gev"] = {"Eviya"},<br />
["gew"] = {"Gera"},<br />
["gex"] = {"Garre"},<br />
["gey"] = {"Enya"},<br />
["gez"] = {"Geez"},<br />
["gfk"] = {"Patpatar"},<br />
["gft"] = {"Gafat"},<br />
["gga"] = {"Gao"},<br />
["ggb"] = {"Gbii"},<br />
["ggd"] = {"Gugadj"},<br />
["gge"] = {"Gurr-goni"},<br />
["ggg"] = {"Gurgula"},<br />
["ggk"] = {"Kungarakany"},<br />
["ggl"] = {"Ganglau"},<br />
["ggt"] = {"Gitua"},<br />
["ggu"] = {"Gagu", "Gban"},<br />
["ggw"] = {"Gogodala"},<br />
["gha"] = {"Ghadamès"},<br />
["ghc"] = {"Hiberno-Scottish Gaelic"},<br />
["ghe"] = {"Southern Ghale"},<br />
["ghh"] = {"Northern Ghale"},<br />
["ghk"] = {"Geko Karen"},<br />
["ghl"] = {"Ghulfan"},<br />
["ghn"] = {"Ghanongga"},<br />
["gho"] = {"Ghomara"},<br />
["ghr"] = {"Ghera"},<br />
["ghs"] = {"Guhu-Samane"},<br />
["ght"] = {"Kuke", "Kutang Ghale"},<br />
["gia"] = {"Kija"},<br />
["gib"] = {"Gibanawa"},<br />
["gic"] = {"Gail"},<br />
["gid"] = {"Gidar"},<br />
["gie"] = {"Gaɓogbo", "Guébie"},<br />
["gig"] = {"Goaria"},<br />
["gih"] = {"Githabul"},<br />
["gil"] = {"Gilbertese"},<br />
["gim"] = {"Gimi (Eastern Highlands)"},<br />
["gin"] = {"Hinukh"},<br />
["gip"] = {"Gimi (West New Britain)"},<br />
["giq"] = {"Green Gelao"},<br />
["gir"] = {"Red Gelao"},<br />
["gis"] = {"North Giziga"},<br />
["git"] = {"Gitxsan"},<br />
["giu"] = {"Mulao"},<br />
["giw"] = {"White Gelao"},<br />
["gix"] = {"Gilima"},<br />
["giy"] = {"Giyug"},<br />
["giz"] = {"South Giziga"},<br />
["gji"] = {"Geji"},<br />
["gjk"] = {"Kachi Koli"},<br />
["gjm"] = {"Gunditjmara"},<br />
["gjn"] = {"Gonja"},<br />
["gjr"] = {"Gurindji Kriol"},<br />
["gju"] = {"Gujari"},<br />
["gka"] = {"Guya"},<br />
["gkd"] = {"Magɨ (Madang Province)"},<br />
["gke"] = {"Ndai"},<br />
["gkn"] = {"Gokana"},<br />
["gko"] = {"Kok-Nar"},<br />
["gkp"] = {"Guinea Kpelle"},<br />
["gku"] = {"ǂUngkue"},<br />
["glc"] = {"Bon Gula"},<br />
["gld"] = {"Nanai"},<br />
["glh"] = {"Northwest Pashai", "Northwest Pashayi"},<br />
["gli"] = {"Guliguli"},<br />
["glj"] = {"Gula Iro"},<br />
["glk"] = {"Gilaki"},<br />
["gll"] = {"Garlali"},<br />
["glo"] = {"Galambu"},<br />
["glr"] = {"Glaro-Twabo"},<br />
["glu"] = {"Gula (Chad)"},<br />
["glw"] = {"Glavda"},<br />
["gly"] = {"Gule"},<br />
["gma"] = {"Gambera"},<br />
["gmb"] = {"Gula'alaa"},<br />
["gmd"] = {"Mághdì"},<br />
["gme"] = {"East Germanic languages"},<br />
["gmg"] = {"Magɨyi"},<br />
["gmh"] = {"Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)"},<br />
["gml"] = {"Middle Low German"},<br />
["gmm"] = {"Gbaya-Mbodomo"},<br />
["gmn"] = {"Gimnime"},<br />
["gmq"] = {"North Germanic languages"},<br />
["gmu"] = {"Gumalu"},<br />
["gmv"] = {"Gamo"},<br />
["gmw"] = {"West Germanic languages"},<br />
["gmx"] = {"Magoma"},<br />
["gmy"] = {"Mycenaean Greek"},<br />
["gmz"] = {"Mgbolizhia"},<br />
["gna"] = {"Kaansa"},<br />
["gnb"] = {"Gangte"},<br />
["gnc"] = {"Guanche"},<br />
["gnd"] = {"Zulgo-Gemzek"},<br />
["gne"] = {"Ganang"},<br />
["gng"] = {"Ngangam"},<br />
["gnh"] = {"Lere"},<br />
["gni"] = {"Gooniyandi"},<br />
["gnj"] = {"Ngen"},<br />
["gnk"] = {"ǁGana"},<br />
["gnl"] = {"Gangulu"},<br />
["gnm"] = {"Ginuman"},<br />
["gnn"] = {"Gumatj"},<br />
["gno"] = {"Northern Gondi"},<br />
["gnq"] = {"Gana"},<br />
["gnr"] = {"Gureng Gureng"},<br />
["gnt"] = {"Guntai"},<br />
["gnu"] = {"Gnau"},<br />
["gnw"] = {"Western Bolivian Guaraní"},<br />
["gnz"] = {"Ganzi"},<br />
["goa"] = {"Guro"},<br />
["gob"] = {"Playero"},<br />
["goc"] = {"Gorakor"},<br />
["god"] = {"Godié"},<br />
["goe"] = {"Gongduk"},<br />
["gof"] = {"Gofa"},<br />
["gog"] = {"Gogo"},<br />
["goh"] = {"Old High German (ca. 750-1050)"},<br />
["goi"] = {"Gobasi"},<br />
["goj"] = {"Gowlan"},<br />
["gok"] = {"Gowli"},<br />
["gol"] = {"Gola"},<br />
["gom"] = {"Goan Konkani"},<br />
["gon"] = {"Gondi"},<br />
["goo"] = {"Gone Dau"},<br />
["gop"] = {"Yeretuar"},<br />
["goq"] = {"Gorap"},<br />
["gor"] = {"Gorontalo"},<br />
["gos"] = {"Gronings"},<br />
["got"] = {"Gothic"},<br />
["gou"] = {"Gavar"},<br />
["gow"] = {"Gorowa"},<br />
["gox"] = {"Gobu"},<br />
["goy"] = {"Goundo"},<br />
["goz"] = {"Gozarkhani"},<br />
["gpa"] = {"Gupa-Abawa"},<br />
["gpe"] = {"Ghanaian Pidgin English"},<br />
["gpn"] = {"Taiap"},<br />
["gqa"] = {"Ga'anda"},<br />
["gqi"] = {"Guiqiong"},<br />
["gqn"] = {"Guana (Brazil)"},<br />
["gqr"] = {"Gor"},<br />
["gqu"] = {"Qau"},<br />
["gra"] = {"Rajput Garasia"},<br />
["grb"] = {"Grebo"},<br />
["grc"] = {"Ancient Greek (to 1453)"},<br />
["grd"] = {"Guruntum-Mbaaru"},<br />
["grg"] = {"Madi"},<br />
["grh"] = {"Gbiri-Niragu"},<br />
["gri"] = {"Ghari"},<br />
["grj"] = {"Southern Grebo"},<br />
["grk"] = {"Greek languages"},<br />
["grm"] = {"Kota Marudu Talantang"},<br />
["gro"] = {"Groma"},<br />
["grq"] = {"Gorovu"},<br />
["grr"] = {"Taznatit"},<br />
["grs"] = {"Gresi"},<br />
["grt"] = {"Garo"},<br />
["gru"] = {"Kistane"},<br />
["grv"] = {"Central Grebo"},<br />
["grw"] = {"Gweda"},<br />
["grx"] = {"Guriaso"},<br />
["gry"] = {"Barclayville Grebo"},<br />
["grz"] = {"Guramalum"},<br />
["gse"] = {"Ghanaian Sign Language"},<br />
["gsg"] = {"German Sign Language"},<br />
["gsl"] = {"Gusilay"},<br />
["gsm"] = {"Guatemalan Sign Language"},<br />
["gsn"] = {"Nema", "Gusan"},<br />
["gso"] = {"Southwest Gbaya"},<br />
["gsp"] = {"Wasembo"},<br />
["gss"] = {"Greek Sign Language"},<br />
["gsw"] = {"Swiss German", "Alemannic", "Alsatian"},<br />
["gta"] = {"Guató"},<br />
["gtu"] = {"Aghu-Tharnggala"},<br />
["gua"] = {"Shiki"},<br />
["gub"] = {"Guajajára"},<br />
["guc"] = {"Wayuu"},<br />
["gud"] = {"Yocoboué Dida"},<br />
["gue"] = {"Gurindji"},<br />
["guf"] = {"Gupapuyngu"},<br />
["gug"] = {"Paraguayan Guaraní"},<br />
["guh"] = {"Guahibo"},<br />
["gui"] = {"Eastern Bolivian Guaraní"},<br />
["guk"] = {"Gumuz"},<br />
["gul"] = {"Sea Island Creole English"},<br />
["gum"] = {"Guambiano"},<br />
["gun"] = {"Mbyá Guaraní"},<br />
["guo"] = {"Guayabero"},<br />
["gup"] = {"Gunwinggu"},<br />
["guq"] = {"Aché"},<br />
["gur"] = {"Farefare"},<br />
["gus"] = {"Guinean Sign Language"},<br />
["gut"] = {"Maléku Jaíka"},<br />
["guu"] = {"Yanomamö"},<br />
["guw"] = {"Gun"},<br />
["gux"] = {"Gourmanchéma"},<br />
["guz"] = {"Gusii", "Ekegusii"},<br />
["gva"] = {"Guana (Paraguay)"},<br />
["gvc"] = {"Guanano"},<br />
["gve"] = {"Duwet"},<br />
["gvf"] = {"Golin"},<br />
["gvj"] = {"Guajá"},<br />
["gvl"] = {"Gulay"},<br />
["gvm"] = {"Gurmana"},<br />
["gvn"] = {"Kuku-Yalanji"},<br />
["gvo"] = {"Gavião Do Jiparaná"},<br />
["gvp"] = {"Pará Gavião"},<br />
["gvr"] = {"Gurung"},<br />
["gvs"] = {"Gumawana"},<br />
["gvy"] = {"Guyani"},<br />
["gwa"] = {"Mbato"},<br />
["gwb"] = {"Gwa"},<br />
["gwc"] = {"Kalami"},<br />
["gwd"] = {"Gawwada"},<br />
["gwe"] = {"Gweno"},<br />
["gwf"] = {"Gowro"},<br />
["gwg"] = {"Moo"},<br />
["gwi"] = {"Gwichʼin"},<br />
["gwj"] = {"ǀGwi"},<br />
["gwm"] = {"Awngthim"},<br />
["gwn"] = {"Gwandara"},<br />
["gwr"] = {"Gwere"},<br />
["gwt"] = {"Gawar-Bati"},<br />
["gwu"] = {"Guwamu"},<br />
["gww"] = {"Kwini"},<br />
["gwx"] = {"Gua"},<br />
["gxx"] = {"Wè Southern"},<br />
["gya"] = {"Northwest Gbaya"},<br />
["gyb"] = {"Garus"},<br />
["gyd"] = {"Kayardild"},<br />
["gye"] = {"Gyem"},<br />
["gyf"] = {"Gungabula"},<br />
["gyg"] = {"Gbayi"},<br />
["gyi"] = {"Gyele"},<br />
["gyl"] = {"Gayil"},<br />
["gym"] = {"Ngäbere"},<br />
["gyn"] = {"Guyanese Creole English"},<br />
["gyo"] = {"Gyalsumdo"},<br />
["gyr"] = {"Guarayu"},<br />
["gyy"] = {"Gunya"},<br />
["gza"] = {"Ganza"},<br />
["gzi"] = {"Gazi"},<br />
["gzn"] = {"Gane"},<br />
["haa"] = {"Han"},<br />
["hab"] = {"Hanoi Sign Language"},<br />
["hac"] = {"Gurani"},<br />
["had"] = {"Hatam"},<br />
["hae"] = {"Eastern Oromo"},<br />
["haf"] = {"Haiphong Sign Language"},<br />
["hag"] = {"Hanga"},<br />
["hah"] = {"Hahon"},<br />
["hai"] = {"Haida"},<br />
["haj"] = {"Hajong"},<br />
["hak"] = {"Hakka Chinese"},<br />
["hal"] = {"Halang"},<br />
["ham"] = {"Hewa"},<br />
["han"] = {"Hangaza"},<br />
["hao"] = {"Hakö"},<br />
["hap"] = {"Hupla"},<br />
["haq"] = {"Ha"},<br />
["har"] = {"Harari"},<br />
["has"] = {"Haisla"},<br />
["hav"] = {"Havu"},<br />
["haw"] = {"Hawaiian"},<br />
["hax"] = {"Southern Haida"},<br />
["hay"] = {"Haya"},<br />
["haz"] = {"Hazaragi"},<br />
["hba"] = {"Hamba"},<br />
["hbb"] = {"Huba"},<br />
["hbn"] = {"Heiban"},<br />
["hbo"] = {"Ancient Hebrew"},<br />
["hbu"] = {"Habu"},<br />
["hca"] = {"Andaman Creole Hindi"},<br />
["hch"] = {"Huichol"},<br />
["hdn"] = {"Northern Haida"},<br />
["hds"] = {"Honduras Sign Language"},<br />
["hdy"] = {"Hadiyya"},<br />
["hea"] = {"Northern Qiandong Miao"},<br />
["hed"] = {"Herdé"},<br />
["heg"] = {"Helong"},<br />
["heh"] = {"Hehe"},<br />
["hei"] = {"Heiltsuk"},<br />
["hem"] = {"Hemba"},<br />
["hgm"] = {"Haiǁom"},<br />
["hgw"] = {"Haigwai"},<br />
["hhi"] = {"Hoia Hoia"},<br />
["hhr"] = {"Kerak"},<br />
["hhy"] = {"Hoyahoya"},<br />
["hia"] = {"Lamang"},<br />
["hib"] = {"Hibito"},<br />
["hid"] = {"Hidatsa"},<br />
["hif"] = {"Fiji Hindi"},<br />
["hig"] = {"Kamwe"},<br />
["hih"] = {"Pamosu"},<br />
["hii"] = {"Hinduri"},<br />
["hij"] = {"Hijuk"},<br />
["hik"] = {"Seit-Kaitetu"},<br />
["hil"] = {"Hiligaynon"},<br />
["him"] = {"Himachali languages", "Western Pahari languages"},<br />
["hio"] = {"Tsoa"},<br />
["hir"] = {"Himarimã"},<br />
["hit"] = {"Hittite"},<br />
["hiw"] = {"Hiw"},<br />
["hix"] = {"Hixkaryána"},<br />
["hji"] = {"Haji"},<br />
["hka"] = {"Kahe"},<br />
["hke"] = {"Hunde"},<br />
["hkk"] = {"Hunjara-Kaina Ke"},<br />
["hkn"] = {"Mel-Khaonh"},<br />
["hks"] = {"Hong Kong Sign Language", "Heung Kong Sau Yue"},<br />
["hla"] = {"Halia"},<br />
["hlb"] = {"Halbi"},<br />
["hld"] = {"Halang Doan"},<br />
["hle"] = {"Hlersu"},<br />
["hlt"] = {"Matu Chin"},<br />
["hlu"] = {"Hieroglyphic Luwian"},<br />
["hma"] = {"Southern Mashan Hmong", "Southern Mashan Miao"},<br />
["hmb"] = {"Humburi Senni Songhay"},<br />
["hmc"] = {"Central Huishui Hmong", "Central Huishui Miao"},<br />
["hmd"] = {"Large Flowery Miao", "A-hmaos", "Da-Hua Miao"},<br />
["hme"] = {"Eastern Huishui Hmong", "Eastern Huishui Miao"},<br />
["hmf"] = {"Hmong Don"},<br />
["hmg"] = {"Southwestern Guiyang Hmong"},<br />
["hmh"] = {"Southwestern Huishui Hmong", "Southwestern Huishui Miao"},<br />
["hmi"] = {"Northern Huishui Hmong", "Northern Huishui Miao"},<br />
["hmj"] = {"Ge", "Gejia"},<br />
["hmk"] = {"Maek"},<br />
["hml"] = {"Luopohe Hmong", "Luopohe Miao"},<br />
["hmm"] = {"Central Mashan Hmong", "Central Mashan Miao"},<br />
["hmn"] = {"Hmong", "Mong"},<br />
["hmp"] = {"Northern Mashan Hmong", "Northern Mashan Miao"},<br />
["hmq"] = {"Eastern Qiandong Miao"},<br />
["hmr"] = {"Hmar"},<br />
["hms"] = {"Southern Qiandong Miao"},<br />
["hmt"] = {"Hamtai"},<br />
["hmu"] = {"Hamap"},<br />
["hmv"] = {"Hmong Dô"},<br />
["hmw"] = {"Western Mashan Hmong", "Western Mashan Miao"},<br />
["hmx"] = {"Hmong-Mien languages"},<br />
["hmy"] = {"Southern Guiyang Hmong", "Southern Guiyang Miao"},<br />
["hmz"] = {"Hmong Shua", "Sinicized Miao"},<br />
["hna"] = {"Mina (Cameroon)"},<br />
["hnd"] = {"Southern Hindko"},<br />
["hne"] = {"Chhattisgarhi"},<br />
["hnh"] = {"ǁAni"},<br />
["hni"] = {"Hani"},<br />
["hnj"] = {"Hmong Njua", "Mong Leng", "Mong Njua"},<br />
["hnn"] = {"Hanunoo"},<br />
["hno"] = {"Northern Hindko"},<br />
["hns"] = {"Caribbean Hindustani"},<br />
["hnu"] = {"Hung"},<br />
["hoa"] = {"Hoava"},<br />
["hob"] = {"Mari (Madang Province)"},<br />
["hoc"] = {"Ho"},<br />
["hod"] = {"Holma"},<br />
["hoe"] = {"Horom"},<br />
["hoh"] = {"Hobyót"},<br />
["hoi"] = {"Holikachuk"},<br />
["hoj"] = {"Hadothi", "Haroti"},<br />
["hok"] = {"Hokan languages"},<br />
["hol"] = {"Holu"},<br />
["hom"] = {"Homa"},<br />
["hoo"] = {"Holoholo"},<br />
["hop"] = {"Hopi"},<br />
["hor"] = {"Horo"},<br />
["hos"] = {"Ho Chi Minh City Sign Language"},<br />
["hot"] = {"Hote", "Malê"},<br />
["hov"] = {"Hovongan"},<br />
["how"] = {"Honi"},<br />
["hoy"] = {"Holiya"},<br />
["hoz"] = {"Hozo"},<br />
["hpo"] = {"Hpon"},<br />
["hps"] = {"Hawai'i Sign Language (HSL)", "Hawai'i Pidgin Sign Language"},<br />
["hra"] = {"Hrangkhol"},<br />
["hrc"] = {"Niwer Mil"},<br />
["hre"] = {"Hre"},<br />
["hrk"] = {"Haruku"},<br />
["hrm"] = {"Horned Miao"},<br />
["hro"] = {"Haroi"},<br />
["hrp"] = {"Nhirrpi"},<br />
["hrt"] = {"Hértevin"},<br />
["hru"] = {"Hruso"},<br />
["hrw"] = {"Warwar Feni"},<br />
["hrx"] = {"Hunsrik"},<br />
["hrz"] = {"Harzani"},<br />
["hsb"] = {"Upper Sorbian"},<br />
["hsh"] = {"Hungarian Sign Language"},<br />
["hsl"] = {"Hausa Sign Language"},<br />
["hsn"] = {"Xiang Chinese"},<br />
["hss"] = {"Harsusi"},<br />
["hti"] = {"Hoti"},<br />
["hto"] = {"Minica Huitoto"},<br />
["hts"] = {"Hadza"},<br />
["htu"] = {"Hitu"},<br />
["htx"] = {"Middle Hittite"},<br />
["hub"] = {"Huambisa"},<br />
["huc"] = {"ǂHua"},<br />
["hud"] = {"Huaulu"},<br />
["hue"] = {"San Francisco Del Mar Huave"},<br />
["huf"] = {"Humene"},<br />
["hug"] = {"Huachipaeri"},<br />
["huh"] = {"Huilliche"},<br />
["hui"] = {"Huli"},<br />
["huj"] = {"Northern Guiyang Hmong", "Northern Guiyang Miao"},<br />
["huk"] = {"Hulung"},<br />
["hul"] = {"Hula"},<br />
["hum"] = {"Hungana"},<br />
["huo"] = {"Hu"},<br />
["hup"] = {"Hupa"},<br />
["huq"] = {"Tsat"},<br />
["hur"] = {"Halkomelem"},<br />
["hus"] = {"Huastec"},<br />
["hut"] = {"Humla"},<br />
["huu"] = {"Murui Huitoto"},<br />
["huv"] = {"San Mateo Del Mar Huave"},<br />
["huw"] = {"Hukumina"},<br />
["hux"] = {"Nüpode Huitoto"},<br />
["huy"] = {"Hulaulá"},<br />
["huz"] = {"Hunzib"},<br />
["hvc"] = {"Haitian Vodoun Culture Language"},<br />
["hve"] = {"San Dionisio Del Mar Huave"},<br />
["hvk"] = {"Haveke"},<br />
["hvn"] = {"Sabu"},<br />
["hvv"] = {"Santa María Del Mar Huave"},<br />
["hwa"] = {"Wané"},<br />
["hwc"] = {"Hawai'i Creole English", "Hawai'i Pidgin"},<br />
["hwo"] = {"Hwana"},<br />
["hya"] = {"Hya"},<br />
["hyw"] = {"Western Armenian"},<br />
["hyx"] = {"Armenian (family)"},<br />
["iai"] = {"Iaai"},<br />
["ian"] = {"Iatmul"},<br />
["iar"] = {"Purari"},<br />
["iba"] = {"Iban"},<br />
["ibb"] = {"Ibibio"},<br />
["ibd"] = {"Iwaidja"},<br />
["ibe"] = {"Akpes"},<br />
["ibg"] = {"Ibanag"},<br />
["ibh"] = {"Bih"},<br />
["ibl"] = {"Ibaloi"},<br />
["ibm"] = {"Agoi"},<br />
["ibn"] = {"Ibino"},<br />
["ibr"] = {"Ibuoro"},<br />
["ibu"] = {"Ibu"},<br />
["iby"] = {"Ibani"},<br />
["ica"] = {"Ede Ica"},<br />
["ich"] = {"Etkywan"},<br />
["icl"] = {"Icelandic Sign Language"},<br />
["icr"] = {"Islander Creole English"},<br />
["ida"] = {"Idakho-Isukha-Tiriki", "Luidakho-Luisukha-Lutirichi"},<br />
["idb"] = {"Indo-Portuguese"},<br />
["idc"] = {"Idon", "Ajiya"},<br />
["idd"] = {"Ede Idaca"},<br />
["ide"] = {"Idere"},<br />
["idi"] = {"Idi"},<br />
["idr"] = {"Indri"},<br />
["ids"] = {"Idesa"},<br />
["idt"] = {"Idaté"},<br />
["idu"] = {"Idoma"},<br />
["ifa"] = {"Amganad Ifugao"},<br />
["ifb"] = {"Batad Ifugao", "Ayangan Ifugao"},<br />
["ife"] = {"Ifè"},<br />
["iff"] = {"Ifo"},<br />
["ifk"] = {"Tuwali Ifugao"},<br />
["ifm"] = {"Teke-Fuumu"},<br />
["ifu"] = {"Mayoyao Ifugao"},<br />
["ify"] = {"Keley-I Kallahan"},<br />
["igb"] = {"Ebira"},<br />
["ige"] = {"Igede"},<br />
["igg"] = {"Igana"},<br />
["igl"] = {"Igala"},<br />
["igm"] = {"Kanggape"},<br />
["ign"] = {"Ignaciano"},<br />
["igo"] = {"Isebe"},<br />
["igs"] = {"Interglossa"},<br />
["igw"] = {"Igwe"},<br />
["ihb"] = {"Iha Based Pidgin"},<br />
["ihi"] = {"Ihievbe"},<br />
["ihp"] = {"Iha"},<br />
["ihw"] = {"Bidhawal"},<br />
["iin"] = {"Thiin"},<br />
["iir"] = {"Indo-Iranian languages"},<br />
["ijc"] = {"Izon"},<br />
["ije"] = {"Biseni"},<br />
["ijj"] = {"Ede Ije"},<br />
["ijn"] = {"Kalabari"},<br />
["ijo"] = {"Ijo languages"},<br />
["ijs"] = {"Southeast Ijo"},<br />
["ike"] = {"Eastern Canadian Inuktitut"},<br />
["iki"] = {"Iko"},<br />
["ikk"] = {"Ika"},<br />
["ikl"] = {"Ikulu"},<br />
["iko"] = {"Olulumo-Ikom"},<br />
["ikp"] = {"Ikpeshi"},<br />
["ikr"] = {"Ikaranggal"},<br />
["iks"] = {"Inuit Sign Language"},<br />
["ikt"] = {"Inuinnaqtun", "Western Canadian Inuktitut"},<br />
["ikv"] = {"Iku-Gora-Ankwa"},<br />
["ikw"] = {"Ikwere"},<br />
["ikx"] = {"Ik"},<br />
["ikz"] = {"Ikizu"},<br />
["ila"] = {"Ile Ape"},<br />
["ilb"] = {"Ila"},<br />
["ilg"] = {"Garig-Ilgar"},<br />
["ili"] = {"Ili Turki"},<br />
["ilk"] = {"Ilongot"},<br />
["ilm"] = {"Iranun (Malaysia)"},<br />
["ilo"] = {"Iloko"},<br />
["ilp"] = {"Iranun (Philippines)"},<br />
["ils"] = {"International Sign"},<br />
["ilu"] = {"Ili'uun"},<br />
["ilv"] = {"Ilue"},<br />
["ima"] = {"Mala Malasar"},<br />
["imi"] = {"Anamgura"},<br />
["iml"] = {"Miluk"},<br />
["imn"] = {"Imonda"},<br />
["imo"] = {"Imbongu"},<br />
["imr"] = {"Imroing"},<br />
["ims"] = {"Marsian"},<br />
["imy"] = {"Milyan"},<br />
["inb"] = {"Inga"},<br />
["inc"] = {"Indic languages"},<br />
["ine"] = {"Indo-European languages"},<br />
["ing"] = {"Degexit'an"},<br />
["inh"] = {"Ingush"},<br />
["inj"] = {"Jungle Inga"},<br />
["inl"] = {"Indonesian Sign Language"},<br />
["inm"] = {"Minaean"},<br />
["inn"] = {"Isinai"},<br />
["ino"] = {"Inoke-Yate"},<br />
["inp"] = {"Iñapari"},<br />
["ins"] = {"Indian Sign Language"},<br />
["int"] = {"Intha"},<br />
["inz"] = {"Ineseño"},<br />
["ior"] = {"Inor"},<br />
["iou"] = {"Tuma-Irumu"},<br />
["iow"] = {"Iowa-Oto"},<br />
["ipi"] = {"Ipili"},<br />
["ipo"] = {"Ipiko"},<br />
["iqu"] = {"Iquito"},<br />
["iqw"] = {"Ikwo"},<br />
["ira"] = {"Iranian languages"},<br />
["ire"] = {"Iresim"},<br />
["irh"] = {"Irarutu"},<br />
["iri"] = {"Rigwe", "Irigwe"},<br />
["irk"] = {"Iraqw"},<br />
["irn"] = {"Irántxe"},<br />
["iro"] = {"Iroquoian languages"},<br />
["irr"] = {"Ir"},<br />
["iru"] = {"Irula"},<br />
["irx"] = {"Kamberau"},<br />
["iry"] = {"Iraya"},<br />
["isa"] = {"Isabi"},<br />
["isc"] = {"Isconahua"},<br />
["isd"] = {"Isnag"},<br />
["ise"] = {"Italian Sign Language"},<br />
["isg"] = {"Irish Sign Language"},<br />
["ish"] = {"Esan"},<br />
["isi"] = {"Nkem-Nkum"},<br />
["isk"] = {"Ishkashimi"},<br />
["ism"] = {"Masimasi"},<br />
["isn"] = {"Isanzu"},<br />
["iso"] = {"Isoko"},<br />
["isr"] = {"Israeli Sign Language"},<br />
["ist"] = {"Istriot"},<br />
["isu"] = {"Isu (Menchum Division)"},<br />
["itb"] = {"Binongan Itneg"},<br />
["itc"] = {"Italic languages"},<br />
["itd"] = {"Southern Tidung"},<br />
["ite"] = {"Itene"},<br />
["iti"] = {"Inlaod Itneg"},<br />
["itk"] = {"Judeo-Italian"},<br />
["itl"] = {"Itelmen"},<br />
["itm"] = {"Itu Mbon Uzo"},<br />
["ito"] = {"Itonama"},<br />
["itr"] = {"Iteri"},<br />
["its"] = {"Isekiri"},<br />
["itt"] = {"Maeng Itneg"},<br />
["itv"] = {"Itawit"},<br />
["itw"] = {"Ito"},<br />
["itx"] = {"Itik"},<br />
["ity"] = {"Moyadan Itneg"},<br />
["itz"] = {"Itzá"},<br />
["ium"] = {"Iu Mien"},<br />
["ivb"] = {"Ibatan"},<br />
["ivv"] = {"Ivatan"},<br />
["iwk"] = {"I-Wak"},<br />
["iwm"] = {"Iwam"},<br />
["iwo"] = {"Iwur"},<br />
["iws"] = {"Sepik Iwam"},<br />
["ixc"] = {"Ixcatec"},<br />
["ixl"] = {"Ixil"},<br />
["iya"] = {"Iyayu"},<br />
["iyo"] = {"Mesaka"},<br />
["iyx"] = {"Yaka (Congo)"},<br />
["izh"] = {"Ingrian"},<br />
["izr"] = {"Izere"},<br />
["izz"] = {"Izii"},<br />
["jaa"] = {"Jamamadí"},<br />
["jab"] = {"Hyam"},<br />
["jac"] = {"Popti'", "Jakalteko"},<br />
["jad"] = {"Jahanka"},<br />
["jae"] = {"Yabem"},<br />
["jaf"] = {"Jara"},<br />
["jah"] = {"Jah Hut"},<br />
["jaj"] = {"Zazao"},<br />
["jak"] = {"Jakun"},<br />
["jal"] = {"Yalahatan"},<br />
["jam"] = {"Jamaican Creole English"},<br />
["jan"] = {"Jandai"},<br />
["jao"] = {"Yanyuwa"},<br />
["jaq"] = {"Yaqay"},<br />
["jas"] = {"New Caledonian Javanese"},<br />
["jat"] = {"Jakati"},<br />
["jau"] = {"Yaur"},<br />
["jax"] = {"Jambi Malay"},<br />
["jay"] = {"Yan-nhangu", "Nhangu"},<br />
["jaz"] = {"Jawe"},<br />
["jbe"] = {"Judeo-Berber"},<br />
["jbi"] = {"Badjiri"},<br />
["jbj"] = {"Arandai"},<br />
["jbk"] = {"Barikewa"},<br />
["jbn"] = {"Nafusi"},<br />
["jbo"] = {"Lojban"},<br />
["jbr"] = {"Jofotek-Bromnya"},<br />
["jbt"] = {"Jabutí"},<br />
["jbu"] = {"Jukun Takum"},<br />
["jbw"] = {"Yawijibaya"},<br />
["jcs"] = {"Jamaican Country Sign Language"},<br />
["jct"] = {"Krymchak"},<br />
["jda"] = {"Jad"},<br />
["jdg"] = {"Jadgali"},<br />
["jdt"] = {"Judeo-Tat"},<br />
["jeb"] = {"Jebero"},<br />
["jee"] = {"Jerung"},<br />
["jeh"] = {"Jeh"},<br />
["jei"] = {"Yei"},<br />
["jek"] = {"Jeri Kuo"},<br />
["jel"] = {"Yelmek"},<br />
["jen"] = {"Dza"},<br />
["jer"] = {"Jere"},<br />
["jet"] = {"Manem"},<br />
["jeu"] = {"Jonkor Bourmataguil"},<br />
["jgb"] = {"Ngbee"},<br />
["jge"] = {"Judeo-Georgian"},<br />
["jgk"] = {"Gwak"},<br />
["jgo"] = {"Ngomba"},<br />
["jhi"] = {"Jehai"},<br />
["jhs"] = {"Jhankot Sign Language"},<br />
["jia"] = {"Jina"},<br />
["jib"] = {"Jibu"},<br />
["jic"] = {"Tol"},<br />
["jid"] = {"Bu"},<br />
["jie"] = {"Jilbe"},<br />
["jig"] = {"Jingulu", "Djingili"},<br />
["jih"] = {"sTodsde", "Shangzhai"},<br />
["jii"] = {"Jiiddu"},<br />
["jil"] = {"Jilim"},<br />
["jim"] = {"Jimi (Cameroon)"},<br />
["jio"] = {"Jiamao"},<br />
["jiq"] = {"Guanyinqiao", "Lavrung"},<br />
["jit"] = {"Jita"},<br />
["jiu"] = {"Youle Jinuo"},<br />
["jiv"] = {"Shuar"},<br />
["jiy"] = {"Buyuan Jinuo"},<br />
["jje"] = {"Jejueo"},<br />
["jjr"] = {"Bankal"},<br />
["jka"] = {"Kaera"},<br />
["jkm"] = {"Mobwa Karen"},<br />
["jko"] = {"Kubo"},<br />
["jkp"] = {"Paku Karen"},<br />
["jkr"] = {"Koro (India)"},<br />
["jku"] = {"Labir"},<br />
["jle"] = {"Ngile"},<br />
["jls"] = {"Jamaican Sign Language"},<br />
["jma"] = {"Dima"},<br />
["jmb"] = {"Zumbun"},<br />
["jmc"] = {"Machame"},<br />
["jmd"] = {"Yamdena"},<br />
["jmi"] = {"Jimi (Nigeria)"},<br />
["jml"] = {"Jumli"},<br />
["jmn"] = {"Makuri Naga"},<br />
["jmr"] = {"Kamara"},<br />
["jms"] = {"Mashi (Nigeria)"},<br />
["jmw"] = {"Mouwase"},<br />
["jmx"] = {"Western Juxtlahuaca Mixtec"},<br />
["jna"] = {"Jangshung"},<br />
["jnd"] = {"Jandavra"},<br />
["jng"] = {"Yangman"},<br />
["jni"] = {"Janji"},<br />
["jnj"] = {"Yemsa"},<br />
["jnl"] = {"Rawat"},<br />
["jns"] = {"Jaunsari"},<br />
["job"] = {"Joba"},<br />
["jod"] = {"Wojenaka"},<br />
["jog"] = {"Jogi"},<br />
["jor"] = {"Jorá"},<br />
["jos"] = {"Jordanian Sign Language"},<br />
["jow"] = {"Jowulu"},<br />
["jpa"] = {"Jewish Palestinian Aramaic"},<br />
["jpr"] = {"Judeo-Persian"},<br />
["jpx"] = {"Japanese (family)"},<br />
["jqr"] = {"Jaqaru"},<br />
["jra"] = {"Jarai"},<br />
["jrb"] = {"Judeo-Arabic"},<br />
["jrr"] = {"Jiru"},<br />
["jrt"] = {"Jorto"},<br />
["jru"] = {"Japrería"},<br />
["jsl"] = {"Japanese Sign Language"},<br />
["jua"] = {"Júma"},<br />
["jub"] = {"Wannu"},<br />
["juc"] = {"Jurchen"},<br />
["jud"] = {"Worodougou"},<br />
["juh"] = {"Hõne"},<br />
["jui"] = {"Ngadjuri"},<br />
["juk"] = {"Wapan"},<br />
["jul"] = {"Jirel"},<br />
["jum"] = {"Jumjum"},<br />
["jun"] = {"Juang"},<br />
["juo"] = {"Jiba"},<br />
["jup"] = {"Hupdë"},<br />
["jur"] = {"Jurúna"},<br />
["jus"] = {"Jumla Sign Language"},<br />
["jut"] = {"Jutish"},<br />
["juu"] = {"Ju"},<br />
["juw"] = {"Wãpha"},<br />
["juy"] = {"Juray"},<br />
["jvd"] = {"Javindo"},<br />
["jvn"] = {"Caribbean Javanese"},<br />
["jwi"] = {"Jwira-Pepesa"},<br />
["jya"] = {"Jiarong"},<br />
["jye"] = {"Judeo-Yemeni Arabic"},<br />
["jyy"] = {"Jaya"},<br />
["kaa"] = {"Kara-Kalpak"},<br />
["kab"] = {"Kabyle"},<br />
["kac"] = {"Kachin", "Jingpho"},<br />
["kad"] = {"Adara"},<br />
["kae"] = {"Ketangalan"},<br />
["kaf"] = {"Katso"},<br />
["kag"] = {"Kajaman"},<br />
["kah"] = {"Kara (Central African Republic)"},<br />
["kai"] = {"Karekare"},<br />
["kaj"] = {"Jju"},<br />
["kak"] = {"Kalanguya", "Kayapa Kallahan"},<br />
["kam"] = {"Kamba (Kenya)"},<br />
["kao"] = {"Xaasongaxango"},<br />
["kap"] = {"Bezhta"},<br />
["kaq"] = {"Capanahua"},<br />
["kar"] = {"Karen languages"},<br />
["kav"] = {"Katukína"},<br />
["kaw"] = {"Kawi"},<br />
["kax"] = {"Kao"},<br />
["kay"] = {"Kamayurá"},<br />
["kba"] = {"Kalarko"},<br />
["kbb"] = {"Kaxuiâna"},<br />
["kbc"] = {"Kadiwéu"},<br />
["kbd"] = {"Kabardian"},<br />
["kbe"] = {"Kanju"},<br />
["kbg"] = {"Khamba"},<br />
["kbh"] = {"Camsá"},<br />
["kbi"] = {"Kaptiau"},<br />
["kbj"] = {"Kari"},<br />
["kbk"] = {"Grass Koiari"},<br />
["kbl"] = {"Kanembu"},<br />
["kbm"] = {"Iwal"},<br />
["kbn"] = {"Kare (Central African Republic)"},<br />
["kbo"] = {"Keliko"},<br />
["kbp"] = {"Kabiyè"},<br />
["kbq"] = {"Kamano"},<br />
["kbr"] = {"Kafa"},<br />
["kbs"] = {"Kande"},<br />
["kbt"] = {"Abadi"},<br />
["kbu"] = {"Kabutra"},<br />
