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https://www.freewiki.eu/de/index.php?title=Veganismus&diff=1305
Veganismus
2018-12-12T17:00:56Z
<p>Chrononaut: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
Veganismus ist ein aus dem Vegetarismus hervorgegangener Lebens- und Ernährungsstil. Veganer versuchen den Konsum sämtlicher Produkte, für deren Herstellung Tiere genutzt wurden, bestmöglich zu vermeiden. Die Beweggründe vegan zu leben sind sehr unterschiedlich, sie reichen über Ethik, Gesundheit, Ökologie, Welternährung bis hin zu religiösen oder spirituellen Gründen.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Begriff ==<br />
<br />
Geprägt wurde das Wort vegan durch den Engländer Donlad Watson. Er gründete 1944 die Vegan Society als Abspaltung der Vegetarian Society. Den Begriff schuf er aus einer Verkürzung des Wortes '''veg'''etari'''an''' zu '''vegan.'''<br />
<br />
== Beweggründe ==<br />
<br />
== Prominente Veganer ==<br />
<br />
== Veganeranteil in einzelnen Ländern ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Tierproduktalternativen ==<br />
<br />
Tierproduktalternativen sind nicht zwingend für die vegane Ernährung erforderlich, aber sie erhöhen die kulinarische Attraktivität der Gerichte und erleichtern Einsteigern den Ernährungsumstieg. Dabei kann es sich um Halbfertiggerichte, aber auch um selbst zubereitete tierproduktähnliche Gerichte handeln. Es gibt auch vegane Gerichte die kaum von klassischen Tierproduktgerichten unterscheidbar sind, wie beispielsweise veganer Eiersalat, veganer Sahnehering, veganer Räucherlachs, vegane Majonese etc. Die Zutaten sind dabei zumeist erstaunlich simpel, wie z.B. gedünstete Möhrenstreifen die durch eine spezielle Marinade dem Geschmack von Räucherlachs sehr nahe kommen.<br/> <br/> Vegane Alternativen zu Fleisch:<br />
<br />
*Tofu <br />
*Räuchertofu <br />
*Seitan <br />
*Tempeth <br />
*Jackfrucht <br />
*Austernseitlinge (Austernpilze) <br />
*Sojafleisch (texturisiertes Sojaprotein) <br />
*Lupinentofu <br />
*Quorn (Fleischalternative aus Pilz-Eiweiß) <br />
<br />
Vegane Alternativen zu Milch:<br />
<br />
*Hafermilch <br />
*Sojamilch <br />
*Mandelmilch <br />
*Kokosmilch <br />
*Hanfmilch <br />
*etc. <br />
<br />
Vegane Alternativen zu Ei<br />
<br />
*Avokado <br />
*Sojamehl <br />
*Johannesbrotkernmehl <br />
*Apfelmus (als Ei-Alternative zum Backen) <br />
*Kala Namak (ein aus Indien stammendes Salz, dass Gerichten eine sehr Ei-ähnliche Note gibt)<br />
<br />
== Gesundheitliche Vor- und Nachteile ==<br />
<br />
== Supplementierung ==<br />
<br />
Bei bestimmten Nährstoffen ist bei veganer Ernährung eine Supplementierung erforderlich. Dazu zählen Vitamin B12 und Vitamin D3. Allerdings ist eine Supplementierung von Vitamin D3 generell in gemäßigten Klimazonen wie Mitteleuropa ratsam.<br />
<br />
Vitamin B12 sollte bei veganer Ernährung unbedingt supplementiert werden. Aufgrund der im Alter abnehmenden Cobalamin-Resorption ist jedoch auch bei Gemischtköstlern ab ca. dem 60ten Lebensjahr eine Vitamin B12-Supplementierung ratsam. Als B12-Supplement ist Methylcobalamin dem Cyanocobalamin vorzuziehen, da es leichter resorbiert wird und somit selbst bei verminderter B12-Resorption eine sichere Versorgung ermöglicht. Methylcobalamin wird überwiegend über die Mundschleimhaut aufgenommen. Besonders kompfortabel ist eine B12-Supplementierung über Methycobalamin-haltige Zahncremes.<br />
<br />
Da die Jod-Versorgung sowohl bei Veganern wie bei Gemischtköstlern in Mitteleuropa unzureichend ist kann auch hier eine Supplementierung sinnvoll sein. Allerdings kann der Jod-Bedarf auch über Algen (Beispielsweise Nori, Wakame, Kombu, Zuckertang etc.) gedeckt werden. Veganes Sushi, sowie Wakame-haltige Miso-Suppen sind hierbei sinnvoll.<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
== Empfehlungen und Einschätzungen der ernährungswissenschaftlichen Gesellschaften ==<br />
<br />
Die deutschsprachigen Ernährungsexpertenvereinigungen DGE und BfG stehen der veganen Ernährung eher kritisch gegenüber, während die weitaus mitgliederstärkeren Ernährungsexpertenvereinigungen Kannadas, Australiens und der USA die vegane Ernährung weitaus positiver einschätzen.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! Institution (alphabetisch sortiert)<br />
! Erwachsene<br />
! Kinder u. Jugendliche<br />
! alte Menschen<br />
! Schwangere, Stillende,<br/> Säuglinge und Kleinkinder<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics<br/> vormals American Diet Association (ADA)<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1">Aussage ADA u. Dietitians of Canada: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Bundesamt<br/> für Gesundheit (Schweiz)<br />
| style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0)" | 0<ref name="sga1">Aussage Bundesamt für Gesundheit: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="sga2">Aussage Bundesamt für Gesundheit: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="sga2" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="sga2" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung (DGE)<br />
| style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0)" | 0<ref name="dge1">Aussage DGE: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="dge2">Aussage DGE: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="dge2" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="dge2" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Dietitians of Canada<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | National Health<br/> and Medical Research Council (Australien)<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1">Aussage N.H.M.R.C.: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1" /><br />
|}<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{| class="mw-collapsible" style="text-align:left"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="1" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 1:''<br />
|-<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +: durchführbar bzgl. adequater Nährstoffversorgung<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0)" | 0: bedingt durchführbar bzgl. adequater Nährstoffversorgung<br />
|-<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -: nicht durchführbar bzgl. adequater Nährstoffversorgung<br />
|}<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
== Nährstoffversorgung ==<br />
<br />
Zur Zeit des Aufkommens der Ernährungswissenschaften (Ökotrophologie) gab es die Einschätzung, dass ein eher tierproduktreiche Ernährung zu einer besseren Nährstoffversorgung führen würde. Seit den 1980er, 1990er Jahren hat sich diese Sichtweise schrittweise geändert. Vor allem Studien aus den 2000er Jahren zeigen, dass eine tierproduktarme bzw. tierproduktfreie Ernährung in einigen Punkten Vorteile aufweist. Die Aufnahme kallorierenreichen Makronährstoffen wie Fett und Protein ist bei veganer Ernährung in einem günstigeren Bereich, wähernd die Versorgung mit Ballaststoffen sowie essentiellen Nährstoffen wie den mehrfach ungesättigten Fettsäuren, sowie Folsäure (Florat), Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Kalium und Magnesium etwas besser abschneidet. Dafür ist bei Gemischtköstlern die Versorgung mit Vitamin B12, Kalzium, Zink und Selen etwas besser. Beim Vitamin D sowie beim Jod sind sowohl Veganer als auch Mischköstler im nord- und mitteleuropäischen Raum unterversorgt.<br />
<br />
Tabelle 2, Studien zur Nährstoffversorgung bei veganer Ernährung (ohne Supplementierung) im Vergleich:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; float:left; margin-right:1em; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0em"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Analyse<br/> Werte<br />
! colspan="2" | Bedarf /<br/> Referenz<ref name="Bedarf">nach Deutscher Gesellschaft für Ernährung, Erwachsene (25-51) http://www.dge.de/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=3</ref><br />
! colspan="2" | Veganer<br/> <small>''(Davey et al. 2003)''</small><ref name="Davey">Davey et al.: EPIC–Oxford: lifestyle characteristics and nutrient intakes in a cohort of 33 883 meat-eaters and 31 546 non meat-eaters in the UK. May 2003, {{DOI|10.1079/PHN2002430}} PMID 12740075. (n=25.765)</ref><br />
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid black" | Veganer<br/> <small>''(Larsson et al. 2002)''</small><ref name="Larsson">Larsson et al.: Dietary intake and nutritional status of young vegans and omnivores in Sweden. July 2002, PMID 12081822. (n=60)</ref><br />
! colspan="2" | Mischköstler<br/> <small>''(Davey et al. 2003)''</small><ref name="Davey" /><br />
! colspan="2" | Mischköstler<br/> <small>''(Larsson et al. 2002)''</small><ref name="Larsson" /><br />
|-<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! style="border-right: 3px solid black" | ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Hauptnährstoffverteilung:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Protein'''<ref name="Proz">Zufuhr in % der Nahrungsenergie</ref><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 9-11%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 10%<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 10%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 16%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 17%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 15%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 14%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Fett'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <35%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 28%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 28%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 27%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 24%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 32%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 31%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 29%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 29%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kohlenhydrate'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | >50%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 55%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 56%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 63%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 66%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 47%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 48%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 55%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 56%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Fettsäuren, Cholesterin und Ballaststoffe:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''gesättigte Fette'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <10%<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 4,99%<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 5,11%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 7,67%<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 6,21%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 10,7%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 10,4%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13,05%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13,15%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''mehrf. ungesättigte Fette'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 7-10%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,53%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,20%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 6,44%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-right: 3px solid black" | 6,21%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 5,21%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 5,19%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 3,48%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 3,33%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Cholesterin'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <300mg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,1mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,3mg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 326mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 230mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Ballaststoffe'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | >30g<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 27,7g<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 26,4g<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 44g<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 34g<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 18,7g<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 18,9g<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 25g<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 21g<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Vitamine:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin A'''<br />
| 1000µg<br />
| 800µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 1045µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 966µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1226µg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1169µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B1'''<br />
| 1,2mg<br />
| 1,0mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,29mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,14mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,9mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 1,5mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,69mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,62mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,2mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,5mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B2'''<br />
| 1,4mg<br />
| 1,2mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,26mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,13mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 1,2mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 1,1mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,30mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,19mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,8mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,9mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Niacin'''<br />
| 16mg<br />
| 13mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 23,9mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 21,1mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 34mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 26mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 24,7mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 23,2mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 48mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 32mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B6'''<br />
| 1,5mg<br />
| 1,2mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,23mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,06mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,7mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,1mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,26mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,17mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,8mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,0mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B12'''<ref name="VitB12">Gefüllter Vitamin B12 Speicher reicht für viele Jahre aus, aber nach Aufbrauch des Vitamin B12-Speichers drohen ohne ausreichende Zufuhr über tierische Lebensmittel oder Supplementierung neurologische Schädigungen (vgl. [[Vitamin B12]]).</ref><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 3,0µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,41µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,49µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,1µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 0,0µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,25µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 6,98µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 5,9µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 5,0µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Folat'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 300µg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 431µg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 412µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 551µg<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 473µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 329µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 321µg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 263µg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 226µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin C'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 100mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 155mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 169mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 203mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 178mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 119mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 138mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 96mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 104mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin D'''<ref name="VitD">wird auch über die Haut bei Sonnenexposition gebildet, im Sommer genügen wenige Minuten Sonne zur Deckung des Tagesbedarfs (vgl. [[Cholecalciferol#Biosynthese_von_Vitamin_D3|Vitamin D]]).</ref><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 20µg<ref name="VitD" /><br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,88µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,88µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 3,7µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,0µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 3,39µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 3,32µg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 7,7µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 5,1µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin E'''<br />
| 14mg<br />
| 12mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 16,1mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 14,0mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 18mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 13mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 11,8mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 10,7mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 9,2mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 7,3mg<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Mineralstoffe:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kalzium'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 1000mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 610mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 582mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 517mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-right: 3px solid black" | 538mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 1057mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 989mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1697mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1328mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Magnesium'''<br />
| 350mg<br />
| 300mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 440mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 391mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 559mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 443mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 366mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 341mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 457mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 325mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kalium'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 2000mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4029mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3817mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4200mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 3460mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3965mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3839mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4100mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 3160mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Eisen'''<br />
| 10mg<br />
| 15mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 15,3mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 14,1mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 18mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 14mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 13,4mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 12,6mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 18mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 11mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Zink'''<br />
| 10mg<br />
| 7mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 7,99mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 7,22mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 10mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 7,8mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 9,78mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 9,16mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 16mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 11mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Selen'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 30µg - 70µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 12µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 10µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 40µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 27µg<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="1" | &nbsp;<br />
! colspan="2" | &nbsp;<br />
! colspan="4" style="border-right: 3px solid black" | <small>''(Lightowler et al. 1999)''</small><ref name="Lightowler">Lightowler HJ & Davies GJ: Iodine intake and iodine deficiency in vegans as assessed by the duplicate-portion technique and urinary iodine excretion. Br J Nutr Dez 1998; 80, 529-535. PMID 10211051</ref><br />
! colspan="4" | <small>''(Lightowler et al. 1999)''</small><ref name="Lightowler" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Jod'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 200µg<br />
| colspan="4" style="background:#FF9999; border-right: 3px solid black; text-align:center" | 87µg<br />
| colspan="4" style="background:#FF9999; text-align:center" | 120µg<br />
|}<br />
<div style="clear:both">&nbsp;</div> <br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-top:-5px; text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="7" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 1:''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenzwert kein Maximalwert, Abweichung zu Referenzwert:<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | < -65%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -65%..-35%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -35%..-10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -10%..+10%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | +10%..+35%<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | +35%..+65%<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | > 65%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenz ein Maximalwert, Abweichung zu Referenzwert:<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px" | > +65%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px" | +65%..+35%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px" | +35%..+10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px" | +10%..-10%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-top-width: 0px" | -10%..-35%<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-top-width: 0px" | -35%..-65%<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px" | < -65%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenz geschlossenes Intervall, Abweichung zu nähester Intervallgrenze:<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px" | > 65%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px" | 65%..35%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px" | 35%..10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px" | 10%..>0%<br />
| colspan="3" style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px; text-align:center" | Innerhalb Intervall<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Tabelle 2, Häufigkeit einer unzureichenden Nährstoffaufnahme der untersuchten Studienteilnehmer<ref name="teo">Teo, CC (2011): Assessing the Prevalence of Inadequate Nutrient Intake Among Vegetarians and Non-Vegetarians Using the Estimated Average Requirement: Results from the adventist health study 2 calibration study. Proquest [http://udini.proquest.com/view/assessing-the-prevalence-of-pqid:2247014461/|Umi Dissertation Publishing] (n=661)</ref>:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; float:left; margin-right:1em; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0em"<br />
|-<br />
! style="width: 7em" | Nährstoff<br />
! style="width: 7em" | Veganer<br />
! style="width: 7em" | Mischköstler<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin A'''<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 42%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 40%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin C'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 8%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 26%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin E'''<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 79%<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 94%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B1'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 12%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 13%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B2'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 15%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 14%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Niacin'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 0%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Folate'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 6%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 18%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B12'''<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 48%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 16%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kupfer'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 0%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Magnesium'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 15%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 49%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Phosphor'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 5%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Selen'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 10%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 6%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Zink'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 22%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 23%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Eisen'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 9%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 16%<br />
|}<br />
<div style="clear:both">&nbsp;</div> <br />
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 2:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#00E000; width: 5em" | 0%..10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; width: 5em" | 10%..25%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; width: 5em" | 25%..75%<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; width: 5em" | > 75%<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Fußnoten:==<br />
<references /></div>
Chrononaut
https://www.freewiki.eu/de/index.php?title=Veganismus&diff=1301
Veganismus
2018-12-12T10:15:36Z
<p>Chrononaut: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
Veganismus ist ein aus dem Vegetarismus hervorgegangener Lebens- und Ernährungsstil. Veganer versuchen den Konsum sämtlicher Produkte, für deren Herstellung Tiere genutzt wurden, bestmöglich zu vermeiden. Die Beweggründe vegan zu leben sind sehr unterschiedlich, sie reichen über Ethik, Gesundheit, Ökologie, Welternährung bis hin zu religiösen oder spirituellen Gründen.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Begriff ==<br />
<br />
Geprägt wurde das Wort vegan durch den Engländer Donlad Watson. Er gründete 1944 die Vegan Society als Abspaltung der Vegetarian Society. Den Begriff schuf er aus einer Verkürzung des Wortes '''veg'''etari'''an''' zu '''vegan.'''<br />
<br />
== Beweggründe ==<br />
<br />
== Prominente Veganer ==<br />
<br />
== Veganeranteil in einzelnen Ländern ==<br />
<br />
== Tierproduktalternativen ==<br />
<br />
Tierproduktalternativen sind nicht zwingend für die vegane Ernährung erforderlich, aber sie erhöhen die kulinarische Attraktivität der Gerichte und erleichtern Gemischtköstlern den Ernährungsumstieg.<br />
<br />
== Gesundheitliche Vor- und Nachteile ==<br />
<br />
== Supplementierung ==<br />
<br />
Bei bestimmten Nährstoffen ist bei veganer Ernährung eine Supplementierung erforderlich. Dazu zählen Vitamin B12 und Vitamin D3. Allerdings ist eine Supplementierung von Vitamin D3 generell in gemäßigten Klimazonen wie Mitteleuropa ratsam.<br />
<br />
Vitamin B12 sollte bei veganer Ernährung unbedingt supplementiert werden. Aufgrund der im Alter abnehmenden Cobalamin-Resorption ist jedoch auch bei Gemischtköstlern ab ca. dem 60ten Lebensjahr eine Vitamin B12-Supplementierung ratsam. Als B12-Supplement ist Methylcobalamin dem Cyanocobalamin vorzuziehen, da es leichter resorbiert wird und somit selbst bei verminderter B12-Resorption eine sichere Versorgung ermöglicht. Methylcobalamin wird überwiegend über die Mundschleimhaut aufgenommen. Besonders kompfortabel ist eine B12-Supplementierung über Methycobalamin-haltige Zahncremes.<br />
<br />
Da die Jod-Versorgung sowohl bei Veganern wie bei Gemischtköstlern in Mitteleuropa unzureichend ist kann auch hier eine Supplementierung sinnvoll sein. Allerdings kann der Jod-Bedarf auch über Algen (Beispielsweise Nori, Wakame, Kombu, Zuckertang etc.) gedeckt werden. Veganes Sushi, sowie Wakame-haltige Miso-Suppen sind hierbei sinnvoll.<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
== Empfehlungen und Einschätzungen der ernährungswissenschaftlichen Gesellschaften ==<br />
<br />
Die deutschsprachigen Ernährungsexpertenvereinigungen DGE und BfG stehen der veganen Ernährung eher kritisch gegenüber, während die weitaus mitgliederstärkeren Ernährungsexpertenvereinigungen Kannadas, Australiens und der USA die vegane Ernährung weitaus positiver einschätzen.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! Institution (alphabetisch sortiert)<br />
! Erwachsene<br />
! Kinder u. Jugendliche<br />
! alte Menschen<br />
! Schwangere, Stillende,<br/> Säuglinge und Kleinkinder<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics<br/> vormals American Diet Association (ADA)<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1">Aussage ADA u. Dietitians of Canada: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Bundesamt<br/> für Gesundheit (Schweiz)<br />
| style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0)" | 0<ref name="sga1">Aussage Bundesamt für Gesundheit: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="sga2">Aussage Bundesamt für Gesundheit: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="sga2" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="sga2" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung (DGE)<br />
| style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0)" | 0<ref name="dge1">Aussage DGE: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="dge2">Aussage DGE: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="dge2" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="dge2" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Dietitians of Canada<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | National Health<br/> and Medical Research Council (Australien)<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1">Aussage N.H.M.R.C.: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1" /><br />
|}<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{| class="mw-collapsible" style="text-align:left"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="1" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 1:''<br />
|-<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +: durchführbar bzgl. adequater Nährstoffversorgung<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0)" | 0: bedingt durchführbar bzgl. adequater Nährstoffversorgung<br />
|-<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -: nicht durchführbar bzgl. adequater Nährstoffversorgung<br />
|}<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
== Nährstoffversorgung ==<br />
<br />
Zur Zeit des Aufkommens der Ernährungswissenschaften (Ökotrophologie) gab es die Einschätzung, dass ein eher tierproduktreiche Ernährung zu einer besseren Nährstoffversorgung führen würde. Seit den 1980er, 1990er Jahren hat sich diese Sichtweise schrittweise geändert. Vor allem Studien aus den 2000er Jahren zeigen, dass eine tierproduktarme bzw. tierproduktfreie Ernährung in einigen Punkten Vorteile aufweist. Die Aufnahme kallorierenreichen Makronährstoffen wie Fett und Protein ist bei veganer Ernährung in einem günstigeren Bereich, wähernd die Versorgung mit Ballaststoffen sowie essentiellen Nährstoffen wie den mehrfach ungesättigten Fettsäuren, sowie Folsäure (Florat), Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Kalium und Magnesium etwas besser abschneidet. Dafür ist bei Gemischtköstlern die Versorgung mit Vitamin B12, Kalzium, Zink und Selen etwas besser. Beim Vitamin D sowie beim Jod sind sowohl Veganer als auch Mischköstler im nord- und mitteleuropäischen Raum unterversorgt.<br />
<br />
Tabelle 2, Studien zur Nährstoffversorgung bei veganer Ernährung (ohne Supplementierung) im Vergleich:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; float:left; margin-right:1em; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0em"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Analyse<br/> Werte<br />
! colspan="2" | Bedarf /<br/> Referenz<ref name="Bedarf">nach Deutscher Gesellschaft für Ernährung, Erwachsene (25-51) http://www.dge.de/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=3</ref><br />
! colspan="2" | Veganer<br/> <small>''(Davey et al. 2003)''</small><ref name="Davey">Davey et al.: EPIC–Oxford: lifestyle characteristics and nutrient intakes in a cohort of 33 883 meat-eaters and 31 546 non meat-eaters in the UK. May 2003, {{DOI|10.1079/PHN2002430}} PMID 12740075. (n=25.765)</ref><br />
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid black" | Veganer<br/> <small>''(Larsson et al. 2002)''</small><ref name="Larsson">Larsson et al.: Dietary intake and nutritional status of young vegans and omnivores in Sweden. July 2002, PMID 12081822. (n=60)</ref><br />
! colspan="2" | Mischköstler<br/> <small>''(Davey et al. 2003)''</small><ref name="Davey" /><br />
! colspan="2" | Mischköstler<br/> <small>''(Larsson et al. 2002)''</small><ref name="Larsson" /><br />
|-<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! style="border-right: 3px solid black" | ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Hauptnährstoffverteilung:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Protein'''<ref name="Proz">Zufuhr in % der Nahrungsenergie</ref><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 9-11%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 10%<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 10%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 16%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 17%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 15%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 14%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Fett'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <35%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 28%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 28%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 27%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 24%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 32%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 31%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 29%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 29%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kohlenhydrate'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | >50%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 55%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 56%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 63%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 66%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 47%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 48%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 55%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 56%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Fettsäuren, Cholesterin und Ballaststoffe:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''gesättigte Fette'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <10%<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 4,99%<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 5,11%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 7,67%<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 6,21%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 10,7%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 10,4%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13,05%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13,15%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''mehrf. ungesättigte Fette'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 7-10%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,53%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,20%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 6,44%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-right: 3px solid black" | 6,21%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 5,21%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 5,19%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 3,48%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 3,33%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Cholesterin'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <300mg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,1mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,3mg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 326mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 230mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Ballaststoffe'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | >30g<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 27,7g<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 26,4g<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 44g<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 34g<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 18,7g<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 18,9g<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 25g<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 21g<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Vitamine:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin A'''<br />
| 1000µg<br />
| 800µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 1045µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 966µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1226µg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1169µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B1'''<br />
| 1,2mg<br />
| 1,0mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,29mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,14mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,9mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 1,5mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,69mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,62mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,2mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,5mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B2'''<br />
| 1,4mg<br />
| 1,2mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,26mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,13mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 1,2mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 1,1mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,30mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,19mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,8mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,9mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Niacin'''<br />
| 16mg<br />
| 13mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 23,9mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 21,1mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 34mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 26mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 24,7mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 23,2mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 48mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 32mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B6'''<br />
| 1,5mg<br />
| 1,2mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,23mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,06mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,7mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,1mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,26mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,17mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,8mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,0mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B12'''<ref name="VitB12">Gefüllter Vitamin B12 Speicher reicht für viele Jahre aus, aber nach Aufbrauch des Vitamin B12-Speichers drohen ohne ausreichende Zufuhr über tierische Lebensmittel oder Supplementierung neurologische Schädigungen (vgl. [[Vitamin B12]]).</ref><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 3,0µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,41µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,49µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,1µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 0,0µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,25µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 6,98µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 5,9µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 5,0µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Folat'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 300µg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 431µg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 412µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 551µg<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 473µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 329µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 321µg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 263µg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 226µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin C'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 100mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 155mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 169mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 203mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 178mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 119mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 138mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 96mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 104mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin D'''<ref name="VitD">wird auch über die Haut bei Sonnenexposition gebildet, im Sommer genügen wenige Minuten Sonne zur Deckung des Tagesbedarfs (vgl. [[Cholecalciferol#Biosynthese_von_Vitamin_D3|Vitamin D]]).</ref><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 20µg<ref name="VitD" /><br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,88µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,88µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 3,7µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,0µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 3,39µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 3,32µg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 7,7µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 5,1µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin E'''<br />