["kbv"] = {"Dera (Indonesia)"},<br />
["kbw"] = {"Kaiep"},<br />
["kbx"] = {"Ap Ma"},<br />
["kby"] = {"Manga Kanuri"},<br />
["kbz"] = {"Duhwa"},<br />
["kca"] = {"Khanty"},<br />
["kcb"] = {"Kawacha"},<br />
["kcc"] = {"Lubila"},<br />
["kcd"] = {"Ngkâlmpw Kanum"},<br />
["kce"] = {"Kaivi"},<br />
["kcf"] = {"Ukaan"},<br />
["kcg"] = {"Tyap"},<br />
["kch"] = {"Vono"},<br />
["kci"] = {"Kamantan"},<br />
["kcj"] = {"Kobiana"},<br />
["kck"] = {"Kalanga"},<br />
["kcl"] = {"Kela (Papua New Guinea)", "Kala"},<br />
["kcm"] = {"Gula (Central African Republic)"},<br />
["kcn"] = {"Nubi"},<br />
["kco"] = {"Kinalakna"},<br />
["kcp"] = {"Kanga"},<br />
["kcq"] = {"Kamo"},<br />
["kcr"] = {"Katla"},<br />
["kcs"] = {"Koenoem"},<br />
["kct"] = {"Kaian"},<br />
["kcu"] = {"Kami (Tanzania)"},<br />
["kcv"] = {"Kete"},<br />
["kcw"] = {"Kabwari"},<br />
["kcx"] = {"Kachama-Ganjule"},<br />
["kcy"] = {"Korandje"},<br />
["kcz"] = {"Konongo"},<br />
["kda"] = {"Worimi"},<br />
["kdc"] = {"Kutu"},<br />
["kdd"] = {"Yankunytjatjara"},<br />
["kde"] = {"Makonde"},<br />
["kdf"] = {"Mamusi"},<br />
["kdg"] = {"Seba"},<br />
["kdh"] = {"Tem"},<br />
["kdi"] = {"Kumam"},<br />
["kdj"] = {"Karamojong"},<br />
["kdk"] = {"Numèè", "Kwényi"},<br />
["kdl"] = {"Tsikimba"},<br />
["kdm"] = {"Kagoma"},<br />
["kdn"] = {"Kunda"},<br />
["kdo"] = {"Kordofanian languages"},<br />
["kdp"] = {"Kaningdon-Nindem"},<br />
["kdq"] = {"Koch"},<br />
["kdr"] = {"Karaim"},<br />
["kdt"] = {"Kuy"},<br />
["kdu"] = {"Kadaru"},<br />
["kdw"] = {"Koneraw"},<br />
["kdx"] = {"Kam"},<br />
["kdy"] = {"Keder", "Keijar"},<br />
["kdz"] = {"Kwaja"},<br />
["kea"] = {"Kabuverdianu"},<br />
["keb"] = {"Kélé"},<br />
["kec"] = {"Keiga"},<br />
["ked"] = {"Kerewe"},<br />
["kee"] = {"Eastern Keres"},<br />
["kef"] = {"Kpessi"},<br />
["keg"] = {"Tese"},<br />
["keh"] = {"Keak"},<br />
["kei"] = {"Kei"},<br />
["kej"] = {"Kadar"},<br />
["kek"] = {"Kekchí"},<br />
["kel"] = {"Kela (Democratic Republic of Congo)"},<br />
["kem"] = {"Kemak"},<br />
["ken"] = {"Kenyang"},<br />
["keo"] = {"Kakwa"},<br />
["kep"] = {"Kaikadi"},<br />
["keq"] = {"Kamar"},<br />
["ker"] = {"Kera"},<br />
["kes"] = {"Kugbo"},<br />
["ket"] = {"Ket"},<br />
["keu"] = {"Akebu"},<br />
["kev"] = {"Kanikkaran"},<br />
["kew"] = {"West Kewa"},<br />
["kex"] = {"Kukna"},<br />
["key"] = {"Kupia"},<br />
["kez"] = {"Kukele"},<br />
["kfa"] = {"Kodava"},<br />
["kfb"] = {"Northwestern Kolami"},<br />
["kfc"] = {"Konda-Dora"},<br />
["kfd"] = {"Korra Koraga"},<br />
["kfe"] = {"Kota (India)"},<br />
["kff"] = {"Koya"},<br />
["kfg"] = {"Kudiya"},<br />
["kfh"] = {"Kurichiya"},<br />
["kfi"] = {"Kannada Kurumba"},<br />
["kfj"] = {"Kemiehua"},<br />
["kfk"] = {"Kinnauri"},<br />
["kfl"] = {"Kung"},<br />
["kfm"] = {"Khunsari"},<br />
["kfn"] = {"Kuk"},<br />
["kfo"] = {"Koro (Côte d'Ivoire)"},<br />
["kfp"] = {"Korwa"},<br />
["kfq"] = {"Korku"},<br />
["kfr"] = {"Kachhi", "Kutchi"},<br />
["kfs"] = {"Bilaspuri"},<br />
["kft"] = {"Kanjari"},<br />
["kfu"] = {"Katkari"},<br />
["kfv"] = {"Kurmukar"},<br />
["kfw"] = {"Kharam Naga"},<br />
["kfx"] = {"Kullu Pahari"},<br />
["kfy"] = {"Kumaoni"},<br />
["kfz"] = {"Koromfé"},<br />
["kga"] = {"Koyaga"},<br />
["kgb"] = {"Kawe"},<br />
["kge"] = {"Komering"},<br />
["kgf"] = {"Kube"},<br />
["kgg"] = {"Kusunda"},<br />
["kgi"] = {"Selangor Sign Language"},<br />
["kgj"] = {"Gamale Kham"},<br />
["kgk"] = {"Kaiwá"},<br />
["kgl"] = {"Kunggari"},<br />
["kgm"] = {"Karipúna"},<br />
["kgn"] = {"Karingani"},<br />
["kgo"] = {"Krongo"},<br />
["kgp"] = {"Kaingang"},<br />
["kgq"] = {"Kamoro"},<br />
["kgr"] = {"Abun"},<br />
["kgs"] = {"Kumbainggar"},<br />
["kgt"] = {"Somyev"},<br />
["kgu"] = {"Kobol"},<br />
["kgv"] = {"Karas"},<br />
["kgw"] = {"Karon Dori"},<br />
["kgx"] = {"Kamaru"},<br />
["kgy"] = {"Kyerung"},<br />
["kha"] = {"Khasi"},<br />
["khb"] = {"Lü"},<br />
["khc"] = {"Tukang Besi North"},<br />
["khd"] = {"Bädi Kanum"},<br />
["khe"] = {"Korowai"},<br />
["khf"] = {"Khuen"},<br />
["khg"] = {"Khams Tibetan"},<br />
["khh"] = {"Kehu"},<br />
["khi"] = {"Khoisan languages"},<br />
["khj"] = {"Kuturmi"},<br />
["khk"] = {"Halh Mongolian"},<br />
["khl"] = {"Lusi"},<br />
["khn"] = {"Khandesi"},<br />
["kho"] = {"Khotanese", "Sakan"},<br />
["khp"] = {"Kapori", "Kapauri"},<br />
["khq"] = {"Koyra Chiini Songhay"},<br />
["khr"] = {"Kharia"},<br />
["khs"] = {"Kasua"},<br />
["kht"] = {"Khamti"},<br />
["khu"] = {"Nkhumbi"},<br />
["khv"] = {"Khvarshi"},<br />
["khw"] = {"Khowar"},<br />
["khx"] = {"Kanu"},<br />
["khy"] = {"Kele (Democratic Republic of Congo)"},<br />
["khz"] = {"Keapara"},<br />
["kia"] = {"Kim"},<br />
["kib"] = {"Koalib"},<br />
["kic"] = {"Kickapoo"},<br />
["kid"] = {"Koshin"},<br />
["kie"] = {"Kibet"},<br />
["kif"] = {"Eastern Parbate Kham"},<br />
["kig"] = {"Kimaama", "Kimaghima"},<br />
["kih"] = {"Kilmeri"},<br />
["kii"] = {"Kitsai"},<br />
["kij"] = {"Kilivila"},<br />
["kil"] = {"Kariya"},<br />
["kim"] = {"Karagas"},<br />
["kio"] = {"Kiowa"},<br />
["kip"] = {"Sheshi Kham"},<br />
["kiq"] = {"Kosadle", "Kosare"},<br />
["kis"] = {"Kis"},<br />
["kit"] = {"Agob"},<br />
["kiu"] = {"Kirmanjki (individual language)"},<br />
["kiv"] = {"Kimbu"},<br />
["kiw"] = {"Northeast Kiwai"},<br />
["kix"] = {"Khiamniungan Naga"},<br />
["kiy"] = {"Kirikiri"},<br />
["kiz"] = {"Kisi"},<br />
["kja"] = {"Mlap"},<br />
["kjb"] = {"Q'anjob'al", "Kanjobal"},<br />
["kjc"] = {"Coastal Konjo"},<br />
["kjd"] = {"Southern Kiwai"},<br />
["kje"] = {"Kisar"},<br />
["kjf"] = {"Khalaj"},<br />
["kjg"] = {"Khmu"},<br />
["kjh"] = {"Khakas"},<br />
["kji"] = {"Zabana"},<br />
["kjj"] = {"Khinalugh"},<br />
["kjk"] = {"Highland Konjo"},<br />
["kjl"] = {"Western Parbate Kham"},<br />
["kjm"] = {"Kháng"},<br />
["kjn"] = {"Kunjen"},<br />
["kjo"] = {"Harijan Kinnauri"},<br />
["kjp"] = {"Pwo Eastern Karen"},<br />
["kjq"] = {"Western Keres"},<br />
["kjr"] = {"Kurudu"},<br />
["kjs"] = {"East Kewa"},<br />
["kjt"] = {"Phrae Pwo Karen"},<br />
["kju"] = {"Kashaya"},<br />
["kjv"] = {"Kaikavian Literary Language"},<br />
["kjx"] = {"Ramopa"},<br />
["kjy"] = {"Erave"},<br />
["kjz"] = {"Bumthangkha"},<br />
["kka"] = {"Kakanda"},<br />
["kkb"] = {"Kwerisa"},<br />
["kkc"] = {"Odoodee"},<br />
["kkd"] = {"Kinuku"},<br />
["kke"] = {"Kakabe"},<br />
["kkf"] = {"Kalaktang Monpa"},<br />
["kkg"] = {"Mabaka Valley Kalinga"},<br />
["kkh"] = {"Khün"},<br />
["kki"] = {"Kagulu"},<br />
["kkj"] = {"Kako"},<br />
["kkk"] = {"Kokota"},<br />
["kkl"] = {"Kosarek Yale"},<br />
["kkm"] = {"Kiong"},<br />
["kkn"] = {"Kon Keu"},<br />
["kko"] = {"Karko"},<br />
["kkp"] = {"Gugubera", "Koko-Bera"},<br />
["kkq"] = {"Kaiku"},<br />
["kkr"] = {"Kir-Balar"},<br />
["kks"] = {"Giiwo"},<br />
["kkt"] = {"Koi"},<br />
["kku"] = {"Tumi"},<br />
["kkv"] = {"Kangean"},<br />
["kkw"] = {"Teke-Kukuya"},<br />
["kkx"] = {"Kohin"},<br />
["kky"] = {"Guugu Yimidhirr", "Guguyimidjir"},<br />
["kkz"] = {"Kaska"},<br />
["kla"] = {"Klamath-Modoc"},<br />
["klb"] = {"Kiliwa"},<br />
["klc"] = {"Kolbila"},<br />
["kld"] = {"Gamilaraay"},<br />
["kle"] = {"Kulung (Nepal)"},<br />
["klf"] = {"Kendeje"},<br />
["klg"] = {"Tagakaulo"},<br />
["klh"] = {"Weliki"},<br />
["kli"] = {"Kalumpang"},<br />
["klj"] = {"Turkic Khalaj"},<br />
["klk"] = {"Kono (Nigeria)"},<br />
["kll"] = {"Kagan Kalagan"},<br />
["klm"] = {"Migum"},<br />
["kln"] = {"Kalenjin"},<br />
["klo"] = {"Kapya"},<br />
["klp"] = {"Kamasa"},<br />
["klq"] = {"Rumu"},<br />
["klr"] = {"Khaling"},<br />
["kls"] = {"Kalasha"},<br />
["klt"] = {"Nukna"},<br />
["klu"] = {"Klao"},<br />
["klv"] = {"Maskelynes"},<br />
["klw"] = {"Tado", "Lindu"},<br />
["klx"] = {"Koluwawa"},<br />
["kly"] = {"Kalao"},<br />
["klz"] = {"Kabola"},<br />
["kma"] = {"Konni"},<br />
["kmb"] = {"Kimbundu"},<br />
["kmc"] = {"Southern Dong"},<br />
["kmd"] = {"Majukayang Kalinga"},<br />
["kme"] = {"Bakole"},<br />
["kmf"] = {"Kare (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["kmg"] = {"Kâte"},<br />
["kmh"] = {"Kalam"},<br />
["kmi"] = {"Kami (Nigeria)"},<br />
["kmj"] = {"Kumarbhag Paharia"},<br />
["kmk"] = {"Limos Kalinga"},<br />
["kml"] = {"Tanudan Kalinga"},<br />
["kmm"] = {"Kom (India)"},<br />
["kmn"] = {"Awtuw"},<br />
["kmo"] = {"Kwoma"},<br />
["kmp"] = {"Gimme"},<br />
["kmq"] = {"Kwama"},<br />
["kmr"] = {"Northern Kurdish"},<br />
["kms"] = {"Kamasau"},<br />
["kmt"] = {"Kemtuik"},<br />
["kmu"] = {"Kanite"},<br />
["kmv"] = {"Karipúna Creole French"},<br />
["kmw"] = {"Komo (Democratic Republic of Congo)"},<br />
["kmx"] = {"Waboda"},<br />
["kmy"] = {"Koma"},<br />
["kmz"] = {"Khorasani Turkish"},<br />
["kna"] = {"Dera (Nigeria)"},<br />
["knb"] = {"Lubuagan Kalinga"},<br />
["knc"] = {"Central Kanuri"},<br />
["knd"] = {"Konda"},<br />
["kne"] = {"Kankanaey"},<br />
["knf"] = {"Mankanya"},<br />
["kng"] = {"Koongo"},<br />
["kni"] = {"Kanufi"},<br />
["knj"] = {"Western Kanjobal"},<br />
["knk"] = {"Kuranko"},<br />
["knl"] = {"Keninjal"},<br />
["knm"] = {"Kanamarí"},<br />
["knn"] = {"Konkani (individual language)"},<br />
["kno"] = {"Kono (Sierra Leone)"},<br />
["knp"] = {"Kwanja"},<br />
["knq"] = {"Kintaq"},<br />
["knr"] = {"Kaningra"},<br />
["kns"] = {"Kensiu"},<br />
["knt"] = {"Panoan Katukína"},<br />
["knu"] = {"Kono (Guinea)"},<br />
["knv"] = {"Tabo"},<br />
["knw"] = {"Kung-Ekoka"},<br />
["knx"] = {"Kendayan", "Salako"},<br />
["kny"] = {"Kanyok"},<br />
["knz"] = {"Kalamsé"},<br />
["koa"] = {"Konomala"},<br />
["koc"] = {"Kpati"},<br />
["kod"] = {"Kodi"},<br />
["koe"] = {"Kacipo-Balesi"},<br />
["kof"] = {"Kubi"},<br />
["kog"] = {"Cogui", "Kogi"},<br />
["koh"] = {"Koyo"},<br />
["koi"] = {"Komi-Permyak"},<br />
["kok"] = {"Konkani (macrolanguage)"},<br />
["kol"] = {"Kol (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["koo"] = {"Konzo"},<br />
["kop"] = {"Waube"},<br />
["koq"] = {"Kota (Gabon)"},<br />
["kos"] = {"Kosraean"},<br />
["kot"] = {"Lagwan"},<br />
["kou"] = {"Koke"},<br />
["kov"] = {"Kudu-Camo"},<br />
["kow"] = {"Kugama"},<br />
["koy"] = {"Koyukon"},<br />
["koz"] = {"Korak"},<br />
["kpa"] = {"Kutto"},<br />
["kpb"] = {"Mullu Kurumba"},<br />
["kpc"] = {"Curripaco"},<br />
["kpd"] = {"Koba"},<br />
["kpe"] = {"Kpelle"},<br />
["kpf"] = {"Komba"},<br />
["kpg"] = {"Kapingamarangi"},<br />
["kph"] = {"Kplang"},<br />
["kpi"] = {"Kofei"},<br />
["kpj"] = {"Karajá"},<br />
["kpk"] = {"Kpan"},<br />
["kpl"] = {"Kpala"},<br />
["kpm"] = {"Koho"},<br />
["kpn"] = {"Kepkiriwát"},<br />
["kpo"] = {"Ikposo"},<br />
["kpq"] = {"Korupun-Sela"},<br />
["kpr"] = {"Korafe-Yegha"},<br />
["kps"] = {"Tehit"},<br />
["kpt"] = {"Karata"},<br />
["kpu"] = {"Kafoa"},<br />
["kpv"] = {"Komi-Zyrian"},<br />
["kpw"] = {"Kobon"},<br />
["kpx"] = {"Mountain Koiali"},<br />
["kpy"] = {"Koryak"},<br />
["kpz"] = {"Kupsabiny"},<br />
["kqa"] = {"Mum"},<br />
["kqb"] = {"Kovai"},<br />
["kqc"] = {"Doromu-Koki"},<br />
["kqd"] = {"Koy Sanjaq Surat"},<br />
["kqe"] = {"Kalagan"},<br />
["kqf"] = {"Kakabai"},<br />
["kqg"] = {"Khe"},<br />
["kqh"] = {"Kisankasa"},<br />
["kqi"] = {"Koitabu"},<br />
["kqj"] = {"Koromira"},<br />
["kqk"] = {"Kotafon Gbe"},<br />
["kql"] = {"Kyenele"},<br />
["kqm"] = {"Khisa"},<br />
["kqn"] = {"Kaonde"},<br />
["kqo"] = {"Eastern Krahn"},<br />
["kqp"] = {"Kimré"},<br />
["kqq"] = {"Krenak"},<br />
["kqr"] = {"Kimaragang"},<br />
["kqs"] = {"Northern Kissi"},<br />
["kqt"] = {"Klias River Kadazan"},<br />
["kqu"] = {"Seroa"},<br />
["kqv"] = {"Okolod"},<br />
["kqw"] = {"Kandas"},<br />
["kqx"] = {"Mser"},<br />
["kqy"] = {"Koorete"},<br />
["kqz"] = {"Korana"},<br />
["kra"] = {"Kumhali"},<br />
["krb"] = {"Karkin"},<br />
["krc"] = {"Karachay-Balkar"},<br />
["krd"] = {"Kairui-Midiki"},<br />
["kre"] = {"Panará"},<br />
["krf"] = {"Koro (Vanuatu)"},<br />
["krh"] = {"Kurama"},<br />
["kri"] = {"Krio"},<br />
["krj"] = {"Kinaray-A"},<br />
["krk"] = {"Kerek"},<br />
["krl"] = {"Karelian"},<br />
["krn"] = {"Sapo"},<br />
["kro"] = {"Kru languages"},<br />
["krp"] = {"Korop"},<br />
["krr"] = {"Krung"},<br />
["krs"] = {"Gbaya (Sudan)"},<br />
["krt"] = {"Tumari Kanuri"},<br />
["kru"] = {"Kurukh"},<br />
["krv"] = {"Kavet"},<br />
["krw"] = {"Western Krahn"},<br />
["krx"] = {"Karon"},<br />
["kry"] = {"Kryts"},<br />
["krz"] = {"Sota Kanum"},<br />
["ksa"] = {"Shuwa-Zamani"},<br />
["ksb"] = {"Shambala"},<br />
["ksc"] = {"Southern Kalinga"},<br />
["ksd"] = {"Kuanua"},<br />
["kse"] = {"Kuni"},<br />
["ksf"] = {"Bafia"},<br />
["ksg"] = {"Kusaghe"},<br />
["ksh"] = {"Kölsch"},<br />
["ksi"] = {"Krisa", "I'saka"},<br />
["ksj"] = {"Uare"},<br />
["ksk"] = {"Kansa"},<br />
["ksl"] = {"Kumalu"},<br />
["ksm"] = {"Kumba"},<br />
["ksn"] = {"Kasiguranin"},<br />
["kso"] = {"Kofa"},<br />
["ksp"] = {"Kaba"},<br />
["ksq"] = {"Kwaami"},<br />
["ksr"] = {"Borong"},<br />
["kss"] = {"Southern Kisi"},<br />
["kst"] = {"Winyé"},<br />
["ksu"] = {"Khamyang"},<br />
["ksv"] = {"Kusu"},<br />
["ksw"] = {"S'gaw Karen"},<br />
["ksx"] = {"Kedang"},<br />
["ksy"] = {"Kharia Thar"},<br />
["ksz"] = {"Kodaku"},<br />
["kta"] = {"Katua"},<br />
["ktb"] = {"Kambaata"},<br />
["ktc"] = {"Kholok"},<br />
["ktd"] = {"Kokata", "Kukatha"},<br />
["kte"] = {"Nubri"},<br />
["ktf"] = {"Kwami"},<br />
["ktg"] = {"Kalkutung"},<br />
["kth"] = {"Karanga"},<br />
["kti"] = {"North Muyu"},<br />
["ktj"] = {"Plapo Krumen"},<br />
["ktk"] = {"Kaniet"},<br />
["ktl"] = {"Koroshi"},<br />
["ktm"] = {"Kurti"},<br />
["ktn"] = {"Karitiâna"},<br />
["kto"] = {"Kuot"},<br />
["ktp"] = {"Kaduo"},<br />
["ktq"] = {"Katabaga"},<br />
["kts"] = {"South Muyu"},<br />
["ktt"] = {"Ketum"},<br />
["ktu"] = {"Kituba (Democratic Republic of Congo)"},<br />
["ktv"] = {"Eastern Katu"},<br />
["ktw"] = {"Kato"},<br />
["ktx"] = {"Kaxararí"},<br />
["kty"] = {"Kango (Bas-Uélé District)"},<br />
["ktz"] = {"Juǀʼhoan", "Juǀʼhoansi"},<br />
["kub"] = {"Kutep"},<br />
["kuc"] = {"Kwinsu"},<br />
["kud"] = {"'Auhelawa"},<br />
["kue"] = {"Kuman (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["kuf"] = {"Western Katu"},<br />
["kug"] = {"Kupa"},<br />
["kuh"] = {"Kushi"},<br />
["kui"] = {"Kuikúro-Kalapálo"},<br />
["kuj"] = {"Kuria"},<br />
["kuk"] = {"Kepo'"},<br />
["kul"] = {"Kulere"},<br />
["kum"] = {"Kumyk"},<br />
["kun"] = {"Kunama"},<br />
["kuo"] = {"Kumukio"},<br />
["kup"] = {"Kunimaipa"},<br />
["kuq"] = {"Karipuna"},<br />
["kus"] = {"Kusaal"},<br />
["kut"] = {"Kutenai"},<br />
["kuu"] = {"Upper Kuskokwim"},<br />
["kuv"] = {"Kur"},<br />
["kuw"] = {"Kpagua"},<br />
["kux"] = {"Kukatja"},<br />
["kuy"] = {"Kuuku-Ya'u"},<br />
["kuz"] = {"Kunza"},<br />
["kva"] = {"Bagvalal"},<br />
["kvb"] = {"Kubu"},<br />
["kvc"] = {"Kove"},<br />
["kvd"] = {"Kui (Indonesia)"},<br />
["kve"] = {"Kalabakan"},<br />
["kvf"] = {"Kabalai"},<br />
["kvg"] = {"Kuni-Boazi"},<br />
["kvh"] = {"Komodo"},<br />
["kvi"] = {"Kwang"},<br />
["kvj"] = {"Psikye"},<br />
["kvk"] = {"Korean Sign Language"},<br />
["kvl"] = {"Kayaw"},<br />
["kvm"] = {"Kendem"},<br />
["kvn"] = {"Border Kuna"},<br />
["kvo"] = {"Dobel"},<br />
["kvp"] = {"Kompane"},<br />
["kvq"] = {"Geba Karen"},<br />
["kvr"] = {"Kerinci"},<br />
["kvt"] = {"Lahta Karen", "Lahta"},<br />
["kvu"] = {"Yinbaw Karen"},<br />
["kvv"] = {"Kola"},<br />
["kvw"] = {"Wersing"},<br />
["kvx"] = {"Parkari Koli"},<br />
["kvy"] = {"Yintale Karen", "Yintale"},<br />
["kvz"] = {"Tsakwambo", "Tsaukambo"},<br />
["kwa"] = {"Dâw"},<br />
["kwb"] = {"Kwa"},<br />
["kwc"] = {"Likwala"},<br />
["kwd"] = {"Kwaio"},<br />
["kwe"] = {"Kwerba"},<br />
["kwf"] = {"Kwara'ae"},<br />
["kwg"] = {"Sara Kaba Deme"},<br />
["kwh"] = {"Kowiai"},<br />
["kwi"] = {"Awa-Cuaiquer"},<br />
["kwj"] = {"Kwanga"},<br />
["kwk"] = {"Kwakiutl"},<br />
["kwl"] = {"Kofyar"},<br />
["kwm"] = {"Kwambi"},<br />
["kwn"] = {"Kwangali"},<br />
["kwo"] = {"Kwomtari"},<br />
["kwp"] = {"Kodia"},<br />
["kwr"] = {"Kwer"},<br />
["kws"] = {"Kwese"},<br />
["kwt"] = {"Kwesten"},<br />
["kwu"] = {"Kwakum"},<br />
["kwv"] = {"Sara Kaba Náà"},<br />
["kww"] = {"Kwinti"},<br />
["kwx"] = {"Khirwar"},<br />
["kwy"] = {"San Salvador Kongo"},<br />
["kwz"] = {"Kwadi"},<br />
["kxa"] = {"Kairiru"},<br />
["kxb"] = {"Krobu"},<br />
["kxc"] = {"Konso", "Khonso"},<br />
["kxd"] = {"Brunei"},<br />
["kxf"] = {"Manumanaw Karen", "Manumanaw"},<br />
["kxh"] = {"Karo (Ethiopia)"},<br />
["kxi"] = {"Keningau Murut"},<br />
["kxj"] = {"Kulfa"},<br />
["kxk"] = {"Zayein Karen"},<br />
["kxl"] = {"Nepali Kurux"},<br />
["kxm"] = {"Northern Khmer"},<br />
["kxn"] = {"Kanowit-Tanjong Melanau"},<br />
["kxo"] = {"Kanoé"},<br />
["kxp"] = {"Wadiyara Koli"},<br />
["kxq"] = {"Smärky Kanum"},<br />
["kxr"] = {"Koro (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["kxs"] = {"Kangjia"},<br />
["kxt"] = {"Koiwat"},<br />
["kxu"] = {"Kui (India)"},<br />
["kxv"] = {"Kuvi"},<br />
["kxw"] = {"Konai"},<br />
["kxx"] = {"Likuba"},<br />
["kxy"] = {"Kayong"},<br />
["kxz"] = {"Kerewo"},<br />
["kya"] = {"Kwaya"},<br />
["kyb"] = {"Butbut Kalinga"},<br />
["kyc"] = {"Kyaka"},<br />
["kyd"] = {"Karey"},<br />
["kye"] = {"Krache"},<br />
["kyf"] = {"Kouya"},<br />
["kyg"] = {"Keyagana"},<br />
["kyh"] = {"Karok"},<br />
["kyi"] = {"Kiput"},<br />
["kyj"] = {"Karao"},<br />
["kyk"] = {"Kamayo"},<br />
["kyl"] = {"Kalapuya"},<br />
["kym"] = {"Kpatili"},<br />
["kyn"] = {"Northern Binukidnon"},<br />
["kyo"] = {"Kelon"},<br />
["kyp"] = {"Kang"},<br />
["kyq"] = {"Kenga"},<br />
["kyr"] = {"Kuruáya"},<br />
["kys"] = {"Baram Kayan"},<br />
["kyt"] = {"Kayagar"},<br />
["kyu"] = {"Western Kayah"},<br />
["kyv"] = {"Kayort"},<br />
["kyw"] = {"Kudmali"},<br />
["kyx"] = {"Rapoisi"},<br />
["kyy"] = {"Kambaira"},<br />
["kyz"] = {"Kayabí"},<br />
["kza"] = {"Western Karaboro"},<br />
["kzb"] = {"Kaibobo"},<br />
["kzc"] = {"Bondoukou Kulango"},<br />
["kzd"] = {"Kadai"},<br />
["kze"] = {"Kosena"},<br />
["kzf"] = {"Da'a Kaili"},<br />
["kzg"] = {"Kikai"},<br />
["kzi"] = {"Kelabit"},<br />
["kzk"] = {"Kazukuru"},<br />
["kzl"] = {"Kayeli"},<br />
["kzm"] = {"Kais"},<br />
["kzn"] = {"Kokola"},<br />
["kzo"] = {"Kaningi"},<br />
["kzp"] = {"Kaidipang"},<br />
["kzq"] = {"Kaike"},<br />
["kzr"] = {"Karang"},<br />
["kzs"] = {"Sugut Dusun"},<br />
["kzu"] = {"Kayupulau"},<br />
["kzv"] = {"Komyandaret"},<br />
["kzw"] = {"Karirí-Xocó"},<br />
["kzx"] = {"Kamarian"},<br />
["kzy"] = {"Kango (Tshopo District)"},<br />
["kzz"] = {"Kalabra"},<br />
["laa"] = {"Southern Subanen"},<br />
["lab"] = {"Linear A"},<br />
["lac"] = {"Lacandon"},<br />
["lad"] = {"Ladino"},<br />
["lae"] = {"Pattani"},<br />
["laf"] = {"Lafofa"},<br />
["lag"] = {"Langi"},<br />
["lah"] = {"Lahnda"},<br />
["lai"] = {"Lambya"},<br />
["laj"] = {"Lango (Uganda)"},<br />
["lak"] = {"Laka (Nigeria)"},<br />
["lal"] = {"Lalia"},<br />
["lam"] = {"Lamba"},<br />
["lan"] = {"Laru"},<br />
["lap"] = {"Laka (Chad)"},<br />
["laq"] = {"Qabiao"},<br />
["lar"] = {"Larteh"},<br />
["las"] = {"Lama (Togo)"},<br />
["lau"] = {"Laba"},<br />
["law"] = {"Lauje"},<br />
["lax"] = {"Tiwa"},<br />
["lay"] = {"Lama Bai"},<br />
["laz"] = {"Aribwatsa"},<br />
["lbb"] = {"Label"},<br />
["lbc"] = {"Lakkia"},<br />
["lbe"] = {"Lak"},<br />
["lbf"] = {"Tinani"},<br />
["lbg"] = {"Laopang"},<br />
["lbi"] = {"La'bi"},<br />
["lbj"] = {"Ladakhi"},<br />
["lbk"] = {"Central Bontok"},<br />
["lbl"] = {"Libon Bikol"},<br />
["lbm"] = {"Lodhi"},<br />
["lbn"] = {"Rmeet"},<br />
["lbo"] = {"Laven"},<br />
["lbq"] = {"Wampar"},<br />
["lbr"] = {"Lohorung"},<br />
["lbs"] = {"Libyan Sign Language"},<br />
["lbt"] = {"Lachi"},<br />
["lbu"] = {"Labu"},<br />
["lbv"] = {"Lavatbura-Lamusong"},<br />
["lbw"] = {"Tolaki"},<br />
["lbx"] = {"Lawangan"},<br />
["lby"] = {"Lamalama", "Lamu-Lamu"},<br />
["lbz"] = {"Lardil"},<br />
["lcc"] = {"Legenyem"},<br />
["lcd"] = {"Lola"},<br />
["lce"] = {"Loncong", "Sekak"},<br />
["lcf"] = {"Lubu"},<br />
["lch"] = {"Luchazi"},<br />
["lcl"] = {"Lisela"},<br />
["lcm"] = {"Tungag"},<br />
["lcp"] = {"Western Lawa"},<br />
["lcq"] = {"Luhu"},<br />
["lcs"] = {"Lisabata-Nuniali"},<br />
["lda"] = {"Kla-Dan"},<br />
["ldb"] = {"Dũya"},<br />
["ldd"] = {"Luri"},<br />
["ldg"] = {"Lenyima"},<br />
["ldh"] = {"Lamja-Dengsa-Tola"},<br />
["ldi"] = {"Laari"},<br />
["ldj"] = {"Lemoro"},<br />
["ldk"] = {"Leelau"},<br />
["ldl"] = {"Kaan"},<br />
["ldm"] = {"Landoma"},<br />
["ldn"] = {"Láadan"},<br />
["ldo"] = {"Loo"},<br />
["ldp"] = {"Tso"},<br />
["ldq"] = {"Lufu"},<br />
["lea"] = {"Lega-Shabunda"},<br />
["leb"] = {"Lala-Bisa"},<br />
["lec"] = {"Leco"},<br />
["led"] = {"Lendu"},<br />
["lee"] = {"Lyélé"},<br />
["lef"] = {"Lelemi"},<br />
["leh"] = {"Lenje"},<br />
["lei"] = {"Lemio"},<br />
["lej"] = {"Lengola"},<br />
["lek"] = {"Leipon"},<br />
["lel"] = {"Lele (Democratic Republic of Congo)"},<br />
["lem"] = {"Nomaande"},<br />
["len"] = {"Lenca"},<br />
["leo"] = {"Leti (Cameroon)"},<br />
["lep"] = {"Lepcha"},<br />
["leq"] = {"Lembena"},<br />
["ler"] = {"Lenkau"},<br />
["les"] = {"Lese"},<br />
["let"] = {"Lesing-Gelimi", "Amio-Gelimi"},<br />
["leu"] = {"Kara (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["lev"] = {"Lamma"},<br />
["lew"] = {"Ledo Kaili"},<br />
["lex"] = {"Luang"},<br />
["ley"] = {"Lemolang"},<br />
["lez"] = {"Lezghian"},<br />
["lfa"] = {"Lefa"},<br />
["lfn"] = {"Lingua Franca Nova"},<br />
["lga"] = {"Lungga"},<br />
["lgb"] = {"Laghu"},<br />
["lgg"] = {"Lugbara"},<br />
["lgh"] = {"Laghuu"},<br />
["lgi"] = {"Lengilu"},<br />
["lgk"] = {"Lingarak", "Neverver"},<br />
["lgl"] = {"Wala"},<br />
["lgm"] = {"Lega-Mwenga"},<br />
["lgn"] = {"T'apo", "Opuuo"},<br />
["lgq"] = {"Logba"},<br />
["lgr"] = {"Lengo"},<br />
["lgt"] = {"Pahi"},<br />
["lgu"] = {"Longgu"},<br />
["lgz"] = {"Ligenza"},<br />
["lha"] = {"Laha (Viet Nam)"},<br />
["lhh"] = {"Laha (Indonesia)"},<br />
["lhi"] = {"Lahu Shi"},<br />
["lhl"] = {"Lahul Lohar"},<br />
["lhm"] = {"Lhomi"},<br />
["lhn"] = {"Lahanan"},<br />
["lhp"] = {"Lhokpu"},<br />
["lhs"] = {"Mlahsö"},<br />
["lht"] = {"Lo-Toga"},<br />
["lhu"] = {"Lahu"},<br />
["lia"] = {"West-Central Limba"},<br />
["lib"] = {"Likum"},<br />
["lic"] = {"Hlai"},<br />
["lid"] = {"Nyindrou"},<br />
["lie"] = {"Likila"},<br />
["lif"] = {"Limbu"},<br />
["lig"] = {"Ligbi"},<br />
["lih"] = {"Lihir"},<br />
["lij"] = {"Ligurian"},<br />
["lik"] = {"Lika"},<br />
["lil"] = {"Lillooet"},<br />
["lio"] = {"Liki"},<br />
["lip"] = {"Sekpele"},<br />
["liq"] = {"Libido"},<br />
["lir"] = {"Liberian English"},<br />
["lis"] = {"Lisu"},<br />
["liu"] = {"Logorik"},<br />
["liv"] = {"Liv"},<br />
["liw"] = {"Col"},<br />
["lix"] = {"Liabuku"},<br />
["liy"] = {"Banda-Bambari"},<br />
["liz"] = {"Libinza"},<br />
["lja"] = {"Golpa"},<br />
["lje"] = {"Rampi"},<br />
["lji"] = {"Laiyolo"},<br />
["ljl"] = {"Li'o"},<br />
["ljp"] = {"Lampung Api"},<br />
["ljw"] = {"Yirandali"},<br />
["ljx"] = {"Yuru"},<br />
["lka"] = {"Lakalei"},<br />
["lkb"] = {"Kabras", "Lukabaras"},<br />
["lkc"] = {"Kucong"},<br />
["lkd"] = {"Lakondê"},<br />
["lke"] = {"Kenyi"},<br />
["lkh"] = {"Lakha"},<br />
["lki"] = {"Laki"},<br />
["lkj"] = {"Remun"},<br />
["lkl"] = {"Laeko-Libuat"},<br />
["lkm"] = {"Kalaamaya"},<br />
["lkn"] = {"Lakon", "Vure"},<br />
["lko"] = {"Khayo", "Olukhayo"},<br />
["lkr"] = {"Päri"},<br />
["lks"] = {"Kisa", "Olushisa"},<br />
["lkt"] = {"Lakota"},<br />
["lku"] = {"Kungkari"},<br />
["lky"] = {"Lokoya"},<br />
["lla"] = {"Lala-Roba"},<br />
["llb"] = {"Lolo"},<br />
["llc"] = {"Lele (Guinea)"},<br />
["lld"] = {"Ladin"},<br />
["lle"] = {"Lele (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["llf"] = {"Hermit"},<br />
["llg"] = {"Lole"},<br />
["llh"] = {"Lamu"},<br />
["lli"] = {"Teke-Laali"},<br />
["llj"] = {"Ladji Ladji"},<br />
["llk"] = {"Lelak"},<br />
["lll"] = {"Lilau"},<br />
["llm"] = {"Lasalimu"},<br />
["lln"] = {"Lele (Chad)"},<br />
["llp"] = {"North Efate"},<br />
["llq"] = {"Lolak"},<br />
["lls"] = {"Lithuanian Sign Language"},<br />
["llu"] = {"Lau"},<br />
["llx"] = {"Lauan"},<br />
["lma"] = {"East Limba"},<br />
["lmb"] = {"Merei"},<br />
["lmc"] = {"Limilngan"},<br />
["lmd"] = {"Lumun"},<br />
["lme"] = {"Pévé"},<br />
["lmf"] = {"South Lembata"},<br />
["lmg"] = {"Lamogai"},<br />
["lmh"] = {"Lambichhong"},<br />
["lmi"] = {"Lombi"},<br />
["lmj"] = {"West Lembata"},<br />
["lmk"] = {"Lamkang"},<br />
["lml"] = {"Hano"},<br />
["lmn"] = {"Lambadi"},<br />
["lmo"] = {"Lombard"},<br />
["lmp"] = {"Limbum"},<br />
["lmq"] = {"Lamatuka"},<br />
["lmr"] = {"Lamalera"},<br />
["lmu"] = {"Lamenu"},<br />
["lmv"] = {"Lomaiviti"},<br />
["lmw"] = {"Lake Miwok"},<br />
["lmx"] = {"Laimbue"},<br />
["lmy"] = {"Lamboya"},<br />