| 14mg<br />
| 12mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 16,1mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 14,0mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 18mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 13mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 11,8mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 10,7mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 9,2mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 7,3mg<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Mineralstoffe:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kalzium'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 1000mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 610mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 582mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 517mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-right: 3px solid black" | 538mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 1057mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 989mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1697mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1328mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Magnesium'''<br />
| 350mg<br />
| 300mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 440mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 391mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 559mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 443mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 366mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 341mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 457mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 325mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kalium'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 2000mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4029mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3817mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4200mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 3460mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3965mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3839mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4100mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 3160mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Eisen'''<br />
| 10mg<br />
| 15mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 15,3mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 14,1mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 18mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 14mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 13,4mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 12,6mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 18mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 11mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Zink'''<br />
| 10mg<br />
| 7mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 7,99mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 7,22mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 10mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 7,8mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 9,78mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 9,16mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 16mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 11mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Selen'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 30µg - 70µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 12µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 10µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 40µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 27µg<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="1" | &nbsp;<br />
! colspan="2" | &nbsp;<br />
! colspan="4" style="border-right: 3px solid black" | <small>''(Lightowler et al. 1999)''</small><ref name="Lightowler">Lightowler HJ & Davies GJ: Iodine intake and iodine deficiency in vegans as assessed by the duplicate-portion technique and urinary iodine excretion. Br J Nutr Dez 1998; 80, 529-535. PMID 10211051</ref><br />
! colspan="4" | <small>''(Lightowler et al. 1999)''</small><ref name="Lightowler" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Jod'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 200µg<br />
| colspan="4" style="background:#FF9999; border-right: 3px solid black; text-align:center" | 87µg<br />
| colspan="4" style="background:#FF9999; text-align:center" | 120µg<br />
|}<br />
<div style="clear:both">&nbsp;</div> <br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-top:-5px; text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="7" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 1:''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenzwert kein Maximalwert, Abweichung zu Referenzwert:<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | < -65%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -65%..-35%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -35%..-10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -10%..+10%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | +10%..+35%<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | +35%..+65%<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | > 65%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenz ein Maximalwert, Abweichung zu Referenzwert:<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px" | > +65%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px" | +65%..+35%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px" | +35%..+10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px" | +10%..-10%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-top-width: 0px" | -10%..-35%<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-top-width: 0px" | -35%..-65%<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px" | < -65%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenz geschlossenes Intervall, Abweichung zu nähester Intervallgrenze:<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px" | > 65%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px" | 65%..35%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px" | 35%..10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px" | 10%..>0%<br />
| colspan="3" style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px; text-align:center" | Innerhalb Intervall<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Tabelle 2, Häufigkeit einer unzureichenden Nährstoffaufnahme der untersuchten Studienteilnehmer<ref name="teo">Teo, CC (2011): Assessing the Prevalence of Inadequate Nutrient Intake Among Vegetarians and Non-Vegetarians Using the Estimated Average Requirement: Results from the adventist health study 2 calibration study. Proquest [http://udini.proquest.com/view/assessing-the-prevalence-of-pqid:2247014461/|Umi Dissertation Publishing] (n=661)</ref>:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; float:left; margin-right:1em; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0em"<br />
|-<br />
! style="width: 7em" | Nährstoff<br />
! style="width: 7em" | Veganer<br />
! style="width: 7em" | Mischköstler<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin A'''<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 42%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 40%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin C'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 8%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 26%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin E'''<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 79%<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 94%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B1'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 12%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 13%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B2'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 15%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 14%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Niacin'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 0%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Folate'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 6%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 18%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B12'''<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 48%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 16%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kupfer'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 0%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Magnesium'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 15%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 49%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Phosphor'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 5%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Selen'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 10%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 6%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Zink'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 22%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 23%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Eisen'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 9%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 16%<br />
|}<br />
<div style="clear:both">&nbsp;</div> <br />
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 2:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#00E000; width: 5em" | 0%..10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; width: 5em" | 10%..25%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; width: 5em" | 25%..75%<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; width: 5em" | > 75%<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Fußnoten:==<br />
<references /></div>
Chrononaut
https://www.freewiki.eu/de/index.php?title=Veganismus&diff=1298
Veganismus
2018-12-11T17:24:44Z
<p>Chrononaut: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
Veganismus ist ein aus dem Vegetarismus hervorgegangener Lebens- und Ernährungsstil. Veganer versuchen den Konsum sämtlicher Produkte für deren Herstellung Tiere genutzt wurden bestmöglich zu vermeiden. Die Beweggründe vegan zu leben sind sehr unterschiedlich, sie reichen über Ethik, Gesundheit, Ökologie, Welternährung bis hin zu religiösen oder spirituellen Gründen.<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
== Begriff ==<br />
<br />
Geprägt wurde das Wort vegan durch den Engländer Donlad Watson. Er gründete 1944 die Vegan Society als Abspaltung der Vegetarian Society. Den Begriff schuf er aus einer Verkürzung des Wortes '''veg'''etari'''an'''.<br />
<br />
== Beweggründe ==<br />
<br />
== Prominente Veganer ==<br />
<br />
== Veganeranteil in einzelnen Ländern ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Tierproduktalternativen ==<br />
<br />
Tierproduktalternativen sind nicht zwingend für die vegane Ernährung erforderlich, aber sie erhöhen die kulinarische Atraktivität der Gerichte und erleichtern Gemischtköstlern den Ernährungsumstieg.<br />
<br />
== Gesundheitliche Vor- und Nachteile ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Supplementierung ==<br />
<br />
Bei bestimmten Nährstoffen ist bei veganer Ernährung eine Supplementierung erforderlich. Dazu zählen Vitamin B12 und Vitamin D3. Allerdings ist eine Supplementierung von Vitamin D3 generell in gemäßigten Klimazonen wie Mitteleuropa ratsam.<br />
<br />
Vitamin B12 sollte bei veganer Ernährung unbedingt supplementiert werden. Aufgrund der im Alter abnehmenden Cobalamin-Resorption ist jedoch auch bei Gemischtköstlern ab ca. dem 60ten Lebensjahr eine Vitamin B12-Supplementierung ratsam. Als B12-Supplement ist Methylcobalamin dem Cyanocobalamin vorzuziehen, da es leichter resorbiert wird und somit selbst bei verminderter B12-Resorption eine sichere Versorgung ermöglicht. Methylcobalamin wird überwiegend über die Mundschleimhaut aufgenommen. Besonders kompfortabel ist eine B12-Supplementierung über Methycobalamin-haltige Zahncremes.<br />
<br />
Da die Jod-Versorgung sowohl bei Veganern wie bei Gemischtköstlern in Mitteleuropa unzureichend ist kann auch hier eine Supplementierung sinnvoll sein. Allerdings kann der Jod-Bedarf auch über Algen (Beispielsweise Nori, Wakame, Kombu, Zuckertang etc.) gedeckt werden. Veganes Sushi, sowie Wakame-haltige Miso-Suppen sind hierbei sinnvoll.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Empfehlungen und Einschätzungen der ernährungswissenschaftlichen Gesellschaften ==<br />
<br />
Die deutschsprachigen Ernährungsexpertenvereinigungen DGE und BfG stehen der veganen Ernährung eher kritisch gegenüber, während die weitaus mitgliederstärkeren Ernährungsexpertenvereinigungen Kannadas, Australiens und der USA die vegane Ernährung weitaus positiver einschätzen.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! Institution (alphabetisch sortiert)<br />
! Erwachsene<br />
! Kinder u. Jugendliche<br />
! alte Menschen<br />
! Schwangere, Stillende,<br/> Säuglinge und Kleinkinder<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics<br/> vormals American Diet Association (ADA)<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1">Aussage ADA u. Dietitians of Canada: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Bundesamt<br/> für Gesundheit (Schweiz)<br />
| style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0)" | 0<ref name="sga1">Aussage Bundesamt für Gesundheit: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="sga2">Aussage Bundesamt für Gesundheit: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="sga2" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="sga2" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung (DGE)<br />
| style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0)" | 0<ref name="dge1">Aussage DGE: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="dge2">Aussage DGE: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="dge2" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="dge2" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Dietitians of Canada<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | National Health<br/> and Medical Research Council (Australien)<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1">Aussage N.H.M.R.C.: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1" /><br />
|}<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{| class="mw-collapsible" style="text-align:left"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="1" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 1:''<br />
|-<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +: durchführbar bzgl. adequater Nährstoffversorgung<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0)" | 0: bedingt durchführbar bzgl. adequater Nährstoffversorgung<br />
|-<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -: nicht durchführbar bzgl. adequater Nährstoffversorgung<br />
|}<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
== Nährstoffversorgung ==<br />
<br />
Zur Zeit des Aufkommens der Ernährungswissenschaften (Ökotrophologie) gab es die Einschätzung, dass ein eher tierproduktreiche Ernährung zu einer besseren Nährstoffversorgung führen würde. Seit den 1980er, 1990er Jahren hat sich diese Sichtweise schrittweise geändert. Vor allem Studien aus den 2000er Jahren zeigen, dass eine tierproduktarme bzw. tierproduktfreie Ernährung in einigen Punkten Vorteile aufweist. Die Aufnahme kallorierenreichen Makronährstoffen wie Fett und Protein ist bei veganer Ernährung in einem günstigeren Bereich, wähernd die Versorgung mit Ballaststoffen sowie essentiellen Nährstoffen wie den mehrfach ungesättigten Fettsäuren, sowie Folsäure (Florat), Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Kalium und Magnesium etwas besser abschneidet. Dafür ist bei Gemischtköstlern die Versorgung mit Vitamin B12, Kalzium, Zink und Selen etwas besser. Beim Vitamin D sowie beim Jod sind sowohl Veganer als auch Mischköstler im nord- und mitteleuropäischen Raum unterversorgt.<br />
<br />
Tabelle 2, Studien zur Nährstoffversorgung bei veganer Ernährung (ohne Supplementierung) im Vergleich:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; float:left; margin-right:1em; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0em"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Analyse<br/> Werte<br />
! colspan="2" | Bedarf /<br/> Referenz<ref name="Bedarf">nach Deutscher Gesellschaft für Ernährung, Erwachsene (25-51) http://www.dge.de/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=3</ref><br />
! colspan="2" | Veganer<br/> <small>''(Davey et al. 2003)''</small><ref name="Davey">Davey et al.: EPIC–Oxford: lifestyle characteristics and nutrient intakes in a cohort of 33 883 meat-eaters and 31 546 non meat-eaters in the UK. May 2003, {{DOI|10.1079/PHN2002430}} PMID 12740075. (n=25.765)</ref><br />
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid black" | Veganer<br/> <small>''(Larsson et al. 2002)''</small><ref name="Larsson">Larsson et al.: Dietary intake and nutritional status of young vegans and omnivores in Sweden. July 2002, PMID 12081822. (n=60)</ref><br />
! colspan="2" | Mischköstler<br/> <small>''(Davey et al. 2003)''</small><ref name="Davey" /><br />
! colspan="2" | Mischköstler<br/> <small>''(Larsson et al. 2002)''</small><ref name="Larsson" /><br />
|-<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! style="border-right: 3px solid black" | ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Hauptnährstoffverteilung:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Protein'''<ref name="Proz">Zufuhr in % der Nahrungsenergie</ref><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 9-11%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 10%<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 10%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 16%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 17%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 15%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 14%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Fett'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <35%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 28%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 28%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 27%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 24%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 32%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 31%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 29%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 29%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kohlenhydrate'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | >50%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 55%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 56%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 63%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 66%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 47%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 48%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 55%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 56%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Fettsäuren, Cholesterin und Ballaststoffe:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''gesättigte Fette'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <10%<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 4,99%<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 5,11%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 7,67%<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 6,21%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 10,7%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 10,4%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13,05%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13,15%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''mehrf. ungesättigte Fette'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 7-10%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,53%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,20%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 6,44%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-right: 3px solid black" | 6,21%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 5,21%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 5,19%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 3,48%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 3,33%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Cholesterin'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <300mg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,1mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,3mg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 326mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 230mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Ballaststoffe'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | >30g<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 27,7g<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 26,4g<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 44g<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 34g<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 18,7g<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 18,9g<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 25g<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 21g<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Vitamine:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin A'''<br />
| 1000µg<br />
| 800µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 1045µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 966µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1226µg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1169µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B1'''<br />
| 1,2mg<br />
| 1,0mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,29mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,14mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,9mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 1,5mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,69mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,62mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,2mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,5mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B2'''<br />
| 1,4mg<br />
| 1,2mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,26mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,13mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 1,2mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 1,1mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,30mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,19mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,8mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,9mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Niacin'''<br />
| 16mg<br />
| 13mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 23,9mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 21,1mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 34mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 26mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 24,7mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 23,2mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 48mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 32mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B6'''<br />
| 1,5mg<br />
| 1,2mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,23mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,06mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,7mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,1mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,26mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,17mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,8mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,0mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B12'''<ref name="VitB12">Gefüllter Vitamin B12 Speicher reicht für viele Jahre aus, aber nach Aufbrauch des Vitamin B12-Speichers drohen ohne ausreichende Zufuhr über tierische Lebensmittel oder Supplementierung neurologische Schädigungen (vgl. [[Vitamin B12]]).</ref><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 3,0µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,41µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,49µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,1µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 0,0µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,25µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 6,98µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 5,9µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 5,0µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Folat'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 300µg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 431µg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 412µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 551µg<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 473µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 329µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 321µg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 263µg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 226µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin C'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 100mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 155mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 169mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 203mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 178mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 119mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 138mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 96mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 104mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin D'''<ref name="VitD">wird auch über die Haut bei Sonnenexposition gebildet, im Sommer genügen wenige Minuten Sonne zur Deckung des Tagesbedarfs (vgl. [[Cholecalciferol#Biosynthese_von_Vitamin_D3|Vitamin D]]).</ref><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 20µg<ref name="VitD" /><br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,88µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,88µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 3,7µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,0µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 3,39µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 3,32µg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 7,7µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 5,1µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin E'''<br />
| 14mg<br />
| 12mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 16,1mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 14,0mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 18mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 13mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 11,8mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 10,7mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 9,2mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 7,3mg<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Mineralstoffe:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kalzium'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 1000mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 610mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 582mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 517mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-right: 3px solid black" | 538mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 1057mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 989mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1697mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1328mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Magnesium'''<br />
| 350mg<br />
| 300mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 440mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 391mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 559mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 443mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 366mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 341mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 457mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 325mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kalium'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 2000mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4029mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3817mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4200mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 3460mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3965mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3839mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4100mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 3160mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Eisen'''<br />
| 10mg<br />
| 15mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 15,3mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 14,1mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 18mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 14mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 13,4mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 12,6mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 18mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 11mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Zink'''<br />
| 10mg<br />
| 7mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 7,99mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 7,22mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 10mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 7,8mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 9,78mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 9,16mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 16mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 11mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Selen'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 30µg - 70µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 12µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 10µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 40µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 27µg<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="1" | &nbsp;<br />
! colspan="2" | &nbsp;<br />
! colspan="4" style="border-right: 3px solid black" | <small>''(Lightowler et al. 1999)''</small><ref name="Lightowler">Lightowler HJ & Davies GJ: Iodine intake and iodine deficiency in vegans as assessed by the duplicate-portion technique and urinary iodine excretion. Br J Nutr Dez 1998; 80, 529-535. PMID 10211051</ref><br />
! colspan="4" | <small>''(Lightowler et al. 1999)''</small><ref name="Lightowler" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Jod'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 200µg<br />
| colspan="4" style="background:#FF9999; border-right: 3px solid black; text-align:center" | 87µg<br />
| colspan="4" style="background:#FF9999; text-align:center" | 120µg<br />
|}<br />
<div style="clear:both">&nbsp;</div> <br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-top:-5px; text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="7" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 1:''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenzwert kein Maximalwert, Abweichung zu Referenzwert:<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | < -65%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -65%..-35%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -35%..-10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -10%..+10%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | +10%..+35%<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | +35%..+65%<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | > 65%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenz ein Maximalwert, Abweichung zu Referenzwert:<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px" | > +65%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px" | +65%..+35%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px" | +35%..+10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px" | +10%..-10%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-top-width: 0px" | -10%..-35%<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-top-width: 0px" | -35%..-65%<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px" | < -65%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenz geschlossenes Intervall, Abweichung zu nähester Intervallgrenze:<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px" | > 65%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px" | 65%..35%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px" | 35%..10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px" | 10%..>0%<br />
| colspan="3" style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px; text-align:center" | Innerhalb Intervall<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Tabelle 2, Häufigkeit einer unzureichenden Nährstoffaufnahme der untersuchten Studienteilnehmer<ref name="teo">Teo, CC (2011): Assessing the Prevalence of Inadequate Nutrient Intake Among Vegetarians and Non-Vegetarians Using the Estimated Average Requirement: Results from the adventist health study 2 calibration study. Proquest [http://udini.proquest.com/view/assessing-the-prevalence-of-pqid:2247014461/|Umi Dissertation Publishing] (n=661)</ref>:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; float:left; margin-right:1em; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0em"<br />
|-<br />
! style="width: 7em" | Nährstoff<br />
! style="width: 7em" | Veganer<br />
! style="width: 7em" | Mischköstler<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin A'''<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 42%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 40%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin C'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 8%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 26%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin E'''<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 79%<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 94%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B1'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 12%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 13%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B2'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 15%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 14%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Niacin'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 0%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Folate'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 6%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 18%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B12'''<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 48%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 16%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kupfer'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 0%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Magnesium'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 15%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 49%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Phosphor'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 5%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Selen'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 10%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 6%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Zink'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 22%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 23%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Eisen'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 9%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 16%<br />
|}<br />
<div style="clear:both">&nbsp;</div> <br />
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 2:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#00E000; width: 5em" | 0%..10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; width: 5em" | 10%..25%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; width: 5em" | 25%..75%<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; width: 5em" | > 75%<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<references /></div>
Chrononaut
https://www.freewiki.eu/de/index.php?title=Veganismus&diff=1290
Veganismus
2018-12-11T10:12:30Z
<p>Chrononaut: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
Veganismus ist ein aus dem Vegetarismus hervorgegangener Lebens- und Ernährungsstil. Veganer versuchen den Konsum sämtlicher Produkte für deren Herstellung Tiere genutzt wurden bestmöglich zu vermeiden. Die Beweggründe vegan zu leben sind sehr unterschiedlich, sie reichen über Ethik, Gesundheit, Ökologie, Welternährung bis hin zu religiösen oder spirituellen Gründen.<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
== Begriff ==<br />
<br />
Geprägt wurde das Wort vegan durch den Engländer Donlad Watson. Er gründete 1944 die Vegan Society als Abspaltung der Vegetarian Society. Den Begriff schuf er aus einer Verkürzung des Wortes '''veg'''etari'''an'''.<br />
<br />
== Beweggründe ==<br />
<br />
== Prominente Veganer ==<br />
<br />
== Veganeranteil in einzelnen Ländern ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Tierproduktalternativen ==<br />
<br />
Tierproduktalternativen sind nicht zwingend für die vegane Ernährung erforderlich, aber sie erhöhen die kulinarische Atraktivität der Gerichte und erleichtern Gemischtköstlern den Ernährungsumstieg.<br />
<br />
== Gesundheitliche Vor- und Nachteile ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Supplementierung ==<br />
<br />
Bei bestimmten Nährstoffen ist bei veganer Ernährung eine Supplementierung erforderlich. Dazu zählen Vitamin B12 und Vitamin D3. Allerdings ist eine Supplementierung von Vitamin D3 generell in gemäßigten Klimazonen wie Mitteleuropa ratsam.<br />
<br />
Vitamin B12 sollte bei veganer Ernährung unbedingt supplementiert werden. Aufgrund der im Alter abnehmenden Cobalamin-Resorption ist jedoch auch bei Gemischtköstlern ab ca. dem 60ten Lebensjahr eine Vitamin B12-Supplementierung ratsam. Als B12-Supplement ist Methylcobalamin dem Cyanocobalamin vorzuziehen, da es leichter resorbiert wird und somit selbst bei verminderter B12-Resorption eine sichere Versorgung ermöglicht. Methylcobalamin wird überwiegend über die Mundschleimhaut aufgenommen. Besonders kompfortabel ist eine B12-Supplementierung über Methycobalamin-haltige Zahncremes.<br />
<br />
Da die Jod-Versorgung sowohl bei Veganern wie bei Gemischtköstlern in Mitteleuropa unzureichend ist kann auch hier eine Supplementierung sinnvoll sein. Allerdings kann der Jod-Bedarf auch über Algen (Beispielsweise Nori, Wakame, Kombu, Zuckertang etc.) gedeckt werden. Veganes Sushi, sowie Wakame-haltige Miso-Suppen sind hierbei sinnvoll.<br />
<br />
== Empfehlungen und Einschätzungen der ernährungswissenschaftlichen Gesellschaften ==<br />
<br />
Die deutschsprachigen Ernährungsexpertenvereinigungen DGE und BfG stehen der veganen Ernährung eher kritisch gegenüber, während die weitaus mitgliederstärkeren Ernährungsexpertenvereinigungen aus dem englischsprachigen Raum die vegane Ernährung weitaus positiver einschätzen.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! Institution (alphabetisch sortiert)<br />
! Erwachsene<br />
! Kinder u. Jugendliche<br />
! alte Menschen<br />
! Schwangere, Stillende,<br/> Säuglinge und Kleinkinder<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics<br/> vormals American Diet Association (ADA)<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1">Aussage ADA u. Dietitians of Canada: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Bundesamt<br/> für Gesundheit (Schweiz)<br />
| style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0)" | 0<ref name="sga1">Aussage Bundesamt für Gesundheit: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="sga2">Aussage Bundesamt für Gesundheit: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="sga2" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="sga2" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung (DGE)<br />
| style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0)" | 0<ref name="dge1">Aussage DGE: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="dge2">Aussage DGE: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="dge2" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="dge2" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Dietitians of Canada<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | National Health<br/> and Medical Research Council (Australien)<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1">Aussage N.H.M.R.C.: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1" /><br />
|}<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{| class="mw-collapsible" style="text-align:left"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="1" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 1:''<br />
|-<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +: durchführbar bzgl. adequater Nährstoffversorgung<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0)" | 0: bedingt durchführbar bzgl. adequater Nährstoffversorgung<br />
|-<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -: nicht durchführbar bzgl. adequater Nährstoffversorgung<br />
|}<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
== Nährstoffversorgung ==<br />
<br />
Zur Zeit des Aufkommens der Ernährungswissenschaften (Ökotrophologie) gab es die Einschätzung, dass ein eher tierproduktreiche Ernährung zu einer besseren Nährstoffversorgung führen würde. Seit den 1980er, 1990er Jahren hat sich diese Sichtweise schrittweise geändert. Vor allem Studien aus den 2000er Jahren zeigen, dass eine tierproduktarme bzw. tierproduktfreie Ernährung in einigen Punkten Vorteile aufweist. Die Aufnahme kallorierenreichen Makronährstoffen wie Fett und Protein ist bei veganer Ernährung in einem günstigeren Bereich, wähernd die Versorgung mit Ballaststoffen sowie essentiellen Nährstoffen wie den mehrfach ungesättigten Fettsäuren, sowie Folsäure (Florat), Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Kalium und Magnesium etwas besser abschneidet. Dafür ist bei Gemischtköstlern die Versorgung mit Vitamin B12, Kalzium, Zink und Selen etwas besser. Beim Vitamin D sowie beim Jod sind sowohl Veganer als auch Mischköstler im nord- und mitteleuropäischen Raum unterversorgt.<br />
<br />
Tabelle 2, Studien zur Nährstoffversorgung bei veganer Ernährung (ohne Supplementierung) im Vergleich:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; float:left; margin-right:1em; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0em"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Analyse<br/> Werte<br />
! colspan="2" | Bedarf /<br/> Referenz<ref name="Bedarf">nach Deutscher Gesellschaft für Ernährung, Erwachsene (25-51) http://www.dge.de/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=3</ref><br />
! colspan="2" | Veganer<br/> <small>''(Davey et al. 2003)''</small><ref name="Davey">Davey et al.: EPIC–Oxford: lifestyle characteristics and nutrient intakes in a cohort of 33 883 meat-eaters and 31 546 non meat-eaters in the UK. May 2003, {{DOI|10.1079/PHN2002430}} PMID 12740075. (n=25.765)</ref><br />
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid black" | Veganer<br/> <small>''(Larsson et al. 2002)''</small><ref name="Larsson">Larsson et al.: Dietary intake and nutritional status of young vegans and omnivores in Sweden. July 2002, PMID 12081822. (n=60)</ref><br />
! colspan="2" | Mischköstler<br/> <small>''(Davey et al. 2003)''</small><ref name="Davey" /><br />
! colspan="2" | Mischköstler<br/> <small>''(Larsson et al. 2002)''</small><ref name="Larsson" /><br />
|-<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! style="border-right: 3px solid black" | ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Hauptnährstoffverteilung:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Protein'''<ref name="Proz">Zufuhr in % der Nahrungsenergie</ref><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 9-11%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 10%<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 10%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 16%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 17%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 15%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 14%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Fett'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <35%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 28%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 28%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 27%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 24%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 32%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 31%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 29%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 29%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kohlenhydrate'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | >50%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 55%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 56%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 63%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 66%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 47%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 48%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 55%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 56%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Fettsäuren, Cholesterin und Ballaststoffe:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''gesättigte Fette'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <10%<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 4,99%<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 5,11%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 7,67%<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 6,21%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 10,7%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 10,4%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13,05%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13,15%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''mehrf. ungesättigte Fette'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 7-10%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,53%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,20%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 6,44%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-right: 3px solid black" | 6,21%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 5,21%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 5,19%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 3,48%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 3,33%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Cholesterin'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <300mg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,1mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,3mg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 326mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 230mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Ballaststoffe'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | >30g<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 27,7g<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 26,4g<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 44g<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 34g<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 18,7g<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 18,9g<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 25g<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 21g<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Vitamine:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin A'''<br />
| 1000µg<br />
| 800µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 1045µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 966µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1226µg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1169µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B1'''<br />
| 1,2mg<br />
| 1,0mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,29mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,14mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,9mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 1,5mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,69mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,62mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,2mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,5mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B2'''<br />
| 1,4mg<br />
| 1,2mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,26mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,13mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 1,2mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 1,1mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,30mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,19mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,8mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,9mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Niacin'''<br />
| 16mg<br />
| 13mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 23,9mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 21,1mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 34mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 26mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 24,7mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 23,2mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 48mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 32mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B6'''<br />
| 1,5mg<br />
| 1,2mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,23mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,06mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,7mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,1mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,26mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,17mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,8mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,0mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B12'''<ref name="VitB12">Gefüllter Vitamin B12 Speicher reicht für viele Jahre aus, aber nach Aufbrauch des Vitamin B12-Speichers drohen ohne ausreichende Zufuhr über tierische Lebensmittel oder Supplementierung neurologische Schädigungen (vgl. [[Vitamin B12]]).</ref><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 3,0µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,41µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,49µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,1µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 0,0µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,25µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 6,98µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 5,9µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 5,0µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Folat'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 300µg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 431µg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 412µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 551µg<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 473µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 329µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 321µg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 263µg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 226µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin C'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 100mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 155mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 169mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 203mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 178mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 119mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 138mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 96mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 104mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin D'''<ref name="VitD">wird auch über die Haut bei Sonnenexposition gebildet, im Sommer genügen wenige Minuten Sonne zur Deckung des Tagesbedarfs (vgl. [[Cholecalciferol#Biosynthese_von_Vitamin_D3|Vitamin D]]).</ref><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 20µg<ref name="VitD" /><br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,88µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,88µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 3,7µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,0µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 3,39µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 3,32µg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 7,7µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 5,1µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin E'''<br />
| 14mg<br />
| 12mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 16,1mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 14,0mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 18mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 13mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 11,8mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 10,7mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 9,2mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 7,3mg<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Mineralstoffe:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kalzium'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 1000mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 610mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 582mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 517mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-right: 3px solid black" | 538mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 1057mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 989mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1697mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1328mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Magnesium'''<br />
| 350mg<br />
| 300mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 440mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 391mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 559mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 443mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 366mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 341mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 457mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 325mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kalium'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 2000mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4029mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3817mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4200mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 3460mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3965mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3839mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4100mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 3160mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Eisen'''<br />
| 10mg<br />
| 15mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 15,3mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 14,1mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 18mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 14mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 13,4mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 12,6mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 18mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 11mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Zink'''<br />
| 10mg<br />
| 7mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 7,99mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 7,22mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 10mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 7,8mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 9,78mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 9,16mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 16mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 11mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Selen'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 30µg - 70µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 12µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 10µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 40µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 27µg<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="1" | &nbsp;<br />
! colspan="2" | &nbsp;<br />
! colspan="4" style="border-right: 3px solid black" | <small>''(Lightowler et al. 1999)''</small><ref name="Lightowler">Lightowler HJ & Davies GJ: Iodine intake and iodine deficiency in vegans as assessed by the duplicate-portion technique and urinary iodine excretion. Br J Nutr Dez 1998; 80, 529-535. PMID 10211051</ref><br />
! colspan="4" | <small>''(Lightowler et al. 1999)''</small><ref name="Lightowler" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Jod'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 200µg<br />
| colspan="4" style="background:#FF9999; border-right: 3px solid black; text-align:center" | 87µg<br />
| colspan="4" style="background:#FF9999; text-align:center" | 120µg<br />
|}<br />
<div style="clear:both">&nbsp;</div> <br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-top:-5px; text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="7" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 1:''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenzwert kein Maximalwert, Abweichung zu Referenzwert:<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | < -65%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -65%..-35%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -35%..-10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -10%..+10%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | +10%..+35%<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | +35%..+65%<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | > 65%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenz ein Maximalwert, Abweichung zu Referenzwert:<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px" | > +65%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px" | +65%..+35%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px" | +35%..+10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px" | +10%..-10%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-top-width: 0px" | -10%..-35%<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-top-width: 0px" | -35%..-65%<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px" | < -65%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenz geschlossenes Intervall, Abweichung zu nähester Intervallgrenze:<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px" | > 65%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px" | 65%..35%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px" | 35%..10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px" | 10%..>0%<br />
| colspan="3" style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px; text-align:center" | Innerhalb Intervall<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Tabelle 2, Häufigkeit einer unzureichenden Nährstoffaufnahme der untersuchten Studienteilnehmer<ref name="teo">Teo, CC (2011): Assessing the Prevalence of Inadequate Nutrient Intake Among Vegetarians and Non-Vegetarians Using the Estimated Average Requirement: Results from the adventist health study 2 calibration study. Proquest [http://udini.proquest.com/view/assessing-the-prevalence-of-pqid:2247014461/|Umi Dissertation Publishing] (n=661)</ref>:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; float:left; margin-right:1em; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0em"<br />
|-<br />
! style="width: 7em" | Nährstoff<br />
! style="width: 7em" | Veganer<br />
! style="width: 7em" | Mischköstler<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin A'''<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 42%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 40%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin C'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 8%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 26%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin E'''<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 79%<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 94%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B1'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 12%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 13%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B2'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 15%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 14%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Niacin'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 0%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Folate'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 6%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 18%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B12'''<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 48%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 16%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kupfer'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 0%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Magnesium'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 15%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 49%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Phosphor'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 5%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Selen'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 10%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 6%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Zink'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 22%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 23%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Eisen'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 9%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 16%<br />
|}<br />
<div style="clear:both">&nbsp;</div> <br />
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 2:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#00E000; width: 5em" | 0%..10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; width: 5em" | 10%..25%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; width: 5em" | 25%..75%<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; width: 5em" | > 75%<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<references /></div>
Chrononaut
https://www.freewiki.eu/de/index.php?title=Veganismus&diff=1289
Veganismus
2018-12-11T10:07:12Z
<p>Chrononaut: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
Veganismus ist ein aus dem Vegetarismus hervorgegangener Lebens- und Ernährungsstil. Veganer versuchen den Konsum sämtlicher Produkte für deren Herstellung Tiere genutzt wurden bestmöglich zu vermeiden. Die Beweggründe vegan zu leben sind sehr unterschiedlich, sie reichen über Ethik, Gesundheit, Ökologie, Welternährung bis hin zu religiösen oder spirituellen Gründen.<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
== Begriff ==<br />
<br />
Geprägt wurde das Wort vegan durch den Engländer Donlad Watson. Er gründete 1944 die Vegan Society als Abspaltung der Vegetarian Society. Den Begriff schuf er aus einer Verkürzung des Wortes '''veg'''etari'''an'''.<br />
<br />
== Beweggründe ==<br />
<br />
== Prominente Veganer ==<br />
<br />
== Veganeranteil in einzelnen Ländern ==<br />
<br />
== Tierproduktalternativen ==<br />
<br />
== Gesundheitliche Vor- und Nachteile ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Supplementierung ==<br />
<br />
Bei bestimmten Nährstoffen ist bei veganer Ernährung eine Supplementierung erforderlich. Dazu zählen Vitamin B12 und Vitamin D3. Allerdings ist eine Supplementierung von Vitamin D3 generell in gemäßigten Klimazonen wie Mitteleuropa ratsam.<br />
<br />
Vitamin B12 sollte bei veganer Ernährung unbedingt supplementiert werden. Aufgrund der im Alter abnehmenden Cobalamin-Resorption ist jedoch auch bei Gemischtköstlern ab ca. dem 60ten Lebensjahr eine Vitamin B12-Supplementierung ratsam. Als B12-Supplement ist Methylcobalamin dem Cyanocobalamin vorzuziehen, da es leichter resorbiert wird und somit selbst bei verminderter B12-Resorption eine sichere Versorgung ermöglicht. Methylcobalamin wird überwiegend über die Mundschleimhaut aufgenommen. Besonders kompfortabel ist eine B12-Supplementierung über Methycobalamin-haltige Zahncremes.<br />
<br />
Da die Jod-Versorgung sowohl bei Veganern wie bei Gemischtköstlern in Mitteleuropa unzureichend ist kann auch hier eine Supplementierung sinnvoll sein. Allerdings kann der Jod-Bedarf auch über Algen (Beispielsweise Nori, Wakame, Kombu, Zuckertang etc.) gedeckt werden. Veganes Sushi, sowie Wakame-haltige Miso-Suppen sind hierbei sinnvoll.<br />
<br />
== Empfehlungen und Einschätzungen der ernährungswissenschaftlichen Gesellschaften ==<br />
<br />
Die deutschsprachigen Ernährungsexpertenvereinigungen DGE und BfG stehen der veganen Ernährung eher kritisch gegenüber, während die weitaus mitgliederstärkeren Ernährungsexpertenvereinigungen aus dem englischsprachigen Raum die vegane Ernährung weitaus positiver einschätzen.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! Institution (alphabetisch sortiert)<br />
! Erwachsene<br />
! Kinder u. Jugendliche<br />
! alte Menschen<br />
! Schwangere, Stillende,<br/> Säuglinge und Kleinkinder<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics<br/> vormals American Diet Association (ADA)<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1">Aussage ADA u. Dietitians of Canada: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Bundesamt<br/> für Gesundheit (Schweiz)<br />
| style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0)" | 0<ref name="sga1">Aussage Bundesamt für Gesundheit: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="sga2">Aussage Bundesamt für Gesundheit: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="sga2" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="sga2" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung (DGE)<br />
| style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0)" | 0<ref name="dge1">Aussage DGE: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="dge2">Aussage DGE: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="dge2" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="dge2" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Dietitians of Canada<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | National Health<br/> and Medical Research Council (Australien)<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1">Aussage N.H.M.R.C.: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1" /><br />
|}<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{| class="mw-collapsible" style="text-align:left"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="1" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 1:''<br />
|-<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +: durchführbar bzgl. adequater Nährstoffversorgung<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0)" | 0: bedingt durchführbar bzgl. adequater Nährstoffversorgung<br />
|-<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -: nicht durchführbar bzgl. adequater Nährstoffversorgung<br />
|}<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
== Nährstoffversorgung ==<br />
<br />
Zur Zeit des Aufkommens der Ernährungswissenschaften (Ökotrophologie) gab es die Einschätzung, dass ein eher tierproduktreiche Ernährung zu einer besseren Nährstoffversorgung führen würde. Seit den 1980er, 1990er Jahren hat sich diese Sichtweise schrittweise geändert. Vor allem Studien aus den 2000er Jahren zeigen, dass eine tierproduktarme bzw. tierproduktfreie Ernährung in einigen Punkten Vorteile aufweist. Die Aufnahme kallorierenreichen Makronährstoffen wie Fett und Protein ist bei veganer Ernährung in einem günstigeren Bereich, wähernd die Versorgung mit Ballaststoffen sowie essentiellen Nährstoffen wie den mehrfach ungesättigten Fettsäuren, sowie Folsäure (Florat), Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Kalium und Magnesium etwas besser abschneidet. Dafür ist bei Gemischtköstlern die Versorgung mit Vitamin B12, Kalzium, Zink und Selen etwas besser. Beim Vitamin D sowie beim Jod sind sowohl Veganer als auch Mischköstler im nord- und mitteleuropäischen Raum unterversorgt.<br />
<br />
Tabelle 2, Studien zur Nährstoffversorgung bei veganer Ernährung (ohne Supplementierung) im Vergleich:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; float:left; margin-right:1em; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0em"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Analyse<br/> Werte<br />
! colspan="2" | Bedarf /<br/> Referenz<ref name="Bedarf">nach Deutscher Gesellschaft für Ernährung, Erwachsene (25-51) http://www.dge.de/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=3</ref><br />
! colspan="2" | Veganer<br/> <small>''(Davey et al. 2003)''</small><ref name="Davey">Davey et al.: EPIC–Oxford: lifestyle characteristics and nutrient intakes in a cohort of 33 883 meat-eaters and 31 546 non meat-eaters in the UK. May 2003, {{DOI|10.1079/PHN2002430}} PMID 12740075. (n=25.765)</ref><br />
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid black" | Veganer<br/> <small>''(Larsson et al. 2002)''</small><ref name="Larsson">Larsson et al.: Dietary intake and nutritional status of young vegans and omnivores in Sweden. July 2002, PMID 12081822. (n=60)</ref><br />
! colspan="2" | Mischköstler<br/> <small>''(Davey et al. 2003)''</small><ref name="Davey" /><br />
! colspan="2" | Mischköstler<br/> <small>''(Larsson et al. 2002)''</small><ref name="Larsson" /><br />
|-<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! style="border-right: 3px solid black" | ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Hauptnährstoffverteilung:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Protein'''<ref name="Proz">Zufuhr in % der Nahrungsenergie</ref><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 9-11%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 10%<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 10%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 16%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 17%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 15%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 14%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Fett'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <35%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 28%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 28%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 27%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 24%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 32%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 31%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 29%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 29%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kohlenhydrate'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | >50%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 55%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 56%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 63%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 66%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 47%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 48%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 55%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 56%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Fettsäuren, Cholesterin und Ballaststoffe:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''gesättigte Fette'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <10%<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 4,99%<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 5,11%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 7,67%<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 6,21%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 10,7%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 10,4%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13,05%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13,15%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''mehrf. ungesättigte Fette'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 7-10%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,53%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,20%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 6,44%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-right: 3px solid black" | 6,21%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 5,21%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 5,19%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 3,48%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 3,33%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Cholesterin'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <300mg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,1mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,3mg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 326mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 230mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Ballaststoffe'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | >30g<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 27,7g<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 26,4g<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 44g<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 34g<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 18,7g<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 18,9g<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 25g<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 21g<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Vitamine:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin A'''<br />
| 1000µg<br />
| 800µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 1045µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 966µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1226µg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1169µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B1'''<br />
| 1,2mg<br />
| 1,0mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,29mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,14mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,9mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 1,5mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,69mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,62mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,2mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,5mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B2'''<br />
| 1,4mg<br />
| 1,2mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,26mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,13mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 1,2mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 1,1mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,30mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,19mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,8mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,9mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Niacin'''<br />
| 16mg<br />
| 13mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 23,9mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 21,1mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 34mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 26mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 24,7mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 23,2mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 48mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 32mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B6'''<br />
| 1,5mg<br />
| 1,2mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,23mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,06mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,7mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,1mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,26mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,17mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,8mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,0mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B12'''<ref name="VitB12">Gefüllter Vitamin B12 Speicher reicht für viele Jahre aus, aber nach Aufbrauch des Vitamin B12-Speichers drohen ohne ausreichende Zufuhr über tierische Lebensmittel oder Supplementierung neurologische Schädigungen (vgl. [[Vitamin B12]]).</ref><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 3,0µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,41µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,49µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,1µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 0,0µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,25µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 6,98µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 5,9µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 5,0µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Folat'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 300µg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 431µg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 412µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 551µg<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 473µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 329µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 321µg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 263µg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 226µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin C'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 100mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 155mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 169mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 203mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 178mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 119mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 138mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 96mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 104mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin D'''<ref name="VitD">wird auch über die Haut bei Sonnenexposition gebildet, im Sommer genügen wenige Minuten Sonne zur Deckung des Tagesbedarfs (vgl. [[Cholecalciferol#Biosynthese_von_Vitamin_D3|Vitamin D]]).</ref><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 20µg<ref name="VitD" /><br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,88µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,88µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 3,7µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,0µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 3,39µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 3,32µg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 7,7µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 5,1µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin E'''<br />
| 14mg<br />
| 12mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 16,1mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 14,0mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 18mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 13mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 11,8mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 10,7mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 9,2mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 7,3mg<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Mineralstoffe:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kalzium'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 1000mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 610mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 582mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 517mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-right: 3px solid black" | 538mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 1057mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 989mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1697mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1328mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Magnesium'''<br />
| 350mg<br />
| 300mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 440mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 391mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 559mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 443mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 366mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 341mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 457mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 325mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kalium'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 2000mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4029mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3817mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4200mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 3460mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3965mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3839mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4100mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 3160mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Eisen'''<br />
| 10mg<br />
| 15mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 15,3mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 14,1mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 18mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 14mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 13,4mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 12,6mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 18mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 11mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Zink'''<br />
| 10mg<br />
| 7mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 7,99mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 7,22mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 10mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 7,8mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 9,78mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 9,16mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 16mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 11mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Selen'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 30µg - 70µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 12µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 10µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 40µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 27µg<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="1" | &nbsp;<br />
! colspan="2" | &nbsp;<br />
! colspan="4" style="border-right: 3px solid black" | <small>''(Lightowler et al. 1999)''</small><ref name="Lightowler">Lightowler HJ & Davies GJ: Iodine intake and iodine deficiency in vegans as assessed by the duplicate-portion technique and urinary iodine excretion. Br J Nutr Dez 1998; 80, 529-535. PMID 10211051</ref><br />
! colspan="4" | <small>''(Lightowler et al. 1999)''</small><ref name="Lightowler" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Jod'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 200µg<br />
| colspan="4" style="background:#FF9999; border-right: 3px solid black; text-align:center" | 87µg<br />
| colspan="4" style="background:#FF9999; text-align:center" | 120µg<br />
|}<br />
<div style="clear:both">&nbsp;</div> <br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-top:-5px; text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="7" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 1:''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenzwert kein Maximalwert, Abweichung zu Referenzwert:<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | < -65%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -65%..-35%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -35%..-10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -10%..+10%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | +10%..+35%<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | +35%..+65%<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | > 65%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenz ein Maximalwert, Abweichung zu Referenzwert:<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px" | > +65%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px" | +65%..+35%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px" | +35%..+10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px" | +10%..-10%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-top-width: 0px" | -10%..-35%<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-top-width: 0px" | -35%..-65%<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px" | < -65%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenz geschlossenes Intervall, Abweichung zu nähester Intervallgrenze:<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px" | > 65%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px" | 65%..35%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px" | 35%..10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px" | 10%..>0%<br />
| colspan="3" style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px; text-align:center" | Innerhalb Intervall<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Tabelle 2, Häufigkeit einer unzureichenden Nährstoffaufnahme der untersuchten Studienteilnehmer<ref name="teo">Teo, CC (2011): Assessing the Prevalence of Inadequate Nutrient Intake Among Vegetarians and Non-Vegetarians Using the Estimated Average Requirement: Results from the adventist health study 2 calibration study. Proquest [http://udini.proquest.com/view/assessing-the-prevalence-of-pqid:2247014461/|Umi Dissertation Publishing] (n=661)</ref>:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; float:left; margin-right:1em; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0em"<br />
|-<br />
! style="width: 7em" | Nährstoff<br />
! style="width: 7em" | Veganer<br />