["lmz"] = {"Lumbee"},<br />
["lna"] = {"Langbashe"},<br />
["lnb"] = {"Mbalanhu"},<br />
["lnd"] = {"Lundayeh", "Lun Bawang"},<br />
["lng"] = {"Langobardic"},<br />
["lnh"] = {"Lanoh"},<br />
["lni"] = {"Daantanai'"},<br />
["lnj"] = {"Leningitij"},<br />
["lnl"] = {"South Central Banda"},<br />
["lnm"] = {"Langam"},<br />
["lnn"] = {"Lorediakarkar"},<br />
["lno"] = {"Lango (South Sudan)"},<br />
["lns"] = {"Lamnso'"},<br />
["lnu"] = {"Longuda"},<br />
["lnw"] = {"Lanima"},<br />
["lnz"] = {"Lonzo"},<br />
["loa"] = {"Loloda"},<br />
["lob"] = {"Lobi"},<br />
["loc"] = {"Inonhan"},<br />
["loe"] = {"Saluan"},<br />
["lof"] = {"Logol"},<br />
["log"] = {"Logo"},<br />
["loh"] = {"Narim"},<br />
["loi"] = {"Loma (Côte d'Ivoire)"},<br />
["loj"] = {"Lou"},<br />
["lok"] = {"Loko"},<br />
["lol"] = {"Mongo"},<br />
["lom"] = {"Loma (Liberia)"},<br />
["lon"] = {"Malawi Lomwe"},<br />
["loo"] = {"Lombo"},<br />
["lop"] = {"Lopa"},<br />
["loq"] = {"Lobala"},<br />
["lor"] = {"Téén"},<br />
["los"] = {"Loniu"},<br />
["lot"] = {"Otuho"},<br />
["lou"] = {"Louisiana Creole"},<br />
["lov"] = {"Lopi"},<br />
["low"] = {"Tampias Lobu"},<br />
["lox"] = {"Loun"},<br />
["loy"] = {"Loke"},<br />
["loz"] = {"Lozi"},<br />
["lpa"] = {"Lelepa"},<br />
["lpe"] = {"Lepki"},<br />
["lpn"] = {"Long Phuri Naga"},<br />
["lpo"] = {"Lipo"},<br />
["lpx"] = {"Lopit"},<br />
["lra"] = {"Rara Bakati'"},<br />
["lrc"] = {"Northern Luri"},<br />
["lre"] = {"Laurentian"},<br />
["lrg"] = {"Laragia"},<br />
["lri"] = {"Marachi", "Olumarachi"},<br />
["lrk"] = {"Loarki"},<br />
["lrl"] = {"Lari"},<br />
["lrm"] = {"Marama", "Olumarama"},<br />
["lrn"] = {"Lorang"},<br />
["lro"] = {"Laro"},<br />
["lrr"] = {"Southern Yamphu"},<br />
["lrt"] = {"Larantuka Malay"},<br />
["lrv"] = {"Larevat"},<br />
["lrz"] = {"Lemerig"},<br />
["lsa"] = {"Lasgerdi"},<br />
["lsd"] = {"Lishana Deni"},<br />
["lse"] = {"Lusengo"},<br />
["lsh"] = {"Lish"},<br />
["lsi"] = {"Lashi"},<br />
["lsl"] = {"Latvian Sign Language"},<br />
["lsm"] = {"Saamia", "Olusamia"},<br />
["lsn"] = {"Tibetan Sign Language"},<br />
["lso"] = {"Laos Sign Language"},<br />
["lsp"] = {"Panamanian Sign Language", "Lengua de Señas Panameñas"},<br />
["lsr"] = {"Aruop"},<br />
["lss"] = {"Lasi"},<br />
["lst"] = {"Trinidad and Tobago Sign Language"},<br />
["lsv"] = {"Sivia Sign Language"},<br />
["lsy"] = {"Mauritian Sign Language"},<br />
["ltc"] = {"Late Middle Chinese"},<br />
["ltg"] = {"Latgalian"},<br />
["lth"] = {"Thur"},<br />
["lti"] = {"Leti (Indonesia)"},<br />
["ltn"] = {"Latundê"},<br />
["lto"] = {"Tsotso", "Olutsotso"},<br />
["lts"] = {"Tachoni", "Lutachoni"},<br />
["ltu"] = {"Latu"},<br />
["lua"] = {"Luba-Lulua"},<br />
["luc"] = {"Aringa"},<br />
["lud"] = {"Ludian"},<br />
["lue"] = {"Luvale"},<br />
["luf"] = {"Laua"},<br />
["lui"] = {"Luiseno"},<br />
["luj"] = {"Luna"},<br />
["luk"] = {"Lunanakha"},<br />
["lul"] = {"Olu'bo"},<br />
["lum"] = {"Luimbi"},<br />
["lun"] = {"Lunda"},<br />
["luo"] = {"Luo (Kenya and Tanzania)", "Dholuo"},<br />
["lup"] = {"Lumbu"},<br />
["luq"] = {"Lucumi"},<br />
["lur"] = {"Laura"},<br />
["lus"] = {"Lushai"},<br />
["lut"] = {"Lushootseed"},<br />
["luu"] = {"Lumba-Yakkha"},<br />
["luv"] = {"Luwati"},<br />
["luw"] = {"Luo (Cameroon)"},<br />
["luy"] = {"Luyia", "Oluluyia"},<br />
["luz"] = {"Southern Luri"},<br />
["lva"] = {"Maku'a"},<br />
["lvi"] = {"Lavi"},<br />
["lvk"] = {"Lavukaleve"},<br />
["lvs"] = {"Standard Latvian"},<br />
["lvu"] = {"Levuka"},<br />
["lwa"] = {"Lwalu"},<br />
["lwe"] = {"Lewo Eleng"},<br />
["lwg"] = {"Wanga", "Oluwanga"},<br />
["lwh"] = {"White Lachi"},<br />
["lwl"] = {"Eastern Lawa"},<br />
["lwm"] = {"Laomian"},<br />
["lwo"] = {"Luwo"},<br />
["lws"] = {"Malawian Sign Language"},<br />
["lwt"] = {"Lewotobi"},<br />
["lwu"] = {"Lawu"},<br />
["lww"] = {"Lewo"},<br />
["lya"] = {"Layakha"},<br />
["lyg"] = {"Lyngngam"},<br />
["lyn"] = {"Luyana"},<br />
["lzh"] = {"Literary Chinese"},<br />
["lzl"] = {"Litzlitz"},<br />
["lzn"] = {"Leinong Naga"},<br />
["lzz"] = {"Laz"},<br />
["maa"] = {"San Jerónimo Tecóatl Mazatec"},<br />
["mab"] = {"Yutanduchi Mixtec"},<br />
["mad"] = {"Madurese"},<br />
["mae"] = {"Bo-Rukul"},<br />
["maf"] = {"Mafa"},<br />
["mag"] = {"Magahi"},<br />
["mai"] = {"Maithili"},<br />
["maj"] = {"Jalapa De Díaz Mazatec"},<br />
["mak"] = {"Makasar"},<br />
["mam"] = {"Mam"},<br />
["man"] = {"Mandingo", "Manding"},<br />
["map"] = {"Austronesian languages"},<br />
["maq"] = {"Chiquihuitlán Mazatec"},<br />
["mas"] = {"Masai"},<br />
["mat"] = {"San Francisco Matlatzinca"},<br />
["mau"] = {"Huautla Mazatec"},<br />
["mav"] = {"Sateré-Mawé"},<br />
["maw"] = {"Mampruli"},<br />
["max"] = {"North Moluccan Malay"},<br />
["maz"] = {"Central Mazahua"},<br />
["mba"] = {"Higaonon"},<br />
["mbb"] = {"Western Bukidnon Manobo"},<br />
["mbc"] = {"Macushi"},<br />
["mbd"] = {"Dibabawon Manobo"},<br />
["mbe"] = {"Molale"},<br />
["mbf"] = {"Baba Malay"},<br />
["mbh"] = {"Mangseng"},<br />
["mbi"] = {"Ilianen Manobo"},<br />
["mbj"] = {"Nadëb"},<br />
["mbk"] = {"Malol"},<br />
["mbl"] = {"Maxakalí"},<br />
["mbm"] = {"Ombamba"},<br />
["mbn"] = {"Macaguán"},<br />
["mbo"] = {"Mbo (Cameroon)"},<br />
["mbp"] = {"Malayo"},<br />
["mbq"] = {"Maisin"},<br />
["mbr"] = {"Nukak Makú"},<br />
["mbs"] = {"Sarangani Manobo"},<br />
["mbt"] = {"Matigsalug Manobo"},<br />
["mbu"] = {"Mbula-Bwazza"},<br />
["mbv"] = {"Mbulungish"},<br />
["mbw"] = {"Maring"},<br />
["mbx"] = {"Mari (East Sepik Province)"},<br />
["mby"] = {"Memoni"},<br />
["mbz"] = {"Amoltepec Mixtec"},<br />
["mca"] = {"Maca"},<br />
["mcb"] = {"Machiguenga"},<br />
["mcc"] = {"Bitur"},<br />
["mcd"] = {"Sharanahua"},<br />
["mce"] = {"Itundujia Mixtec"},<br />
["mcf"] = {"Matsés"},<br />
["mcg"] = {"Mapoyo"},<br />
["mch"] = {"Maquiritari"},<br />
["mci"] = {"Mese"},<br />
["mcj"] = {"Mvanip"},<br />
["mck"] = {"Mbunda"},<br />
["mcl"] = {"Macaguaje"},<br />
["mcm"] = {"Malaccan Creole Portuguese"},<br />
["mcn"] = {"Masana"},<br />
["mco"] = {"Coatlán Mixe"},<br />
["mcp"] = {"Makaa"},<br />
["mcq"] = {"Ese"},<br />
["mcr"] = {"Menya"},<br />
["mcs"] = {"Mambai"},<br />
["mct"] = {"Mengisa"},<br />
["mcu"] = {"Cameroon Mambila"},<br />
["mcv"] = {"Minanibai"},<br />
["mcw"] = {"Mawa (Chad)"},<br />
["mcx"] = {"Mpiemo"},<br />
["mcy"] = {"South Watut"},<br />
["mcz"] = {"Mawan"},<br />
["mda"] = {"Mada (Nigeria)"},<br />
["mdb"] = {"Morigi"},<br />
["mdc"] = {"Male (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["mdd"] = {"Mbum"},<br />
["mde"] = {"Maba (Chad)"},<br />
["mdf"] = {"Moksha"},<br />
["mdg"] = {"Massalat"},<br />
["mdh"] = {"Maguindanaon"},<br />
["mdi"] = {"Mamvu"},<br />
["mdj"] = {"Mangbetu"},<br />
["mdk"] = {"Mangbutu"},<br />
["mdl"] = {"Maltese Sign Language"},<br />
["mdm"] = {"Mayogo"},<br />
["mdn"] = {"Mbati"},<br />
["mdp"] = {"Mbala"},<br />
["mdq"] = {"Mbole"},<br />
["mdr"] = {"Mandar"},<br />
["mds"] = {"Maria (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["mdt"] = {"Mbere"},<br />
["mdu"] = {"Mboko"},<br />
["mdv"] = {"Santa Lucía Monteverde Mixtec"},<br />
["mdw"] = {"Mbosi"},<br />
["mdx"] = {"Dizin"},<br />
["mdy"] = {"Male (Ethiopia)"},<br />
["mdz"] = {"Suruí Do Pará"},<br />
["mea"] = {"Menka"},<br />
["meb"] = {"Ikobi"},<br />
["mec"] = {"Marra"},<br />
["med"] = {"Melpa"},<br />
["mee"] = {"Mengen"},<br />
["mef"] = {"Megam"},<br />
["meh"] = {"Southwestern Tlaxiaco Mixtec"},<br />
["mei"] = {"Midob"},<br />
["mej"] = {"Meyah"},<br />
["mek"] = {"Mekeo"},<br />
["mel"] = {"Central Melanau"},<br />
["mem"] = {"Mangala"},<br />
["men"] = {"Mende (Sierra Leone)"},<br />
["meo"] = {"Kedah Malay"},<br />
["mep"] = {"Miriwoong"},<br />
["meq"] = {"Merey"},<br />
["mer"] = {"Meru"},<br />
["mes"] = {"Masmaje"},<br />
["met"] = {"Mato"},<br />
["meu"] = {"Motu"},<br />
["mev"] = {"Mano"},<br />
["mew"] = {"Maaka"},<br />
["mey"] = {"Hassaniyya"},<br />
["mez"] = {"Menominee"},<br />
["mfa"] = {"Pattani Malay"},<br />
["mfb"] = {"Bangka"},<br />
["mfc"] = {"Mba"},<br />
["mfd"] = {"Mendankwe-Nkwen"},<br />
["mfe"] = {"Morisyen"},<br />
["mff"] = {"Naki"},<br />
["mfg"] = {"Mogofin"},<br />
["mfh"] = {"Matal"},<br />
["mfi"] = {"Wandala"},<br />
["mfj"] = {"Mefele"},<br />
["mfk"] = {"North Mofu"},<br />
["mfl"] = {"Putai"},<br />
["mfm"] = {"Marghi South"},<br />
["mfn"] = {"Cross River Mbembe"},<br />
["mfo"] = {"Mbe"},<br />
["mfp"] = {"Makassar Malay"},<br />
["mfq"] = {"Moba"},<br />
["mfr"] = {"Marrithiyel"},<br />
["mfs"] = {"Mexican Sign Language"},<br />
["mft"] = {"Mokerang"},<br />
["mfu"] = {"Mbwela"},<br />
["mfv"] = {"Mandjak"},<br />
["mfw"] = {"Mulaha"},<br />
["mfx"] = {"Melo"},<br />
["mfy"] = {"Mayo"},<br />
["mfz"] = {"Mabaan"},<br />
["mga"] = {"Middle Irish (900-1200)"},<br />
["mgb"] = {"Mararit"},<br />
["mgc"] = {"Morokodo"},<br />
["mgd"] = {"Moru"},<br />
["mge"] = {"Mango"},<br />
["mgf"] = {"Maklew"},<br />
["mgg"] = {"Mpumpong"},<br />
["mgh"] = {"Makhuwa-Meetto"},<br />
["mgi"] = {"Lijili"},<br />
["mgj"] = {"Abureni"},<br />
["mgk"] = {"Mawes"},<br />
["mgl"] = {"Maleu-Kilenge"},<br />
["mgm"] = {"Mambae"},<br />
["mgn"] = {"Mbangi"},<br />
["mgo"] = {"Meta'"},<br />
["mgp"] = {"Eastern Magar"},<br />
["mgq"] = {"Malila"},<br />
["mgr"] = {"Mambwe-Lungu"},<br />
["mgs"] = {"Manda (Tanzania)"},<br />
["mgt"] = {"Mongol"},<br />
["mgu"] = {"Mailu"},<br />
["mgv"] = {"Matengo"},<br />
["mgw"] = {"Matumbi"},<br />
["mgy"] = {"Mbunga"},<br />
["mgz"] = {"Mbugwe"},<br />
["mha"] = {"Manda (India)"},<br />
["mhb"] = {"Mahongwe"},<br />
["mhc"] = {"Mocho"},<br />
["mhd"] = {"Mbugu"},<br />
["mhe"] = {"Besisi", "Mah Meri"},<br />
["mhf"] = {"Mamaa"},<br />
["mhg"] = {"Margu"},<br />
["mhi"] = {"Ma'di"},<br />
["mhj"] = {"Mogholi"},<br />
["mhk"] = {"Mungaka"},<br />
["mhl"] = {"Mauwake"},<br />
["mhm"] = {"Makhuwa-Moniga"},<br />
["mhn"] = {"Mócheno"},<br />
["mho"] = {"Mashi (Zambia)"},<br />
["mhp"] = {"Balinese Malay"},<br />
["mhq"] = {"Mandan"},<br />
["mhr"] = {"Eastern Mari"},<br />
["mhs"] = {"Buru (Indonesia)"},<br />
["mht"] = {"Mandahuaca"},<br />
["mhu"] = {"Digaro-Mishmi", "Darang Deng"},<br />
["mhw"] = {"Mbukushu"},<br />
["mhx"] = {"Maru", "Lhaovo"},<br />
["mhy"] = {"Ma'anyan"},<br />
["mhz"] = {"Mor (Mor Islands)"},<br />
["mia"] = {"Miami"},<br />
["mib"] = {"Atatláhuca Mixtec"},<br />
["mic"] = {"Mi'kmaq", "Micmac"},<br />
["mid"] = {"Mandaic"},<br />
["mie"] = {"Ocotepec Mixtec"},<br />
["mif"] = {"Mofu-Gudur"},<br />
["mig"] = {"San Miguel El Grande Mixtec"},<br />
["mih"] = {"Chayuco Mixtec"},<br />
["mii"] = {"Chigmecatitlán Mixtec"},<br />
["mij"] = {"Abar", "Mungbam"},<br />
["mik"] = {"Mikasuki"},<br />
["mil"] = {"Peñoles Mixtec"},<br />
["mim"] = {"Alacatlatzala Mixtec"},<br />
["min"] = {"Minangkabau"},<br />
["mio"] = {"Pinotepa Nacional Mixtec"},<br />
["mip"] = {"Apasco-Apoala Mixtec"},<br />
["miq"] = {"Mískito"},<br />
["mir"] = {"Isthmus Mixe"},<br />
["mis"] = {"Uncoded languages"},<br />
["mit"] = {"Southern Puebla Mixtec"},<br />
["miu"] = {"Cacaloxtepec Mixtec"},<br />
["miw"] = {"Akoye"},<br />
["mix"] = {"Mixtepec Mixtec"},<br />
["miy"] = {"Ayutla Mixtec"},<br />
["miz"] = {"Coatzospan Mixtec"},<br />
["mjb"] = {"Makalero"},<br />
["mjc"] = {"San Juan Colorado Mixtec"},<br />
["mjd"] = {"Northwest Maidu"},<br />
["mje"] = {"Muskum"},<br />
["mjg"] = {"Tu"},<br />
["mjh"] = {"Mwera (Nyasa)"},<br />
["mji"] = {"Kim Mun"},<br />
["mjj"] = {"Mawak"},<br />
["mjk"] = {"Matukar"},<br />
["mjl"] = {"Mandeali"},<br />
["mjm"] = {"Medebur"},<br />
["mjn"] = {"Ma (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["mjo"] = {"Malankuravan"},<br />
["mjp"] = {"Malapandaram"},<br />
["mjq"] = {"Malaryan"},<br />
["mjr"] = {"Malavedan"},<br />
["mjs"] = {"Miship"},<br />
["mjt"] = {"Sauria Paharia"},<br />
["mju"] = {"Manna-Dora"},<br />
["mjv"] = {"Mannan"},<br />
["mjw"] = {"Karbi"},<br />
["mjx"] = {"Mahali"},<br />
["mjy"] = {"Mahican"},<br />
["mjz"] = {"Majhi"},<br />
["mka"] = {"Mbre"},<br />
["mkb"] = {"Mal Paharia"},<br />
["mkc"] = {"Siliput"},<br />
["mke"] = {"Mawchi"},<br />
["mkf"] = {"Miya"},<br />
["mkg"] = {"Mak (China)"},<br />
["mkh"] = {"Mon-Khmer languages"},<br />
["mki"] = {"Dhatki"},<br />
["mkj"] = {"Mokilese"},<br />
["mkk"] = {"Byep"},<br />
["mkl"] = {"Mokole"},<br />
["mkm"] = {"Moklen"},<br />
["mkn"] = {"Kupang Malay"},<br />
["mko"] = {"Mingang Doso"},<br />
["mkp"] = {"Moikodi"},<br />
["mkq"] = {"Bay Miwok"},<br />
["mkr"] = {"Malas"},<br />
["mks"] = {"Silacayoapan Mixtec"},<br />
["mkt"] = {"Vamale"},<br />
["mku"] = {"Konyanka Maninka"},<br />
["mkv"] = {"Mafea"},<br />
["mkw"] = {"Kituba (Congo)"},<br />
["mkx"] = {"Kinamiging Manobo"},<br />
["mky"] = {"East Makian"},<br />
["mkz"] = {"Makasae"},<br />
["mla"] = {"Malo"},<br />
["mlb"] = {"Mbule"},<br />
["mlc"] = {"Cao Lan"},<br />
["mle"] = {"Manambu"},<br />
["mlf"] = {"Mal"},<br />
["mlh"] = {"Mape"},<br />
["mli"] = {"Malimpung"},<br />
["mlj"] = {"Miltu"},<br />
["mlk"] = {"Ilwana", "Kiwilwana"},<br />
["mll"] = {"Malua Bay"},<br />
["mlm"] = {"Mulam"},<br />
["mln"] = {"Malango"},<br />
["mlo"] = {"Mlomp"},<br />
["mlp"] = {"Bargam"},<br />
["mlq"] = {"Western Maninkakan"},<br />
["mlr"] = {"Vame"},<br />
["mls"] = {"Masalit"},<br />
["mlu"] = {"To'abaita"},<br />
["mlv"] = {"Motlav", "Mwotlap"},<br />
["mlw"] = {"Moloko"},<br />
["mlx"] = {"Malfaxal", "Naha'ai"},<br />
["mlz"] = {"Malaynon"},<br />
["mma"] = {"Mama"},<br />
["mmb"] = {"Momina"},<br />
["mmc"] = {"Michoacán Mazahua"},<br />
["mmd"] = {"Maonan"},<br />
["mme"] = {"Mae"},<br />
["mmf"] = {"Mundat"},<br />
["mmg"] = {"North Ambrym"},<br />
["mmh"] = {"Mehináku"},<br />
["mmi"] = {"Musar"},<br />
["mmj"] = {"Majhwar"},<br />
["mmk"] = {"Mukha-Dora"},<br />
["mml"] = {"Man Met"},<br />
["mmm"] = {"Maii"},<br />
["mmn"] = {"Mamanwa"},<br />
["mmo"] = {"Mangga Buang"},<br />
["mmp"] = {"Siawi"},<br />
["mmq"] = {"Musak"},<br />
["mmr"] = {"Western Xiangxi Miao"},<br />
["mmt"] = {"Malalamai"},<br />
["mmu"] = {"Mmaala"},<br />
["mmv"] = {"Miriti"},<br />
["mmw"] = {"Emae"},<br />
["mmx"] = {"Madak"},<br />
["mmy"] = {"Migaama"},<br />
["mmz"] = {"Mabaale"},<br />
["mna"] = {"Mbula"},<br />
["mnb"] = {"Muna"},<br />
["mnc"] = {"Manchu"},<br />
["mnd"] = {"Mondé"},<br />
["mne"] = {"Naba"},<br />
["mnf"] = {"Mundani"},<br />
["mng"] = {"Eastern Mnong"},<br />
["mnh"] = {"Mono (Democratic Republic of Congo)"},<br />
["mni"] = {"Manipuri"},<br />
["mnj"] = {"Munji"},<br />
["mnk"] = {"Mandinka"},<br />
["mnl"] = {"Tiale"},<br />
["mnm"] = {"Mapena"},<br />
["mnn"] = {"Southern Mnong"},<br />
["mno"] = {"Manobo languages"},<br />
["mnp"] = {"Min Bei Chinese"},<br />
["mnq"] = {"Minriq"},<br />
["mnr"] = {"Mono (USA)"},<br />
["mns"] = {"Mansi"},<br />
["mnu"] = {"Mer"},<br />
["mnv"] = {"Rennell-Bellona"},<br />
["mnw"] = {"Mon"},<br />
["mnx"] = {"Manikion"},<br />
["mny"] = {"Manyawa"},<br />
["mnz"] = {"Moni"},<br />
["moa"] = {"Mwan"},<br />
["moc"] = {"Mocoví"},<br />
["mod"] = {"Mobilian"},<br />
["moe"] = {"Montagnais"},<br />
["mog"] = {"Mongondow"},<br />
["moh"] = {"Mohawk"},<br />
["moi"] = {"Mboi"},<br />
["moj"] = {"Monzombo"},<br />
["mok"] = {"Morori"},<br />
["mom"] = {"Mangue"},<br />
["moo"] = {"Monom"},<br />
["mop"] = {"Mopán Maya"},<br />
["moq"] = {"Mor (Bomberai Peninsula)"},<br />
["mor"] = {"Moro"},<br />
["mos"] = {"Mossi"},<br />
["mot"] = {"Barí"},<br />
["mou"] = {"Mogum"},<br />
["mov"] = {"Mohave"},<br />
["mow"] = {"Moi (Congo)"},<br />
["mox"] = {"Molima"},<br />
["moy"] = {"Shekkacho"},<br />
["moz"] = {"Mukulu", "Gergiko"},<br />
["mpa"] = {"Mpoto"},<br />
["mpb"] = {"Malak Malak", "Mullukmulluk"},<br />
["mpc"] = {"Mangarrayi"},<br />
["mpd"] = {"Machinere"},<br />
["mpe"] = {"Majang"},<br />
["mpg"] = {"Marba"},<br />
["mph"] = {"Maung"},<br />
["mpi"] = {"Mpade"},<br />
["mpj"] = {"Martu Wangka", "Wangkajunga"},<br />
["mpk"] = {"Mbara (Chad)"},<br />
["mpl"] = {"Middle Watut"},<br />
["mpm"] = {"Yosondúa Mixtec"},<br />
["mpn"] = {"Mindiri"},<br />
["mpo"] = {"Miu"},<br />
["mpp"] = {"Migabac"},<br />
["mpq"] = {"Matís"},<br />
["mpr"] = {"Vangunu"},<br />
["mps"] = {"Dadibi"},<br />
["mpt"] = {"Mian"},<br />
["mpu"] = {"Makuráp"},<br />
["mpv"] = {"Mungkip"},<br />
["mpw"] = {"Mapidian"},<br />
["mpx"] = {"Misima-Panaeati"},<br />
["mpy"] = {"Mapia"},<br />
["mpz"] = {"Mpi"},<br />
["mqa"] = {"Maba (Indonesia)"},<br />
["mqb"] = {"Mbuko"},<br />
["mqc"] = {"Mangole"},<br />
["mqe"] = {"Matepi"},<br />
["mqf"] = {"Momuna"},<br />
["mqg"] = {"Kota Bangun Kutai Malay"},<br />
["mqh"] = {"Tlazoyaltepec Mixtec"},<br />
["mqi"] = {"Mariri"},<br />
["mqj"] = {"Mamasa"},<br />
["mqk"] = {"Rajah Kabunsuwan Manobo"},<br />
["mql"] = {"Mbelime"},<br />
["mqm"] = {"South Marquesan"},<br />
["mqn"] = {"Moronene"},<br />
["mqo"] = {"Modole"},<br />
["mqp"] = {"Manipa"},<br />
["mqq"] = {"Minokok"},<br />
["mqr"] = {"Mander"},<br />
["mqs"] = {"West Makian"},<br />
["mqt"] = {"Mok"},<br />
["mqu"] = {"Mandari"},<br />
["mqv"] = {"Mosimo"},<br />
["mqw"] = {"Murupi"},<br />
["mqx"] = {"Mamuju"},<br />
["mqy"] = {"Manggarai"},<br />
["mqz"] = {"Pano"},<br />
["mra"] = {"Mlabri"},<br />
["mrb"] = {"Marino"},<br />
["mrc"] = {"Maricopa"},<br />
["mrd"] = {"Western Magar"},<br />
["mre"] = {"Martha's Vineyard Sign Language"},<br />
["mrf"] = {"Elseng"},<br />
["mrg"] = {"Mising"},<br />
["mrh"] = {"Mara Chin"},<br />
["mrj"] = {"Western Mari"},<br />
["mrk"] = {"Hmwaveke"},<br />
["mrl"] = {"Mortlockese"},<br />
["mrm"] = {"Merlav", "Mwerlap"},<br />
["mrn"] = {"Cheke Holo"},<br />
["mro"] = {"Mru"},<br />
["mrp"] = {"Morouas"},<br />
["mrq"] = {"North Marquesan"},<br />
["mrr"] = {"Maria (India)"},<br />
["mrs"] = {"Maragus"},<br />
["mrt"] = {"Marghi Central"},<br />
["mru"] = {"Mono (Cameroon)"},<br />
["mrv"] = {"Mangareva"},<br />
["mrw"] = {"Maranao"},<br />
["mrx"] = {"Maremgi", "Dineor"},<br />
["mry"] = {"Mandaya"},<br />
["mrz"] = {"Marind"},<br />
["msb"] = {"Masbatenyo"},<br />
["msc"] = {"Sankaran Maninka"},<br />
["msd"] = {"Yucatec Maya Sign Language"},<br />
["mse"] = {"Musey"},<br />
["msf"] = {"Mekwei"},<br />
["msg"] = {"Moraid"},<br />
["msh"] = {"Masikoro Malagasy"},<br />
["msi"] = {"Sabah Malay"},<br />
["msj"] = {"Ma (Democratic Republic of Congo)"},<br />
["msk"] = {"Mansaka"},<br />
["msl"] = {"Molof", "Poule"},<br />
["msm"] = {"Agusan Manobo"},<br />
["msn"] = {"Vurës"},<br />
["mso"] = {"Mombum"},<br />
["msp"] = {"Maritsauá"},<br />
["msq"] = {"Caac"},<br />
["msr"] = {"Mongolian Sign Language"},<br />
["mss"] = {"West Masela"},<br />
["msu"] = {"Musom"},<br />
["msv"] = {"Maslam"},<br />
["msw"] = {"Mansoanka"},<br />
["msx"] = {"Moresada"},<br />
["msy"] = {"Aruamu"},<br />
["msz"] = {"Momare"},<br />
["mta"] = {"Cotabato Manobo"},<br />
["mtb"] = {"Anyin Morofo"},<br />
["mtc"] = {"Munit"},<br />
["mtd"] = {"Mualang"},<br />
["mte"] = {"Mono (Solomon Islands)"},<br />
["mtf"] = {"Murik (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["mtg"] = {"Una"},<br />
["mth"] = {"Munggui"},<br />
["mti"] = {"Maiwa (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["mtj"] = {"Moskona"},<br />
["mtk"] = {"Mbe'"},<br />
["mtl"] = {"Montol"},<br />
["mtm"] = {"Mator"},<br />
["mtn"] = {"Matagalpa"},<br />
["mto"] = {"Totontepec Mixe"},<br />
["mtp"] = {"Wichí Lhamtés Nocten"},<br />
["mtq"] = {"Muong"},<br />
["mtr"] = {"Mewari"},<br />
["mts"] = {"Yora"},<br />
["mtt"] = {"Mota"},<br />
["mtu"] = {"Tututepec Mixtec"},<br />
["mtv"] = {"Asaro'o"},<br />
["mtw"] = {"Southern Binukidnon"},<br />
["mtx"] = {"Tidaá Mixtec"},<br />
["mty"] = {"Nabi"},<br />
["mua"] = {"Mundang"},<br />
["mub"] = {"Mubi"},<br />
["muc"] = {"Ajumbu"},<br />
["mud"] = {"Mednyj Aleut"},<br />
["mue"] = {"Media Lengua"},<br />
["mug"] = {"Musgu"},<br />
["muh"] = {"Mündü"},<br />
["mui"] = {"Musi"},<br />
["muj"] = {"Mabire"},<br />
["muk"] = {"Mugom"},<br />
["mul"] = {"Multiple languages"},<br />
["mum"] = {"Maiwala"},<br />
["mun"] = {"Munda languages"},<br />
["muo"] = {"Nyong"},<br />
["mup"] = {"Malvi"},<br />
["muq"] = {"Eastern Xiangxi Miao"},<br />
["mur"] = {"Murle"},<br />
["mus"] = {"Creek"},<br />
["mut"] = {"Western Muria"},<br />
["muu"] = {"Yaaku"},<br />
["muv"] = {"Muthuvan"},<br />
["mux"] = {"Bo-Ung"},<br />
["muy"] = {"Muyang"},<br />
["muz"] = {"Mursi"},<br />
["mva"] = {"Manam"},<br />
["mvb"] = {"Mattole"},<br />
["mvd"] = {"Mamboru"},<br />
["mve"] = {"Marwari (Pakistan)"},<br />
["mvf"] = {"Peripheral Mongolian"},<br />
["mvg"] = {"Yucuañe Mixtec"},<br />
["mvh"] = {"Mulgi"},<br />
["mvi"] = {"Miyako"},<br />
["mvk"] = {"Mekmek"},<br />
["mvl"] = {"Mbara (Australia)"},<br />
["mvm"] = {"Muya"},<br />
["mvn"] = {"Minaveha"},<br />
["mvo"] = {"Marovo"},<br />
["mvp"] = {"Duri"},<br />
["mvq"] = {"Moere"},<br />
["mvr"] = {"Marau"},<br />
["mvs"] = {"Massep"},<br />
["mvt"] = {"Mpotovoro"},<br />
["mvu"] = {"Marfa"},<br />
["mvv"] = {"Tagal Murut"},<br />
["mvw"] = {"Machinga"},<br />
["mvx"] = {"Meoswar"},<br />
["mvy"] = {"Indus Kohistani"},<br />
["mvz"] = {"Mesqan"},<br />
["mwa"] = {"Mwatebu"},<br />
["mwb"] = {"Juwal"},<br />
["mwc"] = {"Are"},<br />
["mwe"] = {"Mwera (Chimwera)"},<br />
["mwf"] = {"Murrinh-Patha"},<br />
["mwg"] = {"Aiklep"},<br />
["mwh"] = {"Mouk-Aria"},<br />
["mwi"] = {"Labo", "Ninde"},<br />
["mwk"] = {"Kita Maninkakan"},<br />
["mwl"] = {"Mirandese"},<br />
["mwm"] = {"Sar"},<br />
["mwn"] = {"Nyamwanga"},<br />
["mwo"] = {"Central Maewo"},<br />
["mwp"] = {"Kala Lagaw Ya"},<br />
["mwq"] = {"Mün Chin"},<br />
["mwr"] = {"Marwari"},<br />
["mws"] = {"Mwimbi-Muthambi"},<br />
["mwt"] = {"Moken"},<br />
["mwu"] = {"Mittu"},<br />
["mwv"] = {"Mentawai"},<br />
["mww"] = {"Hmong Daw"},<br />
["mwz"] = {"Moingi"},<br />
["mxa"] = {"Northwest Oaxaca Mixtec"},<br />
["mxb"] = {"Tezoatlán Mixtec"},<br />
["mxc"] = {"Manyika"},<br />
["mxd"] = {"Modang"},<br />
["mxe"] = {"Mele-Fila"},<br />
["mxf"] = {"Malgbe"},<br />
["mxg"] = {"Mbangala"},<br />
["mxh"] = {"Mvuba"},<br />
["mxi"] = {"Mozarabic"},<br />
["mxj"] = {"Miju-Mishmi", "Geman Deng"},<br />
["mxk"] = {"Monumbo"},<br />
["mxl"] = {"Maxi Gbe"},<br />
["mxm"] = {"Meramera"},<br />
["mxn"] = {"Moi (Indonesia)"},<br />
["mxo"] = {"Mbowe"},<br />
["mxp"] = {"Tlahuitoltepec Mixe"},<br />
["mxq"] = {"Juquila Mixe"},<br />
["mxr"] = {"Murik (Malaysia)"},<br />
["mxs"] = {"Huitepec Mixtec"},<br />
["mxt"] = {"Jamiltepec Mixtec"},<br />
["mxu"] = {"Mada (Cameroon)"},<br />
["mxv"] = {"Metlatónoc Mixtec"},<br />
["mxw"] = {"Namo"},<br />
["mxx"] = {"Mahou", "Mawukakan"},<br />
["mxy"] = {"Southeastern Nochixtlán Mixtec"},<br />
["mxz"] = {"Central Masela"},<br />
["myb"] = {"Mbay"},<br />
["myc"] = {"Mayeka"},<br />
["mye"] = {"Myene"},<br />
["myf"] = {"Bambassi"},<br />
["myg"] = {"Manta"},<br />
["myh"] = {"Makah"},<br />
["myj"] = {"Mangayat"},<br />
["myk"] = {"Mamara Senoufo"},<br />
["myl"] = {"Moma"},<br />
["mym"] = {"Me'en"},<br />
["myn"] = {"Mayan languages"},<br />
["myo"] = {"Anfillo"},<br />
["myp"] = {"Pirahã"},<br />
["myr"] = {"Muniche"},<br />
["mys"] = {"Mesmes"},<br />
["myu"] = {"Mundurukú"},<br />
["myv"] = {"Erzya"},<br />
["myw"] = {"Muyuw"},<br />
["myx"] = {"Masaaba"},<br />
["myy"] = {"Macuna"},<br />
["myz"] = {"Classical Mandaic"},<br />
["mza"] = {"Santa María Zacatepec Mixtec"},<br />
["mzb"] = {"Tumzabt"},<br />
["mzc"] = {"Madagascar Sign Language"},<br />
["mzd"] = {"Malimba"},<br />
["mze"] = {"Morawa"},<br />
["mzg"] = {"Monastic Sign Language"},<br />
["mzh"] = {"Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay"},<br />
["mzi"] = {"Ixcatlán Mazatec"},<br />
["mzj"] = {"Manya"},<br />
["mzk"] = {"Nigeria Mambila"},<br />
["mzl"] = {"Mazatlán Mixe"},<br />
["mzm"] = {"Mumuye"},<br />
["mzn"] = {"Mazanderani"},<br />
["mzo"] = {"Matipuhy"},<br />
["mzp"] = {"Movima"},<br />
["mzq"] = {"Mori Atas"},<br />
["mzr"] = {"Marúbo"},<br />
["mzs"] = {"Macanese"},<br />
["mzt"] = {"Mintil"},<br />
["mzu"] = {"Inapang"},<br />
["mzv"] = {"Manza"},<br />
["mzw"] = {"Deg"},<br />
["mzx"] = {"Mawayana"},<br />
["mzy"] = {"Mozambican Sign Language"},<br />
["mzz"] = {"Maiadomu"},<br />
["naa"] = {"Namla"},<br />
["nab"] = {"Southern Nambikuára"},<br />
["nac"] = {"Narak"},<br />
["nae"] = {"Naka'ela"},<br />
["naf"] = {"Nabak"},<br />
["nag"] = {"Naga Pidgin"},<br />
["nah"] = {"Nahuatl languages"},<br />
["nai"] = {"North American Indian languages"},<br />
["naj"] = {"Nalu"},<br />
["nak"] = {"Nakanai"},<br />
["nal"] = {"Nalik"},<br />
["nam"] = {"Ngan'gityemerri"},<br />
["nan"] = {"Min Nan Chinese"},<br />
["nao"] = {"Naaba"},<br />
["nap"] = {"Neapolitan"},<br />
["naq"] = {"Khoekhoe", "Nama (Namibia)"},<br />
["nar"] = {"Iguta"},<br />
["nas"] = {"Naasioi"},<br />
["nat"] = {"Ca̱hungwa̱rya̱", "Hungworo"},<br />
["naw"] = {"Nawuri"},<br />
["nax"] = {"Nakwi"},<br />
["nay"] = {"Ngarrindjeri"},<br />
["naz"] = {"Coatepec Nahuatl"},<br />
["nba"] = {"Nyemba"},<br />
["nbb"] = {"Ndoe"},<br />
["nbc"] = {"Chang Naga"},<br />
["nbd"] = {"Ngbinda"},<br />
["nbe"] = {"Konyak Naga"},<br />
["nbg"] = {"Nagarchal"},<br />
["nbh"] = {"Ngamo"},<br />
["nbi"] = {"Mao Naga"},<br />
["nbj"] = {"Ngarinyman"},<br />
["nbk"] = {"Nake"},<br />
["nbm"] = {"Ngbaka Ma'bo"},<br />
["nbn"] = {"Kuri"},<br />
["nbo"] = {"Nkukoli"},<br />
["nbp"] = {"Nnam"},<br />
["nbq"] = {"Nggem"},<br />
["nbr"] = {"Numana"},<br />
["nbs"] = {"Namibian Sign Language"},<br />
["nbt"] = {"Na"},<br />
["nbu"] = {"Rongmei Naga"},<br />
["nbv"] = {"Ngamambo"},<br />
["nbw"] = {"Southern Ngbandi"},<br />
["nby"] = {"Ningera"},<br />
["nca"] = {"Iyo"},<br />
["ncb"] = {"Central Nicobarese"},<br />
["ncc"] = {"Ponam"},<br />
["ncd"] = {"Nachering"},<br />
["nce"] = {"Yale"},<br />
["ncf"] = {"Notsi"},<br />
["ncg"] = {"Nisga'a"},<br />
["nch"] = {"Central Huasteca Nahuatl"},<br />
["nci"] = {"Classical Nahuatl"},<br />
["ncj"] = {"Northern Puebla Nahuatl"},<br />
["nck"] = {"Na-kara"},<br />
["ncl"] = {"Michoacán Nahuatl"},<br />
["ncm"] = {"Nambo"},<br />
["ncn"] = {"Nauna"},<br />
["nco"] = {"Sibe"},<br />
["ncq"] = {"Northern Katang"},<br />
["ncr"] = {"Ncane"},<br />
["ncs"] = {"Nicaraguan Sign Language"},<br />
["nct"] = {"Chothe Naga"},<br />
["ncu"] = {"Chumburung"},<br />
["ncx"] = {"Central Puebla Nahuatl"},<br />
["ncz"] = {"Natchez"},<br />
["nda"] = {"Ndasa"},<br />
["ndb"] = {"Kenswei Nsei"},<br />
["ndc"] = {"Ndau"},<br />
["ndd"] = {"Nde-Nsele-Nta"},<br />
["ndf"] = {"Nadruvian"},<br />
["ndg"] = {"Ndengereko"},<br />
["ndh"] = {"Ndali"},<br />
["ndi"] = {"Samba Leko"},<br />
["ndj"] = {"Ndamba"},<br />
["ndk"] = {"Ndaka"},<br />
["ndl"] = {"Ndolo"},<br />
["ndm"] = {"Ndam"},<br />
["ndn"] = {"Ngundi"},<br />
["ndp"] = {"Ndo"},<br />
["ndq"] = {"Ndombe"},<br />
["ndr"] = {"Ndoola"},<br />
["nds"] = {"Low German", "Low Saxon"},<br />
["ndt"] = {"Ndunga"},<br />
["ndu"] = {"Dugun"},<br />
["ndv"] = {"Ndut"},<br />
["ndw"] = {"Ndobo"},<br />
["ndx"] = {"Nduga"},<br />
["ndy"] = {"Lutos"},<br />
["ndz"] = {"Ndogo"},<br />
["nea"] = {"Eastern Ngad'a"},<br />
["neb"] = {"Toura (Côte d'Ivoire)"},<br />
["nec"] = {"Nedebang"},<br />
["ned"] = {"Nde-Gbite"},<br />
["nee"] = {"Nêlêmwa-Nixumwak"},<br />
["nef"] = {"Nefamese"},<br />
["neg"] = {"Negidal"},<br />
["neh"] = {"Nyenkha"},<br />
["nei"] = {"Neo-Hittite"},<br />
["nej"] = {"Neko"},<br />
["nek"] = {"Neku"},<br />
["nem"] = {"Nemi"},<br />
["nen"] = {"Nengone"},<br />
["neo"] = {"Ná-Meo"},<br />
["neq"] = {"North Central Mixe"},<br />
["ner"] = {"Yahadian"},<br />
["nes"] = {"Bhoti Kinnauri"},<br />
["net"] = {"Nete"},<br />
["neu"] = {"Neo"},<br />
["nev"] = {"Nyaheun"},<br />
["new"] = {"Newari", "Nepal Bhasa"},<br />
["nex"] = {"Neme"},<br />
["ney"] = {"Neyo"},<br />
["nez"] = {"Nez Perce"},<br />
["nfa"] = {"Dhao"},<br />
["nfd"] = {"Ahwai"},<br />
["nfl"] = {"Ayiwo", "Äiwoo"},<br />
["nfr"] = {"Nafaanra"},<br />
["nfu"] = {"Mfumte"},<br />
["nga"] = {"Ngbaka"},<br />
["ngb"] = {"Northern Ngbandi"},<br />
["ngc"] = {"Ngombe (Democratic Republic of Congo)"},<br />
["ngd"] = {"Ngando (Central African Republic)"},<br />
["nge"] = {"Ngemba"},<br />
["ngf"] = {"Trans-New Guinea languages"},<br />
["ngg"] = {"Ngbaka Manza"},<br />
["ngh"] = {"Nǁng"},<br />
["ngi"] = {"Ngizim"},<br />
["ngj"] = {"Ngie"},<br />
["ngk"] = {"Dalabon"},<br />
["ngl"] = {"Lomwe"},<br />
["ngm"] = {"Ngatik Men's Creole"},<br />
["ngn"] = {"Ngwo"},<br />
["ngo"] = {"Ngoni"},<br />
["ngp"] = {"Ngulu"},<br />
["ngq"] = {"Ngurimi", "Ngoreme"},<br />
["ngr"] = {"Engdewu"},<br />
["ngs"] = {"Gvoko"},<br />
["ngt"] = {"Kriang", "Ngeq"},<br />
["ngu"] = {"Guerrero Nahuatl"},<br />
["ngv"] = {"Nagumi"},<br />
["ngw"] = {"Ngwaba"},<br />
["ngx"] = {"Nggwahyi"},<br />
["ngy"] = {"Tibea"},<br />
["ngz"] = {"Ngungwel"},<br />
["nha"] = {"Nhanda"},<br />
["nhb"] = {"Beng"},<br />
["nhc"] = {"Tabasco Nahuatl"},<br />
["nhd"] = {"Chiripá", "Ava Guaraní"},<br />
["nhe"] = {"Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl"},<br />
["nhf"] = {"Nhuwala"},<br />
["nhg"] = {"Tetelcingo Nahuatl"},<br />
["nhh"] = {"Nahari"},<br />
["nhi"] = {"Zacatlán-Ahuacatlán-Tepetzintla Nahuatl"},<br />
["nhk"] = {"Isthmus-Cosoleacaque Nahuatl"},<br />
["nhm"] = {"Morelos Nahuatl"},<br />
["nhn"] = {"Central Nahuatl"},<br />
["nho"] = {"Takuu"},<br />
["nhp"] = {"Isthmus-Pajapan Nahuatl"},<br />
["nhq"] = {"Huaxcaleca Nahuatl"},<br />
["nhr"] = {"Naro"},<br />
["nht"] = {"Ometepec Nahuatl"},<br />
["nhu"] = {"Noone"},<br />
["nhv"] = {"Temascaltepec Nahuatl"},<br />
["nhw"] = {"Western Huasteca Nahuatl"},<br />
["nhx"] = {"Isthmus-Mecayapan Nahuatl"},<br />
["nhy"] = {"Northern Oaxaca Nahuatl"},<br />
["nhz"] = {"Santa María La Alta Nahuatl"},<br />
["nia"] = {"Nias"},<br />
["nib"] = {"Nakame"},<br />
["nic"] = {"Niger-Kordofanian languages"},<br />
["nid"] = {"Ngandi"},<br />
["nie"] = {"Niellim"},<br />
["nif"] = {"Nek"},<br />
["nig"] = {"Ngalakgan"},<br />
["nih"] = {"Nyiha (Tanzania)"},<br />
["nii"] = {"Nii"},<br />
["nij"] = {"Ngaju"},<br />
["nik"] = {"Southern Nicobarese"},<br />
["nil"] = {"Nila"},<br />
["nim"] = {"Nilamba"},<br />
["nin"] = {"Ninzo"},<br />
["nio"] = {"Nganasan"},<br />
["niq"] = {"Nandi"},<br />
["nir"] = {"Nimboran"},<br />
["nis"] = {"Nimi"},<br />
["nit"] = {"Southeastern Kolami"},<br />
["niu"] = {"Niuean"},<br />
["niv"] = {"Gilyak"},<br />
["niw"] = {"Nimo"},<br />
["nix"] = {"Hema"},<br />
["niy"] = {"Ngiti"},<br />
["niz"] = {"Ningil"},<br />
["nja"] = {"Nzanyi"},<br />
["njb"] = {"Nocte Naga"},<br />
["njd"] = {"Ndonde Hamba"},<br />
["njh"] = {"Lotha Naga"},<br />
["nji"] = {"Gudanji"},<br />
["njj"] = {"Njen"},<br />
["njl"] = {"Njalgulgule"},<br />
["njm"] = {"Angami Naga"},<br />
["njn"] = {"Liangmai Naga"},<br />
["njo"] = {"Ao Naga"},<br />
["njr"] = {"Njerep"},<br />
["njs"] = {"Nisa"},<br />
["njt"] = {"Ndyuka-Trio Pidgin"},<br />
["nju"] = {"Ngadjunmaya"},<br />
["njx"] = {"Kunyi"},<br />
["njy"] = {"Njyem"},<br />
["njz"] = {"Nyishi"},<br />
["nka"] = {"Nkoya"},<br />
["nkb"] = {"Khoibu Naga"},<br />
["nkc"] = {"Nkongho"},<br />
["nkd"] = {"Koireng"},<br />
["nke"] = {"Duke"},<br />
["nkf"] = {"Inpui Naga"},<br />
["nkg"] = {"Nekgini"},<br />
["nkh"] = {"Khezha Naga"},<br />
["nki"] = {"Thangal Naga"},<br />
["nkj"] = {"Nakai"},<br />
["nkk"] = {"Nokuku"},<br />
["nkm"] = {"Namat"},<br />
["nkn"] = {"Nkangala"},<br />
["nko"] = {"Nkonya"},<br />
["nkp"] = {"Niuatoputapu"},<br />
["nkq"] = {"Nkami"},<br />
["nkr"] = {"Nukuoro"},<br />
["nks"] = {"North Asmat"},<br />
["nkt"] = {"Nyika (Tanzania)"},<br />
["nku"] = {"Bouna Kulango"},<br />
["nkv"] = {"Nyika (Malawi and Zambia)"},<br />
["nkw"] = {"Nkutu"},<br />
["nkx"] = {"Nkoroo"},<br />
["nkz"] = {"Nkari"},<br />
["nla"] = {"Ngombale"},<br />
["nlc"] = {"Nalca"},<br />
["nle"] = {"East Nyala"},<br />
["nlg"] = {"Gela"},<br />
["nli"] = {"Grangali"},<br />
["nlj"] = {"Nyali"},<br />
["nlk"] = {"Ninia Yali"},<br />
["nll"] = {"Nihali"},<br />
["nlm"] = {"Mankiyali"},<br />
["nlo"] = {"Ngul"},<br />
["nlq"] = {"Lao Naga"},<br />
["nlu"] = {"Nchumbulu"},<br />
["nlv"] = {"Orizaba Nahuatl"},<br />
["nlw"] = {"Walangama"},<br />
["nlx"] = {"Nahali"},<br />
["nly"] = {"Nyamal"},<br />
["nlz"] = {"Nalögo"},<br />
["nma"] = {"Maram Naga"},<br />
["nmb"] = {"Big Nambas", "V'ënen Taut"},<br />
["nmc"] = {"Ngam"},<br />
["nmd"] = {"Ndumu"},<br />
["nme"] = {"Mzieme Naga"},<br />
["nmf"] = {"Tangkhul Naga (India)"},<br />
["nmg"] = {"Kwasio"},<br />
["nmh"] = {"Monsang Naga"},<br />
["nmi"] = {"Nyam"},<br />
["nmj"] = {"Ngombe (Central African Republic)"},<br />
["nmk"] = {"Namakura"},<br />
["nml"] = {"Ndemli"},<br />
["nmm"] = {"Manangba"},<br />
["nmn"] = {"ǃXóõ"},<br />
["nmo"] = {"Moyon Naga"},<br />
["nmp"] = {"Nimanbur"},<br />
["nmq"] = {"Nambya"},<br />
["nmr"] = {"Nimbari"},<br />
["nms"] = {"Letemboi"},<br />
["nmt"] = {"Namonuito"},<br />
["nmu"] = {"Northeast Maidu"},<br />
["nmv"] = {"Ngamini"},<br />
["nmw"] = {"Nimoa", "Rifao"},<br />
["nmx"] = {"Nama (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["nmy"] = {"Namuyi"},<br />
["nmz"] = {"Nawdm"},<br />
["nna"] = {"Nyangumarta"},<br />
["nnb"] = {"Nande"},<br />
["nnc"] = {"Nancere"},<br />
["nnd"] = {"West Ambae"},<br />
["nne"] = {"Ngandyera"},<br />
["nnf"] = {"Ngaing"},<br />
["nng"] = {"Maring Naga"},<br />
["nnh"] = {"Ngiemboon"},<br />
["nni"] = {"North Nuaulu"},<br />
["nnj"] = {"Nyangatom"},<br />
["nnk"] = {"Nankina"},<br />
["nnl"] = {"Northern Rengma Naga"},<br />
["nnm"] = {"Namia"},<br />
["nnn"] = {"Ngete"},<br />
["nnp"] = {"Wancho Naga"},<br />
["nnq"] = {"Ngindo"},<br />
["nnr"] = {"Narungga"},<br />
["nnt"] = {"Nanticoke"},<br />
["nnu"] = {"Dwang"},<br />
["nnv"] = {"Nugunu (Australia)"},<br />
["nnw"] = {"Southern Nuni"},<br />
["nny"] = {"Nyangga"},<br />
["nnz"] = {"Nda'nda'"},<br />
["noa"] = {"Woun Meu"},<br />
["noc"] = {"Nuk"},<br />
["nod"] = {"Northern Thai"},<br />
["noe"] = {"Nimadi"},<br />
["nof"] = {"Nomane"},<br />
["nog"] = {"Nogai"},<br />
["noh"] = {"Nomu"},<br />
["noi"] = {"Noiri"},<br />
["noj"] = {"Nonuya"},<br />
["nok"] = {"Nooksack"},<br />
["nol"] = {"Nomlaki"},<br />
["nom"] = {"Nocamán"},<br />
["non"] = {"Old Norse"},<br />
["nop"] = {"Numanggang"},<br />
["noq"] = {"Ngongo"},<br />
["nos"] = {"Eastern Nisu"},<br />
["not"] = {"Nomatsiguenga"},<br />
["nou"] = {"Ewage-Notu"},<br />
["nov"] = {"Novial"},<br />
["now"] = {"Nyambo"},<br />
["noy"] = {"Noy"},<br />
["noz"] = {"Nayi"},<br />
["npa"] = {"Nar Phu"},<br />
["npb"] = {"Nupbikha"},<br />
["npg"] = {"Ponyo-Gongwang Naga"},<br />
["nph"] = {"Phom Naga"},<br />
["npi"] = {"Nepali (individual language)"},<br />
["npl"] = {"Southeastern Puebla Nahuatl"},<br />
["npn"] = {"Mondropolon"},<br />
["npo"] = {"Pochuri Naga"},<br />
["nps"] = {"Nipsan"},<br />
["npu"] = {"Puimei Naga"},<br />
["npx"] = {"Noipx"},<br />
["npy"] = {"Napu"},<br />
["nqg"] = {"Southern Nago"},<br />
["nqk"] = {"Kura Ede Nago"},<br />
["nql"] = {"Ngendelengo"},<br />
["nqm"] = {"Ndom"},<br />
["nqn"] = {"Nen"},<br />
["nqo"] = {"N'Ko", "N’Ko"},<br />
["nqq"] = {"Kyan-Karyaw Naga"},<br />
["nqy"] = {"Akyaung Ari Naga"},<br />
["nra"] = {"Ngom"},<br />
["nrb"] = {"Nara"},<br />
["nrc"] = {"Noric"},<br />
["nre"] = {"Southern Rengma Naga"},<br />
["nrf"] = {"Jèrriais", "Guernésiais"},<br />
["nrg"] = {"Narango"},<br />
["nri"] = {"Chokri Naga"},<br />
["nrk"] = {"Ngarla"},<br />
["nrl"] = {"Ngarluma"},<br />
["nrm"] = {"Narom"},<br />
["nrn"] = {"Norn"},<br />
["nrp"] = {"North Picene"},<br />
["nrr"] = {"Norra", "Nora"},<br />
["nrt"] = {"Northern Kalapuya"},<br />
["nru"] = {"Narua"},<br />
["nrx"] = {"Ngurmbur"},<br />
["nrz"] = {"Lala"},<br />
["nsa"] = {"Sangtam Naga"},<br />
["nsc"] = {"Nshi"},<br />
["nsd"] = {"Southern Nisu"},<br />
["nse"] = {"Nsenga"},<br />
["nsf"] = {"Northwestern Nisu"},<br />
["nsg"] = {"Ngasa"},<br />
["nsh"] = {"Ngoshie"},<br />
["nsi"] = {"Nigerian Sign Language"},<br />
["nsk"] = {"Naskapi"},<br />
["nsl"] = {"Norwegian Sign Language"},<br />
["nsm"] = {"Sumi Naga"},<br />
["nsn"] = {"Nehan"},<br />
["nso"] = {"Pedi", "Northern Sotho", "Sepedi"},<br />
["nsp"] = {"Nepalese Sign Language"},<br />
["nsq"] = {"Northern Sierra Miwok"},<br />
["nsr"] = {"Maritime Sign Language"},<br />
["nss"] = {"Nali"},<br />
["nst"] = {"Tase Naga"},<br />
["nsu"] = {"Sierra Negra Nahuatl"},<br />
["nsv"] = {"Southwestern Nisu"},<br />
["nsw"] = {"Navut"},<br />
["nsx"] = {"Nsongo"},<br />
["nsy"] = {"Nasal"},<br />
["nsz"] = {"Nisenan"},<br />
["ntd"] = {"Northern Tidung"},<br />
["nte"] = {"Nathembo"},<br />
["ntg"] = {"Ngantangarra"},<br />
["nti"] = {"Natioro"},<br />
["ntj"] = {"Ngaanyatjarra"},<br />
["ntk"] = {"Ikoma-Nata-Isenye"},<br />
["ntm"] = {"Nateni"},<br />
["nto"] = {"Ntomba"},<br />
["ntp"] = {"Northern Tepehuan"},<br />
["ntr"] = {"Delo"},<br />
["ntu"] = {"Natügu"},<br />
["ntw"] = {"Nottoway"},<br />
["ntx"] = {"Tangkhul Naga (Myanmar)"},<br />
["nty"] = {"Mantsi"},<br />
["ntz"] = {"Natanzi"},<br />
["nua"] = {"Yuanga"},<br />
["nub"] = {"Nubian languages"},<br />
["nuc"] = {"Nukuini"},<br />
["nud"] = {"Ngala"},<br />
["nue"] = {"Ngundu"},<br />
["nuf"] = {"Nusu"},<br />
["nug"] = {"Nungali"},<br />
["nuh"] = {"Ndunda"},<br />
["nui"] = {"Ngumbi"},<br />
["nuj"] = {"Nyole"},<br />
["nuk"] = {"Nuu-chah-nulth", "Nuuchahnulth"},<br />
["nul"] = {"Nusa Laut"},<br />
["num"] = {"Niuafo'ou"},<br />
["nun"] = {"Anong"},<br />
["nuo"] = {"Nguôn"},<br />
["nup"] = {"Nupe-Nupe-Tako"},<br />
["nuq"] = {"Nukumanu"},<br />
["nur"] = {"Nukuria"},<br />
["nus"] = {"Nuer"},<br />
["nut"] = {"Nung (Viet Nam)"},<br />
["nuu"] = {"Ngbundu"},<br />
["nuv"] = {"Northern Nuni"},<br />
["nuw"] = {"Nguluwan"},<br />
["nux"] = {"Mehek"},<br />
["nuy"] = {"Nunggubuyu"},<br />
["nuz"] = {"Tlamacazapa Nahuatl"},<br />
["nvh"] = {"Nasarian"},<br />
["nvm"] = {"Namiae"},<br />
["nvo"] = {"Nyokon"},<br />
["nwa"] = {"Nawathinehena"},<br />
["nwb"] = {"Nyabwa"},<br />
["nwc"] = {"Classical Newari", "Classical Nepal Bhasa", "Old Newari"},<br />
["nwe"] = {"Ngwe"},<br />
["nwg"] = {"Ngayawung"},<br />
["nwi"] = {"Southwest Tanna"},<br />
["nwm"] = {"Nyamusa-Molo"},<br />
["nwo"] = {"Nauo"},<br />
["nwr"] = {"Nawaru"},<br />
["nwx"] = {"Middle Newar"},<br />
["nwy"] = {"Nottoway-Meherrin"},<br />
["nxa"] = {"Nauete"},<br />
["nxd"] = {"Ngando (Democratic Republic of Congo)"},<br />
["nxe"] = {"Nage"},<br />
["nxg"] = {"Ngad'a"},<br />
["nxi"] = {"Nindi"},<br />
["nxk"] = {"Koki Naga"},<br />
["nxl"] = {"South Nuaulu"},<br />
["nxm"] = {"Numidian"},<br />
["nxn"] = {"Ngawun"},<br />
["nxo"] = {"Ndambomo"},<br />
["nxq"] = {"Naxi"},<br />
["nxr"] = {"Ninggerum"},<br />
["nxu"] = {"Narau"},<br />
["nxx"] = {"Nafri"},<br />
["nyb"] = {"Nyangbo"},<br />
["nyc"] = {"Nyanga-li"},<br />
["nyd"] = {"Nyore", "Olunyole"},<br />
["nye"] = {"Nyengo"},<br />
["nyf"] = {"Giryama", "Kigiryama"},<br />
["nyg"] = {"Nyindu"},<br />
["nyh"] = {"Nyikina"},<br />
["nyi"] = {"Ama (Sudan)"},<br />
["nyj"] = {"Nyanga"},<br />
["nyk"] = {"Nyaneka"},<br />
["nyl"] = {"Nyeu"},<br />
["nym"] = {"Nyamwezi"},<br />
["nyn"] = {"Nyankole"},<br />
["nyo"] = {"Nyoro"},<br />
["nyp"] = {"Nyang'i"},<br />
["nyq"] = {"Nayini"},<br />
["nyr"] = {"Nyiha (Malawi)"},<br />
["nys"] = {"Nyungar"},<br />
["nyt"] = {"Nyawaygi"},<br />
["nyu"] = {"Nyungwe"},<br />
["nyv"] = {"Nyulnyul"},<br />
["nyw"] = {"Nyaw"},<br />
["nyx"] = {"Nganyaywana"},<br />
["nyy"] = {"Nyakyusa-Ngonde"},<br />
["nza"] = {"Tigon Mbembe"},<br />
["nzb"] = {"Njebi"},<br />
["nzd"] = {"Nzadi"},<br />
["nzi"] = {"Nzima"},<br />
["nzk"] = {"Nzakara"},<br />
["nzm"] = {"Zeme Naga"},<br />
["nzs"] = {"New Zealand Sign Language"},<br />
["nzu"] = {"Teke-Nzikou"},<br />
["nzy"] = {"Nzakambay"},<br />
["nzz"] = {"Nanga Dama Dogon"},<br />
["oaa"] = {"Orok"},<br />
["oac"] = {"Oroch"},<br />
["oar"] = {"Old Aramaic (up to 700 BCE)", "Ancient Aramaic (up to 700 BCE)"},<br />
["oav"] = {"Old Avar"},<br />
["obi"] = {"Obispeño"},<br />
["obk"] = {"Southern Bontok"},<br />
["obl"] = {"Oblo"},<br />
["obm"] = {"Moabite"},<br />
["obo"] = {"Obo Manobo"},<br />
["obr"] = {"Old Burmese"},<br />
["obt"] = {"Old Breton"},<br />
["obu"] = {"Obulom"},<br />
["oca"] = {"Ocaina"},<br />
["och"] = {"Old Chinese"},<br />
["oco"] = {"Old Cornish"},<br />
["ocu"] = {"Atzingo Matlatzinca"},<br />
["oda"] = {"Odut"},<br />
["odk"] = {"Od"},<br />
["odt"] = {"Old Dutch"},<br />
["odu"] = {"Odual"},<br />
["ofo"] = {"Ofo"},<br />
["ofs"] = {"Old Frisian"},<br />
["ofu"] = {"Efutop"},<br />
["ogb"] = {"Ogbia"},<br />
["ogc"] = {"Ogbah"},<br />
["oge"] = {"Old Georgian"},<br />
["ogg"] = {"Ogbogolo"},<br />
["ogo"] = {"Khana"},<br />
["ogu"] = {"Ogbronuagum"},<br />
["oht"] = {"Old Hittite"},<br />
["ohu"] = {"Old Hungarian"},<br />
["oia"] = {"Oirata"},<br />
["oin"] = {"Inebu One"},<br />
["ojb"] = {"Northwestern Ojibwa"},<br />
["ojc"] = {"Central Ojibwa"},<br />
["ojg"] = {"Eastern Ojibwa"},<br />
["ojp"] = {"Old Japanese"},<br />
["ojs"] = {"Severn Ojibwa"},<br />
["ojv"] = {"Ontong Java"},<br />
["ojw"] = {"Western Ojibwa"},<br />
["oka"] = {"Okanagan"},<br />
["okb"] = {"Okobo"},<br />
["okd"] = {"Okodia"},<br />
["oke"] = {"Okpe (Southwestern Edo)"},<br />
["okg"] = {"Koko Babangk"},<br />
["okh"] = {"Koresh-e Rostam"},<br />
["oki"] = {"Okiek"},<br />
["okj"] = {"Oko-Juwoi"},<br />
["okk"] = {"Kwamtim One"},<br />
["okl"] = {"Old Kentish Sign Language"},<br />
["okm"] = {"Middle Korean (10th-16th cent.)"},<br />
["okn"] = {"Oki-No-Erabu"},<br />
["oko"] = {"Old Korean (3rd-9th cent.)"},<br />
["okr"] = {"Kirike"},<br />
["oks"] = {"Oko-Eni-Osayen"},<br />
["oku"] = {"Oku"},<br />
["okv"] = {"Orokaiva"},<br />
["okx"] = {"Okpe (Northwestern Edo)"},<br />
["ola"] = {"Walungge"},<br />
["old"] = {"Mochi"},<br />
["ole"] = {"Olekha"},<br />
["olk"] = {"Olkol"},<br />
["olm"] = {"Oloma"},<br />
["olo"] = {"Livvi"},<br />
["olr"] = {"Olrat"},<br />
["olt"] = {"Old Lithuanian"},<br />
["olu"] = {"Kuvale"},<br />
["oma"] = {"Omaha-Ponca"},<br />
["omb"] = {"East Ambae"},<br />
["omc"] = {"Mochica"},<br />
["omg"] = {"Omagua"},<br />
["omi"] = {"Omi"},<br />
["omk"] = {"Omok"},<br />
["oml"] = {"Ombo"},<br />
["omn"] = {"Minoan"},<br />
["omo"] = {"Utarmbung"},<br />
["omp"] = {"Old Manipuri"},<br />
["omq"] = {"Oto-Manguean languages"},<br />
["omr"] = {"Old Marathi"},<br />
["omt"] = {"Omotik"},<br />
["omu"] = {"Omurano"},<br />
["omv"] = {"Omotic languages"},<br />
["omw"] = {"South Tairora"},<br />
["omx"] = {"Old Mon"},<br />
["ona"] = {"Ona"},<br />
["onb"] = {"Lingao"},<br />
["one"] = {"Oneida"},<br />
["ong"] = {"Olo"},<br />
["oni"] = {"Onin"},<br />
["onj"] = {"Onjob"},<br />
["onk"] = {"Kabore One"},<br />
["onn"] = {"Onobasulu"},<br />
["ono"] = {"Onondaga"},<br />
["onp"] = {"Sartang"},<br />
["onr"] = {"Northern One"},<br />
["ons"] = {"Ono"},<br />
["ont"] = {"Ontenu"},<br />
["onu"] = {"Unua"},<br />
["onw"] = {"Old Nubian"},<br />
["onx"] = {"Onin Based Pidgin"},<br />
["ood"] = {"Tohono O'odham"},<br />
["oog"] = {"Ong"},<br />
["oon"] = {"Önge"},<br />
["oor"] = {"Oorlams"},<br />
["oos"] = {"Old Ossetic"},<br />
["opa"] = {"Okpamheri"},<br />
["opk"] = {"Kopkaka"},<br />
["opm"] = {"Oksapmin"},<br />
["opo"] = {"Opao"},<br />
["opt"] = {"Opata"},<br />
["opy"] = {"Ofayé"},<br />
["ora"] = {"Oroha"},<br />
["orc"] = {"Orma"},<br />
["ore"] = {"Orejón"},<br />
["org"] = {"Oring"},<br />
["orh"] = {"Oroqen"},<br />
["orn"] = {"Orang Kanaq"},<br />
["oro"] = {"Orokolo"},<br />
["orr"] = {"Oruma"},<br />
["ors"] = {"Orang Seletar"},<br />
["ort"] = {"Adivasi Oriya"},<br />
["oru"] = {"Ormuri"},<br />
["orv"] = {"Old Russian"},<br />
["orw"] = {"Oro Win"},<br />
["orx"] = {"Oro"},<br />
["ory"] = {"Odia (individual language)", "Oriya (individual language)"},<br />
["orz"] = {"Ormu"},<br />
["osa"] = {"Osage"},<br />
["osc"] = {"Oscan"},<br />
["osi"] = {"Osing"},<br />
["oso"] = {"Ososo"},<br />
["osp"] = {"Old Spanish"},<br />
["ost"] = {"Osatu"},<br />
["osu"] = {"Southern One"},<br />
["osx"] = {"Old Saxon"},<br />
["ota"] = {"Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)"},<br />
["otb"] = {"Old Tibetan"},<br />
["otd"] = {"Ot Danum"},<br />
["ote"] = {"Mezquital Otomi"},<br />
["oti"] = {"Oti"},<br />
["otk"] = {"Old Turkish"},<br />
["otl"] = {"Tilapa Otomi"},<br />
["otm"] = {"Eastern Highland Otomi"},<br />
["otn"] = {"Tenango Otomi"},<br />
["oto"] = {"Otomian languages"},<br />
["otq"] = {"Querétaro Otomi"},<br />
["otr"] = {"Otoro"},<br />
["ots"] = {"Estado de México Otomi"},<br />
["ott"] = {"Temoaya Otomi"},<br />
["otu"] = {"Otuke"},<br />
["otw"] = {"Ottawa"},<br />
["otx"] = {"Texcatepec Otomi"},<br />
["oty"] = {"Old Tamil"},<br />
["otz"] = {"Ixtenco Otomi"},<br />
["oua"] = {"Tagargrent"},<br />
["oub"] = {"Glio-Oubi"},<br />
["oue"] = {"Oune"},<br />
["oui"] = {"Old Uighur"},<br />
["oum"] = {"Ouma"},<br />
["ovd"] = {"Elfdalian", "Övdalian"},<br />
["owi"] = {"Owiniga"},<br />
["owl"] = {"Old Welsh"},<br />
["oyb"] = {"Oy"},<br />
["oyd"] = {"Oyda"},<br />
["oym"] = {"Wayampi"},<br />
["oyy"] = {"Oya'oya"},<br />
["ozm"] = {"Koonzime"},<br />
["paa"] = {"Papuan languages"},<br />
["pab"] = {"Parecís"},<br />
["pac"] = {"Pacoh"},<br />
["pad"] = {"Paumarí"},<br />
["pae"] = {"Pagibete"},<br />
["paf"] = {"Paranawát"},<br />
["pag"] = {"Pangasinan"},<br />
["pah"] = {"Tenharim"},<br />
["pai"] = {"Pe"},<br />
["pak"] = {"Parakanã"},<br />
["pal"] = {"Pahlavi"},<br />
["pam"] = {"Pampanga", "Kapampangan"},<br />
["pao"] = {"Northern Paiute"},<br />
["pap"] = {"Papiamento"},<br />
["paq"] = {"Parya"},<br />
["par"] = {"Panamint", "Timbisha"},<br />
["pas"] = {"Papasena"},<br />
["pat"] = {"Papitalai"},<br />
["pau"] = {"Palauan"},<br />
["pav"] = {"Pakaásnovos"},<br />
["paw"] = {"Pawnee"},<br />
["pax"] = {"Pankararé"},<br />
["pay"] = {"Pech"},<br />
["paz"] = {"Pankararú"},<br />
["pbb"] = {"Páez"},<br />
["pbc"] = {"Patamona"},<br />
["pbe"] = {"Mezontla Popoloca"},<br />
["pbf"] = {"Coyotepec Popoloca"},<br />
["pbg"] = {"Paraujano"},<br />
["pbh"] = {"E'ñapa Woromaipu"},<br />
["pbi"] = {"Parkwa"},<br />
["pbl"] = {"Mak (Nigeria)"},<br />
["pbm"] = {"Puebla Mazatec"},<br />
["pbn"] = {"Kpasam"},<br />
["pbo"] = {"Papel"},<br />
["pbp"] = {"Badyara"},<br />
["pbr"] = {"Pangwa"},<br />
["pbs"] = {"Central Pame"},<br />
["pbt"] = {"Southern Pashto"},<br />
["pbu"] = {"Northern Pashto"},<br />
["pbv"] = {"Pnar"},<br />
["pby"] = {"Pyu (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["pca"] = {"Santa Inés Ahuatempan Popoloca"},<br />
["pcb"] = {"Pear"},<br />
["pcc"] = {"Bouyei"},<br />
["pcd"] = {"Picard"},<br />
["pce"] = {"Ruching Palaung"},<br />
["pcf"] = {"Paliyan"},<br />
["pcg"] = {"Paniya"},<br />
["pch"] = {"Pardhan"},<br />
["pci"] = {"Duruwa"},<br />
["pcj"] = {"Parenga"},<br />
["pck"] = {"Paite Chin"},<br />
["pcl"] = {"Pardhi"},<br />
["pcm"] = {"Nigerian Pidgin"},<br />
["pcn"] = {"Piti"},<br />
["pcp"] = {"Pacahuara"},<br />
["pcw"] = {"Pyapun"},<br />
["pda"] = {"Anam"},<br />
["pdc"] = {"Pennsylvania German"},<br />
["pdi"] = {"Pa Di"},<br />
["pdn"] = {"Podena", "Fedan"},<br />
["pdo"] = {"Padoe"},<br />
["pdt"] = {"Plautdietsch"},<br />
["pdu"] = {"Kayan"},<br />
["pea"] = {"Peranakan Indonesian"},<br />
["peb"] = {"Eastern Pomo"},<br />
["ped"] = {"Mala (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["pee"] = {"Taje"},<br />
["pef"] = {"Northeastern Pomo"},<br />
["peg"] = {"Pengo"},<br />
["peh"] = {"Bonan"},<br />
["pei"] = {"Chichimeca-Jonaz"},<br />
["pej"] = {"Northern Pomo"},<br />
["pek"] = {"Penchal"},<br />
["pel"] = {"Pekal"},<br />
["pem"] = {"Phende"},<br />
["peo"] = {"Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)"},<br />
["pep"] = {"Kunja"},<br />
["peq"] = {"Southern Pomo"},<br />
["pes"] = {"Iranian Persian"},<br />
["pev"] = {"Pémono"},<br />
["pex"] = {"Petats"},<br />
["pey"] = {"Petjo"},<br />
["pez"] = {"Eastern Penan"},<br />
["pfa"] = {"Pááfang"},<br />
["pfe"] = {"Peere"},<br />
["pfl"] = {"Pfaelzisch"},<br />
["pga"] = {"Sudanese Creole Arabic"},<br />
["pgd"] = {"Gāndhārī"},<br />
["pgg"] = {"Pangwali"},<br />
["pgi"] = {"Pagi"},<br />
["pgk"] = {"Rerep"},<br />
["pgl"] = {"Primitive Irish"},<br />
["pgn"] = {"Paelignian"},<br />
["pgs"] = {"Pangseng"},<br />
["pgu"] = {"Pagu"},<br />
["pgz"] = {"Papua New Guinean Sign Language"},<br />
["pha"] = {"Pa-Hng"},<br />
["phd"] = {"Phudagi"},<br />
["phg"] = {"Phuong"},<br />
["phh"] = {"Phukha"},<br />
["phi"] = {"Philippine languages"},<br />
["phk"] = {"Phake"},<br />
["phl"] = {"Phalura", "Palula"},<br />
["phm"] = {"Phimbi"},<br />
["phn"] = {"Phoenician"},<br />
["pho"] = {"Phunoi"},<br />
["phq"] = {"Phana'"},<br />
["phr"] = {"Pahari-Potwari"},<br />
["pht"] = {"Phu Thai"},<br />
["phu"] = {"Phuan"},<br />
["phv"] = {"Pahlavani"},<br />
["phw"] = {"Phangduwali"},<br />
["pia"] = {"Pima Bajo"},<br />
["pib"] = {"Yine"},<br />
["pic"] = {"Pinji"},<br />
["pid"] = {"Piaroa"},<br />
["pie"] = {"Piro"},<br />
["pif"] = {"Pingelapese"},<br />
["pig"] = {"Pisabo"},<br />
["pih"] = {"Pitcairn-Norfolk"},<br />
["pii"] = {"Pini"},<br />
["pij"] = {"Pijao"},<br />
["pil"] = {"Yom"},<br />
["pim"] = {"Powhatan"},<br />
["pin"] = {"Piame"},<br />
["pio"] = {"Piapoco"},<br />
["pip"] = {"Pero"},<br />
["pir"] = {"Piratapuyo"},<br />
["pis"] = {"Pijin"},<br />
["pit"] = {"Pitta Pitta"},<br />
["piu"] = {"Pintupi-Luritja"},<br />
["piv"] = {"Pileni", "Vaeakau-Taumako"},<br />
["piw"] = {"Pimbwe"},<br />
["pix"] = {"Piu"},<br />