! style="width: 7em" | Mischköstler<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin A'''<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 42%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 40%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin C'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 8%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 26%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin E'''<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 79%<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 94%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B1'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 12%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 13%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B2'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 15%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 14%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Niacin'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 0%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Folate'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 6%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 18%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B12'''<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 48%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 16%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kupfer'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 0%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Magnesium'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 15%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 49%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Phosphor'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 5%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Selen'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 10%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 6%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Zink'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 22%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 23%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Eisen'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 9%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 16%<br />
|}<br />
<div style="clear:both">&nbsp;</div> <br />
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 2:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#00E000; width: 5em" | 0%..10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; width: 5em" | 10%..25%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; width: 5em" | 25%..75%<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; width: 5em" | > 75%<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<references /></div>
Chrononaut
https://www.freewiki.eu/de/index.php?title=Veganismus&diff=1288
Veganismus
2018-12-11T10:03:51Z
<p>Chrononaut: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
Veganismus ist ein aus dem Vegetarismus hervorgegangener Lebens- und Ernährungsstil. Veganer versuchen den Konsum sämtlicher Produkte für deren Herstellung Tiere genutzt wurden bestmöglich zu vermeiden. Die Beweggründe vegan zu leben sind sehr unterschiedlich, sie reichen über Ethik, Gesundheit, Ökologie, Welternährung bis hin zu religiösen oder spirituellen Gründen.<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
== Begriff ==<br />
<br />
Geprägt wurde das Wort vegan durch den Engländer Donlad Watson. Er gründete 1944 die Vegan Society als Abspaltung der Vegetarian Society. Den Begriff schuf er aus einer Verkürzung des Wortes '''veg'''etari'''an'''.<br />
<br />
== Beweggründe ==<br />
<br />
== Prominente Veganer ==<br />
<br />
== Veganeranteil in einzelnen Ländern ==<br />
<br />
== Tierproduktalternativen ==<br />
<br />
== Gesundheitliche Vor- und Nachteile ==<br />
<br />
== Supplementierung ==<br />
<br />
Bei bestimmten Nährstoffen ist bei veganer Ernährung eine Supplementierung erforderlich. Dazu zählen Vitamin B12 und Vitamin D3. Allerdings ist eine Supplementierung von Vitamin D3 generell in gemäßigten Klimazonen wie Mitteleuropa ratsam.<br />
<br />
Vitamin B12 sollte bei veganer Ernährung unbedingt supplementiert werden. Aufgrund der im Alter abnehmenden Cobalamin-Resorption ist jedoch auch bei Gemischtköstlern ab ca. dem 60ten Lebensjahr eine Vitamin B12-Supplementierung ratsam. Als B12-Supplement ist Methylcobalamin dem Cyanocobalamin vorzuziehen, da es leichter resorbiert wird und somit selbst bei verminderter B12-Resorption eine sichere Versorgung ermöglicht.<br />
<br />
Da die Jod-Versorgung sowohl bei Veganern wie bei Gemischtköstlern in Mitteleuropa unzureichend ist kann auch hier eine Supplementierung sinnvoll sein. Allerdings kann der Jod-Bedarf auch über Algen (Beispielsweise Nori, Wakame, Kombu, Zuckertang etc.) gedeckt werden. Veganes Sushi, sowie Wakame-haltige Miso-Suppen sind hierbei sinnvoll.<br />
<br />
== Empfehlungen und Einschätzungen der ernährungswissenschaftlichen Gesellschaften ==<br />
<br />
Die deutschsprachigen Ernährungsexpertenvereinigungen DGE und BfG stehen der veganen Ernährung eher kritisch gegenüber, während die weitaus mitgliederstärkeren Ernährungsexpertenvereinigungen aus dem englischsprachigen Raum die vegane Ernährung weitaus positiver einschätzen.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! Institution (alphabetisch sortiert)<br />
! Erwachsene<br />
! Kinder u. Jugendliche<br />
! alte Menschen<br />
! Schwangere, Stillende,<br/> Säuglinge und Kleinkinder<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics<br/> vormals American Diet Association (ADA)<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1">Aussage ADA u. Dietitians of Canada: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Bundesamt<br/> für Gesundheit (Schweiz)<br />
| style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0)" | 0<ref name="sga1">Aussage Bundesamt für Gesundheit: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="sga2">Aussage Bundesamt für Gesundheit: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="sga2" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="sga2" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung (DGE)<br />
| style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0)" | 0<ref name="dge1">Aussage DGE: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="dge2">Aussage DGE: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="dge2" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="dge2" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Dietitians of Canada<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | National Health<br/> and Medical Research Council (Australien)<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1">Aussage N.H.M.R.C.: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1" /><br />
|}<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{| class="mw-collapsible" style="text-align:left"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="1" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 1:''<br />
|-<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +: durchführbar bzgl. adequater Nährstoffversorgung<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0)" | 0: bedingt durchführbar bzgl. adequater Nährstoffversorgung<br />
|-<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -: nicht durchführbar bzgl. adequater Nährstoffversorgung<br />
|}<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
== Nährstoffversorgung ==<br />
<br />
Zur Zeit des Aufkommens der Ernährungswissenschaften (Ökotrophologie) gab es die Einschätzung, dass ein eher tierproduktreiche Ernährung zu einer besseren Nährstoffversorgung führen würde. Seit den 1980er, 1990er Jahren hat sich diese Sichtweise schrittweise geändert. Vor allem Studien aus den 2000er Jahren zeigen, dass eine tierproduktarme bzw. tierproduktfreie Ernährung in einigen Punkten Vorteile aufweist. Die Aufnahme kallorierenreichen Makronährstoffen wie Fett und Protein ist bei veganer Ernährung in einem günstigeren Bereich, wähernd die Versorgung mit Ballaststoffen sowie essentiellen Nährstoffen wie den mehrfach ungesättigten Fettsäuren, sowie Folsäure (Florat), Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Kalium und Magnesium etwas besser abschneidet. Dafür ist bei Gemischtköstlern die Versorgung mit Vitamin B12, Kalzium, Zink und Selen etwas besser. Beim Vitamin D sowie beim Jod sind sowohl Veganer als auch Mischköstler im nord- und mitteleuropäischen Raum unterversorgt.<br />
<br />
Tabelle 2, Studien zur Nährstoffversorgung bei veganer Ernährung (ohne Supplementierung) im Vergleich:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; float:left; margin-right:1em; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0em"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Analyse<br/> Werte<br />
! colspan="2" | Bedarf /<br/> Referenz<ref name="Bedarf">nach Deutscher Gesellschaft für Ernährung, Erwachsene (25-51) http://www.dge.de/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=3</ref><br />
! colspan="2" | Veganer<br/> <small>''(Davey et al. 2003)''</small><ref name="Davey">Davey et al.: EPIC–Oxford: lifestyle characteristics and nutrient intakes in a cohort of 33 883 meat-eaters and 31 546 non meat-eaters in the UK. May 2003, {{DOI|10.1079/PHN2002430}} PMID 12740075. (n=25.765)</ref><br />
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid black" | Veganer<br/> <small>''(Larsson et al. 2002)''</small><ref name="Larsson">Larsson et al.: Dietary intake and nutritional status of young vegans and omnivores in Sweden. July 2002, PMID 12081822. (n=60)</ref><br />
! colspan="2" | Mischköstler<br/> <small>''(Davey et al. 2003)''</small><ref name="Davey" /><br />
! colspan="2" | Mischköstler<br/> <small>''(Larsson et al. 2002)''</small><ref name="Larsson" /><br />
|-<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! style="border-right: 3px solid black" | ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Hauptnährstoffverteilung:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Protein'''<ref name="Proz">Zufuhr in % der Nahrungsenergie</ref><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 9-11%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 10%<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 10%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 16%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 17%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 15%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 14%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Fett'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <35%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 28%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 28%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 27%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 24%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 32%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 31%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 29%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 29%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kohlenhydrate'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | >50%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 55%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 56%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 63%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 66%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 47%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 48%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 55%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 56%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Fettsäuren, Cholesterin und Ballaststoffe:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''gesättigte Fette'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <10%<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 4,99%<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 5,11%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 7,67%<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 6,21%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 10,7%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 10,4%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13,05%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13,15%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''mehrf. ungesättigte Fette'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 7-10%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,53%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,20%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 6,44%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-right: 3px solid black" | 6,21%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 5,21%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 5,19%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 3,48%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 3,33%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Cholesterin'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <300mg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,1mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,3mg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 326mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 230mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Ballaststoffe'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | >30g<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 27,7g<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 26,4g<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 44g<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 34g<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 18,7g<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 18,9g<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 25g<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 21g<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Vitamine:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin A'''<br />
| 1000µg<br />
| 800µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 1045µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 966µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1226µg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1169µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B1'''<br />
| 1,2mg<br />
| 1,0mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,29mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,14mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,9mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 1,5mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,69mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,62mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,2mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,5mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B2'''<br />
| 1,4mg<br />
| 1,2mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,26mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,13mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 1,2mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 1,1mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,30mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,19mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,8mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,9mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Niacin'''<br />
| 16mg<br />
| 13mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 23,9mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 21,1mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 34mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 26mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 24,7mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 23,2mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 48mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 32mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B6'''<br />
| 1,5mg<br />
| 1,2mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,23mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,06mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,7mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,1mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,26mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,17mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,8mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,0mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B12'''<ref name="VitB12">Gefüllter Vitamin B12 Speicher reicht für viele Jahre aus, aber nach Aufbrauch des Vitamin B12-Speichers drohen ohne ausreichende Zufuhr über tierische Lebensmittel oder Supplementierung neurologische Schädigungen (vgl. [[Vitamin B12]]).</ref><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 3,0µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,41µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,49µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,1µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 0,0µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,25µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 6,98µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 5,9µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 5,0µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Folat'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 300µg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 431µg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 412µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 551µg<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 473µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 329µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 321µg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 263µg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 226µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin C'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 100mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 155mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 169mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 203mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 178mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 119mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 138mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 96mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 104mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin D'''<ref name="VitD">wird auch über die Haut bei Sonnenexposition gebildet, im Sommer genügen wenige Minuten Sonne zur Deckung des Tagesbedarfs (vgl. [[Cholecalciferol#Biosynthese_von_Vitamin_D3|Vitamin D]]).</ref><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 20µg<ref name="VitD" /><br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,88µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,88µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 3,7µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,0µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 3,39µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 3,32µg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 7,7µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 5,1µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin E'''<br />
| 14mg<br />
| 12mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 16,1mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 14,0mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 18mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 13mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 11,8mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 10,7mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 9,2mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 7,3mg<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Mineralstoffe:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kalzium'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 1000mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 610mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 582mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 517mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-right: 3px solid black" | 538mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 1057mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 989mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1697mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1328mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Magnesium'''<br />
| 350mg<br />
| 300mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 440mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 391mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 559mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 443mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 366mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 341mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 457mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 325mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kalium'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 2000mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4029mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3817mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4200mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 3460mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3965mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3839mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4100mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 3160mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Eisen'''<br />
| 10mg<br />
| 15mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 15,3mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 14,1mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 18mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 14mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 13,4mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 12,6mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 18mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 11mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Zink'''<br />
| 10mg<br />
| 7mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 7,99mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 7,22mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 10mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 7,8mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 9,78mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 9,16mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 16mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 11mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Selen'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 30µg - 70µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 12µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 10µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 40µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 27µg<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="1" | &nbsp;<br />
! colspan="2" | &nbsp;<br />
! colspan="4" style="border-right: 3px solid black" | <small>''(Lightowler et al. 1999)''</small><ref name="Lightowler">Lightowler HJ & Davies GJ: Iodine intake and iodine deficiency in vegans as assessed by the duplicate-portion technique and urinary iodine excretion. Br J Nutr Dez 1998; 80, 529-535. PMID 10211051</ref><br />
! colspan="4" | <small>''(Lightowler et al. 1999)''</small><ref name="Lightowler" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Jod'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 200µg<br />
| colspan="4" style="background:#FF9999; border-right: 3px solid black; text-align:center" | 87µg<br />
| colspan="4" style="background:#FF9999; text-align:center" | 120µg<br />
|}<br />
<div style="clear:both">&nbsp;</div> <br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-top:-5px; text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="7" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 1:''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenzwert kein Maximalwert, Abweichung zu Referenzwert:<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | < -65%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -65%..-35%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -35%..-10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -10%..+10%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | +10%..+35%<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | +35%..+65%<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | > 65%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenz ein Maximalwert, Abweichung zu Referenzwert:<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px" | > +65%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px" | +65%..+35%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px" | +35%..+10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px" | +10%..-10%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-top-width: 0px" | -10%..-35%<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-top-width: 0px" | -35%..-65%<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px" | < -65%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenz geschlossenes Intervall, Abweichung zu nähester Intervallgrenze:<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px" | > 65%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px" | 65%..35%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px" | 35%..10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px" | 10%..>0%<br />
| colspan="3" style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px; text-align:center" | Innerhalb Intervall<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Tabelle 2, Häufigkeit einer unzureichenden Nährstoffaufnahme der untersuchten Studienteilnehmer<ref name="teo">Teo, CC (2011): Assessing the Prevalence of Inadequate Nutrient Intake Among Vegetarians and Non-Vegetarians Using the Estimated Average Requirement: Results from the adventist health study 2 calibration study. Proquest [http://udini.proquest.com/view/assessing-the-prevalence-of-pqid:2247014461/|Umi Dissertation Publishing] (n=661)</ref>:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; float:left; margin-right:1em; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0em"<br />
|-<br />
! style="width: 7em" | Nährstoff<br />
! style="width: 7em" | Veganer<br />
! style="width: 7em" | Mischköstler<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin A'''<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 42%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 40%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin C'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 8%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 26%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin E'''<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 79%<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 94%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B1'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 12%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 13%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B2'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 15%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 14%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Niacin'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 0%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Folate'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 6%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 18%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B12'''<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 48%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 16%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kupfer'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 0%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Magnesium'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 15%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 49%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Phosphor'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 5%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Selen'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 10%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 6%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Zink'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 22%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 23%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Eisen'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 9%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 16%<br />
|}<br />
<div style="clear:both">&nbsp;</div> <br />
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 2:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#00E000; width: 5em" | 0%..10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; width: 5em" | 10%..25%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; width: 5em" | 25%..75%<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; width: 5em" | > 75%<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<references /></div>
Chrononaut
https://www.freewiki.eu/de/index.php?title=Veganismus&diff=1287
Veganismus
2018-12-11T09:49:43Z
<p>Chrononaut: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
Veganismus ist ein aus dem Vegetarismus hervorgegangener Lebens- und Ernährungsstil. Veganer versuchen den Konsum sämtlicher Produkte für deren Herstellung Tiere genutzt wurden bestmöglich zu vermeiden. Die Beweggründe vegan zu leben sind sehr unterschiedlich, sie reichen über Ethik, Gesundheit, Ökologie, Welternährung bis hin zu religiösen oder spirituellen Gründen.<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
== Begriff ==<br />
<br />
Geprägt wurde das Wort vegan durch den Engländer Donlad Watson. Er gründete 1944 die Vegan Society als Abspaltung der Vegetarian Society. Den Begriff schuf er aus einer Verkürzung des Wortes '''veg'''etari'''an'''.<br />
<br />
== Beweggründe ==<br />
<br />
== Prominente Veganer ==<br />
<br />
== Veganeranteil in einzelnen Ländern ==<br />
<br />
== Tierproduktalternativen ==<br />
<br />
== Gesundheitliche Vor- und Nachteile ==<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
== Empfehlungen und Einschätzungen der ernährungswissenschaftlichen Gesellschaften ==<br />
<br />
Die deutschsprachigen Ernährungsexpertenvereinigungen DGE und BfG stehen der veganen Ernährung eher kritisch gegenüber, während die weitaus mitgliederstärkeren Ernährungsexpertenvereinigungen aus dem englischsprachigen Raum die vegane Ernährung weitaus positiver einschätzen.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! Institution (alphabetisch sortiert)<br />
! Erwachsene<br />
! Kinder u. Jugendliche<br />
! alte Menschen<br />
! Schwangere, Stillende,<br/> Säuglinge und Kleinkinder<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics<br/> vormals American Diet Association (ADA)<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1">Aussage ADA u. Dietitians of Canada: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Bundesamt<br/> für Gesundheit (Schweiz)<br />
| style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0)" | 0<ref name="sga1">Aussage Bundesamt für Gesundheit: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="sga2">Aussage Bundesamt für Gesundheit: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="sga2" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="sga2" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung (DGE)<br />
| style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0)" | 0<ref name="dge1">Aussage DGE: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="dge2">Aussage DGE: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="dge2" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="dge2" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Dietitians of Canada<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | National Health<br/> and Medical Research Council (Australien)<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1">Aussage N.H.M.R.C.: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1" /><br />
|}<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{| class="mw-collapsible" style="text-align:left"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="1" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 1:''<br />
|-<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +: durchführbar bzgl. adequater Nährstoffversorgung<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0)" | 0: bedingt durchführbar bzgl. adequater Nährstoffversorgung<br />
|-<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -: nicht durchführbar bzgl. adequater Nährstoffversorgung<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
== Nährstoffversorgung ==<br />
<br />
Zur Zeit des Aufkommens der Ernährungswissenschaften (Ökotrophologie) gab es die Einschätzung, dass ein eher tierproduktreiche Ernährung zu einer besseren Nährstoffversorgung führen würde. Seit den 1980er, 1990er Jahren hat sich diese Sichtweise schrittweise geändert. Vor allem Studien aus den 2000er Jahren zeigen, dass eine tierproduktarme bzw. tierproduktfreie Ernährung in einigen Punkten Vorteile aufweist. Die Aufnahme kallorierenreichen Makronährstoffen wie Fett und Protein ist bei veganer Ernährung in einem günstigeren Bereich, wähernd die Versorgung mit Ballaststoffen sowie essentiellen Nährstoffen wie den mehrfach ungesättigten Fettsäuren, sowie Folsäure (Florat), Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Kalium und Magnesium etwas besser abschneidet. Dafür ist bei Gemischtköstlern die Versorgung mit Vitamin B12, Kalzium, Zink und Selen etwas besser. Beim Vitamin D sowie beim Jod sind sowohl Veganer als auch Mischköstler im nord- und mitteleuropäischen Raum unterversorgt.<br />
<br />
Tabelle 2, Studien zur Nährstoffversorgung bei veganer Ernährung (ohne Supplementierung) im Vergleich:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; float:left; margin-right:1em; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0em"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Analyse<br/> Werte<br />
! colspan="2" | Bedarf /<br/> Referenz<ref name="Bedarf">nach Deutscher Gesellschaft für Ernährung, Erwachsene (25-51) http://www.dge.de/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=3</ref><br />
! colspan="2" | Veganer<br/> <small>''(Davey et al. 2003)''</small><ref name="Davey">Davey et al.: EPIC–Oxford: lifestyle characteristics and nutrient intakes in a cohort of 33 883 meat-eaters and 31 546 non meat-eaters in the UK. May 2003, {{DOI|10.1079/PHN2002430}} PMID 12740075. (n=25.765)</ref><br />
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid black" | Veganer<br/> <small>''(Larsson et al. 2002)''</small><ref name="Larsson">Larsson et al.: Dietary intake and nutritional status of young vegans and omnivores in Sweden. July 2002, PMID 12081822. (n=60)</ref><br />
! colspan="2" | Mischköstler<br/> <small>''(Davey et al. 2003)''</small><ref name="Davey" /><br />
! colspan="2" | Mischköstler<br/> <small>''(Larsson et al. 2002)''</small><ref name="Larsson" /><br />
|-<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! style="border-right: 3px solid black" | ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Hauptnährstoffverteilung:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Protein'''<ref name="Proz">Zufuhr in % der Nahrungsenergie</ref><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 9-11%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 10%<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 10%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 16%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 17%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 15%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 14%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Fett'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <35%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 28%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 28%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 27%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 24%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 32%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 31%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 29%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 29%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kohlenhydrate'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | >50%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 55%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 56%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 63%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 66%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 47%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 48%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 55%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 56%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Fettsäuren, Cholesterin und Ballaststoffe:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''gesättigte Fette'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <10%<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 4,99%<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 5,11%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 7,67%<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 6,21%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 10,7%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 10,4%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13,05%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13,15%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''mehrf. ungesättigte Fette'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 7-10%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,53%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,20%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 6,44%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-right: 3px solid black" | 6,21%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 5,21%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 5,19%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 3,48%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 3,33%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Cholesterin'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <300mg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,1mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,3mg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 326mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 230mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Ballaststoffe'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | >30g<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 27,7g<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 26,4g<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 44g<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 34g<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 18,7g<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 18,9g<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 25g<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 21g<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Vitamine:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin A'''<br />
| 1000µg<br />
| 800µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 1045µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 966µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1226µg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1169µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B1'''<br />
| 1,2mg<br />
| 1,0mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,29mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,14mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,9mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 1,5mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,69mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,62mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,2mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,5mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B2'''<br />
| 1,4mg<br />
| 1,2mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,26mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,13mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 1,2mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 1,1mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,30mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,19mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,8mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,9mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Niacin'''<br />
| 16mg<br />
| 13mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 23,9mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 21,1mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 34mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 26mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 24,7mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 23,2mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 48mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 32mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B6'''<br />
| 1,5mg<br />
| 1,2mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,23mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,06mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,7mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,1mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,26mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,17mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,8mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,0mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B12'''<ref name="VitB12">Gefüllter Vitamin B12 Speicher reicht für viele Jahre aus, aber nach Aufbrauch des Vitamin B12-Speichers drohen ohne ausreichende Zufuhr über tierische Lebensmittel oder Supplementierung neurologische Schädigungen (vgl. [[Vitamin B12]]).</ref><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 3,0µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,41µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,49µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,1µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 0,0µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,25µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 6,98µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 5,9µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 5,0µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Folat'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 300µg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 431µg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 412µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 551µg<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 473µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 329µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 321µg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 263µg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 226µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin C'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 100mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 155mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 169mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 203mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 178mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 119mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 138mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 96mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 104mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin D'''<ref name="VitD">wird auch über die Haut bei Sonnenexposition gebildet, im Sommer genügen wenige Minuten Sonne zur Deckung des Tagesbedarfs (vgl. [[Cholecalciferol#Biosynthese_von_Vitamin_D3|Vitamin D]]).</ref><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 20µg<ref name="VitD" /><br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,88µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,88µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 3,7µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,0µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 3,39µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 3,32µg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 7,7µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 5,1µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin E'''<br />
| 14mg<br />
| 12mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 16,1mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 14,0mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 18mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 13mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 11,8mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 10,7mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 9,2mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 7,3mg<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Mineralstoffe:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kalzium'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 1000mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 610mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 582mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 517mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-right: 3px solid black" | 538mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 1057mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 989mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1697mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1328mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Magnesium'''<br />