["piy"] = {"Piya-Kwonci"},<br />
["piz"] = {"Pije"},<br />
["pjt"] = {"Pitjantjatjara"},<br />
["pka"] = {"Ardhamāgadhī Prākrit"},<br />
["pkb"] = {"Pokomo", "Kipfokomo"},<br />
["pkc"] = {"Paekche"},<br />
["pkg"] = {"Pak-Tong"},<br />
["pkh"] = {"Pankhu"},<br />
["pkn"] = {"Pakanha"},<br />
["pko"] = {"Pökoot"},<br />
["pkp"] = {"Pukapuka"},<br />
["pkr"] = {"Attapady Kurumba"},<br />
["pks"] = {"Pakistan Sign Language"},<br />
["pkt"] = {"Maleng"},<br />
["pku"] = {"Paku"},<br />
["pla"] = {"Miani"},<br />
["plb"] = {"Polonombauk"},<br />
["plc"] = {"Central Palawano"},<br />
["pld"] = {"Polari"},<br />
["ple"] = {"Palu'e"},<br />
["plf"] = {"Central Malayo-Polynesian languages"},<br />
["plg"] = {"Pilagá"},<br />
["plh"] = {"Paulohi"},<br />
["plj"] = {"Polci"},<br />
["plk"] = {"Kohistani Shina"},<br />
["pll"] = {"Shwe Palaung"},<br />
["pln"] = {"Palenquero"},<br />
["plo"] = {"Oluta Popoluca"},<br />
["plp"] = {"Palpa"},<br />
["plq"] = {"Palaic"},<br />
["plr"] = {"Palaka Senoufo"},<br />
["pls"] = {"San Marcos Tlacoyalco Popoloca", "San Marcos Tlalcoyalco Popoloca"},<br />
["plt"] = {"Plateau Malagasy"},<br />
["plu"] = {"Palikúr"},<br />
["plv"] = {"Southwest Palawano"},<br />
["plw"] = {"Brooke's Point Palawano"},<br />
["ply"] = {"Bolyu"},<br />
["plz"] = {"Paluan"},<br />
["pma"] = {"Paama"},<br />
["pmb"] = {"Pambia"},<br />
["pmd"] = {"Pallanganmiddang"},<br />
["pme"] = {"Pwaamei"},<br />
["pmf"] = {"Pamona"},<br />
["pmh"] = {"Māhārāṣṭri Prākrit"},<br />
["pmi"] = {"Northern Pumi"},<br />
["pmj"] = {"Southern Pumi"},<br />
["pmk"] = {"Pamlico"},<br />
["pml"] = {"Lingua Franca"},<br />
["pmm"] = {"Pomo"},<br />
["pmn"] = {"Pam"},<br />
["pmo"] = {"Pom"},<br />
["pmq"] = {"Northern Pame"},<br />
["pmr"] = {"Paynamar"},<br />
["pms"] = {"Piemontese"},<br />
["pmt"] = {"Tuamotuan"},<br />
["pmw"] = {"Plains Miwok"},<br />
["pmx"] = {"Poumei Naga"},<br />
["pmy"] = {"Papuan Malay"},<br />
["pmz"] = {"Southern Pame"},<br />
["pna"] = {"Punan Bah-Biau"},<br />
["pnb"] = {"Western Panjabi"},<br />
["pnc"] = {"Pannei"},<br />
["pnd"] = {"Mpinda"},<br />
["pne"] = {"Western Penan"},<br />
["png"] = {"Pongu"},<br />
["pnh"] = {"Penrhyn"},<br />
["pni"] = {"Aoheng"},<br />
["pnj"] = {"Pinjarup"},<br />
["pnk"] = {"Paunaka"},<br />
["pnl"] = {"Paleni"},<br />
["pnm"] = {"Punan Batu 1"},<br />
["pnn"] = {"Pinai-Hagahai"},<br />
["pno"] = {"Panobo"},<br />
["pnp"] = {"Pancana"},<br />
["pnq"] = {"Pana (Burkina Faso)"},<br />
["pnr"] = {"Panim"},<br />
["pns"] = {"Ponosakan"},<br />
["pnt"] = {"Pontic"},<br />
["pnu"] = {"Jiongnai Bunu"},<br />
["pnv"] = {"Pinigura"},<br />
["pnw"] = {"Banyjima", "Panytyima"},<br />
["pnx"] = {"Phong-Kniang"},<br />
["pny"] = {"Pinyin"},<br />
["pnz"] = {"Pana (Central African Republic)"},<br />
["poc"] = {"Poqomam"},<br />
["poe"] = {"San Juan Atzingo Popoloca"},<br />
["pof"] = {"Poke"},<br />
["pog"] = {"Potiguára"},<br />
["poh"] = {"Poqomchi'"},<br />
["poi"] = {"Highland Popoluca"},<br />
["pok"] = {"Pokangá"},<br />
["pom"] = {"Southeastern Pomo"},<br />
["pon"] = {"Pohnpeian"},<br />
["poo"] = {"Central Pomo"},<br />
["pop"] = {"Pwapwâ"},<br />
["poq"] = {"Texistepec Popoluca"},<br />
["pos"] = {"Sayula Popoluca"},<br />
["pot"] = {"Potawatomi"},<br />
["pov"] = {"Upper Guinea Crioulo"},<br />
["pow"] = {"San Felipe Otlaltepec Popoloca"},<br />
["pox"] = {"Polabian"},<br />
["poy"] = {"Pogolo"},<br />
["poz"] = {"Malayo-Polynesian languages"},<br />
["ppe"] = {"Papi"},<br />
["ppi"] = {"Paipai"},<br />
["ppk"] = {"Uma"},<br />
["ppl"] = {"Pipil", "Nicarao"},<br />
["ppm"] = {"Papuma"},<br />
["ppn"] = {"Papapana"},<br />
["ppo"] = {"Folopa"},<br />
["ppp"] = {"Pelende"},<br />
["ppq"] = {"Pei"},<br />
["pps"] = {"San Luís Temalacayuca Popoloca"},<br />
["ppt"] = {"Pare"},<br />
["ppu"] = {"Papora"},<br />
["pqa"] = {"Pa'a"},<br />
["pqe"] = {"Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages"},<br />
["pqm"] = {"Malecite-Passamaquoddy"},<br />
["pqw"] = {"Western Malayo-Polynesian languages"},<br />
["pra"] = {"Prakrit languages"},<br />
["prc"] = {"Parachi"},<br />
["prd"] = {"Parsi-Dari"},<br />
["pre"] = {"Principense"},<br />
["prf"] = {"Paranan"},<br />
["prg"] = {"Prussian"},<br />
["prh"] = {"Porohanon"},<br />
["pri"] = {"Paicî"},<br />
["prk"] = {"Parauk"},<br />
["prl"] = {"Peruvian Sign Language"},<br />
["prm"] = {"Kibiri"},<br />
["prn"] = {"Prasuni"},<br />
["pro"] = {"Old Provençal (to 1500)", "Old Occitan (to 1500)"},<br />
["prp"] = {"Parsi"},<br />
["prq"] = {"Ashéninka Perené"},<br />
["prr"] = {"Puri"},<br />
["prs"] = {"Dari", "Afghan Persian"},<br />
["prt"] = {"Phai"},<br />
["pru"] = {"Puragi"},<br />
["prw"] = {"Parawen"},<br />
["prx"] = {"Purik"},<br />
["prz"] = {"Providencia Sign Language"},<br />
["psa"] = {"Asue Awyu"},<br />
["psc"] = {"Persian Sign Language"},<br />
["psd"] = {"Plains Indian Sign Language"},<br />
["pse"] = {"Central Malay"},<br />
["psg"] = {"Penang Sign Language"},<br />
["psh"] = {"Southwest Pashai", "Southwest Pashayi"},<br />
["psi"] = {"Southeast Pashai", "Southeast Pashayi"},<br />
["psl"] = {"Puerto Rican Sign Language"},<br />
["psm"] = {"Pauserna"},<br />
["psn"] = {"Panasuan"},<br />
["pso"] = {"Polish Sign Language"},<br />
["psp"] = {"Philippine Sign Language"},<br />
["psq"] = {"Pasi"},<br />
["psr"] = {"Portuguese Sign Language"},<br />
["pss"] = {"Kaulong"},<br />
["pst"] = {"Central Pashto"},<br />
["psu"] = {"Sauraseni Prākrit"},<br />
["psw"] = {"Port Sandwich"},<br />
["psy"] = {"Piscataway"},<br />
["pta"] = {"Pai Tavytera"},<br />
["pth"] = {"Pataxó Hã-Ha-Hãe"},<br />
["pti"] = {"Pindiini", "Wangkatha"},<br />
["ptn"] = {"Patani"},<br />
["pto"] = {"Zo'é"},<br />
["ptp"] = {"Patep"},<br />
["ptq"] = {"Pattapu"},<br />
["ptr"] = {"Piamatsina"},<br />
["ptt"] = {"Enrekang"},<br />
["ptu"] = {"Bambam"},<br />
["ptv"] = {"Port Vato"},<br />
["ptw"] = {"Pentlatch"},<br />
["pty"] = {"Pathiya"},<br />
["pua"] = {"Western Highland Purepecha"},<br />
["pub"] = {"Purum"},<br />
["puc"] = {"Punan Merap"},<br />
["pud"] = {"Punan Aput"},<br />
["pue"] = {"Puelche"},<br />
["puf"] = {"Punan Merah"},<br />
["pug"] = {"Phuie"},<br />
["pui"] = {"Puinave"},<br />
["puj"] = {"Punan Tubu"},<br />
["pum"] = {"Puma"},<br />
["puo"] = {"Puoc"},<br />
["pup"] = {"Pulabu"},<br />
["puq"] = {"Puquina"},<br />
["pur"] = {"Puruborá"},<br />
["put"] = {"Putoh"},<br />
["puu"] = {"Punu"},<br />
["puw"] = {"Puluwatese"},<br />
["pux"] = {"Puare"},<br />
["puy"] = {"Purisimeño"},<br />
["pwa"] = {"Pawaia"},<br />
["pwb"] = {"Panawa"},<br />
["pwg"] = {"Gapapaiwa"},<br />
["pwi"] = {"Patwin"},<br />
["pwm"] = {"Molbog"},<br />
["pwn"] = {"Paiwan"},<br />
["pwo"] = {"Pwo Western Karen"},<br />
["pwr"] = {"Powari"},<br />
["pww"] = {"Pwo Northern Karen"},<br />
["pxm"] = {"Quetzaltepec Mixe"},<br />
["pye"] = {"Pye Krumen"},<br />
["pym"] = {"Fyam"},<br />
["pyn"] = {"Poyanáwa"},<br />
["pys"] = {"Paraguayan Sign Language", "Lengua de Señas del Paraguay"},<br />
["pyu"] = {"Puyuma"},<br />
["pyx"] = {"Pyu (Myanmar)"},<br />
["pyy"] = {"Pyen"},<br />
["pzn"] = {"Para Naga"},<br />
["qua"] = {"Quapaw"},<br />
["qub"] = {"Huallaga Huánuco Quechua"},<br />
["quc"] = {"K'iche'", "Quiché"},<br />
["qud"] = {"Calderón Highland Quichua"},<br />
["quf"] = {"Lambayeque Quechua"},<br />
["qug"] = {"Chimborazo Highland Quichua"},<br />
["quh"] = {"South Bolivian Quechua"},<br />
["qui"] = {"Quileute"},<br />
["quk"] = {"Chachapoyas Quechua"},<br />
["qul"] = {"North Bolivian Quechua"},<br />
["qum"] = {"Sipacapense"},<br />
["qun"] = {"Quinault"},<br />
["qup"] = {"Southern Pastaza Quechua"},<br />
["quq"] = {"Quinqui"},<br />
["qur"] = {"Yanahuanca Pasco Quechua"},<br />
["qus"] = {"Santiago del Estero Quichua"},<br />
["quv"] = {"Sacapulteco"},<br />
["quw"] = {"Tena Lowland Quichua"},<br />
["qux"] = {"Yauyos Quechua"},<br />
["quy"] = {"Ayacucho Quechua"},<br />
["quz"] = {"Cusco Quechua"},<br />
["qva"] = {"Ambo-Pasco Quechua"},<br />
["qvc"] = {"Cajamarca Quechua"},<br />
["qve"] = {"Eastern Apurímac Quechua"},<br />
["qvh"] = {"Huamalíes-Dos de Mayo Huánuco Quechua"},<br />
["qvi"] = {"Imbabura Highland Quichua"},<br />
["qvj"] = {"Loja Highland Quichua"},<br />
["qvl"] = {"Cajatambo North Lima Quechua"},<br />
["qvm"] = {"Margos-Yarowilca-Lauricocha Quechua"},<br />
["qvn"] = {"North Junín Quechua"},<br />
["qvo"] = {"Napo Lowland Quechua"},<br />
["qvp"] = {"Pacaraos Quechua"},<br />
["qvs"] = {"San Martín Quechua"},<br />
["qvw"] = {"Huaylla Wanca Quechua"},<br />
["qvy"] = {"Queyu"},<br />
["qvz"] = {"Northern Pastaza Quichua"},<br />
["qwa"] = {"Corongo Ancash Quechua"},<br />
["qwc"] = {"Classical Quechua"},<br />
["qwe"] = {"Quechuan (family)"},<br />
["qwh"] = {"Huaylas Ancash Quechua"},<br />
["qwm"] = {"Kuman (Russia)"},<br />
["qws"] = {"Sihuas Ancash Quechua"},<br />
["qwt"] = {"Kwalhioqua-Tlatskanai"},<br />
["qxa"] = {"Chiquián Ancash Quechua"},<br />
["qxc"] = {"Chincha Quechua"},<br />
["qxh"] = {"Panao Huánuco Quechua"},<br />
["qxl"] = {"Salasaca Highland Quichua"},<br />
["qxn"] = {"Northern Conchucos Ancash Quechua"},<br />
["qxo"] = {"Southern Conchucos Ancash Quechua"},<br />
["qxp"] = {"Puno Quechua"},<br />
["qxq"] = {"Qashqa'i"},<br />
["qxr"] = {"Cañar Highland Quichua"},<br />
["qxs"] = {"Southern Qiang"},<br />
["qxt"] = {"Santa Ana de Tusi Pasco Quechua"},<br />
["qxu"] = {"Arequipa-La Unión Quechua"},<br />
["qxw"] = {"Jauja Wanca Quechua"},<br />
["qya"] = {"Quenya"},<br />
["qyp"] = {"Quiripi"},<br />
["raa"] = {"Dungmali"},<br />
["rab"] = {"Camling"},<br />
["rac"] = {"Rasawa"},<br />
["rad"] = {"Rade"},<br />
["raf"] = {"Western Meohang"},<br />
["rag"] = {"Logooli", "Lulogooli"},<br />
["rah"] = {"Rabha"},<br />
["rai"] = {"Ramoaaina"},<br />
["raj"] = {"Rajasthani"},<br />
["rak"] = {"Tulu-Bohuai"},<br />
["ral"] = {"Ralte"},<br />
["ram"] = {"Canela"},<br />
["ran"] = {"Riantana"},<br />
["rao"] = {"Rao"},<br />
["rap"] = {"Rapanui"},<br />
["raq"] = {"Saam"},<br />
["rar"] = {"Rarotongan", "Cook Islands Maori"},<br />
["ras"] = {"Tegali"},<br />
["rat"] = {"Razajerdi"},<br />
["rau"] = {"Raute"},<br />
["rav"] = {"Sampang"},<br />
["raw"] = {"Rawang"},<br />
["rax"] = {"Rang"},<br />
["ray"] = {"Rapa"},<br />
["raz"] = {"Rahambuu"},<br />
["rbb"] = {"Rumai Palaung"},<br />
["rbk"] = {"Northern Bontok"},<br />
["rbl"] = {"Miraya Bikol"},<br />
["rbp"] = {"Barababaraba"},<br />
["rcf"] = {"Réunion Creole French"},<br />
["rdb"] = {"Rudbari"},<br />
["rea"] = {"Rerau"},<br />
["reb"] = {"Rembong"},<br />
["ree"] = {"Rejang Kayan"},<br />
["reg"] = {"Kara (Tanzania)"},<br />
["rei"] = {"Reli"},<br />
["rej"] = {"Rejang"},<br />
["rel"] = {"Rendille"},<br />
["rem"] = {"Remo"},<br />
["ren"] = {"Rengao"},<br />
["rer"] = {"Rer Bare"},<br />
["res"] = {"Reshe"},<br />
["ret"] = {"Retta"},<br />
["rey"] = {"Reyesano"},<br />
["rga"] = {"Roria"},<br />
["rge"] = {"Romano-Greek"},<br />
["rgk"] = {"Rangkas"},<br />
["rgn"] = {"Romagnol"},<br />
["rgr"] = {"Resígaro"},<br />
["rgs"] = {"Southern Roglai"},<br />
["rgu"] = {"Ringgou"},<br />
["rhg"] = {"Rohingya"},<br />
["rhp"] = {"Yahang"},<br />
["ria"] = {"Riang (India)"},<br />
["rif"] = {"Tarifit"},<br />
["ril"] = {"Riang Lang", "Riang (Myanmar)"},<br />
["rim"] = {"Nyaturu"},<br />
["rin"] = {"Nungu"},<br />
["rir"] = {"Ribun"},<br />
["rit"] = {"Ritharrngu"},<br />
["riu"] = {"Riung"},<br />
["rjg"] = {"Rajong"},<br />
["rji"] = {"Raji"},<br />
["rjs"] = {"Rajbanshi"},<br />
["rka"] = {"Kraol"},<br />
["rkb"] = {"Rikbaktsa"},<br />
["rkh"] = {"Rakahanga-Manihiki"},<br />
["rki"] = {"Rakhine"},<br />
["rkm"] = {"Marka"},<br />
["rkt"] = {"Rangpuri", "Kamta"},<br />
["rkw"] = {"Arakwal"},<br />
["rma"] = {"Rama"},<br />
["rmb"] = {"Rembarrnga"},<br />
["rmc"] = {"Carpathian Romani"},<br />
["rmd"] = {"Traveller Danish"},<br />
["rme"] = {"Angloromani"},<br />
["rmf"] = {"Kalo Finnish Romani"},<br />
["rmg"] = {"Traveller Norwegian"},<br />
["rmh"] = {"Murkim"},<br />
["rmi"] = {"Lomavren"},<br />
["rmk"] = {"Romkun"},<br />
["rml"] = {"Baltic Romani"},<br />
["rmm"] = {"Roma"},<br />
["rmn"] = {"Balkan Romani"},<br />
["rmo"] = {"Sinte Romani"},<br />
["rmp"] = {"Rempi"},<br />
["rmq"] = {"Caló"},<br />
["rms"] = {"Romanian Sign Language"},<br />
["rmt"] = {"Domari"},<br />
["rmu"] = {"Tavringer Romani"},<br />
["rmv"] = {"Romanova"},<br />
["rmw"] = {"Welsh Romani"},<br />
["rmx"] = {"Romam"},<br />
["rmy"] = {"Vlax Romani"},<br />
["rmz"] = {"Marma"},<br />
["rnd"] = {"Ruund"},<br />
["rng"] = {"Ronga"},<br />
["rnl"] = {"Ranglong"},<br />
["rnn"] = {"Roon"},<br />
["rnp"] = {"Rongpo"},<br />
["rnr"] = {"Nari Nari"},<br />
["rnw"] = {"Rungwa"},<br />
["roa"] = {"Romance languages"},<br />
["rob"] = {"Tae'"},<br />
["roc"] = {"Cacgia Roglai"},<br />
["rod"] = {"Rogo"},<br />
["roe"] = {"Ronji"},<br />
["rof"] = {"Rombo"},<br />
["rog"] = {"Northern Roglai"},<br />
["rol"] = {"Romblomanon"},<br />
["rom"] = {"Romany"},<br />
["roo"] = {"Rotokas"},<br />
["rop"] = {"Kriol"},<br />
["ror"] = {"Rongga"},<br />
["rou"] = {"Runga"},<br />
["row"] = {"Dela-Oenale"},<br />
["rpn"] = {"Repanbitip"},<br />
["rpt"] = {"Rapting"},<br />
["rri"] = {"Ririo"},<br />
["rro"] = {"Waima"},<br />
["rrt"] = {"Arritinngithigh"},<br />
["rsb"] = {"Romano-Serbian"},<br />
["rsl"] = {"Russian Sign Language"},<br />
["rsm"] = {"Miriwoong Sign Language"},<br />
["rtc"] = {"Rungtu Chin"},<br />
["rth"] = {"Ratahan"},<br />
["rtm"] = {"Rotuman"},<br />
["rts"] = {"Yurats"},<br />
["rtw"] = {"Rathawi"},<br />
["rub"] = {"Gungu"},<br />
["ruc"] = {"Ruuli"},<br />
["rue"] = {"Rusyn"},<br />
["ruf"] = {"Luguru"},<br />
["rug"] = {"Roviana"},<br />
["ruh"] = {"Ruga"},<br />
["rui"] = {"Rufiji"},<br />
["ruk"] = {"Che"},<br />
["ruo"] = {"Istro Romanian"},<br />
["rup"] = {"Macedo-Romanian", "Aromanian", "Arumanian"},<br />
["ruq"] = {"Megleno Romanian"},<br />
["rut"] = {"Rutul"},<br />
["ruu"] = {"Lanas Lobu"},<br />
["ruy"] = {"Mala (Nigeria)"},<br />
["ruz"] = {"Ruma"},<br />
["rwa"] = {"Rawo"},<br />
["rwk"] = {"Rwa"},<br />
["rwm"] = {"Amba (Uganda)"},<br />
["rwo"] = {"Rawa"},<br />
["rwr"] = {"Marwari (India)"},<br />
["rxd"] = {"Ngardi"},<br />
["rxw"] = {"Karuwali", "Garuwali"},<br />
["ryn"] = {"Northern Amami-Oshima"},<br />
["rys"] = {"Yaeyama"},<br />
["ryu"] = {"Central Okinawan"},<br />
["rzh"] = {"Rāziḥī"},<br />
["saa"] = {"Saba"},<br />
["sab"] = {"Buglere"},<br />
["sac"] = {"Meskwaki"},<br />
["sad"] = {"Sandawe"},<br />
["sae"] = {"Sabanê"},<br />
["saf"] = {"Safaliba"},<br />
["sah"] = {"Yakut"},<br />
["sai"] = {"South American Indian languages"},<br />
["saj"] = {"Sahu"},<br />
["sak"] = {"Sake"},<br />
["sal"] = {"Salishan languages"},<br />
["sam"] = {"Samaritan Aramaic"},<br />
["sao"] = {"Sause"},<br />
["saq"] = {"Samburu"},<br />
["sar"] = {"Saraveca"},<br />
["sas"] = {"Sasak"},<br />
["sat"] = {"Santali"},<br />
["sau"] = {"Saleman"},<br />
["sav"] = {"Saafi-Saafi"},<br />
["saw"] = {"Sawi"},<br />
["sax"] = {"Sa"},<br />
["say"] = {"Saya"},<br />
["saz"] = {"Saurashtra"},<br />
["sba"] = {"Ngambay"},<br />
["sbb"] = {"Simbo"},<br />
["sbc"] = {"Kele (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["sbd"] = {"Southern Samo"},<br />
["sbe"] = {"Saliba"},<br />
["sbf"] = {"Chabu", "Shabo"},<br />
["sbg"] = {"Seget"},<br />
["sbh"] = {"Sori-Harengan"},<br />
["sbi"] = {"Seti"},<br />
["sbj"] = {"Surbakhal"},<br />
["sbk"] = {"Safwa"},<br />
["sbl"] = {"Botolan Sambal"},<br />
["sbm"] = {"Sagala"},<br />
["sbn"] = {"Sindhi Bhil"},<br />
["sbo"] = {"Sabüm"},<br />
["sbp"] = {"Sangu (Tanzania)"},<br />
["sbq"] = {"Sileibi"},<br />
["sbr"] = {"Sembakung Murut"},<br />
["sbs"] = {"Subiya"},<br />
["sbt"] = {"Kimki"},<br />
["sbu"] = {"Stod Bhoti"},<br />
["sbv"] = {"Sabine"},<br />
["sbw"] = {"Simba"},<br />
["sbx"] = {"Seberuang"},<br />
["sby"] = {"Soli"},<br />
["sbz"] = {"Sara Kaba"},<br />
["scb"] = {"Chut"},<br />
["sce"] = {"Dongxiang"},<br />
["scf"] = {"San Miguel Creole French"},<br />
["scg"] = {"Sanggau"},<br />
["sch"] = {"Sakachep"},<br />
["sci"] = {"Sri Lankan Creole Malay"},<br />
["sck"] = {"Sadri"},<br />
["scl"] = {"Shina"},<br />
["scn"] = {"Sicilian"},<br />
["sco"] = {"Scots"},<br />
["scp"] = {"Hyolmo", "Helambu Sherpa"},<br />
["scq"] = {"Sa'och"},<br />
["scs"] = {"North Slavey"},<br />
["sct"] = {"Southern Katang"},<br />
["scu"] = {"Shumcho"},<br />
["scv"] = {"Sheni"},<br />
["scw"] = {"Sha"},<br />
["scx"] = {"Sicel"},<br />
["sda"] = {"Toraja-Sa'dan"},<br />
["sdb"] = {"Shabak"},<br />
["sdc"] = {"Sassarese Sardinian"},<br />
["sde"] = {"Surubu"},<br />
["sdf"] = {"Sarli"},<br />
["sdg"] = {"Savi"},<br />
["sdh"] = {"Southern Kurdish"},<br />
["sdj"] = {"Suundi"},<br />
["sdk"] = {"Sos Kundi"},<br />
["sdl"] = {"Saudi Arabian Sign Language"},<br />
["sdm"] = {"Semandang"},<br />
["sdn"] = {"Gallurese Sardinian"},<br />
["sdo"] = {"Bukar-Sadung Bidayuh"},<br />
["sdp"] = {"Sherdukpen"},<br />
["sdr"] = {"Oraon Sadri"},<br />
["sds"] = {"Sened"},<br />
["sdt"] = {"Shuadit"},<br />
["sdu"] = {"Sarudu"},<br />
["sdv"] = {"Eastern Sudanic languages"},<br />
["sdx"] = {"Sibu Melanau"},<br />
["sdz"] = {"Sallands"},<br />
["sea"] = {"Semai"},<br />
["seb"] = {"Shempire Senoufo"},<br />
["sec"] = {"Sechelt"},<br />
["sed"] = {"Sedang"},<br />
["see"] = {"Seneca"},<br />
["sef"] = {"Cebaara Senoufo"},<br />
["seg"] = {"Segeju"},<br />
["seh"] = {"Sena"},<br />
["sei"] = {"Seri"},<br />
["sej"] = {"Sene"},<br />
["sek"] = {"Sekani"},<br />
["sel"] = {"Selkup"},<br />
["sem"] = {"Semitic languages"},<br />
["sen"] = {"Nanerigé Sénoufo"},<br />
["seo"] = {"Suarmin"},<br />
["sep"] = {"Sìcìté Sénoufo"},<br />
["seq"] = {"Senara Sénoufo"},<br />
["ser"] = {"Serrano"},<br />
["ses"] = {"Koyraboro Senni Songhai"},<br />
["set"] = {"Sentani"},<br />
["seu"] = {"Serui-Laut"},<br />
["sev"] = {"Nyarafolo Senoufo"},<br />
["sew"] = {"Sewa Bay"},<br />
["sey"] = {"Secoya"},<br />
["sez"] = {"Senthang Chin"},<br />
["sfb"] = {"Langue des signes de Belgique Francophone", "French Belgian Sign Language"},<br />
["sfe"] = {"Eastern Subanen"},<br />
["sfm"] = {"Small Flowery Miao"},<br />
["sfs"] = {"South African Sign Language"},<br />
["sfw"] = {"Sehwi"},<br />
["sga"] = {"Old Irish (to 900)"},<br />
["sgb"] = {"Mag-antsi Ayta"},<br />
["sgc"] = {"Kipsigis"},<br />
["sgd"] = {"Surigaonon"},<br />
["sge"] = {"Segai"},<br />
["sgg"] = {"Swiss-German Sign Language"},<br />
["sgh"] = {"Shughni"},<br />
["sgi"] = {"Suga"},<br />
["sgj"] = {"Surgujia"},<br />
["sgk"] = {"Sangkong"},<br />
["sgm"] = {"Singa"},<br />
["sgn"] = {"Sign languages"},<br />
["sgp"] = {"Singpho"},<br />
["sgr"] = {"Sangisari"},<br />
["sgs"] = {"Samogitian"},<br />
["sgt"] = {"Brokpake"},<br />
["sgu"] = {"Salas"},<br />
["sgw"] = {"Sebat Bet Gurage"},<br />
["sgx"] = {"Sierra Leone Sign Language"},<br />
["sgy"] = {"Sanglechi"},<br />
["sgz"] = {"Sursurunga"},<br />
["sha"] = {"Shall-Zwall"},<br />
["shb"] = {"Ninam"},<br />
["shc"] = {"Sonde"},<br />
["shd"] = {"Kundal Shahi"},<br />
["she"] = {"Sheko"},<br />
["shg"] = {"Shua"},<br />
["shh"] = {"Shoshoni"},<br />
["shi"] = {"Tachelhit"},<br />
["shj"] = {"Shatt"},<br />
["shk"] = {"Shilluk"},<br />
["shl"] = {"Shendu"},<br />
["shm"] = {"Shahrudi"},<br />
["shn"] = {"Shan"},<br />
["sho"] = {"Shanga"},<br />
["shp"] = {"Shipibo-Conibo"},<br />
["shq"] = {"Sala"},<br />
["shr"] = {"Shi"},<br />
["shs"] = {"Shuswap"},<br />
["sht"] = {"Shasta"},<br />
["shu"] = {"Chadian Arabic"},<br />
["shv"] = {"Shehri"},<br />
["shw"] = {"Shwai"},<br />
["shx"] = {"She"},<br />
["shy"] = {"Tachawit"},<br />
["shz"] = {"Syenara Senoufo"},<br />
["sia"] = {"Akkala Sami"},<br />
["sib"] = {"Sebop"},<br />
["sid"] = {"Sidamo"},<br />
["sie"] = {"Simaa"},<br />
["sif"] = {"Siamou"},<br />
["sig"] = {"Paasaal"},<br />
["sih"] = {"Zire", "Sîshëë"},<br />
["sii"] = {"Shom Peng"},<br />
["sij"] = {"Numbami"},<br />
["sik"] = {"Sikiana"},<br />
["sil"] = {"Tumulung Sisaala"},<br />
["sim"] = {"Mende (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["sio"] = {"Siouan languages"},<br />
["sip"] = {"Sikkimese"},<br />
["siq"] = {"Sonia"},<br />
["sir"] = {"Siri"},<br />
["sis"] = {"Siuslaw"},<br />
["sit"] = {"Sino-Tibetan languages"},<br />
["siu"] = {"Sinagen"},<br />
["siv"] = {"Sumariup"},<br />
["siw"] = {"Siwai"},<br />
["six"] = {"Sumau"},<br />
["siy"] = {"Sivandi"},<br />
["siz"] = {"Siwi"},<br />
["sja"] = {"Epena"},<br />
["sjb"] = {"Sajau Basap"},<br />
["sjd"] = {"Kildin Sami"},<br />
["sje"] = {"Pite Sami"},<br />
["sjg"] = {"Assangori"},<br />
["sjk"] = {"Kemi Sami"},<br />
["sjl"] = {"Sajalong", "Miji"},<br />
["sjm"] = {"Mapun"},<br />
["sjn"] = {"Sindarin"},<br />
["sjo"] = {"Xibe"},<br />
["sjp"] = {"Surjapuri"},<br />
["sjr"] = {"Siar-Lak"},<br />
["sjs"] = {"Senhaja De Srair"},<br />
["sjt"] = {"Ter Sami"},<br />
["sju"] = {"Ume Sami"},<br />
["sjw"] = {"Shawnee"},<br />
["ska"] = {"Skagit"},<br />
["skb"] = {"Saek"},<br />
["skc"] = {"Ma Manda"},<br />
["skd"] = {"Southern Sierra Miwok"},<br />
["ske"] = {"Seke (Vanuatu)"},<br />
["skf"] = {"Sakirabiá"},<br />
["skg"] = {"Sakalava Malagasy"},<br />
["skh"] = {"Sikule"},<br />
["ski"] = {"Sika"},<br />
["skj"] = {"Seke (Nepal)"},<br />
["skm"] = {"Kutong"},<br />
["skn"] = {"Kolibugan Subanon"},<br />
["sko"] = {"Seko Tengah"},<br />
["skp"] = {"Sekapan"},<br />
["skq"] = {"Sininkere"},<br />
["skr"] = {"Saraiki", "Seraiki"},<br />
["sks"] = {"Maia"},<br />
["skt"] = {"Sakata"},<br />
["sku"] = {"Sakao"},<br />
["skv"] = {"Skou"},<br />
["skw"] = {"Skepi Creole Dutch"},<br />
["skx"] = {"Seko Padang"},<br />
["sky"] = {"Sikaiana"},<br />
["skz"] = {"Sekar"},<br />
["sla"] = {"Slavic languages"},<br />
["slc"] = {"Sáliba"},<br />
["sld"] = {"Sissala"},<br />
["sle"] = {"Sholaga"},<br />
["slf"] = {"Swiss-Italian Sign Language"},<br />
["slg"] = {"Selungai Murut"},<br />
["slh"] = {"Southern Puget Sound Salish"},<br />
["sli"] = {"Lower Silesian"},<br />
["slj"] = {"Salumá"},<br />
["sll"] = {"Salt-Yui"},<br />
["slm"] = {"Pangutaran Sama"},<br />
["sln"] = {"Salinan"},<br />
["slp"] = {"Lamaholot"},<br />
["slq"] = {"Salchuq"},<br />
["slr"] = {"Salar"},<br />
["sls"] = {"Singapore Sign Language"},<br />
["slt"] = {"Sila"},<br />
["slu"] = {"Selaru"},<br />
["slw"] = {"Sialum"},<br />
["slx"] = {"Salampasu"},<br />
["sly"] = {"Selayar"},<br />
["slz"] = {"Ma'ya"},<br />
["sma"] = {"Southern Sami"},<br />
["smb"] = {"Simbari"},<br />
["smc"] = {"Som"},<br />
["smd"] = {"Sama"},<br />
["smf"] = {"Auwe"},<br />
["smg"] = {"Simbali"},<br />
["smh"] = {"Samei"},<br />
["smi"] = {"Sami languages"},<br />
["smj"] = {"Lule Sami"},<br />
["smk"] = {"Bolinao"},<br />
["sml"] = {"Central Sama"},<br />
["smm"] = {"Musasa"},<br />
["smn"] = {"Inari Sami"},<br />
["smp"] = {"Samaritan"},<br />
["smq"] = {"Samo"},<br />
["smr"] = {"Simeulue"},<br />
["sms"] = {"Skolt Sami"},<br />
["smt"] = {"Simte"},<br />
["smu"] = {"Somray"},<br />
["smv"] = {"Samvedi"},<br />
["smw"] = {"Sumbawa"},<br />
["smx"] = {"Samba"},<br />
["smy"] = {"Semnani"},<br />
["smz"] = {"Simeku"},<br />
["snb"] = {"Sebuyau"},<br />
["snc"] = {"Sinaugoro"},<br />
["sne"] = {"Bau Bidayuh"},<br />
["snf"] = {"Noon"},<br />
["sng"] = {"Sanga (Democratic Republic of Congo)"},<br />
["sni"] = {"Sensi"},<br />
["snj"] = {"Riverain Sango"},<br />
["snk"] = {"Soninke"},<br />
["snl"] = {"Sangil"},<br />
["snm"] = {"Southern Ma'di"},<br />
["snn"] = {"Siona"},<br />
["sno"] = {"Snohomish"},<br />
["snp"] = {"Siane"},<br />
["snq"] = {"Sangu (Gabon)"},<br />
["snr"] = {"Sihan"},<br />
["sns"] = {"South West Bay", "Nahavaq"},<br />
["snu"] = {"Senggi", "Viid"},<br />
["snv"] = {"Sa'ban"},<br />
["snw"] = {"Selee"},<br />
["snx"] = {"Sam"},<br />
["sny"] = {"Saniyo-Hiyewe"},<br />
["snz"] = {"Kou"},<br />
["soa"] = {"Thai Song"},<br />
["sob"] = {"Sobei"},<br />
["soc"] = {"So (Democratic Republic of Congo)"},<br />
["sod"] = {"Songoora"},<br />
["soe"] = {"Songomeno"},<br />
["sog"] = {"Sogdian"},<br />
["soh"] = {"Aka"},<br />
["soi"] = {"Sonha"},<br />
["soj"] = {"Soi"},<br />
["sok"] = {"Sokoro"},<br />
["sol"] = {"Solos"},<br />
["son"] = {"Songhai languages"},<br />
["soo"] = {"Songo"},<br />
["sop"] = {"Songe"},<br />
["soq"] = {"Kanasi"},<br />
["sor"] = {"Somrai"},<br />
["sos"] = {"Seeku"},<br />
["sou"] = {"Southern Thai"},<br />
["sov"] = {"Sonsorol"},<br />
["sow"] = {"Sowanda"},<br />
["sox"] = {"Swo"},<br />
["soy"] = {"Miyobe"},<br />
["soz"] = {"Temi"},<br />
["spb"] = {"Sepa (Indonesia)"},<br />
["spc"] = {"Sapé"},<br />
["spd"] = {"Saep"},<br />
["spe"] = {"Sepa (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["spg"] = {"Sian"},<br />
["spi"] = {"Saponi"},<br />
["spk"] = {"Sengo"},<br />
["spl"] = {"Selepet"},<br />
["spm"] = {"Akukem"},<br />