| 350mg<br />
| 300mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 440mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 391mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 559mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 443mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 366mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 341mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 457mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 325mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kalium'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 2000mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4029mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3817mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4200mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 3460mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3965mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3839mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4100mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 3160mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Eisen'''<br />
| 10mg<br />
| 15mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 15,3mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 14,1mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 18mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 14mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 13,4mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 12,6mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 18mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 11mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Zink'''<br />
| 10mg<br />
| 7mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 7,99mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 7,22mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 10mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 7,8mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 9,78mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 9,16mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 16mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 11mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Selen'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 30µg - 70µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 12µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 10µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 40µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 27µg<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="1" | &nbsp;<br />
! colspan="2" | &nbsp;<br />
! colspan="4" style="border-right: 3px solid black" | <small>''(Lightowler et al. 1999)''</small><ref name="Lightowler">Lightowler HJ & Davies GJ: Iodine intake and iodine deficiency in vegans as assessed by the duplicate-portion technique and urinary iodine excretion. Br J Nutr Dez 1998; 80, 529-535. PMID 10211051</ref><br />
! colspan="4" | <small>''(Lightowler et al. 1999)''</small><ref name="Lightowler" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Jod'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 200µg<br />
| colspan="4" style="background:#FF9999; border-right: 3px solid black; text-align:center" | 87µg<br />
| colspan="4" style="background:#FF9999; text-align:center" | 120µg<br />
|}<br />
<div style="clear:both">&nbsp;</div> <br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-top:-5px; text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="7" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 1:''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenzwert kein Maximalwert, Abweichung zu Referenzwert:<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | < -65%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -65%..-35%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -35%..-10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -10%..+10%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | +10%..+35%<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | +35%..+65%<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | > 65%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenz ein Maximalwert, Abweichung zu Referenzwert:<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px" | > +65%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px" | +65%..+35%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px" | +35%..+10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px" | +10%..-10%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-top-width: 0px" | -10%..-35%<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-top-width: 0px" | -35%..-65%<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px" | < -65%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenz geschlossenes Intervall, Abweichung zu nähester Intervallgrenze:<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px" | > 65%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px" | 65%..35%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px" | 35%..10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px" | 10%..>0%<br />
| colspan="3" style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px; text-align:center" | Innerhalb Intervall<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Tabelle 2, Häufigkeit einer unzureichenden Nährstoffaufnahme der untersuchten Studienteilnehmer<ref name="teo">Teo, CC (2011): Assessing the Prevalence of Inadequate Nutrient Intake Among Vegetarians and Non-Vegetarians Using the Estimated Average Requirement: Results from the adventist health study 2 calibration study. Proquest [http://udini.proquest.com/view/assessing-the-prevalence-of-pqid:2247014461/|Umi Dissertation Publishing] (n=661)</ref>:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; float:left; margin-right:1em; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0em"<br />
|-<br />
! style="width: 7em" | Nährstoff<br />
! style="width: 7em" | Veganer<br />
! style="width: 7em" | Mischköstler<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin A'''<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 42%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 40%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin C'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 8%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 26%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin E'''<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 79%<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 94%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B1'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 12%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 13%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B2'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 15%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 14%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Niacin'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 0%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Folate'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 6%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 18%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B12'''<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 48%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 16%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kupfer'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 0%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Magnesium'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 15%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 49%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Phosphor'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 5%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Selen'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 10%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 6%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Zink'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 22%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 23%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Eisen'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 9%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 16%<br />
|}<br />
<div style="clear:both">&nbsp;</div> <br />
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 2:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#00E000; width: 5em" | 0%..10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; width: 5em" | 10%..25%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; width: 5em" | 25%..75%<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; width: 5em" | > 75%<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<references /></div>
Chrononaut
https://www.freewiki.eu/de/index.php?title=Veganismus&diff=1286
Veganismus
2018-12-11T09:33:22Z
<p>Chrononaut: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
Veganismus ist ein aus dem Vegetarismus hervorgegangener Lebens- und Ernährungsstil. Veganer versuchen den Konsum sämtlicher Produkte für deren Herstellung Tiere genutzt wurden bestmöglich zu vermeiden. Die Beweggründe vegan zu leben sind sehr unterschiedlich, sie reichen über Ethik, Gesundheit, Ökologie, Welternährung bis hin zu religiösen oder spirituellen Gründen.<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
== Begriff ==<br />
<br />
Geprägt wurde das Wort vegan durch den Engländer Donlad Watson. Er gründete 1944 die Vegan Society als Abspaltung der Vegetarian Society. Den Begriff schuf er aus einer Verkürzung des Wortes '''veg'''etari'''an'''.<br />
<br />
== Beweggründe ==<br />
<br />
== Prominente Veganer ==<br />
<br />
== Veganeranteil in einzelnen Ländern ==<br />
<br />
== Tierproduktalternativen ==<br />
<br />
== Gesundheitliche Vor- und Nachteile ==<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
== Empfehlungen und Einschätzungen der ernährungswissenschaftlichen Gesellschaften ==<br />
<br />
Die deutschsprachigen Ernährungsexpertenvereinigungen DGE und BfG stehen der veganen Ernährung eher kritisch gegenüber, während die weitaus mitgliederstärkeren Ernährungsexpertenvereinigungen aus dem englischsprachigen Raum die vegane Ernährung weitaus positiver einschätzen.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! Institution (alphabetisch sortiert)<br />
! Erwachsene<br />
! Kinder u. Jugendliche<br />
! alte Menschen<br />
! Schwangere, Stillende,<br/> Säuglinge und Kleinkinder<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics<br/> vormals American Diet Association (ADA)<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1">Aussage ADA u. Dietitians of Canada: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Bundesamt<br/> für Gesundheit (Schweiz)<br />
| style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0)" | 0<ref name="sga1">Aussage Bundesamt für Gesundheit: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="sga2">Aussage Bundesamt für Gesundheit: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="sga2" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="sga2" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung (DGE)<br />
| style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0)" | 0<ref name="dge1">Aussage DGE: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="dge2">Aussage DGE: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="dge2" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="dge2" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Dietitians of Canada<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | National Health<br/> and Medical Research Council (Australien)<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1">Aussage N.H.M.R.C.: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1" /><br />
|}<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{| class="mw-collapsible" style="text-align:left"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="1" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 1:''<br />
|-<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +: durchführbar bzgl. adequater Nährstoffversorgung<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0)" | 0: bedingt durchführbar bzgl. adequater Nährstoffversorgung<br />
|-<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -: nicht durchführbar bzgl. adequater Nährstoffversorgung<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Nährstoffversorgung ==<br />
<br />
Tabelle 2, Studien zur Nährstoffversorgung bei veganer Ernährung (ohne Supplementierung) im Vergleich:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; float:left; margin-right:1em; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0em"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Analyse<br/> Werte<br />
! colspan="2" | Bedarf /<br/> Referenz<ref name="Bedarf">nach Deutscher Gesellschaft für Ernährung, Erwachsene (25-51) http://www.dge.de/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=3</ref><br />
! colspan="2" | Veganer<br/> <small>''(Davey et al. 2003)''</small><ref name="Davey">Davey et al.: EPIC–Oxford: lifestyle characteristics and nutrient intakes in a cohort of 33 883 meat-eaters and 31 546 non meat-eaters in the UK. May 2003, {{DOI|10.1079/PHN2002430}} PMID 12740075. (n=25.765)</ref><br />
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid black" | Veganer<br/> <small>''(Larsson et al. 2002)''</small><ref name="Larsson">Larsson et al.: Dietary intake and nutritional status of young vegans and omnivores in Sweden. July 2002, PMID 12081822. (n=60)</ref><br />
! colspan="2" | Mischköstler<br/> <small>''(Davey et al. 2003)''</small><ref name="Davey" /><br />
! colspan="2" | Mischköstler<br/> <small>''(Larsson et al. 2002)''</small><ref name="Larsson" /><br />
|-<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! style="border-right: 3px solid black" | ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Hauptnährstoffverteilung:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Protein'''<ref name="Proz">Zufuhr in % der Nahrungsenergie</ref><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 9-11%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 10%<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 10%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 16%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 17%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 15%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 14%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Fett'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <35%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 28%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 28%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 27%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 24%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 32%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 31%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 29%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 29%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kohlenhydrate'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | >50%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 55%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 56%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 63%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 66%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 47%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 48%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 55%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 56%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Fettsäuren, Cholesterin und Ballaststoffe:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''gesättigte Fette'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <10%<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 4,99%<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 5,11%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 7,67%<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 6,21%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 10,7%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 10,4%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13,05%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13,15%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''mehrf. ungesättigte Fette'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 7-10%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,53%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,20%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 6,44%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-right: 3px solid black" | 6,21%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 5,21%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 5,19%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 3,48%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 3,33%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Cholesterin'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <300mg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,1mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,3mg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 326mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 230mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Ballaststoffe'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | >30g<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 27,7g<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 26,4g<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 44g<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 34g<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 18,7g<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 18,9g<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 25g<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 21g<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Vitamine:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin A'''<br />
| 1000µg<br />
| 800µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 1045µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 966µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1226µg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1169µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B1'''<br />
| 1,2mg<br />
| 1,0mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,29mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,14mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,9mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 1,5mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,69mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,62mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,2mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,5mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B2'''<br />
| 1,4mg<br />
| 1,2mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,26mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,13mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 1,2mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 1,1mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,30mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,19mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,8mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,9mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Niacin'''<br />
| 16mg<br />
| 13mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 23,9mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 21,1mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 34mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 26mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 24,7mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 23,2mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 48mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 32mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B6'''<br />
| 1,5mg<br />
| 1,2mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,23mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,06mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,7mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,1mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,26mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,17mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,8mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,0mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B12'''<ref name="VitB12">Gefüllter Vitamin B12 Speicher reicht für viele Jahre aus, aber nach Aufbrauch des Vitamin B12-Speichers drohen ohne ausreichende Zufuhr über tierische Lebensmittel oder Supplementierung neurologische Schädigungen (vgl. [[Vitamin B12]]).</ref><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 3,0µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,41µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,49µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,1µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 0,0µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,25µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 6,98µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 5,9µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 5,0µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Folat'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 300µg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 431µg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 412µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 551µg<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 473µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 329µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 321µg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 263µg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 226µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin C'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 100mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 155mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 169mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 203mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 178mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 119mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 138mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 96mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 104mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin D'''<ref name="VitD">wird auch über die Haut bei Sonnenexposition gebildet, im Sommer genügen wenige Minuten Sonne zur Deckung des Tagesbedarfs (vgl. [[Cholecalciferol#Biosynthese_von_Vitamin_D3|Vitamin D]]).</ref><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 20µg<ref name="VitD" /><br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,88µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,88µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 3,7µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,0µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 3,39µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 3,32µg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 7,7µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 5,1µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin E'''<br />
| 14mg<br />
| 12mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 16,1mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 14,0mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 18mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 13mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 11,8mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 10,7mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 9,2mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 7,3mg<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Mineralstoffe:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kalzium'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 1000mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 610mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 582mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 517mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-right: 3px solid black" | 538mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 1057mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 989mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1697mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1328mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Magnesium'''<br />
| 350mg<br />
| 300mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 440mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 391mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 559mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 443mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 366mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 341mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 457mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 325mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kalium'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 2000mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4029mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3817mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4200mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 3460mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3965mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3839mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4100mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 3160mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Eisen'''<br />
| 10mg<br />
| 15mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 15,3mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 14,1mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 18mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 14mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 13,4mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 12,6mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 18mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 11mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Zink'''<br />
| 10mg<br />
| 7mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 7,99mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 7,22mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 10mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 7,8mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 9,78mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 9,16mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 16mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 11mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Selen'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 30µg - 70µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 12µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 10µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 40µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 27µg<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="1" | &nbsp;<br />
! colspan="2" | &nbsp;<br />
! colspan="4" style="border-right: 3px solid black" | <small>''(Lightowler et al. 1999)''</small><ref name="Lightowler">Lightowler HJ & Davies GJ: Iodine intake and iodine deficiency in vegans as assessed by the duplicate-portion technique and urinary iodine excretion. Br J Nutr Dez 1998; 80, 529-535. PMID 10211051</ref><br />
! colspan="4" | <small>''(Lightowler et al. 1999)''</small><ref name="Lightowler" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Jod'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 200µg<br />
| colspan="4" style="background:#FF9999; border-right: 3px solid black; text-align:center" | 87µg<br />
| colspan="4" style="background:#FF9999; text-align:center" | 120µg<br />
|}<br />
<div style="clear:both">&nbsp;</div> <br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-top:-5px; text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="7" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 1:''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenzwert kein Maximalwert, Abweichung zu Referenzwert:<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | < -65%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -65%..-35%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -35%..-10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -10%..+10%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | +10%..+35%<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | +35%..+65%<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | > 65%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenz ein Maximalwert, Abweichung zu Referenzwert:<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px" | > +65%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px" | +65%..+35%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px" | +35%..+10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px" | +10%..-10%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-top-width: 0px" | -10%..-35%<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-top-width: 0px" | -35%..-65%<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px" | < -65%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenz geschlossenes Intervall, Abweichung zu nähester Intervallgrenze:<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px" | > 65%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px" | 65%..35%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px" | 35%..10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px" | 10%..>0%<br />
| colspan="3" style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px; text-align:center" | Innerhalb Intervall<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Tabelle 2, Häufigkeit einer unzureichenden Nährstoffaufnahme der untersuchten Studienteilnehmer<ref name="teo">Teo, CC (2011): Assessing the Prevalence of Inadequate Nutrient Intake Among Vegetarians and Non-Vegetarians Using the Estimated Average Requirement: Results from the adventist health study 2 calibration study. Proquest [http://udini.proquest.com/view/assessing-the-prevalence-of-pqid:2247014461/|Umi Dissertation Publishing] (n=661)</ref>:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; float:left; margin-right:1em; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0em"<br />
|-<br />
! style="width: 7em" | Nährstoff<br />
! style="width: 7em" | Veganer<br />
! style="width: 7em" | Mischköstler<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin A'''<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 42%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 40%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin C'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 8%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 26%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin E'''<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 79%<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 94%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B1'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 12%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 13%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B2'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 15%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 14%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Niacin'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 0%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Folate'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 6%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 18%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B12'''<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 48%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 16%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kupfer'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 0%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Magnesium'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 15%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 49%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Phosphor'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 5%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Selen'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 10%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 6%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Zink'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 22%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 23%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Eisen'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 9%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 16%<br />
|}<br />
<div style="clear:both">&nbsp;</div> <br />
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 2:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#00E000; width: 5em" | 0%..10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; width: 5em" | 10%..25%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; width: 5em" | 25%..75%<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; width: 5em" | > 75%<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<references /></div>
Chrononaut
https://www.freewiki.eu/de/index.php?title=Veganismus&diff=1283
Veganismus
2018-12-10T20:44:37Z
<p>Chrononaut: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
Veganismus ist ein aus dem Vegetarismus hervorgegangener Lebens- und Ernährungsstil. Veganer versuchen den Konsum sämtlicher Produkte für deren Herstellung Tiere genutzt wurden bestmöglich zu vermeiden. Die Beweggründe vegan zu leben sind sehr unterschiedlich, sie reichen über Ethik, Gesundheit, Ökologie, Welternährung bis hin zu religiösen oder spirituellen Gründen.<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
== Begriff ==<br />
<br />
Geprägt wurde das Wort vegan durch den Engländer Donlad Watson. Er gründete 1944 die Vegan Society als Abspaltung der Vegetarian Society. Den Begriff schuf er aus einer Verkürzung des Wortes '''veg'''etari'''an'''.<br />
<br />
== Beweggründe ==<br />
<br />
== Tierproduktalternativen ==<br />
<br />
== Veganeranteil in einzelnen Ländern ==<br />
<br />
== prominente Veganer ==<br />
<br />
== Gesundheitliche Vor- und Nachteile ==<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
== Empfehlungen und Einschätzungen der ernährungswissenschaftlichen Gesellschaften ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! Institution (alphabetisch sortiert)<br />
! Erwachsene<br />
! Kinder u. Jugendliche<br />
! alte Menschen<br />
! Schwangere, Stillende,<br/> Säuglinge und Kleinkinder<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics<br/> vormals American Diet Association (ADA)<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1">Aussage ADA u. Dietitians of Canada: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Bundesamt<br/> für Gesundheit (Schweiz)<br />
| style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0)" | 0<ref name="sga1">Aussage Bundesamt für Gesundheit: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="sga2">Aussage Bundesamt für Gesundheit: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="sga2" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="sga2" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung (DGE)<br />
| style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0)" | 0<ref name="dge1">Aussage DGE: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="dge2">Aussage DGE: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="dge2" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="dge2" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Dietitians of Canada<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | National Health<br/> and Medical Research Council (Australien)<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1">Aussage N.H.M.R.C.: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1" /><br />
|}<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{| class="mw-collapsible" style="text-align:left"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="1" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 1:''<br />
|-<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +: durchführbar bzgl. adequater Nährstoffversorgung<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0)" | 0: bedingt durchführbar bzgl. adequater Nährstoffversorgung<br />
|-<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -: nicht durchführbar bzgl. adequater Nährstoffversorgung<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Nährstoffversorgung ==<br />
<br />
Tabelle 1, Studien zur Nährstoffversorgung bei veganer Ernährung (ohne Supplementierung) im Vergleich:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; float:left; margin-right:1em; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0em"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Analyse<br/> Werte<br />
! colspan="2" | Bedarf /<br/> Referenz<ref name="Bedarf">nach Deutscher Gesellschaft für Ernährung, Erwachsene (25-51) http://www.dge.de/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=3</ref><br />
! colspan="2" | Veganer<br/> <small>''(Davey et al. 2003)''</small><ref name="Davey">Davey et al.: EPIC–Oxford: lifestyle characteristics and nutrient intakes in a cohort of 33 883 meat-eaters and 31 546 non meat-eaters in the UK. May 2003, {{DOI|10.1079/PHN2002430}} PMID 12740075. (n=25.765)</ref><br />
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid black" | Veganer<br/> <small>''(Larsson et al. 2002)''</small><ref name="Larsson">Larsson et al.: Dietary intake and nutritional status of young vegans and omnivores in Sweden. July 2002, PMID 12081822. (n=60)</ref><br />
! colspan="2" | Mischköstler<br/> <small>''(Davey et al. 2003)''</small><ref name="Davey" /><br />
! colspan="2" | Mischköstler<br/> <small>''(Larsson et al. 2002)''</small><ref name="Larsson" /><br />
|-<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! style="border-right: 3px solid black" | ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Hauptnährstoffverteilung:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Protein'''<ref name="Proz">Zufuhr in % der Nahrungsenergie</ref><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 9-11%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 10%<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 10%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 16%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 17%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 15%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 14%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Fett'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <35%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 28%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 28%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 27%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 24%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 32%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 31%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 29%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 29%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kohlenhydrate'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | >50%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 55%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 56%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 63%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 66%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 47%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 48%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 55%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 56%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Fettsäuren, Cholesterin und Ballaststoffe:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''gesättigte Fette'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <10%<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 4,99%<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 5,11%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 7,67%<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 6,21%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 10,7%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 10,4%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13,05%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13,15%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''mehrf. ungesättigte Fette'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 7-10%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,53%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,20%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 6,44%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-right: 3px solid black" | 6,21%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 5,21%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 5,19%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 3,48%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 3,33%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Cholesterin'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <300mg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,1mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,3mg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 326mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 230mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Ballaststoffe'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | >30g<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 27,7g<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 26,4g<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 44g<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 34g<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 18,7g<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 18,9g<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 25g<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 21g<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Vitamine:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin A'''<br />
| 1000µg<br />
| 800µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 1045µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 966µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1226µg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1169µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B1'''<br />
| 1,2mg<br />
| 1,0mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,29mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,14mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,9mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 1,5mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,69mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,62mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,2mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,5mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B2'''<br />
| 1,4mg<br />
| 1,2mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,26mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,13mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 1,2mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 1,1mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,30mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,19mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,8mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,9mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Niacin'''<br />
| 16mg<br />
| 13mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 23,9mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 21,1mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 34mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 26mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 24,7mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 23,2mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 48mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 32mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B6'''<br />
| 1,5mg<br />
| 1,2mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,23mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,06mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,7mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,1mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,26mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,17mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,8mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,0mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B12'''<ref name="VitB12">Gefüllter Vitamin B12 Speicher reicht für viele Jahre aus, aber nach Aufbrauch des Vitamin B12-Speichers drohen ohne ausreichende Zufuhr über tierische Lebensmittel oder Supplementierung neurologische Schädigungen (vgl. [[Vitamin B12]]).</ref><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 3,0µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,41µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,49µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,1µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 0,0µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,25µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 6,98µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 5,9µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 5,0µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Folat'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 300µg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 431µg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 412µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 551µg<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 473µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 329µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 321µg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 263µg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 226µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin C'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 100mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 155mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 169mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 203mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 178mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 119mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 138mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 96mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 104mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin D'''<ref name="VitD">wird auch über die Haut bei Sonnenexposition gebildet, im Sommer genügen wenige Minuten Sonne zur Deckung des Tagesbedarfs (vgl. [[Cholecalciferol#Biosynthese_von_Vitamin_D3|Vitamin D]]).</ref><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 20µg<ref name="VitD" /><br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,88µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,88µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 3,7µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,0µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 3,39µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 3,32µg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 7,7µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 5,1µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin E'''<br />
| 14mg<br />
| 12mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 16,1mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 14,0mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 18mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 13mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 11,8mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 10,7mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 9,2mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 7,3mg<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Mineralstoffe:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kalzium'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 1000mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 610mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 582mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 517mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-right: 3px solid black" | 538mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 1057mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 989mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1697mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1328mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Magnesium'''<br />
| 350mg<br />
| 300mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 440mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 391mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 559mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 443mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 366mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 341mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 457mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 325mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kalium'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 2000mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4029mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3817mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4200mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 3460mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3965mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3839mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4100mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 3160mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Eisen'''<br />
| 10mg<br />
| 15mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 15,3mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 14,1mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 18mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 14mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 13,4mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 12,6mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 18mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 11mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Zink'''<br />
| 10mg<br />
| 7mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 7,99mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 7,22mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 10mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 7,8mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 9,78mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 9,16mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 16mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 11mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Selen'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 30µg - 70µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 12µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 10µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 40µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 27µg<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="1" | &nbsp;<br />
! colspan="2" | &nbsp;<br />
! colspan="4" style="border-right: 3px solid black" | <small>''(Lightowler et al. 1999)''</small><ref name="Lightowler">Lightowler HJ & Davies GJ: Iodine intake and iodine deficiency in vegans as assessed by the duplicate-portion technique and urinary iodine excretion. Br J Nutr Dez 1998; 80, 529-535. PMID 10211051</ref><br />
! colspan="4" | <small>''(Lightowler et al. 1999)''</small><ref name="Lightowler" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Jod'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 200µg<br />
| colspan="4" style="background:#FF9999; border-right: 3px solid black; text-align:center" | 87µg<br />
| colspan="4" style="background:#FF9999; text-align:center" | 120µg<br />
|}<br />
<div style="clear:both">&nbsp;</div> <br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-top:-5px; text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="7" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 1:''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenzwert kein Maximalwert, Abweichung zu Referenzwert:<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | < -65%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -65%..-35%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -35%..-10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -10%..+10%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | +10%..+35%<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | +35%..+65%<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | > 65%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenz ein Maximalwert, Abweichung zu Referenzwert:<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px" | > +65%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px" | +65%..+35%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px" | +35%..+10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px" | +10%..-10%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-top-width: 0px" | -10%..-35%<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-top-width: 0px" | -35%..-65%<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px" | < -65%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenz geschlossenes Intervall, Abweichung zu nähester Intervallgrenze:<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px" | > 65%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px" | 65%..35%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px" | 35%..10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px" | 10%..>0%<br />
| colspan="3" style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px; text-align:center" | Innerhalb Intervall<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Tabelle 2, Häufigkeit einer unzureichenden Nährstoffaufnahme der untersuchten Studienteilnehmer<ref name="teo">Teo, CC (2011): Assessing the Prevalence of Inadequate Nutrient Intake Among Vegetarians and Non-Vegetarians Using the Estimated Average Requirement: Results from the adventist health study 2 calibration study. Proquest [http://udini.proquest.com/view/assessing-the-prevalence-of-pqid:2247014461/|Umi Dissertation Publishing] (n=661)</ref>:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; float:left; margin-right:1em; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0em"<br />
|-<br />
! style="width: 7em" | Nährstoff<br />
! style="width: 7em" | Veganer<br />
! style="width: 7em" | Mischköstler<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin A'''<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 42%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 40%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin C'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 8%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 26%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin E'''<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 79%<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 94%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B1'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 12%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 13%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B2'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 15%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 14%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Niacin'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 0%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Folate'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 6%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 18%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B12'''<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 48%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 16%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kupfer'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 0%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Magnesium'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 15%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 49%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Phosphor'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 5%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Selen'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 10%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 6%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Zink'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 22%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 23%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Eisen'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 9%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 16%<br />
|}<br />
<div style="clear:both">&nbsp;</div> <br />
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 2:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#00E000; width: 5em" | 0%..10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; width: 5em" | 10%..25%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; width: 5em" | 25%..75%<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; width: 5em" | > 75%<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<references /></div>
Chrononaut
https://www.freewiki.eu/de/index.php?title=Veganismus&diff=1282
Veganismus
2018-12-10T20:44:00Z
<p>Chrononaut: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
Veganismus ist ein aus dem Vegetarismus hervorgegangener Lebens- und Ernährungsstil. Veganer versuchen den Konsum sämtlicher Produkte für deren Herstellung Tiere genutzt wurden bestmöglich zu vermeiden. Die Beweggründe vegan zu leben sind sehr unterschiedlich, sie reichen über Ethik, Gesundheit, Ökologie, Welternährung bis hin zu religiösen oder spirituellen Gründen.<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
== Begriff ==<br />
<br />
Geprägt wurde das Wort vegan durch den Engländer Donlad Watson. Er gründete 1944 die Vegan Society als Abspaltung der Vegetarian Society. Den Begriff schuf er aus einer Verkürzung des Wortes '''veg'''etari'''an'''.<br />
<br />
== Beweggründe ==<br />
<br />
== Tierproduktalternativen ==<br />
<br />
== Veganeranteil in einzelnen Ländern ==<br />
<br />
== prominente Veganer ==<br />
<br />
== Gesundheitliche vor und Nachteile ==<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
== Empfehlungen und Einschätzungen der ernährungswissenschaftlichen Gesellschaften ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! Institution (alphabetisch sortiert)<br />
! Erwachsene<br />
! Kinder u. Jugendliche<br />
! alte Menschen<br />
! Schwangere, Stillende,<br/> Säuglinge und Kleinkinder<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics<br/> vormals American Diet Association (ADA)<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1">Aussage ADA u. Dietitians of Canada: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Bundesamt<br/> für Gesundheit (Schweiz)<br />
| style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0)" | 0<ref name="sga1">Aussage Bundesamt für Gesundheit: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="sga2">Aussage Bundesamt für Gesundheit: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="sga2" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="sga2" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung (DGE)<br />
| style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0)" | 0<ref name="dge1">Aussage DGE: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="dge2">Aussage DGE: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="dge2" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="dge2" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Dietitians of Canada<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | National Health<br/> and Medical Research Council (Australien)<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1">Aussage N.H.M.R.C.: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1" /><br />
|}<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{| class="mw-collapsible" style="text-align:left"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="1" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 1:''<br />
|-<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +: durchführbar bzgl. adequater Nährstoffversorgung<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0)" | 0: bedingt durchführbar bzgl. adequater Nährstoffversorgung<br />
|-<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -: nicht durchführbar bzgl. adequater Nährstoffversorgung<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Nährstoffversorgung ==<br />
<br />
Tabelle 1, Studien zur Nährstoffversorgung bei veganer Ernährung (ohne Supplementierung) im Vergleich:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; float:left; margin-right:1em; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0em"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Analyse<br/> Werte<br />
! colspan="2" | Bedarf /<br/> Referenz<ref name="Bedarf">nach Deutscher Gesellschaft für Ernährung, Erwachsene (25-51) http://www.dge.de/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=3</ref><br />
! colspan="2" | Veganer<br/> <small>''(Davey et al. 2003)''</small><ref name="Davey">Davey et al.: EPIC–Oxford: lifestyle characteristics and nutrient intakes in a cohort of 33 883 meat-eaters and 31 546 non meat-eaters in the UK. May 2003, {{DOI|10.1079/PHN2002430}} PMID 12740075. (n=25.765)</ref><br />
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid black" | Veganer<br/> <small>''(Larsson et al. 2002)''</small><ref name="Larsson">Larsson et al.: Dietary intake and nutritional status of young vegans and omnivores in Sweden. July 2002, PMID 12081822. (n=60)</ref><br />
! colspan="2" | Mischköstler<br/> <small>''(Davey et al. 2003)''</small><ref name="Davey" /><br />
! colspan="2" | Mischköstler<br/> <small>''(Larsson et al. 2002)''</small><ref name="Larsson" /><br />
|-<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! style="border-right: 3px solid black" | ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Hauptnährstoffverteilung:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Protein'''<ref name="Proz">Zufuhr in % der Nahrungsenergie</ref><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 9-11%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 10%<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 10%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 16%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 17%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 15%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 14%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Fett'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <35%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 28%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 28%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 27%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 24%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 32%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 31%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 29%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 29%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kohlenhydrate'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | >50%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 55%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 56%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 63%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 66%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 47%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 48%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 55%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 56%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Fettsäuren, Cholesterin und Ballaststoffe:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''gesättigte Fette'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <10%<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 4,99%<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 5,11%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 7,67%<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 6,21%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 10,7%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 10,4%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13,05%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13,15%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''mehrf. ungesättigte Fette'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 7-10%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,53%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,20%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 6,44%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-right: 3px solid black" | 6,21%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 5,21%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 5,19%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 3,48%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 3,33%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Cholesterin'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <300mg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,1mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,3mg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 326mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 230mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Ballaststoffe'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | >30g<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 27,7g<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 26,4g<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 44g<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 34g<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 18,7g<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 18,9g<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 25g<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 21g<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Vitamine:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin A'''<br />
| 1000µg<br />
| 800µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 1045µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 966µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1226µg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1169µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B1'''<br />
| 1,2mg<br />
| 1,0mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,29mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,14mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,9mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 1,5mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,69mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,62mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,2mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,5mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B2'''<br />
| 1,4mg<br />
| 1,2mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,26mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,13mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 1,2mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 1,1mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,30mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,19mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,8mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,9mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Niacin'''<br />
| 16mg<br />
| 13mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 23,9mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 21,1mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 34mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 26mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 24,7mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 23,2mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 48mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 32mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B6'''<br />
| 1,5mg<br />
| 1,2mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,23mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,06mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,7mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,1mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,26mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,17mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,8mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,0mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B12'''<ref name="VitB12">Gefüllter Vitamin B12 Speicher reicht für viele Jahre aus, aber nach Aufbrauch des Vitamin B12-Speichers drohen ohne ausreichende Zufuhr über tierische Lebensmittel oder Supplementierung neurologische Schädigungen (vgl. [[Vitamin B12]]).</ref><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 3,0µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,41µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,49µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,1µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 0,0µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,25µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 6,98µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 5,9µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 5,0µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Folat'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 300µg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 431µg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 412µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 551µg<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 473µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 329µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 321µg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 263µg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 226µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin C'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 100mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 155mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 169mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 203mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 178mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 119mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 138mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 96mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 104mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin D'''<ref name="VitD">wird auch über die Haut bei Sonnenexposition gebildet, im Sommer genügen wenige Minuten Sonne zur Deckung des Tagesbedarfs (vgl. [[Cholecalciferol#Biosynthese_von_Vitamin_D3|Vitamin D]]).</ref><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 20µg<ref name="VitD" /><br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,88µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,88µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 3,7µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,0µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 3,39µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 3,32µg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 7,7µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 5,1µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin E'''<br />
| 14mg<br />
| 12mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 16,1mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 14,0mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 18mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 13mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 11,8mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 10,7mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 9,2mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 7,3mg<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Mineralstoffe:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kalzium'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 1000mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 610mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 582mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 517mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-right: 3px solid black" | 538mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 1057mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 989mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1697mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1328mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Magnesium'''<br />
| 350mg<br />
| 300mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 440mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 391mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 559mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 443mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 366mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 341mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 457mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 325mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kalium'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 2000mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4029mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3817mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4200mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 3460mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3965mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3839mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4100mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 3160mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Eisen'''<br />
| 10mg<br />
| 15mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 15,3mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 14,1mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 18mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 14mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 13,4mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 12,6mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 18mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 11mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Zink'''<br />
| 10mg<br />
| 7mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 7,99mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 7,22mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 10mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 7,8mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 9,78mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 9,16mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 16mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 11mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Selen'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 30µg - 70µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 12µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 10µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 40µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 27µg<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="1" | &nbsp;<br />
! colspan="2" | &nbsp;<br />
! colspan="4" style="border-right: 3px solid black" | <small>''(Lightowler et al. 1999)''</small><ref name="Lightowler">Lightowler HJ & Davies GJ: Iodine intake and iodine deficiency in vegans as assessed by the duplicate-portion technique and urinary iodine excretion. Br J Nutr Dez 1998; 80, 529-535. PMID 10211051</ref><br />
! colspan="4" | <small>''(Lightowler et al. 1999)''</small><ref name="Lightowler" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Jod'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 200µg<br />
| colspan="4" style="background:#FF9999; border-right: 3px solid black; text-align:center" | 87µg<br />
| colspan="4" style="background:#FF9999; text-align:center" | 120µg<br />
|}<br />
<div style="clear:both">&nbsp;</div> <br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-top:-5px; text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="7" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 1:''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenzwert kein Maximalwert, Abweichung zu Referenzwert:<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | < -65%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -65%..-35%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -35%..-10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -10%..+10%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | +10%..+35%<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | +35%..+65%<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | > 65%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenz ein Maximalwert, Abweichung zu Referenzwert:<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px" | > +65%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px" | +65%..+35%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px" | +35%..+10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px" | +10%..-10%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-top-width: 0px" | -10%..-35%<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-top-width: 0px" | -35%..-65%<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px" | < -65%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenz geschlossenes Intervall, Abweichung zu nähester Intervallgrenze:<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px" | > 65%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px" | 65%..35%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px" | 35%..10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px" | 10%..>0%<br />
| colspan="3" style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px; text-align:center" | Innerhalb Intervall<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Tabelle 2, Häufigkeit einer unzureichenden Nährstoffaufnahme der untersuchten Studienteilnehmer<ref name="teo">Teo, CC (2011): Assessing the Prevalence of Inadequate Nutrient Intake Among Vegetarians and Non-Vegetarians Using the Estimated Average Requirement: Results from the adventist health study 2 calibration study. Proquest [http://udini.proquest.com/view/assessing-the-prevalence-of-pqid:2247014461/|Umi Dissertation Publishing] (n=661)</ref>:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; float:left; margin-right:1em; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0em"<br />
|-<br />
! style="width: 7em" | Nährstoff<br />
! style="width: 7em" | Veganer<br />
! style="width: 7em" | Mischköstler<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin A'''<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 42%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 40%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin C'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 8%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 26%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin E'''<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 79%<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 94%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B1'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 12%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 13%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B2'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 15%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 14%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Niacin'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 0%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Folate'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 6%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 18%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B12'''<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 48%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 16%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kupfer'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 0%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Magnesium'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 15%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 49%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Phosphor'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 5%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Selen'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 10%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 6%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Zink'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 22%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 23%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Eisen'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 9%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 16%<br />
|}<br />
<div style="clear:both">&nbsp;</div> <br />
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 2:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#00E000; width: 5em" | 0%..10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; width: 5em" | 10%..25%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; width: 5em" | 25%..75%<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; width: 5em" | > 75%<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<references /></div>
Chrononaut
https://www.freewiki.eu/de/index.php?title=Veganismus&diff=1281
Veganismus
2018-12-10T20:38:57Z
<p>Chrononaut: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
Veganismus ist ein aus dem Vegetarismus hervorgegangener Lebens- und Ernährungsstil. Veganer versuchen den Konsum sämtlicher Produkte für deren Herstellung Tiere genutzt wurden bestmöglich zu vermeiden. Die Beweggründe vegan zu leben sind sehr unterschiedlich, sie reichen über Ethik, Gesundheit, Ökologie, Welternährung bis hin zu religiösen oder spirituellen Gründen.<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
== Begriff ==<br />
<br />
Geprägt wurde das Wort vegan durch den Engländer Donlad Watson. Er gründete 1944 die Vegan Society als Abspaltung der Vegetarian Society. Den Begriff schuf er aus einer Verkürzung des Wortes '''veg'''etari'''an'''.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Empfehlungen und Einschätzungen der ernährungswissenschaftlichen Gesellschaften ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! Institution (alphabetisch sortiert)<br />
! Erwachsene<br />
! Kinder u. Jugendliche<br />
! alte Menschen<br />
! Schwangere, Stillende,<br/> Säuglinge und Kleinkinder<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics<br/> vormals American Diet Association (ADA)<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1">Aussage ADA u. Dietitians of Canada: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Bundesamt<br/> für Gesundheit (Schweiz)<br />
| style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0)" | 0<ref name="sga1">Aussage Bundesamt für Gesundheit: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="sga2">Aussage Bundesamt für Gesundheit: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="sga2" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="sga2" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung (DGE)<br />
| style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0)" | 0<ref name="dge1">Aussage DGE: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="dge2">Aussage DGE: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="dge2" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="dge2" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Dietitians of Canada<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | National Health<br/> and Medical Research Council (Australien)<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1">Aussage N.H.M.R.C.: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1" /><br />
|}<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{| class="mw-collapsible" style="text-align:left"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="1" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 1:''<br />
|-<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +: durchführbar bzgl. adequater Nährstoffversorgung<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0)" | 0: bedingt durchführbar bzgl. adequater Nährstoffversorgung<br />
|-<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -: nicht durchführbar bzgl. adequater Nährstoffversorgung<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Nährstoffversorgung ==<br />
<br />
Tabelle 1, Studien zur Nährstoffversorgung bei veganer Ernährung (ohne Supplementierung) im Vergleich:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; float:left; margin-right:1em; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0em"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Analyse<br/> Werte<br />
! colspan="2" | Bedarf /<br/> Referenz<ref name="Bedarf">nach Deutscher Gesellschaft für Ernährung, Erwachsene (25-51) http://www.dge.de/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=3</ref><br />
! colspan="2" | Veganer<br/> <small>''(Davey et al. 2003)''</small><ref name="Davey">Davey et al.: EPIC–Oxford: lifestyle characteristics and nutrient intakes in a cohort of 33 883 meat-eaters and 31 546 non meat-eaters in the UK. May 2003, {{DOI|10.1079/PHN2002430}} PMID 12740075. (n=25.765)</ref><br />
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid black" | Veganer<br/> <small>''(Larsson et al. 2002)''</small><ref name="Larsson">Larsson et al.: Dietary intake and nutritional status of young vegans and omnivores in Sweden. July 2002, PMID 12081822. (n=60)</ref><br />
! colspan="2" | Mischköstler<br/> <small>''(Davey et al. 2003)''</small><ref name="Davey" /><br />
! colspan="2" | Mischköstler<br/> <small>''(Larsson et al. 2002)''</small><ref name="Larsson" /><br />
|-<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! style="border-right: 3px solid black" | ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Hauptnährstoffverteilung:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Protein'''<ref name="Proz">Zufuhr in % der Nahrungsenergie</ref><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 9-11%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 10%<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 10%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 16%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 17%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 15%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 14%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Fett'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <35%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 28%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 28%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 27%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 24%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 32%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 31%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 29%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 29%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kohlenhydrate'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | >50%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 55%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 56%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 63%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 66%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 47%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 48%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 55%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 56%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Fettsäuren, Cholesterin und Ballaststoffe:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''gesättigte Fette'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <10%<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 4,99%<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 5,11%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 7,67%<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 6,21%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 10,7%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 10,4%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13,05%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13,15%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''mehrf. ungesättigte Fette'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 7-10%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,53%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,20%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 6,44%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-right: 3px solid black" | 6,21%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 5,21%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 5,19%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 3,48%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 3,33%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Cholesterin'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <300mg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,1mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,3mg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 326mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 230mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Ballaststoffe'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | >30g<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 27,7g<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 26,4g<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 44g<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 34g<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 18,7g<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 18,9g<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 25g<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 21g<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Vitamine:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin A'''<br />