["spn"] = {"Sanapaná"},<br />
["spo"] = {"Spokane"},<br />
["spp"] = {"Supyire Senoufo"},<br />
["spq"] = {"Loreto-Ucayali Spanish"},<br />
["spr"] = {"Saparua"},<br />
["sps"] = {"Saposa"},<br />
["spt"] = {"Spiti Bhoti"},<br />
["spu"] = {"Sapuan"},<br />
["spv"] = {"Sambalpuri", "Kosli"},<br />
["spx"] = {"South Picene"},<br />
["spy"] = {"Sabaot"},<br />
["sqa"] = {"Shama-Sambuga"},<br />
["sqh"] = {"Shau"},<br />
["sqj"] = {"Albanian languages"},<br />
["sqk"] = {"Albanian Sign Language"},<br />
["sqm"] = {"Suma"},<br />
["sqn"] = {"Susquehannock"},<br />
["sqo"] = {"Sorkhei"},<br />
["sqq"] = {"Sou"},<br />
["sqr"] = {"Siculo Arabic"},<br />
["sqs"] = {"Sri Lankan Sign Language"},<br />
["sqt"] = {"Soqotri"},<br />
["squ"] = {"Squamish"},<br />
["sra"] = {"Saruga"},<br />
["srb"] = {"Sora"},<br />
["src"] = {"Logudorese Sardinian"},<br />
["sre"] = {"Sara"},<br />
["srf"] = {"Nafi"},<br />
["srg"] = {"Sulod"},<br />
["srh"] = {"Sarikoli"},<br />
["sri"] = {"Siriano"},<br />
["srk"] = {"Serudung Murut"},<br />
["srl"] = {"Isirawa"},<br />
["srm"] = {"Saramaccan"},<br />
["srn"] = {"Sranan Tongo"},<br />
["sro"] = {"Campidanese Sardinian"},<br />
["srq"] = {"Sirionó"},<br />
["srr"] = {"Serer"},<br />
["srs"] = {"Sarsi"},<br />
["srt"] = {"Sauri"},<br />
["sru"] = {"Suruí"},<br />
["srv"] = {"Southern Sorsoganon"},<br />
["srw"] = {"Serua"},<br />
["srx"] = {"Sirmauri"},<br />
["sry"] = {"Sera"},<br />
["srz"] = {"Shahmirzadi"},<br />
["ssa"] = {"Nilo-Saharan languages"},<br />
["ssb"] = {"Southern Sama"},<br />
["ssc"] = {"Suba-Simbiti"},<br />
["ssd"] = {"Siroi"},<br />
["sse"] = {"Balangingi", "Bangingih Sama"},<br />
["ssf"] = {"Thao"},<br />
["ssg"] = {"Seimat"},<br />
["ssh"] = {"Shihhi Arabic"},<br />
["ssi"] = {"Sansi"},<br />
["ssj"] = {"Sausi"},<br />
["ssk"] = {"Sunam"},<br />
["ssl"] = {"Western Sisaala"},<br />
["ssm"] = {"Semnam"},<br />
["ssn"] = {"Waata"},<br />
["sso"] = {"Sissano"},<br />
["ssp"] = {"Spanish Sign Language"},<br />
["ssq"] = {"So'a"},<br />
["ssr"] = {"Swiss-French Sign Language"},<br />
["sss"] = {"Sô"},<br />
["sst"] = {"Sinasina"},<br />
["ssu"] = {"Susuami"},<br />
["ssv"] = {"Shark Bay"},<br />
["ssx"] = {"Samberigi"},<br />
["ssy"] = {"Saho"},<br />
["ssz"] = {"Sengseng"},<br />
["sta"] = {"Settla"},<br />
["stb"] = {"Northern Subanen"},<br />
["std"] = {"Sentinel"},<br />
["ste"] = {"Liana-Seti"},<br />
["stf"] = {"Seta"},<br />
["stg"] = {"Trieng"},<br />
["sth"] = {"Shelta"},<br />
["sti"] = {"Bulo Stieng"},<br />
["stj"] = {"Matya Samo"},<br />
["stk"] = {"Arammba"},<br />
["stl"] = {"Stellingwerfs"},<br />
["stm"] = {"Setaman"},<br />
["stn"] = {"Owa"},<br />
["sto"] = {"Stoney"},<br />
["stp"] = {"Southeastern Tepehuan"},<br />
["stq"] = {"Saterfriesisch"},<br />
["str"] = {"Straits Salish"},<br />
["sts"] = {"Shumashti"},<br />
["stt"] = {"Budeh Stieng"},<br />
["stu"] = {"Samtao"},<br />
["stv"] = {"Silt'e"},<br />
["stw"] = {"Satawalese"},<br />
["sty"] = {"Siberian Tatar"},<br />
["sua"] = {"Sulka"},<br />
["sub"] = {"Suku"},<br />
["suc"] = {"Western Subanon"},<br />
["sue"] = {"Suena"},<br />
["sug"] = {"Suganga"},<br />
["sui"] = {"Suki"},<br />
["suj"] = {"Shubi"},<br />
["suk"] = {"Sukuma"},<br />
["suq"] = {"Suri"},<br />
["sur"] = {"Mwaghavul"},<br />
["sus"] = {"Susu"},<br />
["sut"] = {"Subtiaba"},<br />
["suv"] = {"Puroik"},<br />
["suw"] = {"Sumbwa"},<br />
["sux"] = {"Sumerian"},<br />
["suy"] = {"Suyá"},<br />
["suz"] = {"Sunwar"},<br />
["sva"] = {"Svan"},<br />
["svb"] = {"Ulau-Suain"},<br />
["svc"] = {"Vincentian Creole English"},<br />
["sve"] = {"Serili"},<br />
["svk"] = {"Slovakian Sign Language"},<br />
["svm"] = {"Slavomolisano"},<br />
["svs"] = {"Savosavo"},<br />
["svx"] = {"Skalvian"},<br />
["swb"] = {"Maore Comorian"},<br />
["swc"] = {"Congo Swahili"},<br />
["swf"] = {"Sere"},<br />
["swg"] = {"Swabian"},<br />
["swh"] = {"Swahili (individual language)", "Kiswahili"},<br />
["swi"] = {"Sui"},<br />
["swj"] = {"Sira"},<br />
["swk"] = {"Malawi Sena"},<br />
["swl"] = {"Swedish Sign Language"},<br />
["swm"] = {"Samosa"},<br />
["swn"] = {"Sawknah"},<br />
["swo"] = {"Shanenawa"},<br />
["swp"] = {"Suau"},<br />
["swq"] = {"Sharwa"},<br />
["swr"] = {"Saweru"},<br />
["sws"] = {"Seluwasan"},<br />
["swt"] = {"Sawila"},<br />
["swu"] = {"Suwawa"},<br />
["swv"] = {"Shekhawati"},<br />
["sww"] = {"Sowa"},<br />
["swx"] = {"Suruahá"},<br />
["swy"] = {"Sarua"},<br />
["sxb"] = {"Suba"},<br />
["sxc"] = {"Sicanian"},<br />
["sxe"] = {"Sighu"},<br />
["sxg"] = {"Shuhi", "Shixing"},<br />
["sxk"] = {"Southern Kalapuya"},<br />
["sxl"] = {"Selian"},<br />
["sxm"] = {"Samre"},<br />
["sxn"] = {"Sangir"},<br />
["sxo"] = {"Sorothaptic"},<br />
["sxr"] = {"Saaroa"},<br />
["sxs"] = {"Sasaru"},<br />
["sxu"] = {"Upper Saxon"},<br />
["sxw"] = {"Saxwe Gbe"},<br />
["sya"] = {"Siang"},<br />
["syb"] = {"Central Subanen"},<br />
["syc"] = {"Classical Syriac"},<br />
["syd"] = {"Samoyedic languages"},<br />
["syi"] = {"Seki"},<br />
["syk"] = {"Sukur"},<br />
["syl"] = {"Sylheti"},<br />
["sym"] = {"Maya Samo"},<br />
["syn"] = {"Senaya"},<br />
["syo"] = {"Suoy"},<br />
["syr"] = {"Syriac"},<br />
["sys"] = {"Sinyar"},<br />
["syw"] = {"Kagate"},<br />
["syx"] = {"Samay"},<br />
["syy"] = {"Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language"},<br />
["sza"] = {"Semelai"},<br />
["szb"] = {"Ngalum"},<br />
["szc"] = {"Semaq Beri"},<br />
["szd"] = {"Seru"},<br />
["sze"] = {"Seze"},<br />
["szg"] = {"Sengele"},<br />
["szl"] = {"Silesian"},<br />
["szn"] = {"Sula"},<br />
["szp"] = {"Suabo"},<br />
["szs"] = {"Solomon Islands Sign Language"},<br />
["szv"] = {"Isu (Fako Division)"},<br />
["szw"] = {"Sawai"},<br />
["szy"] = {"Sakizaya"},<br />
["taa"] = {"Lower Tanana"},<br />
["tab"] = {"Tabassaran"},<br />
["tac"] = {"Lowland Tarahumara"},<br />
["tad"] = {"Tause"},<br />
["tae"] = {"Tariana"},<br />
["taf"] = {"Tapirapé"},<br />
["tag"] = {"Tagoi"},<br />
["tai"] = {"Tai languages"},<br />
["taj"] = {"Eastern Tamang"},<br />
["tak"] = {"Tala"},<br />
["tal"] = {"Tal"},<br />
["tan"] = {"Tangale"},<br />
["tao"] = {"Yami"},<br />
["tap"] = {"Taabwa"},<br />
["taq"] = {"Tamasheq"},<br />
["tar"] = {"Central Tarahumara"},<br />
["tas"] = {"Tay Boi"},<br />
["tau"] = {"Upper Tanana"},<br />
["tav"] = {"Tatuyo"},<br />
["taw"] = {"Tai"},<br />
["tax"] = {"Tamki"},<br />
["tay"] = {"Atayal"},<br />
["taz"] = {"Tocho"},<br />
["tba"] = {"Aikanã"},<br />
["tbb"] = {"Tapeba"},<br />
["tbc"] = {"Takia"},<br />
["tbd"] = {"Kaki Ae"},<br />
["tbe"] = {"Tanimbili"},<br />
["tbf"] = {"Mandara"},<br />
["tbg"] = {"North Tairora"},<br />
["tbh"] = {"Dharawal", "Thurawal"},<br />
["tbi"] = {"Gaam"},<br />
["tbj"] = {"Tiang"},<br />
["tbk"] = {"Calamian Tagbanwa"},<br />
["tbl"] = {"Tboli"},<br />
["tbm"] = {"Tagbu"},<br />
["tbn"] = {"Barro Negro Tunebo"},<br />
["tbo"] = {"Tawala"},<br />
["tbp"] = {"Taworta", "Diebroud"},<br />
["tbq"] = {"Tibeto-Burman languages"},<br />
["tbr"] = {"Tumtum"},<br />
["tbs"] = {"Tanguat"},<br />
["tbt"] = {"Tembo (Kitembo)"},<br />
["tbu"] = {"Tubar"},<br />
["tbv"] = {"Tobo"},<br />
["tbw"] = {"Tagbanwa"},<br />
["tbx"] = {"Kapin"},<br />
["tby"] = {"Tabaru"},<br />
["tbz"] = {"Ditammari"},<br />
["tca"] = {"Ticuna"},<br />
["tcb"] = {"Tanacross"},<br />
["tcc"] = {"Datooga"},<br />
["tcd"] = {"Tafi"},<br />
["tce"] = {"Southern Tutchone"},<br />
["tcf"] = {"Malinaltepec Me'phaa", "Malinaltepec Tlapanec"},<br />
["tcg"] = {"Tamagario"},<br />
["tch"] = {"Turks And Caicos Creole English"},<br />
["tci"] = {"Wára"},<br />
["tck"] = {"Tchitchege"},<br />
["tcl"] = {"Taman (Myanmar)"},<br />
["tcm"] = {"Tanahmerah"},<br />
["tcn"] = {"Tichurong"},<br />
["tco"] = {"Taungyo"},<br />
["tcp"] = {"Tawr Chin"},<br />
["tcq"] = {"Kaiy"},<br />
["tcs"] = {"Torres Strait Creole", "Yumplatok"},<br />
["tct"] = {"T'en"},<br />
["tcu"] = {"Southeastern Tarahumara"},<br />
["tcw"] = {"Tecpatlán Totonac"},<br />
["tcx"] = {"Toda"},<br />
["tcy"] = {"Tulu"},<br />
["tcz"] = {"Thado Chin"},<br />
["tda"] = {"Tagdal"},<br />
["tdb"] = {"Panchpargania"},<br />
["tdc"] = {"Emberá-Tadó"},<br />
["tdd"] = {"Tai Nüa"},<br />
["tde"] = {"Tiranige Diga Dogon"},<br />
["tdf"] = {"Talieng"},<br />
["tdg"] = {"Western Tamang"},<br />
["tdh"] = {"Thulung"},<br />
["tdi"] = {"Tomadino"},<br />
["tdj"] = {"Tajio"},<br />
["tdk"] = {"Tambas"},<br />
["tdl"] = {"Sur"},<br />
["tdm"] = {"Taruma"},<br />
["tdn"] = {"Tondano"},<br />
["tdo"] = {"Teme"},<br />
["tdq"] = {"Tita"},<br />
["tdr"] = {"Todrah"},<br />
["tds"] = {"Doutai"},<br />
["tdt"] = {"Tetun Dili"},<br />
["tdv"] = {"Toro"},<br />
["tdx"] = {"Tandroy-Mahafaly Malagasy"},<br />
["tdy"] = {"Tadyawan"},<br />
["tea"] = {"Temiar"},<br />
["teb"] = {"Tetete"},<br />
["tec"] = {"Terik"},<br />
["ted"] = {"Tepo Krumen"},<br />
["tee"] = {"Huehuetla Tepehua"},<br />
["tef"] = {"Teressa"},<br />
["teg"] = {"Teke-Tege"},<br />
["teh"] = {"Tehuelche"},<br />
["tei"] = {"Torricelli"},<br />
["tek"] = {"Ibali Teke"},<br />
["tem"] = {"Timne"},<br />
["ten"] = {"Tama (Colombia)"},<br />
["teo"] = {"Teso"},<br />
["tep"] = {"Tepecano"},<br />
["teq"] = {"Temein"},<br />
["ter"] = {"Tereno"},<br />
["tes"] = {"Tengger"},<br />
["tet"] = {"Tetum"},<br />
["teu"] = {"Soo"},<br />
["tev"] = {"Teor"},<br />
["tew"] = {"Tewa (USA)"},<br />
["tex"] = {"Tennet"},<br />
["tey"] = {"Tulishi"},<br />
["tez"] = {"Tetserret"},<br />
["tfi"] = {"Tofin Gbe"},<br />
["tfn"] = {"Tanaina"},<br />
["tfo"] = {"Tefaro"},<br />
["tfr"] = {"Teribe"},<br />
["tft"] = {"Ternate"},<br />
["tga"] = {"Sagalla"},<br />
["tgb"] = {"Tobilung"},<br />
["tgc"] = {"Tigak"},<br />
["tgd"] = {"Ciwogai"},<br />
["tge"] = {"Eastern Gorkha Tamang"},<br />
["tgf"] = {"Chalikha"},<br />
["tgh"] = {"Tobagonian Creole English"},<br />
["tgi"] = {"Lawunuia"},<br />
["tgj"] = {"Tagin"},<br />
["tgn"] = {"Tandaganon"},<br />
["tgo"] = {"Sudest"},<br />
["tgp"] = {"Tangoa"},<br />
["tgq"] = {"Tring"},<br />
["tgr"] = {"Tareng"},<br />
["tgs"] = {"Nume"},<br />
["tgt"] = {"Central Tagbanwa"},<br />
["tgu"] = {"Tanggu"},<br />
["tgv"] = {"Tingui-Boto"},<br />
["tgw"] = {"Tagwana Senoufo"},<br />
["tgx"] = {"Tagish"},<br />
["tgy"] = {"Togoyo"},<br />
["tgz"] = {"Tagalaka"},<br />
["thd"] = {"Kuuk Thaayorre", "Thayore"},<br />
["the"] = {"Chitwania Tharu"},<br />
["thf"] = {"Thangmi"},<br />
["thh"] = {"Northern Tarahumara"},<br />
["thi"] = {"Tai Long"},<br />
["thk"] = {"Tharaka", "Kitharaka"},<br />
["thl"] = {"Dangaura Tharu"},<br />
["thm"] = {"Aheu"},<br />
["thn"] = {"Thachanadan"},<br />
["thp"] = {"Thompson"},<br />
["thq"] = {"Kochila Tharu"},<br />
["thr"] = {"Rana Tharu"},<br />
["ths"] = {"Thakali"},<br />
["tht"] = {"Tahltan"},<br />
["thu"] = {"Thuri"},<br />
["thv"] = {"Tahaggart Tamahaq"},<br />
["thw"] = {"Thudam"},<br />
["thy"] = {"Tha"},<br />
["thz"] = {"Tayart Tamajeq"},<br />
["tia"] = {"Tidikelt Tamazight"},<br />
["tic"] = {"Tira"},<br />
["tif"] = {"Tifal"},<br />
["tig"] = {"Tigre"},<br />
["tih"] = {"Timugon Murut"},<br />
["tii"] = {"Tiene"},<br />
["tij"] = {"Tilung"},<br />
["tik"] = {"Tikar"},<br />
["til"] = {"Tillamook"},<br />
["tim"] = {"Timbe"},<br />
["tin"] = {"Tindi"},<br />
["tio"] = {"Teop"},<br />
["tip"] = {"Trimuris"},<br />
["tiq"] = {"Tiéfo"},<br />
["tis"] = {"Masadiit Itneg"},<br />
["tit"] = {"Tinigua"},<br />
["tiu"] = {"Adasen"},<br />
["tiv"] = {"Tiv"},<br />
["tiw"] = {"Tiwi"},<br />
["tix"] = {"Southern Tiwa"},<br />
["tiy"] = {"Tiruray"},<br />
["tiz"] = {"Tai Hongjin"},<br />
["tja"] = {"Tajuasohn"},<br />
["tjg"] = {"Tunjung"},<br />
["tji"] = {"Northern Tujia"},<br />
["tjj"] = {"Tjungundji"},<br />
["tjl"] = {"Tai Laing"},<br />
["tjm"] = {"Timucua"},<br />
["tjn"] = {"Tonjon"},<br />
["tjo"] = {"Temacine Tamazight"},<br />
["tjp"] = {"Tjupany"},<br />
["tjs"] = {"Southern Tujia"},<br />
["tju"] = {"Tjurruru"},<br />
["tjw"] = {"Djabwurrung"},<br />
["tka"] = {"Truká"},<br />
["tkb"] = {"Buksa"},<br />
["tkd"] = {"Tukudede"},<br />
["tke"] = {"Takwane"},<br />
["tkf"] = {"Tukumanféd"},<br />
["tkg"] = {"Tesaka Malagasy"},<br />
["tkl"] = {"Tokelau"},<br />
["tkm"] = {"Takelma"},<br />
["tkn"] = {"Toku-No-Shima"},<br />
["tkp"] = {"Tikopia"},<br />
["tkq"] = {"Tee"},<br />
["tkr"] = {"Tsakhur"},<br />
["tks"] = {"Takestani"},<br />
["tkt"] = {"Kathoriya Tharu"},<br />
["tku"] = {"Upper Necaxa Totonac"},<br />
["tkv"] = {"Mur Pano"},<br />
["tkw"] = {"Teanu"},<br />
["tkx"] = {"Tangko"},<br />
["tkz"] = {"Takua"},<br />
["tla"] = {"Southwestern Tepehuan"},<br />
["tlb"] = {"Tobelo"},<br />
["tlc"] = {"Yecuatla Totonac"},<br />
["tld"] = {"Talaud"},<br />
["tlf"] = {"Telefol"},<br />
["tlg"] = {"Tofanma"},<br />
["tlh"] = {"Klingon", "tlhIngan Hol"},<br />
["tli"] = {"Tlingit"},<br />
["tlj"] = {"Talinga-Bwisi"},<br />
["tlk"] = {"Taloki"},<br />
["tll"] = {"Tetela"},<br />
["tlm"] = {"Tolomako"},<br />
["tln"] = {"Talondo'"},<br />
["tlo"] = {"Talodi"},<br />
["tlp"] = {"Filomena Mata-Coahuitlán Totonac"},<br />
["tlq"] = {"Tai Loi"},<br />
["tlr"] = {"Talise"},<br />
["tls"] = {"Tambotalo"},<br />
["tlt"] = {"Sou Nama", "Teluti"},<br />
["tlu"] = {"Tulehu"},<br />
["tlv"] = {"Taliabu"},<br />
["tlx"] = {"Khehek"},<br />
["tly"] = {"Talysh"},<br />
["tma"] = {"Tama (Chad)"},<br />
["tmb"] = {"Katbol", "Avava"},<br />
["tmc"] = {"Tumak"},<br />
["tmd"] = {"Haruai"},<br />
["tme"] = {"Tremembé"},<br />
["tmf"] = {"Toba-Maskoy"},<br />
["tmg"] = {"Ternateño"},<br />
["tmh"] = {"Tamashek"},<br />
["tmi"] = {"Tutuba"},<br />
["tmj"] = {"Samarokena"},<br />
["tmk"] = {"Northwestern Tamang"},<br />
["tml"] = {"Tamnim Citak"},<br />
["tmm"] = {"Tai Thanh"},<br />
["tmn"] = {"Taman (Indonesia)"},<br />
["tmo"] = {"Temoq"},<br />
["tmq"] = {"Tumleo"},<br />
["tmr"] = {"Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (ca. 200-1200 CE)"},<br />
["tms"] = {"Tima"},<br />
["tmt"] = {"Tasmate"},<br />
["tmu"] = {"Iau"},<br />
["tmv"] = {"Tembo (Motembo)"},<br />
["tmw"] = {"Temuan"},<br />
["tmy"] = {"Tami"},<br />
["tmz"] = {"Tamanaku"},<br />
["tna"] = {"Tacana"},<br />
["tnb"] = {"Western Tunebo"},<br />
["tnc"] = {"Tanimuca-Retuarã"},<br />
["tnd"] = {"Angosturas Tunebo"},<br />
["tng"] = {"Tobanga"},<br />
["tnh"] = {"Maiani"},<br />
["tni"] = {"Tandia"},<br />
["tnk"] = {"Kwamera"},<br />
["tnl"] = {"Lenakel"},<br />
["tnm"] = {"Tabla"},<br />
["tnn"] = {"North Tanna"},<br />
["tno"] = {"Toromono"},<br />
["tnp"] = {"Whitesands"},<br />
["tnq"] = {"Taino"},<br />
["tnr"] = {"Ménik"},<br />
["tns"] = {"Tenis"},<br />
["tnt"] = {"Tontemboan"},<br />
["tnu"] = {"Tay Khang"},<br />
["tnv"] = {"Tangchangya"},<br />
["tnw"] = {"Tonsawang"},<br />
["tnx"] = {"Tanema"},<br />
["tny"] = {"Tongwe"},<br />
["tnz"] = {"Ten'edn"},<br />
["tob"] = {"Toba"},<br />
["toc"] = {"Coyutla Totonac"},<br />
["tod"] = {"Toma"},<br />
["tof"] = {"Gizrra"},<br />
["tog"] = {"Tonga (Nyasa)"},<br />
["toh"] = {"Gitonga"},<br />
["toi"] = {"Tonga (Zambia)"},<br />
["toj"] = {"Tojolabal"},<br />
["tol"] = {"Tolowa"},<br />
["tom"] = {"Tombulu"},<br />
["too"] = {"Xicotepec De Juárez Totonac"},<br />
["top"] = {"Papantla Totonac"},<br />
["toq"] = {"Toposa"},<br />
["tor"] = {"Togbo-Vara Banda"},<br />
["tos"] = {"Highland Totonac"},<br />
["tou"] = {"Tho"},<br />
["tov"] = {"Upper Taromi"},<br />
["tow"] = {"Jemez"},<br />
["tox"] = {"Tobian"},<br />
["toy"] = {"Topoiyo"},<br />
["toz"] = {"To"},<br />
["tpa"] = {"Taupota"},<br />
["tpc"] = {"Azoyú Me'phaa", "Azoyú Tlapanec"},<br />
["tpe"] = {"Tippera"},<br />
["tpf"] = {"Tarpia"},<br />
["tpg"] = {"Kula"},<br />
["tpi"] = {"Tok Pisin"},<br />
["tpj"] = {"Tapieté"},<br />
["tpk"] = {"Tupinikin"},<br />
["tpl"] = {"Tlacoapa Me'phaa", "Tlacoapa Tlapanec"},<br />
["tpm"] = {"Tampulma"},<br />
["tpn"] = {"Tupinambá"},<br />
["tpo"] = {"Tai Pao"},<br />
["tpp"] = {"Pisaflores Tepehua"},<br />
["tpq"] = {"Tukpa"},<br />
["tpr"] = {"Tuparí"},<br />
["tpt"] = {"Tlachichilco Tepehua"},<br />
["tpu"] = {"Tampuan"},<br />
["tpv"] = {"Tanapag"},<br />
["tpw"] = {"Tupí"},<br />
["tpx"] = {"Acatepec Me'phaa", "Acatepec Tlapanec"},<br />
["tpy"] = {"Trumai"},<br />
["tpz"] = {"Tinputz"},<br />
["tqb"] = {"Tembé"},<br />
["tql"] = {"Lehali"},<br />
["tqm"] = {"Turumsa"},<br />
["tqn"] = {"Tenino"},<br />
["tqo"] = {"Toaripi"},<br />
["tqp"] = {"Tomoip"},<br />
["tqq"] = {"Tunni"},<br />
["tqr"] = {"Torona"},<br />
["tqt"] = {"Western Totonac"},<br />
["tqu"] = {"Touo"},<br />
["tqw"] = {"Tonkawa"},<br />
["tra"] = {"Tirahi"},<br />
["trb"] = {"Terebu"},<br />
["trc"] = {"Copala Triqui"},<br />
["trd"] = {"Turi"},<br />
["tre"] = {"East Tarangan"},<br />
["trf"] = {"Trinidadian Creole English"},<br />
["trg"] = {"Lishán Didán"},<br />
["trh"] = {"Turaka"},<br />
["tri"] = {"Trió"},<br />
["trj"] = {"Toram"},<br />
["trk"] = {"Turkic languages"},<br />
["trl"] = {"Traveller Scottish"},<br />
["trm"] = {"Tregami"},<br />
["trn"] = {"Trinitario"},<br />
["tro"] = {"Tarao Naga"},<br />
["trp"] = {"Kok Borok"},<br />
["trq"] = {"San Martín Itunyoso Triqui"},<br />
["trr"] = {"Taushiro"},<br />
["trs"] = {"Chicahuaxtla Triqui"},<br />
["trt"] = {"Tunggare"},<br />
["tru"] = {"Turoyo", "Surayt"},<br />
["trv"] = {"Taroko"},<br />
["trw"] = {"Torwali"},<br />
["trx"] = {"Tringgus-Sembaan Bidayuh"},<br />
["try"] = {"Turung"},<br />
["trz"] = {"Torá"},<br />
["tsa"] = {"Tsaangi"},<br />
["tsb"] = {"Tsamai"},<br />
["tsc"] = {"Tswa"},<br />
["tsd"] = {"Tsakonian"},<br />
["tse"] = {"Tunisian Sign Language"},<br />
["tsg"] = {"Tausug"},<br />
["tsh"] = {"Tsuvan"},<br />
["tsi"] = {"Tsimshian"},<br />
["tsj"] = {"Tshangla"},<br />
["tsk"] = {"Tseku"},<br />
["tsl"] = {"Ts'ün-Lao"},<br />
["tsm"] = {"Turkish Sign Language", "Türk İşaret Dili"},<br />
["tsp"] = {"Northern Toussian"},<br />
["tsq"] = {"Thai Sign Language"},<br />
["tsr"] = {"Akei"},<br />
["tss"] = {"Taiwan Sign Language"},<br />
["tst"] = {"Tondi Songway Kiini"},<br />
["tsu"] = {"Tsou"},<br />
["tsv"] = {"Tsogo"},<br />
["tsw"] = {"Tsishingini"},<br />
["tsx"] = {"Mubami"},<br />
["tsy"] = {"Tebul Sign Language"},<br />
["tsz"] = {"Purepecha"},<br />
["tta"] = {"Tutelo"},<br />
["ttb"] = {"Gaa"},<br />
["ttc"] = {"Tektiteko"},<br />
["ttd"] = {"Tauade"},<br />
["tte"] = {"Bwanabwana"},<br />
["ttf"] = {"Tuotomb"},<br />
["ttg"] = {"Tutong"},<br />
["tth"] = {"Upper Ta'oih"},<br />
["tti"] = {"Tobati"},<br />
["ttj"] = {"Tooro"},<br />
["ttk"] = {"Totoro"},<br />
["ttl"] = {"Totela"},<br />
["ttm"] = {"Northern Tutchone"},<br />
["ttn"] = {"Towei"},<br />
["tto"] = {"Lower Ta'oih"},<br />
["ttp"] = {"Tombelala"},<br />
["ttq"] = {"Tawallammat Tamajaq"},<br />
["ttr"] = {"Tera"},<br />
["tts"] = {"Northeastern Thai"},<br />
["ttt"] = {"Muslim Tat"},<br />
["ttu"] = {"Torau"},<br />
["ttv"] = {"Titan"},<br />
["ttw"] = {"Long Wat"},<br />
["tty"] = {"Sikaritai"},<br />
["ttz"] = {"Tsum"},<br />
["tua"] = {"Wiarumus"},<br />
["tub"] = {"Tübatulabal"},<br />
["tuc"] = {"Mutu"},<br />
["tud"] = {"Tuxá"},<br />
["tue"] = {"Tuyuca"},<br />
["tuf"] = {"Central Tunebo"},<br />
["tug"] = {"Tunia"},<br />
["tuh"] = {"Taulil"},<br />
["tui"] = {"Tupuri"},<br />
["tuj"] = {"Tugutil"},<br />
["tul"] = {"Tula"},<br />
["tum"] = {"Tumbuka"},<br />
["tun"] = {"Tunica"},<br />
["tuo"] = {"Tucano"},<br />
["tup"] = {"Tupi languages"},<br />
["tuq"] = {"Tedaga"},<br />
["tus"] = {"Tuscarora"},<br />
["tut"] = {"Altaic languages"},<br />
["tuu"] = {"Tututni"},<br />
["tuv"] = {"Turkana"},<br />
["tuw"] = {"Tungus languages"},<br />
["tux"] = {"Tuxináwa"},<br />
["tuy"] = {"Tugen"},<br />
["tuz"] = {"Turka"},<br />
["tva"] = {"Vaghua"},<br />
["tvd"] = {"Tsuvadi"},<br />
["tve"] = {"Te'un"},<br />
["tvk"] = {"Southeast Ambrym"},<br />
["tvl"] = {"Tuvalu"},<br />
["tvm"] = {"Tela-Masbuar"},<br />
["tvn"] = {"Tavoyan"},<br />
["tvo"] = {"Tidore"},<br />
["tvs"] = {"Taveta"},<br />
["tvt"] = {"Tutsa Naga"},<br />
["tvu"] = {"Tunen"},<br />
["tvw"] = {"Sedoa"},<br />
["tvx"] = {"Taivoan"},<br />
["tvy"] = {"Timor Pidgin"},<br />
["twa"] = {"Twana"},<br />
["twb"] = {"Western Tawbuid"},<br />
["twc"] = {"Teshenawa"},<br />
["twd"] = {"Twents"},<br />
["twe"] = {"Tewa (Indonesia)"},<br />
["twf"] = {"Northern Tiwa"},<br />
["twg"] = {"Tereweng"},<br />
["twh"] = {"Tai Dón"},<br />
["twl"] = {"Tawara"},<br />
["twm"] = {"Tawang Monpa"},<br />
["twn"] = {"Twendi"},<br />
["two"] = {"Tswapong"},<br />
["twp"] = {"Ere"},<br />
["twq"] = {"Tasawaq"},<br />
["twr"] = {"Southwestern Tarahumara"},<br />
["twt"] = {"Turiwára"},<br />
["twu"] = {"Termanu"},<br />
["tww"] = {"Tuwari"},<br />
["twx"] = {"Tewe"},<br />
["twy"] = {"Tawoyan"},<br />
["txa"] = {"Tombonuo"},<br />
["txb"] = {"Tokharian B"},<br />
["txc"] = {"Tsetsaut"},<br />
["txe"] = {"Totoli"},<br />
["txg"] = {"Tangut"},<br />
["txh"] = {"Thracian"},<br />
["txi"] = {"Ikpeng"},<br />
["txj"] = {"Tarjumo"},<br />
["txm"] = {"Tomini"},<br />
["txn"] = {"West Tarangan"},<br />
["txo"] = {"Toto"},<br />
["txq"] = {"Tii"},<br />
["txr"] = {"Tartessian"},<br />
["txs"] = {"Tonsea"},<br />
["txt"] = {"Citak"},<br />
["txu"] = {"Kayapó"},<br />
["txx"] = {"Tatana"},<br />
["txy"] = {"Tanosy Malagasy"},<br />
["tya"] = {"Tauya"},<br />
["tye"] = {"Kyanga"},<br />
["tyh"] = {"O'du"},<br />
["tyi"] = {"Teke-Tsaayi"},<br />
["tyj"] = {"Tai Do", "Tai Yo"},<br />
["tyl"] = {"Thu Lao"},<br />
["tyn"] = {"Kombai"},<br />
["typ"] = {"Thaypan"},<br />
["tyr"] = {"Tai Daeng"},<br />
["tys"] = {"Tày Sa Pa"},<br />
["tyt"] = {"Tày Tac"},<br />
["tyu"] = {"Kua"},<br />
["tyv"] = {"Tuvinian"},<br />
["tyx"] = {"Teke-Tyee"},<br />
["tyz"] = {"Tày"},<br />
["tza"] = {"Tanzanian Sign Language"},<br />
["tzh"] = {"Tzeltal"},<br />
["tzj"] = {"Tz'utujil"},<br />
["tzl"] = {"Talossan"},<br />
["tzm"] = {"Central Atlas Tamazight"},<br />
["tzn"] = {"Tugun"},<br />
["tzo"] = {"Tzotzil"},<br />
["tzx"] = {"Tabriak"},<br />
["uam"] = {"Uamué"},<br />
["uan"] = {"Kuan"},<br />
["uar"] = {"Tairuma"},<br />
["uba"] = {"Ubang"},<br />
["ubi"] = {"Ubi"},<br />
["ubl"] = {"Buhi'non Bikol"},<br />
["ubr"] = {"Ubir"},<br />
["ubu"] = {"Umbu-Ungu"},<br />
["uby"] = {"Ubykh"},<br />
["uda"] = {"Uda"},<br />
["ude"] = {"Udihe"},<br />
["udg"] = {"Muduga"},<br />
["udi"] = {"Udi"},<br />
["udj"] = {"Ujir"},<br />
["udl"] = {"Wuzlam"},<br />
["udm"] = {"Udmurt"},<br />
["udu"] = {"Uduk"},<br />
["ues"] = {"Kioko"},<br />
["ufi"] = {"Ufim"},<br />
["uga"] = {"Ugaritic"},<br />
["ugb"] = {"Kuku-Ugbanh"},<br />
["uge"] = {"Ughele"},<br />
["ugn"] = {"Ugandan Sign Language"},<br />
["ugo"] = {"Ugong"},<br />
["ugy"] = {"Uruguayan Sign Language"},<br />
["uha"] = {"Uhami"},<br />
["uhn"] = {"Damal"},<br />
["uis"] = {"Uisai"},<br />
["uiv"] = {"Iyive"},<br />
["uji"] = {"Tanjijili"},<br />
["uka"] = {"Kaburi"},<br />
["ukg"] = {"Ukuriguma"},<br />
["ukh"] = {"Ukhwejo"},<br />
["ukk"] = {"Muak Sa-aak"},<br />
["ukl"] = {"Ukrainian Sign Language"},<br />
["ukp"] = {"Ukpe-Bayobiri"},<br />
["ukq"] = {"Ukwa"},<br />
["uks"] = {"Urubú-Kaapor Sign Language", "Kaapor Sign Language"},<br />
["uku"] = {"Ukue"},<br />
["ukw"] = {"Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni"},<br />
["uky"] = {"Kuuk-Yak"},<br />
["ula"] = {"Fungwa"},<br />
["ulb"] = {"Ulukwumi"},<br />
["ulc"] = {"Ulch"},<br />
["ule"] = {"Lule"},<br />
["ulf"] = {"Usku", "Afra"},<br />
["uli"] = {"Ulithian"},<br />
["ulk"] = {"Meriam Mir"},<br />
["ull"] = {"Ullatan"},<br />
["ulm"] = {"Ulumanda'"},<br />
["uln"] = {"Unserdeutsch"},<br />
["ulu"] = {"Uma' Lung"},<br />
["ulw"] = {"Ulwa"},<br />
["uma"] = {"Umatilla"},<br />
["umb"] = {"Umbundu"},<br />
["umc"] = {"Marrucinian"},<br />
["umd"] = {"Umbindhamu"},<br />
["umg"] = {"Morrobalama", "Umbuygamu"},<br />
["umi"] = {"Ukit"},<br />
["umm"] = {"Umon"},<br />
["umn"] = {"Makyan Naga"},<br />
["umo"] = {"Umotína"},<br />
["ump"] = {"Umpila"},<br />
["umr"] = {"Umbugarla"},<br />
["ums"] = {"Pendau"},<br />
["umu"] = {"Munsee"},<br />
["una"] = {"North Watut"},<br />
["und"] = {"Undetermined"},<br />
["une"] = {"Uneme"},<br />
["ung"] = {"Ngarinyin"},<br />
["unk"] = {"Enawené-Nawé"},<br />
["unm"] = {"Unami"},<br />
["unn"] = {"Kurnai"},<br />
["unr"] = {"Mundari"},<br />
["unu"] = {"Unubahe"},<br />
["unx"] = {"Munda"},<br />
["unz"] = {"Unde Kaili"},<br />
["upi"] = {"Umeda"},<br />
["upv"] = {"Uripiv-Wala-Rano-Atchin"},<br />
["ura"] = {"Urarina"},<br />
["urb"] = {"Urubú-Kaapor", "Kaapor"},<br />
["urc"] = {"Urningangg"},<br />
["ure"] = {"Uru"},<br />
["urf"] = {"Uradhi"},<br />
["urg"] = {"Urigina"},<br />
["urh"] = {"Urhobo"},<br />
["uri"] = {"Urim"},<br />
["urj"] = {"Uralic languages"},<br />
["urk"] = {"Urak Lawoi'"},<br />
["url"] = {"Urali"},<br />
["urm"] = {"Urapmin"},<br />
["urn"] = {"Uruangnirin"},<br />