| 1000µg<br />
| 800µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 1045µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 966µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1226µg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1169µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B1'''<br />
| 1,2mg<br />
| 1,0mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,29mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,14mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,9mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 1,5mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,69mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,62mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,2mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,5mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B2'''<br />
| 1,4mg<br />
| 1,2mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,26mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,13mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 1,2mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 1,1mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,30mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,19mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,8mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,9mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Niacin'''<br />
| 16mg<br />
| 13mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 23,9mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 21,1mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 34mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 26mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 24,7mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 23,2mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 48mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 32mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B6'''<br />
| 1,5mg<br />
| 1,2mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,23mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,06mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,7mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,1mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,26mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,17mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,8mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,0mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B12'''<ref name="VitB12">Gefüllter Vitamin B12 Speicher reicht für viele Jahre aus, aber nach Aufbrauch des Vitamin B12-Speichers drohen ohne ausreichende Zufuhr über tierische Lebensmittel oder Supplementierung neurologische Schädigungen (vgl. [[Vitamin B12]]).</ref><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 3,0µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,41µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,49µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,1µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 0,0µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,25µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 6,98µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 5,9µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 5,0µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Folat'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 300µg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 431µg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 412µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 551µg<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 473µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 329µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 321µg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 263µg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 226µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin C'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 100mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 155mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 169mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 203mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 178mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 119mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 138mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 96mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 104mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin D'''<ref name="VitD">wird auch über die Haut bei Sonnenexposition gebildet, im Sommer genügen wenige Minuten Sonne zur Deckung des Tagesbedarfs (vgl. [[Cholecalciferol#Biosynthese_von_Vitamin_D3|Vitamin D]]).</ref><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 20µg<ref name="VitD" /><br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,88µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,88µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 3,7µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,0µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 3,39µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 3,32µg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 7,7µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 5,1µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin E'''<br />
| 14mg<br />
| 12mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 16,1mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 14,0mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 18mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 13mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 11,8mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 10,7mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 9,2mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 7,3mg<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Mineralstoffe:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kalzium'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 1000mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 610mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 582mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 517mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-right: 3px solid black" | 538mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 1057mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 989mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1697mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1328mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Magnesium'''<br />
| 350mg<br />
| 300mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 440mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 391mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 559mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 443mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 366mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 341mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 457mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 325mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kalium'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 2000mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4029mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3817mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4200mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 3460mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3965mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3839mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4100mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 3160mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Eisen'''<br />
| 10mg<br />
| 15mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 15,3mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 14,1mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 18mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 14mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 13,4mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 12,6mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 18mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 11mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Zink'''<br />
| 10mg<br />
| 7mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 7,99mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 7,22mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 10mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 7,8mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 9,78mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 9,16mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 16mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 11mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Selen'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 30µg - 70µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 12µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 10µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 40µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 27µg<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="1" | &nbsp;<br />
! colspan="2" | &nbsp;<br />
! colspan="4" style="border-right: 3px solid black" | <small>''(Lightowler et al. 1999)''</small><ref name="Lightowler">Lightowler HJ & Davies GJ: Iodine intake and iodine deficiency in vegans as assessed by the duplicate-portion technique and urinary iodine excretion. Br J Nutr Dez 1998; 80, 529-535. PMID 10211051</ref><br />
! colspan="4" | <small>''(Lightowler et al. 1999)''</small><ref name="Lightowler" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Jod'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 200µg<br />
| colspan="4" style="background:#FF9999; border-right: 3px solid black; text-align:center" | 87µg<br />
| colspan="4" style="background:#FF9999; text-align:center" | 120µg<br />
|}<br />
<div style="clear:both">&nbsp;</div> <br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-top:-5px; text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="7" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 1:''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenzwert kein Maximalwert, Abweichung zu Referenzwert:<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | < -65%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -65%..-35%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -35%..-10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -10%..+10%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | +10%..+35%<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | +35%..+65%<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | > 65%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenz ein Maximalwert, Abweichung zu Referenzwert:<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px" | > +65%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px" | +65%..+35%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px" | +35%..+10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px" | +10%..-10%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-top-width: 0px" | -10%..-35%<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-top-width: 0px" | -35%..-65%<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px" | < -65%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenz geschlossenes Intervall, Abweichung zu nähester Intervallgrenze:<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px" | > 65%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px" | 65%..35%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px" | 35%..10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px" | 10%..>0%<br />
| colspan="3" style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px; text-align:center" | Innerhalb Intervall<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Tabelle 2, Häufigkeit einer unzureichenden Nährstoffaufnahme der untersuchten Studienteilnehmer<ref name="teo">Teo, CC (2011): Assessing the Prevalence of Inadequate Nutrient Intake Among Vegetarians and Non-Vegetarians Using the Estimated Average Requirement: Results from the adventist health study 2 calibration study. Proquest [http://udini.proquest.com/view/assessing-the-prevalence-of-pqid:2247014461/|Umi Dissertation Publishing] (n=661)</ref>:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; float:left; margin-right:1em; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0em"<br />
|-<br />
! style="width: 7em" | Nährstoff<br />
! style="width: 7em" | Veganer<br />
! style="width: 7em" | Mischköstler<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin A'''<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 42%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 40%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin C'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 8%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 26%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin E'''<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 79%<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 94%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B1'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 12%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 13%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B2'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 15%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 14%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Niacin'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 0%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Folate'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 6%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 18%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B12'''<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 48%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 16%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kupfer'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 0%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Magnesium'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 15%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 49%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Phosphor'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 5%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Selen'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 10%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 6%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Zink'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 22%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 23%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Eisen'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 9%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 16%<br />
|}<br />
<div style="clear:both">&nbsp;</div> <br />
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 2:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#00E000; width: 5em" | 0%..10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; width: 5em" | 10%..25%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; width: 5em" | 25%..75%<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; width: 5em" | > 75%<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<references /></div>
Chrononaut
https://www.freewiki.eu/de/index.php?title=Veganismus&diff=1280
Veganismus
2018-12-10T20:38:32Z
<p>Chrononaut: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
Veganismus ist ein aus dem Vegetarismus hervorgegangener Lebens- und Ernährungsstil. Veganer versuchen den Konsum sämtlicher Produkte für deren Herstellung Tiere genutzt wurden bestmöglich zu vermeiden. Die Beweggründe vegan zu leben sind sehr unterschiedlich, sie reichen über Ethik, Gesundheit, Ökologie, Welternährung bis hin zu religiösen oder spirituellen Gründen.<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
== Begriff ==<br />
<br />
Geprägt wurde das Wort vegan durch den Engländer Donlad Watson. Er gründete 1944 die Vegan Society als Abspaltung der Vegetarian Society. Den Begriff schuf er aus einer Verkürzung des Wortes '''veg'''etari'''an'''.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Empfehlungen und Einschätzungen der Ernährungswissenschaftlichen Gesellschaften ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! Institution (alphabetisch sortiert)<br />
! Erwachsene<br />
! Kinder u. Jugendliche<br />
! alte Menschen<br />
! Schwangere, Stillende,<br/> Säuglinge und Kleinkinder<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics<br/> vormals American Diet Association (ADA)<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1">Aussage ADA u. Dietitians of Canada: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Bundesamt<br/> für Gesundheit (Schweiz)<br />
| style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0)" | 0<ref name="sga1">Aussage Bundesamt für Gesundheit: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="sga2">Aussage Bundesamt für Gesundheit: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="sga2" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="sga2" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung (DGE)<br />
| style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0)" | 0<ref name="dge1">Aussage DGE: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="dge2">Aussage DGE: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="dge2" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="dge2" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Dietitians of Canada<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | National Health<br/> and Medical Research Council (Australien)<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1">Aussage N.H.M.R.C.: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1" /><br />
|}<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{| class="mw-collapsible" style="text-align:left"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="1" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 1:''<br />
|-<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +: durchführbar bzgl. adequater Nährstoffversorgung<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0)" | 0: bedingt durchführbar bzgl. adequater Nährstoffversorgung<br />
|-<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -: nicht durchführbar bzgl. adequater Nährstoffversorgung<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Nährstoffversorgung ==<br />
<br />
Tabelle 1, Studien zur Nährstoffversorgung bei veganer Ernährung (ohne Supplementierung) im Vergleich:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; float:left; margin-right:1em; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0em"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Analyse<br/> Werte<br />
! colspan="2" | Bedarf /<br/> Referenz<ref name="Bedarf">nach Deutscher Gesellschaft für Ernährung, Erwachsene (25-51) http://www.dge.de/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=3</ref><br />
! colspan="2" | Veganer<br/> <small>''(Davey et al. 2003)''</small><ref name="Davey">Davey et al.: EPIC–Oxford: lifestyle characteristics and nutrient intakes in a cohort of 33 883 meat-eaters and 31 546 non meat-eaters in the UK. May 2003, {{DOI|10.1079/PHN2002430}} PMID 12740075. (n=25.765)</ref><br />
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid black" | Veganer<br/> <small>''(Larsson et al. 2002)''</small><ref name="Larsson">Larsson et al.: Dietary intake and nutritional status of young vegans and omnivores in Sweden. July 2002, PMID 12081822. (n=60)</ref><br />
! colspan="2" | Mischköstler<br/> <small>''(Davey et al. 2003)''</small><ref name="Davey" /><br />
! colspan="2" | Mischköstler<br/> <small>''(Larsson et al. 2002)''</small><ref name="Larsson" /><br />
|-<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! style="border-right: 3px solid black" | ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Hauptnährstoffverteilung:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Protein'''<ref name="Proz">Zufuhr in % der Nahrungsenergie</ref><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 9-11%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 10%<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 10%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 16%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 17%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 15%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 14%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Fett'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <35%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 28%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 28%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 27%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 24%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 32%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 31%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 29%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 29%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kohlenhydrate'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | >50%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 55%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 56%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 63%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 66%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 47%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 48%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 55%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 56%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Fettsäuren, Cholesterin und Ballaststoffe:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''gesättigte Fette'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <10%<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 4,99%<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 5,11%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 7,67%<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 6,21%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 10,7%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 10,4%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13,05%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13,15%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''mehrf. ungesättigte Fette'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 7-10%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,53%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,20%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 6,44%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-right: 3px solid black" | 6,21%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 5,21%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 5,19%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 3,48%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 3,33%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Cholesterin'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <300mg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,1mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,3mg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 326mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 230mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Ballaststoffe'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | >30g<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 27,7g<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 26,4g<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 44g<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 34g<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 18,7g<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 18,9g<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 25g<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 21g<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Vitamine:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin A'''<br />
| 1000µg<br />
| 800µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 1045µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 966µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1226µg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1169µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B1'''<br />
| 1,2mg<br />
| 1,0mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,29mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,14mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,9mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 1,5mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,69mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,62mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,2mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,5mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B2'''<br />
| 1,4mg<br />
| 1,2mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,26mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,13mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 1,2mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 1,1mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,30mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,19mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,8mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,9mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Niacin'''<br />
| 16mg<br />
| 13mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 23,9mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 21,1mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 34mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 26mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 24,7mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 23,2mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 48mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 32mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B6'''<br />
| 1,5mg<br />
| 1,2mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,23mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,06mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,7mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,1mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,26mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,17mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,8mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,0mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B12'''<ref name="VitB12">Gefüllter Vitamin B12 Speicher reicht für viele Jahre aus, aber nach Aufbrauch des Vitamin B12-Speichers drohen ohne ausreichende Zufuhr über tierische Lebensmittel oder Supplementierung neurologische Schädigungen (vgl. [[Vitamin B12]]).</ref><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 3,0µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,41µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,49µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,1µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 0,0µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,25µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 6,98µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 5,9µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 5,0µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Folat'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 300µg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 431µg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 412µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 551µg<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 473µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 329µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 321µg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 263µg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 226µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin C'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 100mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 155mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 169mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 203mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 178mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 119mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 138mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 96mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 104mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin D'''<ref name="VitD">wird auch über die Haut bei Sonnenexposition gebildet, im Sommer genügen wenige Minuten Sonne zur Deckung des Tagesbedarfs (vgl. [[Cholecalciferol#Biosynthese_von_Vitamin_D3|Vitamin D]]).</ref><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 20µg<ref name="VitD" /><br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,88µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,88µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 3,7µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,0µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 3,39µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 3,32µg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 7,7µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 5,1µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin E'''<br />
| 14mg<br />
| 12mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 16,1mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 14,0mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 18mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 13mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 11,8mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 10,7mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 9,2mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 7,3mg<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Mineralstoffe:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kalzium'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 1000mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 610mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 582mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 517mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-right: 3px solid black" | 538mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 1057mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 989mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1697mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1328mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Magnesium'''<br />
| 350mg<br />
| 300mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 440mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 391mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 559mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 443mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 366mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 341mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 457mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 325mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kalium'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 2000mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4029mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3817mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4200mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 3460mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3965mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3839mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4100mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 3160mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Eisen'''<br />
| 10mg<br />
| 15mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 15,3mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 14,1mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 18mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 14mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 13,4mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 12,6mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 18mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 11mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Zink'''<br />
| 10mg<br />
| 7mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 7,99mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 7,22mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 10mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 7,8mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 9,78mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 9,16mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 16mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 11mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Selen'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 30µg - 70µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 12µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 10µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 40µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 27µg<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="1" | &nbsp;<br />
! colspan="2" | &nbsp;<br />
! colspan="4" style="border-right: 3px solid black" | <small>''(Lightowler et al. 1999)''</small><ref name="Lightowler">Lightowler HJ & Davies GJ: Iodine intake and iodine deficiency in vegans as assessed by the duplicate-portion technique and urinary iodine excretion. Br J Nutr Dez 1998; 80, 529-535. PMID 10211051</ref><br />
! colspan="4" | <small>''(Lightowler et al. 1999)''</small><ref name="Lightowler" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Jod'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 200µg<br />
| colspan="4" style="background:#FF9999; border-right: 3px solid black; text-align:center" | 87µg<br />
| colspan="4" style="background:#FF9999; text-align:center" | 120µg<br />
|}<br />
<div style="clear:both">&nbsp;</div> <br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-top:-5px; text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="7" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 1:''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenzwert kein Maximalwert, Abweichung zu Referenzwert:<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | < -65%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -65%..-35%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -35%..-10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -10%..+10%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | +10%..+35%<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | +35%..+65%<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | > 65%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenz ein Maximalwert, Abweichung zu Referenzwert:<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px" | > +65%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px" | +65%..+35%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px" | +35%..+10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px" | +10%..-10%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-top-width: 0px" | -10%..-35%<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-top-width: 0px" | -35%..-65%<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px" | < -65%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenz geschlossenes Intervall, Abweichung zu nähester Intervallgrenze:<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px" | > 65%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px" | 65%..35%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px" | 35%..10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px" | 10%..>0%<br />
| colspan="3" style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px; text-align:center" | Innerhalb Intervall<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Tabelle 2, Häufigkeit einer unzureichenden Nährstoffaufnahme der untersuchten Studienteilnehmer<ref name="teo">Teo, CC (2011): Assessing the Prevalence of Inadequate Nutrient Intake Among Vegetarians and Non-Vegetarians Using the Estimated Average Requirement: Results from the adventist health study 2 calibration study. Proquest [http://udini.proquest.com/view/assessing-the-prevalence-of-pqid:2247014461/|Umi Dissertation Publishing] (n=661)</ref>:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; float:left; margin-right:1em; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0em"<br />
|-<br />
! style="width: 7em" | Nährstoff<br />
! style="width: 7em" | Veganer<br />
! style="width: 7em" | Mischköstler<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin A'''<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 42%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 40%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin C'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 8%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 26%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin E'''<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 79%<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 94%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B1'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 12%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 13%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B2'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 15%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 14%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Niacin'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 0%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Folate'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 6%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 18%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B12'''<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 48%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 16%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kupfer'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 0%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Magnesium'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 15%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 49%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Phosphor'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 5%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Selen'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 10%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 6%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Zink'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 22%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 23%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Eisen'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 9%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 16%<br />
|}<br />
<div style="clear:both">&nbsp;</div> <br />
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 2:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#00E000; width: 5em" | 0%..10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; width: 5em" | 10%..25%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; width: 5em" | 25%..75%<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; width: 5em" | > 75%<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<references /></div>
Chrononaut
https://www.freewiki.eu/de/index.php?title=Veganismus&diff=1279
Veganismus
2018-12-10T20:38:04Z
<p>Chrononaut: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
Veganismus ist ein aus dem Vegetarismus hervorgegangener Lebens- und Ernährungsstil. Veganer versuchen den Konsum sämtlicher Produkte für deren Herstellung Tiere genutzt wurden bestmöglich zu vermeiden. Die Beweggründe vegan zu leben sind sehr unterschiedlich, sie reichen über Ethik, Gesundheit, Ökologie, Welternährung bis hin zu religiösen oder spirituellen Gründen.<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
== Begriff ==<br />
<br />
Geprägt wurde das Wort vegan durch den Engländer Donlad Watson. Er gründete 1944 die Vegan Society als Abspaltung der Vegetarian Society. Den Begriff schuf er aus einer Verkürzung des Wortes '''veg'''etari'''an'''.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Empfehlungen und Einschätzungen der Ernährungswissenschaftlichen Gesellschaften ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! Institution (alphabetisch sortiert)<br />
! Erwachsene<br />
! Kinder u. Jugendliche<br />
! alte Menschen<br />
! Schwangere, Stillende,<br/> Säuglinge und Kleinkinder<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics<br/> vormals American Diet Association (ADA)<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1">Aussage ADA u. Dietitians of Canada: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | <span style="background-color:#2ecc71">+<ref name="ada1" /></span><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Bundesamt<br/> für Gesundheit (Schweiz)<br />
| style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0)" | 0<ref name="sga1">Aussage Bundesamt für Gesundheit: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="sga2">Aussage Bundesamt für Gesundheit: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="sga2" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="sga2" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung (DGE)<br />
| style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0)" | 0<ref name="dge1">Aussage DGE: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="dge2">Aussage DGE: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="dge2" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -<ref name="dge2" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Dietitians of Canada<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | National Health<br/> and Medical Research Council (Australien)<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1">Aussage N.H.M.R.C.: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +<ref name="aus1" /><br />
|}<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{| class="mw-collapsible" style="text-align:left"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="1" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 1:''<br />
|-<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" style="background-color: rgb(102, 255, 0)" | +: durchführbar bzgl. adequater Nährstoffversorgung<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0)" | 0: bedingt durchführbar bzgl. adequater Nährstoffversorgung<br />
|-<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0)" | -: nicht durchführbar bzgl. adequater Nährstoffversorgung<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Nährstoffversorgung ==<br />
<br />
Tabelle 1, Studien zur Nährstoffversorgung bei veganer Ernährung (ohne Supplementierung) im Vergleich:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; float:left; margin-right:1em; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0em"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Analyse<br/> Werte<br />
! colspan="2" | Bedarf /<br/> Referenz<ref name="Bedarf">nach Deutscher Gesellschaft für Ernährung, Erwachsene (25-51) http://www.dge.de/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=3</ref><br />
! colspan="2" | Veganer<br/> <small>''(Davey et al. 2003)''</small><ref name="Davey">Davey et al.: EPIC–Oxford: lifestyle characteristics and nutrient intakes in a cohort of 33 883 meat-eaters and 31 546 non meat-eaters in the UK. May 2003, {{DOI|10.1079/PHN2002430}} PMID 12740075. (n=25.765)</ref><br />