["uro"] = {"Ura (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["urp"] = {"Uru-Pa-In"},<br />
["urr"] = {"Lehalurup", "Löyöp"},<br />
["urt"] = {"Urat"},<br />
["uru"] = {"Urumi"},<br />
["urv"] = {"Uruava"},<br />
["urw"] = {"Sop"},<br />
["urx"] = {"Urimo"},<br />
["ury"] = {"Orya"},<br />
["urz"] = {"Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau"},<br />
["usa"] = {"Usarufa"},<br />
["ush"] = {"Ushojo"},<br />
["usi"] = {"Usui"},<br />
["usk"] = {"Usaghade"},<br />
["usp"] = {"Uspanteco"},<br />
["uss"] = {"us-Saare"},<br />
["usu"] = {"Uya"},<br />
["uta"] = {"Otank"},<br />
["ute"] = {"Ute-Southern Paiute"},<br />
["uth"] = {"ut-Hun"},<br />
["utp"] = {"Amba (Solomon Islands)"},<br />
["utr"] = {"Etulo"},<br />
["utu"] = {"Utu"},<br />
["uum"] = {"Urum"},<br />
["uun"] = {"Kulon-Pazeh"},<br />
["uur"] = {"Ura (Vanuatu)"},<br />
["uuu"] = {"U"},<br />
["uve"] = {"West Uvean", "Fagauvea"},<br />
["uvh"] = {"Uri"},<br />
["uvl"] = {"Lote"},<br />
["uwa"] = {"Kuku-Uwanh"},<br />
["uya"] = {"Doko-Uyanga"},<br />
["uzn"] = {"Northern Uzbek"},<br />
["uzs"] = {"Southern Uzbek"},<br />
["vaa"] = {"Vaagri Booli"},<br />
["vae"] = {"Vale"},<br />
["vaf"] = {"Vafsi"},<br />
["vag"] = {"Vagla"},<br />
["vah"] = {"Varhadi-Nagpuri"},<br />
["vai"] = {"Vai"},<br />
["vaj"] = {"Sekele", "Northwestern ǃKung", "Vasekele"},<br />
["val"] = {"Vehes"},<br />
["vam"] = {"Vanimo"},<br />
["van"] = {"Valman"},<br />
["vao"] = {"Vao"},<br />
["vap"] = {"Vaiphei"},<br />
["var"] = {"Huarijio"},<br />
["vas"] = {"Vasavi"},<br />
["vau"] = {"Vanuma"},<br />
["vav"] = {"Varli"},<br />
["vay"] = {"Wayu"},<br />
["vbb"] = {"Southeast Babar"},<br />
["vbk"] = {"Southwestern Bontok"},<br />
["vec"] = {"Venetian"},<br />
["ved"] = {"Veddah"},<br />
["vel"] = {"Veluws"},<br />
["vem"] = {"Vemgo-Mabas"},<br />
["veo"] = {"Ventureño"},<br />
["vep"] = {"Veps"},<br />
["ver"] = {"Mom Jango"},<br />
["vgr"] = {"Vaghri"},<br />
["vgt"] = {"Vlaamse Gebarentaal", "Flemish Sign Language"},<br />
["vic"] = {"Virgin Islands Creole English"},<br />
["vid"] = {"Vidunda"},<br />
["vif"] = {"Vili"},<br />
["vig"] = {"Viemo"},<br />
["vil"] = {"Vilela"},<br />
["vin"] = {"Vinza"},<br />
["vis"] = {"Vishavan"},<br />
["vit"] = {"Viti"},<br />
["viv"] = {"Iduna"},<br />
["vka"] = {"Kariyarra"},<br />
["vki"] = {"Ija-Zuba"},<br />
["vkj"] = {"Kujarge"},<br />
["vkk"] = {"Kaur"},<br />
["vkl"] = {"Kulisusu"},<br />
["vkm"] = {"Kamakan"},<br />
["vko"] = {"Kodeoha"},<br />
["vkp"] = {"Korlai Creole Portuguese"},<br />
["vkt"] = {"Tenggarong Kutai Malay"},<br />
["vku"] = {"Kurrama"},<br />
["vlp"] = {"Valpei"},<br />
["vls"] = {"Vlaams"},<br />
["vma"] = {"Martuyhunira"},<br />
["vmb"] = {"Barbaram"},<br />
["vmc"] = {"Juxtlahuaca Mixtec"},<br />
["vmd"] = {"Mudu Koraga"},<br />
["vme"] = {"East Masela"},<br />
["vmf"] = {"Mainfränkisch"},<br />
["vmg"] = {"Lungalunga"},<br />
["vmh"] = {"Maraghei"},<br />
["vmi"] = {"Miwa"},<br />
["vmj"] = {"Ixtayutla Mixtec"},<br />
["vmk"] = {"Makhuwa-Shirima"},<br />
["vml"] = {"Malgana"},<br />
["vmm"] = {"Mitlatongo Mixtec"},<br />
["vmp"] = {"Soyaltepec Mazatec"},<br />
["vmq"] = {"Soyaltepec Mixtec"},<br />
["vmr"] = {"Marenje"},<br />
["vms"] = {"Moksela"},<br />
["vmu"] = {"Muluridyi"},<br />
["vmv"] = {"Valley Maidu"},<br />
["vmw"] = {"Makhuwa"},<br />
["vmx"] = {"Tamazola Mixtec"},<br />
["vmy"] = {"Ayautla Mazatec"},<br />
["vmz"] = {"Mazatlán Mazatec"},<br />
["vnk"] = {"Vano", "Lovono"},<br />
["vnm"] = {"Vinmavis", "Neve'ei"},<br />
["vnp"] = {"Vunapu"},<br />
["vor"] = {"Voro"},<br />
["vot"] = {"Votic"},<br />
["vra"] = {"Vera'a"},<br />
["vro"] = {"Võro"},<br />
["vrs"] = {"Varisi"},<br />
["vrt"] = {"Burmbar", "Banam Bay"},<br />
["vsi"] = {"Moldova Sign Language"},<br />
["vsl"] = {"Venezuelan Sign Language"},<br />
["vsv"] = {"Valencian Sign Language", "Llengua de signes valenciana"},<br />
["vto"] = {"Vitou"},<br />
["vum"] = {"Vumbu"},<br />
["vun"] = {"Vunjo"},<br />
["vut"] = {"Vute"},<br />
["vwa"] = {"Awa (China)"},<br />
["waa"] = {"Walla Walla"},<br />
["wab"] = {"Wab"},<br />
["wac"] = {"Wasco-Wishram"},<br />
["wad"] = {"Wandamen"},<br />
["wae"] = {"Walser"},<br />
["waf"] = {"Wakoná"},<br />
["wag"] = {"Wa'ema"},<br />
["wah"] = {"Watubela"},<br />
["wai"] = {"Wares"},<br />
["waj"] = {"Waffa"},<br />
["wak"] = {"Wakashan languages"},<br />
["wal"] = {"Wolaytta", "Wolaitta"},<br />
["wam"] = {"Wampanoag"},<br />
["wan"] = {"Wan"},<br />
["wao"] = {"Wappo"},<br />
["wap"] = {"Wapishana"},<br />
["waq"] = {"Wagiman"},<br />
["war"] = {"Waray (Philippines)"},<br />
["was"] = {"Washo"},<br />
["wat"] = {"Kaninuwa"},<br />
["wau"] = {"Waurá"},<br />
["wav"] = {"Waka"},<br />
["waw"] = {"Waiwai"},<br />
["wax"] = {"Watam", "Marangis"},<br />
["way"] = {"Wayana"},<br />
["waz"] = {"Wampur"},<br />
["wba"] = {"Warao"},<br />
["wbb"] = {"Wabo"},<br />
["wbe"] = {"Waritai"},<br />
["wbf"] = {"Wara"},<br />
["wbh"] = {"Wanda"},<br />
["wbi"] = {"Vwanji"},<br />
["wbj"] = {"Alagwa"},<br />
["wbk"] = {"Waigali"},<br />
["wbl"] = {"Wakhi"},<br />
["wbm"] = {"Wa"},<br />
["wbp"] = {"Warlpiri"},<br />
["wbq"] = {"Waddar"},<br />
["wbr"] = {"Wagdi"},<br />
["wbs"] = {"West Bengal Sign Language"},<br />
["wbt"] = {"Warnman"},<br />
["wbv"] = {"Wajarri"},<br />
["wbw"] = {"Woi"},<br />
["wca"] = {"Yanomámi"},<br />
["wci"] = {"Waci Gbe"},<br />
["wdd"] = {"Wandji"},<br />
["wdg"] = {"Wadaginam"},<br />
["wdj"] = {"Wadjiginy"},<br />
["wdk"] = {"Wadikali"},<br />
["wdu"] = {"Wadjigu"},<br />
["wdy"] = {"Wadjabangayi"},<br />
["wea"] = {"Wewaw"},<br />
["wec"] = {"Wè Western"},<br />
["wed"] = {"Wedau"},<br />
["weg"] = {"Wergaia"},<br />
["weh"] = {"Weh"},<br />
["wei"] = {"Kiunum"},<br />
["wem"] = {"Weme Gbe"},<br />
["wen"] = {"Sorbian languages"},<br />
["weo"] = {"Wemale"},<br />
["wep"] = {"Westphalien"},<br />
["wer"] = {"Weri"},<br />
["wes"] = {"Cameroon Pidgin"},<br />
["wet"] = {"Perai"},<br />
["weu"] = {"Rawngtu Chin"},<br />
["wew"] = {"Wejewa"},<br />
["wfg"] = {"Yafi", "Zorop"},<br />
["wga"] = {"Wagaya"},<br />
["wgb"] = {"Wagawaga"},<br />
["wgg"] = {"Wangkangurru", "Wangganguru"},<br />
["wgi"] = {"Wahgi"},<br />
["wgo"] = {"Waigeo"},<br />
["wgu"] = {"Wirangu"},<br />
["wgy"] = {"Warrgamay"},<br />
["wha"] = {"Sou Upaa", "Manusela"},<br />
["whg"] = {"North Wahgi"},<br />
["whk"] = {"Wahau Kenyah"},<br />
["whu"] = {"Wahau Kayan"},<br />
["wib"] = {"Southern Toussian"},<br />
["wic"] = {"Wichita"},<br />
["wie"] = {"Wik-Epa"},<br />
["wif"] = {"Wik-Keyangan"},<br />
["wig"] = {"Wik Ngathan"},<br />
["wih"] = {"Wik-Me'anha"},<br />
["wii"] = {"Minidien"},<br />
["wij"] = {"Wik-Iiyanh"},<br />
["wik"] = {"Wikalkan"},<br />
["wil"] = {"Wilawila"},<br />
["wim"] = {"Wik-Mungkan"},<br />
["win"] = {"Ho-Chunk"},<br />
["wir"] = {"Wiraféd"},<br />
["wiu"] = {"Wiru"},<br />
["wiv"] = {"Vitu"},<br />
["wiy"] = {"Wiyot"},<br />
["wja"] = {"Waja"},<br />
["wji"] = {"Warji"},<br />
["wka"] = {"Kw'adza"},<br />
["wkb"] = {"Kumbaran"},<br />
["wkd"] = {"Wakde", "Mo"},<br />
["wkl"] = {"Kalanadi"},<br />
["wkr"] = {"Keerray-Woorroong"},<br />
["wku"] = {"Kunduvadi"},<br />
["wkw"] = {"Wakawaka"},<br />
["wky"] = {"Wangkayutyuru"},<br />
["wla"] = {"Walio"},<br />
["wlc"] = {"Mwali Comorian"},<br />
["wle"] = {"Wolane"},<br />
["wlg"] = {"Kunbarlang"},<br />
["wli"] = {"Waioli"},<br />
["wlk"] = {"Wailaki"},<br />
["wll"] = {"Wali (Sudan)"},<br />
["wlm"] = {"Middle Welsh"},<br />
["wlo"] = {"Wolio"},<br />
["wlr"] = {"Wailapa"},<br />
["wls"] = {"Wallisian"},<br />
["wlu"] = {"Wuliwuli"},<br />
["wlv"] = {"Wichí Lhamtés Vejoz"},<br />
["wlw"] = {"Walak"},<br />
["wlx"] = {"Wali (Ghana)"},<br />
["wly"] = {"Waling"},<br />
["wma"] = {"Mawa (Nigeria)"},<br />
["wmb"] = {"Wambaya"},<br />
["wmc"] = {"Wamas"},<br />
["wmd"] = {"Mamaindé"},<br />
["wme"] = {"Wambule"},<br />
["wmh"] = {"Waima'a"},<br />
["wmi"] = {"Wamin"},<br />
["wmm"] = {"Maiwa (Indonesia)"},<br />
["wmn"] = {"Waamwang"},<br />
["wmo"] = {"Wom (Papua New Guinea)"},<br />
["wms"] = {"Wambon"},<br />
["wmt"] = {"Walmajarri"},<br />
["wmw"] = {"Mwani"},<br />
["wmx"] = {"Womo"},<br />
["wnb"] = {"Wanambre"},<br />
["wnc"] = {"Wantoat"},<br />
["wnd"] = {"Wandarang"},<br />
["wne"] = {"Waneci"},<br />
["wng"] = {"Wanggom"},<br />
["wni"] = {"Ndzwani Comorian"},<br />
["wnk"] = {"Wanukaka"},<br />
["wnm"] = {"Wanggamala"},<br />
["wnn"] = {"Wunumara"},<br />
["wno"] = {"Wano"},<br />
["wnp"] = {"Wanap"},<br />
["wnu"] = {"Usan"},<br />
["wnw"] = {"Wintu"},<br />
["wny"] = {"Wanyi", "Waanyi"},<br />
["woa"] = {"Kuwema", "Tyaraity"},<br />
["wob"] = {"Wè Northern"},<br />
["woc"] = {"Wogeo"},<br />
["wod"] = {"Wolani"},<br />
["woe"] = {"Woleaian"},<br />
["wof"] = {"Gambian Wolof"},<br />
["wog"] = {"Wogamusin"},<br />
["woi"] = {"Kamang"},<br />
["wok"] = {"Longto"},<br />
["wom"] = {"Wom (Nigeria)"},<br />
["won"] = {"Wongo"},<br />
["woo"] = {"Manombai"},<br />
["wor"] = {"Woria"},<br />
["wos"] = {"Hanga Hundi"},<br />
["wow"] = {"Wawonii"},<br />
["woy"] = {"Weyto"},<br />
["wpc"] = {"Maco"},<br />
["wra"] = {"Warapu"},<br />
["wrb"] = {"Waluwarra", "Warluwara"},<br />
["wrd"] = {"Warduji"},<br />
["wrg"] = {"Warungu", "Gudjal"},<br />
["wrh"] = {"Wiradjuri"},<br />
["wri"] = {"Wariyangga"},<br />
["wrk"] = {"Garrwa"},<br />
["wrl"] = {"Warlmanpa"},<br />
["wrm"] = {"Warumungu"},<br />
["wrn"] = {"Warnang"},<br />
["wro"] = {"Worrorra"},<br />
["wrp"] = {"Waropen"},<br />
["wrr"] = {"Wardaman"},<br />
["wrs"] = {"Waris"},<br />
["wru"] = {"Waru"},<br />
["wrv"] = {"Waruna"},<br />
["wrw"] = {"Gugu Warra"},<br />
["wrx"] = {"Wae Rana"},<br />
["wry"] = {"Merwari"},<br />
["wrz"] = {"Waray (Australia)"},<br />
["wsa"] = {"Warembori"},<br />
["wsg"] = {"Adilabad Gondi"},<br />
["wsi"] = {"Wusi"},<br />
["wsk"] = {"Waskia"},<br />
["wsr"] = {"Owenia"},<br />
["wss"] = {"Wasa"},<br />
["wsu"] = {"Wasu"},<br />
["wsv"] = {"Wotapuri-Katarqalai"},<br />
["wtf"] = {"Watiwa"},<br />
["wth"] = {"Wathawurrung"},<br />
["wti"] = {"Berta"},<br />
["wtk"] = {"Watakataui"},<br />
["wtm"] = {"Mewati"},<br />
["wtw"] = {"Wotu"},<br />
["wua"] = {"Wikngenchera"},<br />
["wub"] = {"Wunambal"},<br />
["wud"] = {"Wudu"},<br />
["wuh"] = {"Wutunhua"},<br />
["wul"] = {"Silimo"},<br />
["wum"] = {"Wumbvu"},<br />
["wun"] = {"Bungu"},<br />
["wur"] = {"Wurrugu"},<br />
["wut"] = {"Wutung"},<br />
["wuu"] = {"Wu Chinese"},<br />
["wuv"] = {"Wuvulu-Aua"},<br />
["wux"] = {"Wulna"},<br />
["wuy"] = {"Wauyai"},<br />
["wwa"] = {"Waama"},<br />
["wwb"] = {"Wakabunga"},<br />
["wwo"] = {"Wetamut", "Dorig"},<br />
["wwr"] = {"Warrwa"},<br />
["www"] = {"Wawa"},<br />
["wxa"] = {"Waxianghua"},<br />
["wxw"] = {"Wardandi"},<br />
["wya"] = {"Wyandot"},<br />
["wyb"] = {"Wangaaybuwan-Ngiyambaa"},<br />
["wyi"] = {"Woiwurrung"},<br />
["wym"] = {"Wymysorys"},<br />
["wyr"] = {"Wayoró"},<br />
["wyy"] = {"Western Fijian"},<br />
["xaa"] = {"Andalusian Arabic"},<br />
["xab"] = {"Sambe"},<br />
["xac"] = {"Kachari"},<br />
["xad"] = {"Adai"},<br />
["xae"] = {"Aequian"},<br />
["xag"] = {"Aghwan"},<br />
["xai"] = {"Kaimbé"},<br />
["xaj"] = {"Ararandewára"},<br />
["xak"] = {"Máku"},<br />
["xal"] = {"Kalmyk", "Oirat"},<br />
["xam"] = {"ǀXam"},<br />
["xan"] = {"Xamtanga"},<br />
["xao"] = {"Khao"},<br />
["xap"] = {"Apalachee"},<br />
["xaq"] = {"Aquitanian"},<br />
["xar"] = {"Karami"},<br />
["xas"] = {"Kamas"},<br />
["xat"] = {"Katawixi"},<br />
["xau"] = {"Kauwera"},<br />
["xav"] = {"Xavánte"},<br />
["xaw"] = {"Kawaiisu"},<br />
["xay"] = {"Kayan Mahakam"},<br />
["xbb"] = {"Lower Burdekin"},<br />
["xbc"] = {"Bactrian"},<br />
["xbd"] = {"Bindal"},<br />
["xbe"] = {"Bigambal"},<br />
["xbg"] = {"Bunganditj"},<br />
["xbi"] = {"Kombio"},<br />
["xbj"] = {"Birrpayi"},<br />
["xbm"] = {"Middle Breton"},<br />
["xbn"] = {"Kenaboi"},<br />
["xbo"] = {"Bolgarian"},<br />
["xbp"] = {"Bibbulman"},<br />
["xbr"] = {"Kambera"},<br />
["xbw"] = {"Kambiwá"},<br />
["xby"] = {"Batjala", "Batyala"},<br />
["xcb"] = {"Cumbric"},<br />
["xcc"] = {"Camunic"},<br />
["xce"] = {"Celtiberian"},<br />
["xcg"] = {"Cisalpine Gaulish"},<br />
["xch"] = {"Chemakum", "Chimakum"},<br />
["xcl"] = {"Classical Armenian"},<br />
["xcm"] = {"Comecrudo"},<br />
["xcn"] = {"Cotoname"},<br />
["xco"] = {"Chorasmian"},<br />
["xcr"] = {"Carian"},<br />
["xct"] = {"Classical Tibetan"},<br />
["xcu"] = {"Curonian"},<br />
["xcv"] = {"Chuvantsy"},<br />
["xcw"] = {"Coahuilteco"},<br />
["xcy"] = {"Cayuse"},<br />
["xda"] = {"Darkinyung"},<br />
["xdc"] = {"Dacian"},<br />
["xdk"] = {"Dharuk"},<br />
["xdm"] = {"Edomite"},<br />
["xdo"] = {"Kwandu"},<br />
["xdy"] = {"Malayic Dayak"},<br />
["xeb"] = {"Eblan"},<br />
["xed"] = {"Hdi"},<br />
["xeg"] = {"ǁXegwi"},<br />
["xel"] = {"Kelo"},<br />
["xem"] = {"Kembayan"},<br />
["xep"] = {"Epi-Olmec"},<br />
["xer"] = {"Xerénte"},<br />
["xes"] = {"Kesawai"},<br />
["xet"] = {"Xetá"},<br />
["xeu"] = {"Keoru-Ahia"},<br />
["xfa"] = {"Faliscan"},<br />
["xga"] = {"Galatian"},<br />
["xgb"] = {"Gbin"},<br />
["xgd"] = {"Gudang"},<br />
["xgf"] = {"Gabrielino-Fernandeño"},<br />
["xgg"] = {"Goreng"},<br />
["xgi"] = {"Garingbal"},<br />
["xgl"] = {"Galindan"},<br />
["xgm"] = {"Dharumbal", "Guwinmal"},<br />
["xgn"] = {"Mongolian languages"},<br />
["xgr"] = {"Garza"},<br />
["xgu"] = {"Unggumi"},<br />
["xgw"] = {"Guwa"},<br />
["xha"] = {"Harami"},<br />
["xhc"] = {"Hunnic"},<br />
["xhd"] = {"Hadrami"},<br />
["xhe"] = {"Khetrani"},<br />
["xhr"] = {"Hernican"},<br />
["xht"] = {"Hattic"},<br />
["xhu"] = {"Hurrian"},<br />
["xhv"] = {"Khua"},<br />
["xib"] = {"Iberian"},<br />
["xii"] = {"Xiri"},<br />
["xil"] = {"Illyrian"},<br />
["xin"] = {"Xinca"},<br />
["xir"] = {"Xiriâna"},<br />
["xis"] = {"Kisan"},<br />
["xiv"] = {"Indus Valley Language"},<br />
["xiy"] = {"Xipaya"},<br />
["xjb"] = {"Minjungbal"},<br />
["xjt"] = {"Jaitmatang"},<br />
["xka"] = {"Kalkoti"},<br />
["xkb"] = {"Northern Nago"},<br />
["xkc"] = {"Kho'ini"},<br />
["xkd"] = {"Mendalam Kayan"},<br />
["xke"] = {"Kereho"},<br />
["xkf"] = {"Khengkha"},<br />
["xkg"] = {"Kagoro"},<br />
["xki"] = {"Kenyan Sign Language"},<br />
["xkj"] = {"Kajali"},<br />
["xkk"] = {"Kaco'"},<br />
["xkl"] = {"Mainstream Kenyah"},<br />
["xkn"] = {"Kayan River Kayan"},<br />
["xko"] = {"Kiorr"},<br />
["xkp"] = {"Kabatei"},<br />
["xkq"] = {"Koroni"},<br />
["xkr"] = {"Xakriabá"},<br />
["xks"] = {"Kumbewaha"},<br />
["xkt"] = {"Kantosi"},<br />
["xku"] = {"Kaamba"},<br />
["xkv"] = {"Kgalagadi"},<br />
["xkw"] = {"Kembra"},<br />
["xkx"] = {"Karore"},<br />
["xky"] = {"Uma' Lasan"},<br />
["xkz"] = {"Kurtokha"},<br />
["xla"] = {"Kamula"},<br />
["xlb"] = {"Loup B"},<br />
["xlc"] = {"Lycian"},<br />
["xld"] = {"Lydian"},<br />
["xle"] = {"Lemnian"},<br />
["xlg"] = {"Ligurian (Ancient)"},<br />
["xli"] = {"Liburnian"},<br />
["xln"] = {"Alanic"},<br />
["xlo"] = {"Loup A"},<br />
["xlp"] = {"Lepontic"},<br />
["xls"] = {"Lusitanian"},<br />
["xlu"] = {"Cuneiform Luwian"},<br />
["xly"] = {"Elymian"},<br />
["xma"] = {"Mushungulu"},<br />
["xmb"] = {"Mbonga"},<br />
["xmc"] = {"Makhuwa-Marrevone"},<br />
["xmd"] = {"Mbudum"},<br />
["xme"] = {"Median"},<br />
["xmf"] = {"Mingrelian"},<br />
["xmg"] = {"Mengaka"},<br />
["xmh"] = {"Kugu-Muminh"},<br />
["xmj"] = {"Majera"},<br />
["xmk"] = {"Ancient Macedonian"},<br />
["xml"] = {"Malaysian Sign Language"},<br />
["xmm"] = {"Manado Malay"},<br />
["xmn"] = {"Manichaean Middle Persian"},<br />
["xmo"] = {"Morerebi"},<br />
["xmp"] = {"Kuku-Mu'inh"},<br />
["xmq"] = {"Kuku-Mangk"},<br />
["xmr"] = {"Meroitic"},<br />
["xms"] = {"Moroccan Sign Language"},<br />
["xmt"] = {"Matbat"},<br />
["xmu"] = {"Kamu"},<br />
["xmv"] = {"Antankarana Malagasy", "Tankarana Malagasy"},<br />
["xmw"] = {"Tsimihety Malagasy"},<br />
["xmx"] = {"Maden"},<br />
["xmy"] = {"Mayaguduna"},<br />
["xmz"] = {"Mori Bawah"},<br />
["xna"] = {"Ancient North Arabian"},<br />
["xnb"] = {"Kanakanabu"},<br />
["xnd"] = {"Na-Dene languages"},<br />
["xng"] = {"Middle Mongolian"},<br />
["xnh"] = {"Kuanhua"},<br />
["xni"] = {"Ngarigu"},<br />
["xnk"] = {"Nganakarti"},<br />
["xnn"] = {"Northern Kankanay"},<br />
["xno"] = {"Anglo-Norman"},<br />
["xnr"] = {"Kangri"},<br />
["xns"] = {"Kanashi"},<br />
["xnt"] = {"Narragansett"},<br />
["xnu"] = {"Nukunul"},<br />
["xny"] = {"Nyiyaparli"},<br />
["xnz"] = {"Kenzi", "Mattoki"},<br />
["xoc"] = {"O'chi'chi'"},<br />
["xod"] = {"Kokoda"},<br />
["xog"] = {"Soga"},<br />
["xoi"] = {"Kominimung"},<br />
["xok"] = {"Xokleng"},<br />
["xom"] = {"Komo (Sudan)"},<br />
["xon"] = {"Konkomba"},<br />
["xoo"] = {"Xukurú"},<br />
["xop"] = {"Kopar"},<br />
["xor"] = {"Korubo"},<br />
["xow"] = {"Kowaki"},<br />
["xpa"] = {"Pirriya"},<br />
["xpc"] = {"Pecheneg"},<br />
["xpe"] = {"Liberia Kpelle"},<br />
["xpg"] = {"Phrygian"},<br />
["xpi"] = {"Pictish"},<br />
["xpj"] = {"Mpalitjanh"},<br />
["xpk"] = {"Kulina Pano"},<br />
["xpm"] = {"Pumpokol"},<br />
["xpn"] = {"Kapinawá"},<br />
["xpo"] = {"Pochutec"},<br />
["xpp"] = {"Puyo-Paekche"},<br />
["xpq"] = {"Mohegan-Pequot"},<br />
["xpr"] = {"Parthian"},<br />
["xps"] = {"Pisidian"},<br />
["xpt"] = {"Punthamara"},<br />
["xpu"] = {"Punic"},<br />
["xpy"] = {"Puyo"},<br />
["xqa"] = {"Karakhanid"},<br />
["xqt"] = {"Qatabanian"},<br />
["xra"] = {"Krahô"},<br />
["xrb"] = {"Eastern Karaboro"},<br />
["xrd"] = {"Gundungurra"},<br />
["xre"] = {"Kreye"},<br />
["xrg"] = {"Minang"},<br />
["xri"] = {"Krikati-Timbira"},<br />
["xrm"] = {"Armazic"},<br />
["xrn"] = {"Arin"},<br />
["xrq"] = {"Karranga"},<br />
["xrr"] = {"Raetic"},<br />
["xrt"] = {"Aranama-Tamique"},<br />
["xru"] = {"Marriammu"},<br />
["xrw"] = {"Karawa"},<br />
["xsa"] = {"Sabaean"},<br />
["xsb"] = {"Sambal"},<br />
["xsc"] = {"Scythian"},<br />
["xsd"] = {"Sidetic"},<br />
["xse"] = {"Sempan"},<br />
["xsh"] = {"Shamang"},<br />
["xsi"] = {"Sio"},<br />
["xsj"] = {"Subi"},<br />
["xsl"] = {"South Slavey"},<br />
["xsm"] = {"Kasem"},<br />
["xsn"] = {"Sanga (Nigeria)"},<br />
["xso"] = {"Solano"},<br />
["xsp"] = {"Silopi"},<br />
["xsq"] = {"Makhuwa-Saka"},<br />
["xsr"] = {"Sherpa"},<br />
["xss"] = {"Assan"},<br />
["xsu"] = {"Sanumá"},<br />
["xsv"] = {"Sudovian"},<br />
["xsy"] = {"Saisiyat"},<br />
["xta"] = {"Alcozauca Mixtec"},<br />
["xtb"] = {"Chazumba Mixtec"},<br />
["xtc"] = {"Katcha-Kadugli-Miri"},<br />
["xtd"] = {"Diuxi-Tilantongo Mixtec"},<br />
["xte"] = {"Ketengban"},<br />
["xtg"] = {"Transalpine Gaulish"},<br />
["xth"] = {"Yitha Yitha"},<br />
["xti"] = {"Sinicahua Mixtec"},<br />
["xtj"] = {"San Juan Teita Mixtec"},<br />
["xtl"] = {"Tijaltepec Mixtec"},<br />
["xtm"] = {"Magdalena Peñasco Mixtec"},<br />
["xtn"] = {"Northern Tlaxiaco Mixtec"},<br />
["xto"] = {"Tokharian A"},<br />
["xtp"] = {"San Miguel Piedras Mixtec"},<br />
["xtq"] = {"Tumshuqese"},<br />
["xtr"] = {"Early Tripuri"},<br />
["xts"] = {"Sindihui Mixtec"},<br />
["xtt"] = {"Tacahua Mixtec"},<br />
["xtu"] = {"Cuyamecalco Mixtec"},<br />
["xtv"] = {"Thawa"},<br />
["xtw"] = {"Tawandê"},<br />
["xty"] = {"Yoloxochitl Mixtec"},<br />
["xtz"] = {"Tasmanian"},<br />
["xua"] = {"Alu Kurumba"},<br />
["xub"] = {"Betta Kurumba"},<br />
["xud"] = {"Umiida"},<br />
["xug"] = {"Kunigami"},<br />
["xuj"] = {"Jennu Kurumba"},<br />
["xul"] = {"Ngunawal"},<br />
["xum"] = {"Umbrian"},<br />
["xun"] = {"Unggaranggu"},<br />
["xuo"] = {"Kuo"},<br />
["xup"] = {"Upper Umpqua"},<br />
["xur"] = {"Urartian"},<br />
["xut"] = {"Kuthant"},<br />
["xuu"] = {"Kxoe", "Khwedam"},<br />
["xve"] = {"Venetic"},<br />
["xvi"] = {"Kamviri"},<br />
["xvn"] = {"Vandalic"},<br />
["xvo"] = {"Volscian"},<br />
["xvs"] = {"Vestinian"},<br />
["xwa"] = {"Kwaza"},<br />
["xwc"] = {"Woccon"},<br />
["xwd"] = {"Wadi Wadi"},<br />
["xwe"] = {"Xwela Gbe"},<br />
["xwg"] = {"Kwegu"},<br />
["xwj"] = {"Wajuk"},<br />
["xwk"] = {"Wangkumara"},<br />
["xwl"] = {"Western Xwla Gbe"},<br />
["xwo"] = {"Written Oirat"},<br />
["xwr"] = {"Kwerba Mamberamo"},<br />
["xwt"] = {"Wotjobaluk"},<br />
["xww"] = {"Wemba Wemba"},<br />
["xxb"] = {"Boro (Ghana)"},<br />
["xxk"] = {"Ke'o"},<br />
["xxm"] = {"Minkin"},<br />
["xxr"] = {"Koropó"},<br />
["xxt"] = {"Tambora"},<br />
["xya"] = {"Yaygir"},<br />
["xyb"] = {"Yandjibara"},<br />
["xyj"] = {"Mayi-Yapi"},<br />
["xyk"] = {"Mayi-Kulan"},<br />
["xyl"] = {"Yalakalore"},<br />
["xyt"] = {"Mayi-Thakurti"},<br />
["xyy"] = {"Yorta Yorta"},<br />
["xzh"] = {"Zhang-Zhung"},<br />
["xzm"] = {"Zemgalian"},<br />
["xzp"] = {"Ancient Zapotec"},<br />
["yaa"] = {"Yaminahua"},<br />
["yab"] = {"Yuhup"},<br />
["yac"] = {"Pass Valley Yali"},<br />
["yad"] = {"Yagua"},<br />
["yae"] = {"Pumé"},<br />
["yaf"] = {"Yaka (Democratic Republic of Congo)"},<br />
["yag"] = {"Yámana"},<br />
["yah"] = {"Yazgulyam"},<br />
["yai"] = {"Yagnobi"},<br />
["yaj"] = {"Banda-Yangere"},<br />
["yak"] = {"Yakama"},<br />
["yal"] = {"Yalunka"},<br />
["yam"] = {"Yamba"},<br />
["yan"] = {"Mayangna"},<br />
["yao"] = {"Yao"},<br />
["yap"] = {"Yapese"},<br />
["yaq"] = {"Yaqui"},<br />
["yar"] = {"Yabarana"},<br />
["yas"] = {"Nugunu (Cameroon)"},<br />
["yat"] = {"Yambeta"},<br />
["yau"] = {"Yuwana"},<br />
["yav"] = {"Yangben"},<br />
["yaw"] = {"Yawalapití"},<br />
["yax"] = {"Yauma"},<br />
["yay"] = {"Agwagwune"},<br />
["yaz"] = {"Lokaa"},<br />
["yba"] = {"Yala"},<br />
["ybb"] = {"Yemba"},<br />
["ybe"] = {"West Yugur"},<br />
["ybh"] = {"Yakha"},<br />
["ybi"] = {"Yamphu"},<br />
["ybj"] = {"Hasha"},<br />
["ybk"] = {"Bokha"},<br />
["ybl"] = {"Yukuben"},<br />
["ybm"] = {"Yaben"},<br />
["ybn"] = {"Yabaâna"},<br />
["ybo"] = {"Yabong"},<br />
["ybx"] = {"Yawiyo"},<br />
["yby"] = {"Yaweyuha"},<br />
["ych"] = {"Chesu"},<br />
["ycl"] = {"Lolopo"},<br />
["ycn"] = {"Yucuna"},<br />
["ycp"] = {"Chepya"},<br />
["yda"] = {"Yanda"},<br />
["ydd"] = {"Eastern Yiddish"},<br />
["yde"] = {"Yangum Dey"},<br />
["ydg"] = {"Yidgha"},<br />
["ydk"] = {"Yoidik"},<br />
["yea"] = {"Ravula"},<br />
["yec"] = {"Yeniche"},<br />
["yee"] = {"Yimas"},<br />
["yei"] = {"Yeni"},<br />
["yej"] = {"Yevanic"},<br />
["yel"] = {"Yela"},<br />
["yer"] = {"Tarok"},<br />
["yes"] = {"Nyankpa"},<br />
["yet"] = {"Yetfa"},<br />
["yeu"] = {"Yerukula"},<br />
["yev"] = {"Yapunda"},<br />
["yey"] = {"Yeyi"},<br />
["yga"] = {"Malyangapa"},<br />
["ygi"] = {"Yiningayi"},<br />
["ygl"] = {"Yangum Gel"},<br />
["ygm"] = {"Yagomi"},<br />
["ygp"] = {"Gepo"},<br />
["ygr"] = {"Yagaria"},<br />
["ygs"] = {"Yolŋu Sign Language"},<br />
["ygu"] = {"Yugul"},<br />
["ygw"] = {"Yagwoia"},<br />
["yha"] = {"Baha Buyang"},<br />
["yhd"] = {"Judeo-Iraqi Arabic"},<br />
["yhl"] = {"Hlepho Phowa"},<br />
["yhs"] = {"Yan-nhaŋu Sign Language"},<br />
["yia"] = {"Yinggarda"},<br />
["yif"] = {"Ache"},<br />
["yig"] = {"Wusa Nasu"},<br />
["yih"] = {"Western Yiddish"},<br />
["yii"] = {"Yidiny"},<br />
["yij"] = {"Yindjibarndi"},<br />
["yik"] = {"Dongshanba Lalo"},<br />
["yil"] = {"Yindjilandji"},<br />
["yim"] = {"Yimchungru Naga"},<br />
["yin"] = {"Riang Lai", "Yinchia"},<br />
["yip"] = {"Pholo"},<br />
["yiq"] = {"Miqie"},<br />
["yir"] = {"North Awyu"},<br />
["yis"] = {"Yis"},<br />
["yit"] = {"Eastern Lalu"},<br />
["yiu"] = {"Awu"},<br />
["yiv"] = {"Northern Nisu"},<br />
["yix"] = {"Axi Yi"},<br />
["yiz"] = {"Azhe"},<br />
["yka"] = {"Yakan"},<br />
["ykg"] = {"Northern Yukaghir"},<br />
["yki"] = {"Yoke"},<br />
["ykk"] = {"Yakaikeke"},<br />
["ykl"] = {"Khlula"},<br />
["ykm"] = {"Kap"},<br />
["ykn"] = {"Kua-nsi"},<br />
["yko"] = {"Yasa"},<br />
["ykr"] = {"Yekora"},<br />
["ykt"] = {"Kathu"},<br />
["yku"] = {"Kuamasi"},<br />
["yky"] = {"Yakoma"},<br />
["yla"] = {"Yaul"},<br />
["ylb"] = {"Yaleba"},<br />
["yle"] = {"Yele"},<br />
["ylg"] = {"Yelogu"},<br />
["yli"] = {"Angguruk Yali"},<br />
["yll"] = {"Yil"},<br />
["ylm"] = {"Limi"},<br />
["yln"] = {"Langnian Buyang"},<br />
["ylo"] = {"Naluo Yi"},<br />
["ylr"] = {"Yalarnnga"},<br />
["ylu"] = {"Aribwaung"},<br />
["yly"] = {"Nyâlayu", "Nyelâyu"},<br />
["ymb"] = {"Yambes"},<br />
["ymc"] = {"Southern Muji"},<br />
["ymd"] = {"Muda"},<br />
["yme"] = {"Yameo"},<br />
["ymg"] = {"Yamongeri"},<br />
["ymh"] = {"Mili"},<br />
["ymi"] = {"Moji"},<br />
["ymk"] = {"Makwe"},<br />
["yml"] = {"Iamalele"},<br />
["ymm"] = {"Maay"},<br />
["ymn"] = {"Yamna", "Sunum"},<br />
["ymo"] = {"Yangum Mon"},<br />
["ymp"] = {"Yamap"},<br />
["ymq"] = {"Qila Muji"},<br />
["ymr"] = {"Malasar"},<br />
["yms"] = {"Mysian"},<br />
["ymx"] = {"Northern Muji"},<br />
["ymz"] = {"Muzi"},<br />
["yna"] = {"Aluo"},<br />
["ynd"] = {"Yandruwandha"},<br />
["yne"] = {"Lang'e"},<br />
["yng"] = {"Yango"},<br />
["ynk"] = {"Naukan Yupik"},<br />
["ynl"] = {"Yangulam"},<br />
["ynn"] = {"Yana"},<br />
["yno"] = {"Yong"},<br />
["ynq"] = {"Yendang"},<br />
["yns"] = {"Yansi"},<br />
["ynu"] = {"Yahuna"},<br />
["yob"] = {"Yoba"},<br />
["yog"] = {"Yogad"},<br />
["yoi"] = {"Yonaguni"},<br />
["yok"] = {"Yokuts"},<br />
["yol"] = {"Yola"},<br />
["yom"] = {"Yombe"},<br />
["yon"] = {"Yongkom"},<br />
["yot"] = {"Yotti"},<br />
["yox"] = {"Yoron"},<br />
["yoy"] = {"Yoy"},<br />
["ypa"] = {"Phala"},<br />
["ypb"] = {"Labo Phowa"},<br />
["ypg"] = {"Phola"},<br />
["yph"] = {"Phupha"},<br />
["ypk"] = {"Yupik languages"},<br />
["ypm"] = {"Phuma"},<br />
["ypn"] = {"Ani Phowa"},<br />
["ypo"] = {"Alo Phola"},<br />
["ypp"] = {"Phupa"},<br />
["ypz"] = {"Phuza"},<br />
["yra"] = {"Yerakai"},<br />
["yrb"] = {"Yareba"},<br />
["yre"] = {"Yaouré"},<br />
["yrk"] = {"Nenets"},<br />
["yrl"] = {"Nhengatu"},<br />
["yrm"] = {"Yirrk-Mel"},<br />
["yrn"] = {"Yerong"},<br />
["yro"] = {"Yaroamë"},<br />
["yrs"] = {"Yarsun"},<br />
["yrw"] = {"Yarawata"},<br />
["yry"] = {"Yarluyandi"},<br />
["ysc"] = {"Yassic"},<br />
["ysd"] = {"Samatao"},<br />
["ysg"] = {"Sonaga"},<br />
["ysl"] = {"Yugoslavian Sign Language"},<br />
["ysn"] = {"Sani"},<br />
["yso"] = {"Nisi (China)"},<br />
["ysp"] = {"Southern Lolopo"},<br />
["ysr"] = {"Sirenik Yupik"},<br />
["yss"] = {"Yessan-Mayo"},<br />
["ysy"] = {"Sanie"},<br />
["yta"] = {"Talu"},<br />
["ytl"] = {"Tanglang"},<br />
["ytp"] = {"Thopho"},<br />
["ytw"] = {"Yout Wam"},<br />
["yty"] = {"Yatay"},<br />
["yua"] = {"Yucateco", "Yucatec Maya"},<br />
["yub"] = {"Yugambal"},<br />
["yuc"] = {"Yuchi"},<br />
["yud"] = {"Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic"},<br />
["yue"] = {"Yue Chinese", "Cantonese"},<br />
["yuf"] = {"Havasupai-Walapai-Yavapai"},<br />
["yug"] = {"Yug"},<br />
["yui"] = {"Yurutí"},<br />
["yuj"] = {"Karkar-Yuri"},<br />
["yuk"] = {"Yuki"},<br />
["yul"] = {"Yulu"},<br />
["yum"] = {"Quechan"},<br />
["yun"] = {"Bena (Nigeria)"},<br />
["yup"] = {"Yukpa"},<br />
["yuq"] = {"Yuqui"},<br />
["yur"] = {"Yurok"},<br />
["yut"] = {"Yopno"},<br />
["yuw"] = {"Yau (Morobe Province)"},<br />
["yux"] = {"Southern Yukaghir"},<br />
["yuy"] = {"East Yugur"},<br />
["yuz"] = {"Yuracare"},<br />
["yva"] = {"Yawa"},<br />
["yvt"] = {"Yavitero"},<br />
["ywa"] = {"Kalou"},<br />
["ywg"] = {"Yinhawangka"},<br />
["ywl"] = {"Western Lalu"},<br />
["ywn"] = {"Yawanawa"},<br />
["ywq"] = {"Wuding-Luquan Yi"},<br />
["ywr"] = {"Yawuru"},<br />
["ywt"] = {"Xishanba Lalo", "Central Lalo"},<br />
["ywu"] = {"Wumeng Nasu"},<br />
["yww"] = {"Yawarawarga"},<br />
["yxa"] = {"Mayawali"},<br />
["yxg"] = {"Yagara"},<br />
["yxl"] = {"Yardliyawarra"},<br />
["yxm"] = {"Yinwum"},<br />
["yxu"] = {"Yuyu"},<br />
["yxy"] = {"Yabula Yabula"},<br />
["yyr"] = {"Yir Yoront"},<br />
["yyu"] = {"Yau (Sandaun Province)"},<br />
["yyz"] = {"Ayizi"},<br />
["yzg"] = {"E'ma Buyang"},<br />
["yzk"] = {"Zokhuo"},<br />
["zaa"] = {"Sierra de Juárez Zapotec"},<br />
["zab"] = {"Western Tlacolula Valley Zapotec", "San Juan Guelavía Zapotec"},<br />
["zac"] = {"Ocotlán Zapotec"},<br />
["zad"] = {"Cajonos Zapotec"},<br />
["zae"] = {"Yareni Zapotec"},<br />
["zaf"] = {"Ayoquesco Zapotec"},<br />
["zag"] = {"Zaghawa"},<br />
["zah"] = {"Zangwal"},<br />
["zai"] = {"Isthmus Zapotec"},<br />
["zaj"] = {"Zaramo"},<br />
["zak"] = {"Zanaki"},<br />
["zal"] = {"Zauzou"},<br />
["zam"] = {"Miahuatlán Zapotec"},<br />
["zao"] = {"Ozolotepec Zapotec"},<br />
["zap"] = {"Zapotec"},<br />
["zaq"] = {"Aloápam Zapotec"},<br />
["zar"] = {"Rincón Zapotec"},<br />
["zas"] = {"Santo Domingo Albarradas Zapotec"},<br />
["zat"] = {"Tabaa Zapotec"},<br />
["zau"] = {"Zangskari"},<br />
["zav"] = {"Yatzachi Zapotec"},<br />
["zaw"] = {"Mitla Zapotec"},<br />
["zax"] = {"Xadani Zapotec"},<br />
["zay"] = {"Zayse-Zergulla", "Zaysete"},<br />
["zaz"] = {"Zari"},<br />
["zbc"] = {"Central Berawan"},<br />
["zbe"] = {"East Berawan"},<br />
["zbl"] = {"Blissymbols", "Bliss", "Blissymbolics"},<br />
["zbt"] = {"Batui"},<br />
["zbw"] = {"West Berawan"},<br />
["zca"] = {"Coatecas Altas Zapotec"},<br />
["zch"] = {"Central Hongshuihe Zhuang"},<br />
["zdj"] = {"Ngazidja Comorian"},<br />
["zea"] = {"Zeeuws"},<br />
["zeg"] = {"Zenag"},<br />
["zeh"] = {"Eastern Hongshuihe Zhuang"},<br />
["zen"] = {"Zenaga"},<br />
["zga"] = {"Kinga"},<br />
["zgb"] = {"Guibei Zhuang"},<br />
["zgh"] = {"Standard Moroccan Tamazight"},<br />
["zgm"] = {"Minz Zhuang"},<br />
["zgn"] = {"Guibian Zhuang"},<br />
["zgr"] = {"Magori"},<br />
["zhb"] = {"Zhaba"},<br />
["zhd"] = {"Dai Zhuang"},<br />
["zhi"] = {"Zhire"},<br />
["zhn"] = {"Nong Zhuang"},<br />
["zhw"] = {"Zhoa"},<br />
["zhx"] = {"Chinese (family)"},<br />
["zia"] = {"Zia"},<br />
["zib"] = {"Zimbabwe Sign Language"},<br />
["zik"] = {"Zimakani"},<br />
["zil"] = {"Zialo"},<br />
["zim"] = {"Mesme"},<br />
["zin"] = {"Zinza"},<br />
["zir"] = {"Ziriya"},<br />
["ziw"] = {"Zigula"},<br />
["ziz"] = {"Zizilivakan"},<br />
["zka"] = {"Kaimbulawa"},<br />
["zkb"] = {"Koibal"},<br />
["zkd"] = {"Kadu"},<br />
["zkg"] = {"Koguryo"},<br />
["zkh"] = {"Khorezmian"},<br />
["zkk"] = {"Karankawa"},<br />
["zkn"] = {"Kanan"},<br />
["zko"] = {"Kott"},<br />
["zkp"] = {"São Paulo Kaingáng"},<br />
["zkr"] = {"Zakhring"},<br />
["zkt"] = {"Kitan"},<br />
["zku"] = {"Kaurna"},<br />
["zkv"] = {"Krevinian"},<br />
["zkz"] = {"Khazar"},<br />
["zle"] = {"East Slavic languages"},<br />
["zlj"] = {"Liujiang Zhuang"},<br />
["zlm"] = {"Malay (individual language)"},<br />
["zln"] = {"Lianshan Zhuang"},<br />
["zlq"] = {"Liuqian Zhuang"},<br />
["zls"] = {"South Slavic languages"},<br />
["zlw"] = {"West Slavic languages"},<br />
["zma"] = {"Manda (Australia)"},<br />
["zmb"] = {"Zimba"},<br />
["zmc"] = {"Margany"},<br />
["zmd"] = {"Maridan"},<br />
["zme"] = {"Mangerr"},<br />
["zmf"] = {"Mfinu"},<br />
["zmg"] = {"Marti Ke"},<br />
["zmh"] = {"Makolkol"},<br />
["zmi"] = {"Negeri Sembilan Malay"},<br />
["zmj"] = {"Maridjabin"},<br />
["zmk"] = {"Mandandanyi"},<br />
["zml"] = {"Matngala"},<br />
["zmm"] = {"Marimanindji", "Marramaninyshi"},<br />
["zmn"] = {"Mbangwe"},<br />
["zmo"] = {"Molo"},<br />
["zmp"] = {"Mpuono"},<br />
["zmq"] = {"Mituku"},<br />
["zmr"] = {"Maranunggu"},<br />
["zms"] = {"Mbesa"},<br />
["zmt"] = {"Maringarr"},<br />
["zmu"] = {"Muruwari"},<br />
["zmv"] = {"Mbariman-Gudhinma"},<br />
["zmw"] = {"Mbo (Democratic Republic of Congo)"},<br />
["zmx"] = {"Bomitaba"},<br />
["zmy"] = {"Mariyedi"},<br />
["zmz"] = {"Mbandja"},<br />
["zna"] = {"Zan Gula"},<br />
["znd"] = {"Zande languages"},<br />
["zne"] = {"Zande (individual language)"},<br />
["zng"] = {"Mang"},<br />
["znk"] = {"Manangkari"},<br />
["zns"] = {"Mangas"},<br />
["zoc"] = {"Copainalá Zoque"},<br />
["zoh"] = {"Chimalapa Zoque"},<br />
["zom"] = {"Zou"},<br />
["zoo"] = {"Asunción Mixtepec Zapotec"},<br />
["zoq"] = {"Tabasco Zoque"},<br />
["zor"] = {"Rayón Zoque"},<br />
["zos"] = {"Francisco León Zoque"},<br />
["zpa"] = {"Lachiguiri Zapotec"},<br />
["zpb"] = {"Yautepec Zapotec"},<br />
["zpc"] = {"Choapan Zapotec"},<br />
["zpd"] = {"Southeastern Ixtlán Zapotec"},<br />
["zpe"] = {"Petapa Zapotec"},<br />
["zpf"] = {"San Pedro Quiatoni Zapotec"},<br />
["zpg"] = {"Guevea De Humboldt Zapotec"},<br />
["zph"] = {"Totomachapan Zapotec"},<br />
["zpi"] = {"Santa María Quiegolani Zapotec"},<br />
["zpj"] = {"Quiavicuzas Zapotec"},<br />
["zpk"] = {"Tlacolulita Zapotec"},<br />
["zpl"] = {"Lachixío Zapotec"},<br />
["zpm"] = {"Mixtepec Zapotec"},<br />
["zpn"] = {"Santa Inés Yatzechi Zapotec"},<br />
["zpo"] = {"Amatlán Zapotec"},<br />
["zpp"] = {"El Alto Zapotec"},<br />
["zpq"] = {"Zoogocho Zapotec"},<br />
["zpr"] = {"Santiago Xanica Zapotec"},<br />
["zps"] = {"Coatlán Zapotec"},<br />
["zpt"] = {"San Vicente Coatlán Zapotec"},<br />
["zpu"] = {"Yalálag Zapotec"},<br />
["zpv"] = {"Chichicapan Zapotec"},<br />
["zpw"] = {"Zaniza Zapotec"},<br />
["zpx"] = {"San Baltazar Loxicha Zapotec"},<br />
["zpy"] = {"Mazaltepec Zapotec"},<br />
["zpz"] = {"Texmelucan Zapotec"},<br />
["zqe"] = {"Qiubei Zhuang"},<br />
["zra"] = {"Kara (Korea)"},<br />
["zrg"] = {"Mirgan"},<br />
["zrn"] = {"Zerenkel"},<br />
["zro"] = {"Záparo"},<br />
["zrp"] = {"Zarphatic"},<br />
["zrs"] = {"Mairasi"},<br />
["zsa"] = {"Sarasira"},<br />
["zsk"] = {"Kaskean"},<br />
["zsl"] = {"Zambian Sign Language"},<br />
["zsm"] = {"Standard Malay"},<br />
["zsr"] = {"Southern Rincon Zapotec"},<br />
["zsu"] = {"Sukurum"},<br />
["zte"] = {"Elotepec Zapotec"},<br />
["ztg"] = {"Xanaguía Zapotec"},<br />
["ztl"] = {"Lapaguía-Guivini Zapotec"},<br />
["ztm"] = {"San Agustín Mixtepec Zapotec"},<br />
["ztn"] = {"Santa Catarina Albarradas Zapotec"},<br />
["ztp"] = {"Loxicha Zapotec"},<br />
["ztq"] = {"Quioquitani-Quierí Zapotec"},<br />
["zts"] = {"Tilquiapan Zapotec"},<br />
["ztt"] = {"Tejalapan Zapotec"},<br />
["ztu"] = {"Güilá Zapotec"},<br />
["ztx"] = {"Zaachila Zapotec"},<br />
["zty"] = {"Yatee Zapotec"},<br />
["zua"] = {"Zeem"},<br />
["zuh"] = {"Tokano"},<br />
["zum"] = {"Kumzari"},<br />
["zun"] = {"Zuni"},<br />
["zuy"] = {"Zumaya"},<br />
["zwa"] = {"Zay"},<br />
["zxx"] = {"No linguistic content", "Not applicable"},<br />
["zyb"] = {"Yongbei Zhuang"},<br />
["zyg"] = {"Yang Zhuang"},<br />
["zyj"] = {"Youjiang Zhuang"},<br />
["zyn"] = {"Yongnan Zhuang"},<br />
["zyp"] = {"Zyphe Chin"},<br />
["zza"] = {"Zaza", "Dimili", "Dimli (macrolanguage)", "Kirdki", "Kirmanjki (macrolanguage)", "Zazaki"},<br />
["zzj"] = {"Zuojiang Zhuang"}<br />
}</div>
Admin
https://www.freewiki.eu/en/index.php?title=Module:Lang/data&diff=1309
Module:Lang/data
2019-09-03T09:26:02Z
<p>Admin: 1 revision imported</p>
<hr />
<div>local lang_data = {};<br />
<br />
<br />
--[[--------------------------< O V E R R I D E >--------------------------------------------------------------<br />
<br />
Language codes and names in this table override the BCP47 names in Module:Language/name/data.<br />
<br />
code indexes in this table shall always be lower case<br />
]]<br />
<br />
local override = {<br />
-- ISO 639-1 codes<br />
["ab"] = {"Abkhazian"}, -- IANA name is Abkhazian; override wp_languages {"Abkhaz"}; to achieve this, use |label=<br />
["bh"] = {"Bihari languages"}, -- only ISO 639-1 collective; defined here to override improper redefinition (Bihari) in wp_languages<br />
["cu"] = {"Church Slavonic"}, -- 2nd IANA name;<br />
["de-at"] = {"Austrian German"}, -- these code-region and code-variant to match en.wiki article names<br />
["de-ch"] = {"Swiss German"},<br />
["en-au"] = {"Australian English"},<br />
["en-ca"] = {"Canadian English"},<br />
["en-emodeng"] = {"Early Modern English"},<br />
["en-gb"] = {"British English"},<br />
["en-ie"] = {"Irish English"},<br />
["en-nz"] = {"New Zealand English"},<br />
["en-us"] = {"American English"},<br />
["en-za"] = {"South African English"},<br />
["fy"] = {"West Frisian"}, -- IANA name is Western Frisian<br />
["ps"] = {"Pashto"}, -- IANA name is Pushto<br />
["si"] = {"Sinhala"}, -- IANA name is Sinhala, Sinhalese; override wp_languages {"Sinhalese"}; see Module talk:Language/data/wp languages#Request to undo an edit<br />
["sr-cyrl"] = {"Serbian"}, -- override wp_languages Serbian Cyrillic; to achieve this, use |label=<br />
<br />
-- ISO 639-2, -3 codes<br />
["arc"] = {"Aramaic"}, -- IANA names are: Official Aramaic (700-300 BCE), Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE);<br />
["ber"] = {"Berber languages"}, -- ISO 639-2 collective; defined here to override redefinition in wp_languages<br />
["bua"] = {"Buryat"}, -- IANA name Buriat; this is a macro language; these four use wp preferred transliteration;<br />
["bxm"] = {"Mongolian Buryat"}, -- IANA name Mongolia Buriat; these three all redirect to Buryat<br />
["bxr"] = {"Russian Buryat"}, -- IANA name Russia Buriat;<br />
["bxu"] = {"Chinese Buryat"}, -- IANA name China Buriat;<br />
["byr"] = {"Yipma"}, -- IANA names are Baruya and Yipma<br />
["cel"] = {"Celtic languages"}, -- ISO 639-2 collective; defined here to override improper redefinition ('Proto-Celtic') in wp_languages; use cel-x-proto instead<br />
["egy"] = {"Ancient Egyptian"}, -- IANA name is Egyptian (Ancient); distinguish from contemporary arz: Egyptian Arabic <br />
["frr"] = {"North Frisian"}, -- IANA name is Northern Frisian<br />
["frs"] = {"East Frisian Low Saxon"}, -- IANA name is Eastern Frisian<br />
["gem"] = {"Germanic languages"}, -- ISO 639-2 collective; defined here to override improper redefinition ('Proto-Germanic') in wp_languages; use gem-x-proto instead<br />
["jam"] = {"Jamaican Patois"}, -- IANA name is Jamaican Creole English<br />
["mhr"] = {"Meadow Mari"}, -- IANA name is Eastern Mari<br />
["mid"] = {"Modern Mandaic"}, -- IANA name is Mandaic<br />
["mla"] = {"Tamambo"}, -- wp_languages name is Medieval Latin; IANA and ISO 639-1 name is Malo<br />
["myn"] = {"Mayan languages"}, -- ISO 639-2 collective; defined here to override redefinition in wp_languages<br />
["nah"] = {"Nahuatl languages"}, -- ISO 639-2 collective; defined here to override redefinition in wp_languages<br />
["nrf"] = {"Norman"}, -- not quite a collective - IANA name: Jèrriais; categorizes to Norman-language text<br />
["nzi"] = {"Nzema"}, -- IANA, ISO 639-2, -3 name is Nzima; to match en.wiki article title<br />
["orv"] = {"Old East Slavic"}, -- IANA name is Old Russian<br />
["pms"] = {"Piedmontese"}, -- IANA / 639-3 name is Piemontese; to match en.wiki article title<br />
["pra"] = {"Prakrit languages"}, -- ISO 639-2 collective; defined here to override redefinition in wp_languages<br />
["roa"] = {"Romance languages"}, -- ISO 639-2 collective; defined here to override improper redefinition (Jèrriais) in wp_language; IANA name is "Romance languages"<br />
["sal"] = {"Salishan languages"}, -- ISO 639-2 collective; defined here to override redefinition in wp_languages<br />
["sla"] = {"Slavic languages"}, -- ISO 639-2 collective; defined here to override redefinition in wp_languages<br />
["son"] = {"Songhai languages"}, -- ISO 639-2 collective; defined here to override redefinition in wp_languages<br />
["stq"] = {"Saterland Frisian"}, -- IANA name is Saterfriesisch<br />
["und"] = {"undetermined"}, -- capitalization to match existing category<br />
["wen"] = {"Sorbian languages"}, -- ISO 639-2 collective; defined here to override redefinition in wp_languages<br />
["wrg"] = {"Warrongo"}, -- IANA name is Warungu<br />
["xal-ru"] = {"Kalmyk"}, -- to match en.wiki article title<br />
<br />
-- private use codes<br />
["cel-x-proto"] = {"Proto-Celtic"}, -- cel in IANA is Celtic languages<br />
["gem-x-proto"] = {"Proto-Germanic"}, -- gem in IANA is Germanic languages<br />
["grc-x-aeolic"] = {"Aeolic Greek"}, -- these grc-x-... codes are preferred alternates to the non-standard catchall code grc-gre<br />
["grc-x-attic"] = {"Attic Greek"},<br />
["grc-x-biblical"] = {"Biblical Greek"},<br />
["grc-x-byzant"] = {"Byzantine Greek"},<br />
["grc-x-classic"] = {"Classical Greek"},<br />
["grc-x-doric"] = {"Doric Greek"},<br />
["grc-x-hellen"] = {"Hellenistic Greek"},<br />
["grc-x-ionic"] = {"Ionic Greek"},<br />
["grc-x-koine"] = {"Koinē Greek"},<br />
["grc-x-medieval"] = {"Medieval Greek"},<br />
["grc-x-patris"] = {"Patristic Greek"},<br />
["grk-x-proto"] = {"Proto-Greek"}, -- grk in IANA is Greek languages<br />
["iir-x-proto"] = {"Proto-Indo-Iranian"}, -- iir in IANA is Indo-Iranian Languages<br />
["ira-x-proto"] = {"Proto-Iranian"}, -- ira in IANA is Iranian languages<br />
["itc-x-proto"] = {"Proto-Italic"}, -- itc in IANA is Italic languages<br />
["sla-x-proto"] = {"Proto-Slavic"}, -- sla in IANA is Slavic languages<br />
["yuf-x-hav"] = {"Havasupai"}, -- IANA name for these three is Havasupai-Walapai-Yavapai<br />
["yuf-x-wal"] = {"Walapai"},<br />
["yuf-x-yav"] = {"Yavapai"},<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
--[[--------------------------< A R T I C L E _ L I N K >------------------------------------------------------<br />
<br />
for those rare occasions when article titles don't fit with the normal '<language name>-language', this table<br />
maps language code to article title. Use of this table should be avoided and the use of redirects preferred as<br />
that is the long-standing method of handling article names that don't fit with the normal pattern<br />
<br />
]]<br />
<br />
local article_name = {<br />
["lij"] = {"Ligurian (Romance language)"}, -- see Template_talk:Lang#Ligurian_dab<br />
['mnh'] = {"Mono language (Congo)"}, -- see Template_talk:Lang#Mono_languages<br />
['mnr'] = {"Mono language (California)"},<br />
['mru'] = {"Mono language (Cameroon)"},<br />
['mte'] = {"Mono-Alu language"},<br />
["xlg"] = {"Ligurian language (ancient)"}, -- see Template_talk:Lang#Ligurian_dab<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
--[=[-------------------------< R T L _ S C R I P T S >--------------------------------------------------------<br />
<br />
ISO 15924 scripts that are written right-to-left. Data in this table taken from [[ISO 15924#List of codes]]<br />
<br />
last update to this list: 2017-12-24<br />
<br />
]=]<br />
<br />
local rtl_scripts = {<br />
'adlm', 'arab', 'aran', 'armi', 'avst', 'cprt', 'egyd', 'egyh', 'hatr', 'hebr',<br />
'hung', 'inds', 'khar', 'lydi', 'mand', 'mani', 'mend', 'merc', 'mero', 'narb',<br />
'nbat', 'nkoo', 'orkh', 'palm', 'phli', 'phlp', 'phlv', 'phnx', 'prti', 'rohg',<br />
'samr', 'sarb', 'sogd', 'sogo', 'syrc', 'syre', 'syrj', 'syrn', 'thaa', 'wole',<br />
};<br />
<br />
<br />
--[[--------------------------< T R A N S L I T T I T L E S >------------------------------------------------<br />
<br />
This is a table of tables of transliteration standards and the language codes or language scripts that apply to<br />
those standards. This table is used to create the tool-tip text associated with the transliterated text displayed<br />
by some of the {{lang-??}} templates.<br />
<br />
These tables are more-or-less copied directly from {{transl}}. The standard 'NO_STD' is a construct to allow for<br />
the cases when no |std= parameter value is provided.<br />
<br />
]]<br />
<br />
local translit_title_table = {<br />
['ahl'] = {<br />
['default'] = 'Academy of the Hebrew Language transliteration',<br />
},<br />
<br />
['ala'] = {<br />
['default'] = 'American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration',<br />
},<br />
<br />
['ala-lc'] = {<br />
['default'] = 'American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration',<br />
},<br />
<br />
['batr'] = {<br />
['default'] = 'Bikdash Arabic Transliteration Rules',<br />
},<br />
<br />
['bgn/pcgn'] = {<br />
['default'] = 'Board on Geographic Names / Permanent Committee on Geographical Names transliteration',<br />
},<br />
<br />
['din'] = {<br />
['ar'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic',<br />
['fa'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic',<br />
['ku'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic',<br />
['ps'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic',<br />
['tg'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic',<br />
['ug'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic',<br />
['ur'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic',<br />
['arab'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic',<br />
<br />
['default'] = 'DIN transliteration',<br />
},<br />
<br />
['eae'] = {<br />
['default'] = 'Encyclopaedia Aethiopica transliteration',<br />
},<br />
<br />
['hepburn'] = {<br />
['default'] = 'Hepburn transliteration',<br />
},<br />
<br />
['iast'] = {<br />
['default'] = 'International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration',<br />
},<br />
<br />
['iso'] = { -- when a transliteration standard is supplied<br />
['ab'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic',<br />
['ba'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic',<br />
['be'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic',<br />
['bg'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic',<br />
['kk'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic',<br />
['ky'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic',<br />
['mn'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic',<br />
['ru'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic',<br />
['tg'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic',<br />
['uk'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic',<br />
['bua'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic',<br />
['sah'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic',<br />
['tut'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic',<br />
['xal'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic',<br />
['cyrl'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic',<br />
<br />
['ar'] = 'ISO 233 Arabic',<br />
['ku'] = 'ISO 233 Arabic',<br />
['ps'] = 'ISO 233 Arabic',<br />
['ug'] = 'ISO 233 Arabic',<br />
['ur'] = 'ISO 233 Arabic',<br />
['arab'] = 'ISO 233 Arabic',<br />
<br />
['he'] = 'ISO 259 Hebrew',<br />
['yi'] = 'ISO 259 Hebrew',<br />
['hebr'] = 'ISO 259 Hebrew',<br />
<br />
['el'] = 'ISO 843 Greek',<br />
['grc'] = 'ISO 843 Greek',<br />
<br />
['ja'] = 'ISO 3602 Japanese',<br />
['hira'] = 'ISO 3602 Japanese',<br />
['hrkt'] = 'ISO 3602 Japanese',<br />
['jpan'] = 'ISO 3602 Japanese',<br />
['kana'] = 'ISO 3602 Japanese',<br />
<br />
['zh'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese',<br />
['chi'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese',<br />
['pny'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese',<br />
['zho'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese',<br />
-- ['han'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese', -- unicode alias of Hani? doesn't belong here? should be Hani?<br />
['hans'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese',<br />
['hant'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese',<br />
<br />
['ka'] = 'ISO 9984 Georgian',<br />
['kat'] = 'ISO 9984 Georgian',<br />
<br />
['arm'] = 'ISO 9985 Armenian',<br />
['hy'] = 'ISO 9985 Armenian',<br />
<br />
['th'] = 'ISO 11940 Thai',<br />
['tha'] = 'ISO 11940 Thai',<br />
<br />
['ko'] = 'ISO 11941 Korean',<br />
['kor'] = 'ISO 11941 Korean',<br />
<br />
['bn'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',<br />
['dra'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',<br />
['gu'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',<br />
['hi'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',<br />
['inc'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',<br />
['kn'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',<br />
['ml'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',<br />
['mr'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',<br />
['sa'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',<br />
['ta'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',<br />
['te'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',<br />
['beng'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',<br />
['brah'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',<br />
['deva'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',<br />
<br />
['default'] = 'ISO transliteration',<br />
},<br />
<br />
['mr'] = {<br />
['default'] = 'McCune–Reischauer transliteration',<br />
},<br />
<br />
['nihon-shiki'] = {<br />
['default'] = 'Nihon-shiki transliteration',<br />
},<br />
<br />
['no_std'] = { -- when no transliteration standard is supplied<br />
['akk'] = 'Semitic transliteration',<br />
['sem'] = 'Semitic transliteration',<br />
['phnx'] = 'Semitic transliteration',<br />
['xsux'] = 'Cuneiform transliteration',<br />
},<br />
<br />
['pinyin'] = {<br />
['default'] = 'Pinyin transliteration',<br />
},<br />
<br />
['rr'] = {<br />
['default'] = 'Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration',<br />
},<br />
<br />
['rtgs'] = {<br />
['default'] = 'Royal Thai General System of Transcription',<br />
},<br />
<br />
['satts'] = {<br />
['default'] = 'Standard Arabic Technical Transliteration System transliteration',<br />
},<br />
<br />
['ungegn'] = {<br />
['default'] = 'United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names transliteration',<br />
},<br />
<br />
['wehr'] = {<br />
['default'] = 'Hans Wehr transliteration',<br />
},<br />
};<br />
<br />
<br />
return<br />
{<br />
override = override,<br />
article_name = article_name,<br />
rtl_scripts = rtl_scripts,<br />
is_rtl_script = is_rtl_script,<br />
translit_title_table = translit_title_table,<br />
};</div>
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