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid black" | Veganer<br/> <small>''(Larsson et al. 2002)''</small><ref name="Larsson">Larsson et al.: Dietary intake and nutritional status of young vegans and omnivores in Sweden. July 2002, PMID 12081822. (n=60)</ref><br />
! colspan="2" | Mischköstler<br/> <small>''(Davey et al. 2003)''</small><ref name="Davey" /><br />
! colspan="2" | Mischköstler<br/> <small>''(Larsson et al. 2002)''</small><ref name="Larsson" /><br />
|-<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! style="border-right: 3px solid black" | ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Hauptnährstoffverteilung:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Protein'''<ref name="Proz">Zufuhr in % der Nahrungsenergie</ref><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 9-11%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 10%<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 10%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 16%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 17%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 15%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 14%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Fett'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <35%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 28%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 28%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 27%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 24%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 32%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 31%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 29%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 29%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kohlenhydrate'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | >50%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 55%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 56%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 63%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 66%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 47%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 48%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 55%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 56%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Fettsäuren, Cholesterin und Ballaststoffe:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''gesättigte Fette'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <10%<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 4,99%<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 5,11%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 7,67%<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 6,21%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 10,7%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 10,4%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13,05%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13,15%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''mehrf. ungesättigte Fette'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 7-10%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,53%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,20%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 6,44%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-right: 3px solid black" | 6,21%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 5,21%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 5,19%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 3,48%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 3,33%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Cholesterin'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <300mg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,1mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,3mg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 326mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 230mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Ballaststoffe'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | >30g<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 27,7g<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 26,4g<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 44g<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 34g<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 18,7g<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 18,9g<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 25g<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 21g<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Vitamine:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin A'''<br />
| 1000µg<br />
| 800µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 1045µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 966µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1226µg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1169µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B1'''<br />
| 1,2mg<br />
| 1,0mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,29mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,14mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,9mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 1,5mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,69mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,62mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,2mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,5mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B2'''<br />
| 1,4mg<br />
| 1,2mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,26mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,13mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 1,2mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 1,1mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,30mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,19mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,8mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,9mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Niacin'''<br />
| 16mg<br />
| 13mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 23,9mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 21,1mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 34mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 26mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 24,7mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 23,2mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 48mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 32mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B6'''<br />
| 1,5mg<br />
| 1,2mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,23mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,06mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,7mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,1mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,26mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,17mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,8mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,0mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B12'''<ref name="VitB12">Gefüllter Vitamin B12 Speicher reicht für viele Jahre aus, aber nach Aufbrauch des Vitamin B12-Speichers drohen ohne ausreichende Zufuhr über tierische Lebensmittel oder Supplementierung neurologische Schädigungen (vgl. [[Vitamin B12]]).</ref><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 3,0µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,41µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,49µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,1µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 0,0µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,25µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 6,98µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 5,9µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 5,0µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Folat'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 300µg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 431µg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 412µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 551µg<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 473µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 329µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 321µg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 263µg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 226µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin C'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 100mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 155mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 169mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 203mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 178mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 119mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 138mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 96mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 104mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin D'''<ref name="VitD">wird auch über die Haut bei Sonnenexposition gebildet, im Sommer genügen wenige Minuten Sonne zur Deckung des Tagesbedarfs (vgl. [[Cholecalciferol#Biosynthese_von_Vitamin_D3|Vitamin D]]).</ref><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 20µg<ref name="VitD" /><br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,88µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,88µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 3,7µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,0µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 3,39µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 3,32µg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 7,7µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 5,1µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin E'''<br />
| 14mg<br />
| 12mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 16,1mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 14,0mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 18mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 13mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 11,8mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 10,7mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 9,2mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 7,3mg<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Mineralstoffe:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kalzium'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 1000mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 610mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 582mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 517mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-right: 3px solid black" | 538mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 1057mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 989mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1697mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1328mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Magnesium'''<br />
| 350mg<br />
| 300mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 440mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 391mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 559mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 443mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 366mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 341mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 457mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 325mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kalium'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 2000mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4029mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3817mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4200mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 3460mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3965mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3839mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4100mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 3160mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Eisen'''<br />
| 10mg<br />
| 15mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 15,3mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 14,1mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 18mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 14mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 13,4mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 12,6mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 18mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 11mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Zink'''<br />
| 10mg<br />
| 7mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 7,99mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 7,22mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 10mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 7,8mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 9,78mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 9,16mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 16mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 11mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Selen'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 30µg - 70µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 12µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 10µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 40µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 27µg<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="1" | &nbsp;<br />
! colspan="2" | &nbsp;<br />
! colspan="4" style="border-right: 3px solid black" | <small>''(Lightowler et al. 1999)''</small><ref name="Lightowler">Lightowler HJ & Davies GJ: Iodine intake and iodine deficiency in vegans as assessed by the duplicate-portion technique and urinary iodine excretion. Br J Nutr Dez 1998; 80, 529-535. PMID 10211051</ref><br />
! colspan="4" | <small>''(Lightowler et al. 1999)''</small><ref name="Lightowler" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Jod'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 200µg<br />
| colspan="4" style="background:#FF9999; border-right: 3px solid black; text-align:center" | 87µg<br />
| colspan="4" style="background:#FF9999; text-align:center" | 120µg<br />
|}<br />
<div style="clear:both">&nbsp;</div> <br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-top:-5px; text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="7" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 1:''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenzwert kein Maximalwert, Abweichung zu Referenzwert:<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | < -65%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -65%..-35%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -35%..-10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -10%..+10%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | +10%..+35%<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | +35%..+65%<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | > 65%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenz ein Maximalwert, Abweichung zu Referenzwert:<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px" | > +65%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px" | +65%..+35%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px" | +35%..+10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px" | +10%..-10%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-top-width: 0px" | -10%..-35%<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-top-width: 0px" | -35%..-65%<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px" | < -65%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenz geschlossenes Intervall, Abweichung zu nähester Intervallgrenze:<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px" | > 65%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px" | 65%..35%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px" | 35%..10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px" | 10%..>0%<br />
| colspan="3" style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px; text-align:center" | Innerhalb Intervall<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Tabelle 2, Häufigkeit einer unzureichenden Nährstoffaufnahme der untersuchten Studienteilnehmer<ref name="teo">Teo, CC (2011): Assessing the Prevalence of Inadequate Nutrient Intake Among Vegetarians and Non-Vegetarians Using the Estimated Average Requirement: Results from the adventist health study 2 calibration study. Proquest [http://udini.proquest.com/view/assessing-the-prevalence-of-pqid:2247014461/|Umi Dissertation Publishing] (n=661)</ref>:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; float:left; margin-right:1em; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0em"<br />
|-<br />
! style="width: 7em" | Nährstoff<br />
! style="width: 7em" | Veganer<br />
! style="width: 7em" | Mischköstler<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin A'''<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 42%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 40%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin C'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 8%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 26%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin E'''<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 79%<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 94%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B1'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 12%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 13%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B2'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 15%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 14%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Niacin'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 0%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Folate'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 6%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 18%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B12'''<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 48%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 16%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kupfer'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 0%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Magnesium'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 15%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 49%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Phosphor'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 5%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Selen'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 10%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 6%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Zink'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 22%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 23%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Eisen'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 9%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 16%<br />
|}<br />
<div style="clear:both">&nbsp;</div> <br />
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 2:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#00E000; width: 5em" | 0%..10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; width: 5em" | 10%..25%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; width: 5em" | 25%..75%<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; width: 5em" | > 75%<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<references /></div>
Chrononaut
https://www.freewiki.eu/de/index.php?title=Veganismus&diff=1277
Veganismus
2018-12-10T20:28:20Z
<p>Chrononaut: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
Veganismus ist ein aus dem Vegetarismus hervorgegangener Lebens- und Ernährungsstil. Veganer versuchen den Konsum sämtlicher Produkte für deren Herstellung Tiere genutzt wurden bestmöglich zu vermeiden. Die Beweggründe vegan zu leben sind sehr unterschiedlich, sie reichen über Ethik, Gesundheit, Ökologie, Welternährung bis hin zu religiösen oder spirituellen Gründen.<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
== Begriff ==<br />
<br />
Geprägt wurde das Wort vegan durch den Engländer Donlad Watson. Er gründete 1944 die Vegan Society als Abspaltung der Vegetarian Society. Den Begriff schuf er aus einer Verkürzung des Wortes '''veg'''etari'''an'''.<br />
<br />
== Empfehlungen und Einschätzungen der Ernährungswissenschaftlichen Gesellschaften ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! Institution (alphabetisch sortiert)<br />
! Erwachsene<br />
! Kinder u. Jugendliche<br />
! alte Menschen<br />
! Schwangere, Stillende,<br/> Säuglinge und Kleinkinder<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics<br/> vormals American Diet Association (ADA)<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" | +<ref name="ada1">Aussage ADA u. Dietitians of Canada: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Bundesamt<br/> für Gesundheit (Schweiz)<br />
| 0<ref name="sga1">Aussage Bundesamt für Gesundheit: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" | -<ref name="sga2">Aussage Bundesamt für Gesundheit: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" | -<ref name="sga2" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" | -<ref name="sga2" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung (DGE)<br />
| 0<ref name="dge1">Aussage DGE: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" | -<ref name="dge2">Aussage DGE: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" | -<ref name="dge2" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" | -<ref name="dge2" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | Dietitians of Canada<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" | +<ref name="ada1" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | National Health<br/> and Medical Research Council (Australien)<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" | +<ref name="aus1">Aussage N.H.M.R.C.: </ref><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" | +<ref name="aus1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" | +<ref name="aus1" /><br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" | +<ref name="aus1" /><br />
|}<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{| class="mw-collapsible" style="text-align:left"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="1" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 1:''<br />
|-<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe9" | +: durchführbar bzgl. adequater Nährstoffversorgung<br />
|-<br />
| 0: bedingt durchführbar bzgl. adequater Nährstoffversorgung<br />
|-<br />
| class="hintergrundfarbe7" | -: nicht durchführbar bzgl. adequater Nährstoffversorgung<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Nährstoffversorgung ==<br />
<br />
Tabelle 1, Studien zur Nährstoffversorgung bei veganer Ernährung (ohne Supplementierung) im Vergleich:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; float:left; margin-right:1em; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0em"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Analyse<br/> Werte<br />
! colspan="2" | Bedarf /<br/> Referenz<ref name="Bedarf">nach Deutscher Gesellschaft für Ernährung, Erwachsene (25-51) http://www.dge.de/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=3</ref><br />
! colspan="2" | Veganer<br/> <small>''(Davey et al. 2003)''</small><ref name="Davey">Davey et al.: EPIC–Oxford: lifestyle characteristics and nutrient intakes in a cohort of 33 883 meat-eaters and 31 546 non meat-eaters in the UK. May 2003, {{DOI|10.1079/PHN2002430}} PMID 12740075. (n=25.765)</ref><br />
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid black" | Veganer<br/> <small>''(Larsson et al. 2002)''</small><ref name="Larsson">Larsson et al.: Dietary intake and nutritional status of young vegans and omnivores in Sweden. July 2002, PMID 12081822. (n=60)</ref><br />
! colspan="2" | Mischköstler<br/> <small>''(Davey et al. 2003)''</small><ref name="Davey" /><br />
! colspan="2" | Mischköstler<br/> <small>''(Larsson et al. 2002)''</small><ref name="Larsson" /><br />
|-<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! style="border-right: 3px solid black" | ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Hauptnährstoffverteilung:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Protein'''<ref name="Proz">Zufuhr in % der Nahrungsenergie</ref><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 9-11%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 10%<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 10%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 16%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 17%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 15%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 14%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Fett'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <35%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 28%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 28%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 27%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 24%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 32%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 31%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 29%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 29%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kohlenhydrate'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | >50%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 55%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 56%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 63%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 66%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 47%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 48%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 55%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 56%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Fettsäuren, Cholesterin und Ballaststoffe:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''gesättigte Fette'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <10%<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 4,99%<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 5,11%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 7,67%<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 6,21%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 10,7%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 10,4%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13,05%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13,15%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''mehrf. ungesättigte Fette'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 7-10%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,53%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,20%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 6,44%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-right: 3px solid black" | 6,21%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 5,21%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 5,19%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 3,48%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 3,33%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Cholesterin'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <300mg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,1mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,3mg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 326mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 230mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Ballaststoffe'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | >30g<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 27,7g<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 26,4g<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 44g<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 34g<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 18,7g<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 18,9g<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 25g<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 21g<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Vitamine:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin A'''<br />
| 1000µg<br />
| 800µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 1045µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 966µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1226µg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1169µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B1'''<br />
| 1,2mg<br />
| 1,0mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,29mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,14mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,9mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 1,5mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,69mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,62mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,2mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,5mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B2'''<br />
| 1,4mg<br />
| 1,2mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,26mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,13mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 1,2mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 1,1mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,30mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,19mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,8mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,9mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Niacin'''<br />
| 16mg<br />
| 13mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 23,9mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 21,1mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 34mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 26mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 24,7mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 23,2mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 48mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 32mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B6'''<br />
| 1,5mg<br />
| 1,2mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,23mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,06mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,7mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,1mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,26mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,17mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,8mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,0mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B12'''<ref name="VitB12">Gefüllter Vitamin B12 Speicher reicht für viele Jahre aus, aber nach Aufbrauch des Vitamin B12-Speichers drohen ohne ausreichende Zufuhr über tierische Lebensmittel oder Supplementierung neurologische Schädigungen (vgl. [[Vitamin B12]]).</ref><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 3,0µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,41µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,49µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,1µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 0,0µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,25µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 6,98µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 5,9µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 5,0µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Folat'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 300µg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 431µg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 412µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 551µg<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 473µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 329µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 321µg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 263µg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 226µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin C'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 100mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 155mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 169mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 203mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 178mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 119mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 138mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 96mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 104mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin D'''<ref name="VitD">wird auch über die Haut bei Sonnenexposition gebildet, im Sommer genügen wenige Minuten Sonne zur Deckung des Tagesbedarfs (vgl. [[Cholecalciferol#Biosynthese_von_Vitamin_D3|Vitamin D]]).</ref><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 20µg<ref name="VitD" /><br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,88µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,88µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 3,7µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,0µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 3,39µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 3,32µg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 7,7µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 5,1µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin E'''<br />
| 14mg<br />
| 12mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 16,1mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 14,0mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 18mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 13mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 11,8mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 10,7mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 9,2mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 7,3mg<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Mineralstoffe:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kalzium'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 1000mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 610mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 582mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 517mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-right: 3px solid black" | 538mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 1057mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 989mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1697mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1328mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Magnesium'''<br />
| 350mg<br />
| 300mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 440mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 391mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 559mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 443mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 366mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 341mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 457mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 325mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kalium'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 2000mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4029mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3817mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4200mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 3460mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3965mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3839mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4100mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 3160mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Eisen'''<br />
| 10mg<br />
| 15mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 15,3mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 14,1mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 18mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 14mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 13,4mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 12,6mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 18mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 11mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Zink'''<br />
| 10mg<br />
| 7mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 7,99mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 7,22mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 10mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 7,8mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 9,78mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 9,16mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 16mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 11mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Selen'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 30µg - 70µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 12µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 10µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 40µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 27µg<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="1" | &nbsp;<br />
! colspan="2" | &nbsp;<br />
! colspan="4" style="border-right: 3px solid black" | <small>''(Lightowler et al. 1999)''</small><ref name="Lightowler">Lightowler HJ & Davies GJ: Iodine intake and iodine deficiency in vegans as assessed by the duplicate-portion technique and urinary iodine excretion. Br J Nutr Dez 1998; 80, 529-535. PMID 10211051</ref><br />
! colspan="4" | <small>''(Lightowler et al. 1999)''</small><ref name="Lightowler" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Jod'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 200µg<br />
| colspan="4" style="background:#FF9999; border-right: 3px solid black; text-align:center" | 87µg<br />
| colspan="4" style="background:#FF9999; text-align:center" | 120µg<br />
|}<br />
<div style="clear:both">&nbsp;</div> <br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-top:-5px; text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="7" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 1:''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenzwert kein Maximalwert, Abweichung zu Referenzwert:<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | < -65%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -65%..-35%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -35%..-10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -10%..+10%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | +10%..+35%<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | +35%..+65%<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | > 65%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenz ein Maximalwert, Abweichung zu Referenzwert:<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px" | > +65%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px" | +65%..+35%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px" | +35%..+10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px" | +10%..-10%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-top-width: 0px" | -10%..-35%<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-top-width: 0px" | -35%..-65%<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px" | < -65%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenz geschlossenes Intervall, Abweichung zu nähester Intervallgrenze:<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px" | > 65%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px" | 65%..35%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px" | 35%..10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px" | 10%..>0%<br />
| colspan="3" style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px; text-align:center" | Innerhalb Intervall<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Tabelle 2, Häufigkeit einer unzureichenden Nährstoffaufnahme der untersuchten Studienteilnehmer<ref name="teo">Teo, CC (2011): Assessing the Prevalence of Inadequate Nutrient Intake Among Vegetarians and Non-Vegetarians Using the Estimated Average Requirement: Results from the adventist health study 2 calibration study. Proquest [http://udini.proquest.com/view/assessing-the-prevalence-of-pqid:2247014461/|Umi Dissertation Publishing] (n=661)</ref>:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; float:left; margin-right:1em; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0em"<br />
|-<br />
! style="width: 7em" | Nährstoff<br />
! style="width: 7em" | Veganer<br />
! style="width: 7em" | Mischköstler<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin A'''<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 42%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 40%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin C'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 8%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 26%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin E'''<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 79%<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 94%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B1'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 12%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 13%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B2'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 15%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 14%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Niacin'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 0%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Folate'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 6%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 18%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B12'''<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 48%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 16%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kupfer'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 0%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Magnesium'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 15%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 49%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Phosphor'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 5%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Selen'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 10%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 6%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Zink'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 22%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 23%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Eisen'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 9%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 16%<br />
|}<br />
<div style="clear:both">&nbsp;</div> <br />
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 2:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#00E000; width: 5em" | 0%..10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; width: 5em" | 10%..25%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; width: 5em" | 25%..75%<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; width: 5em" | > 75%<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<references /></div>
Chrononaut
https://www.freewiki.eu/de/index.php?title=Veganismus&diff=1273
Veganismus
2018-12-10T20:23:47Z
<p>Chrononaut: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
Veganismus ist ein aus dem Vegetarismus hervorgegangener Lebens- und Ernährungsstil. Veganer versuchen den Konsum sämtlicher Produkte für deren Herstellung Tiere genutzt wurden bestmöglich zu vermeiden. Die Beweggründe vegan zu leben sind sehr unterschiedlich, sie reichen über Ethik, Gesundheit, Ökologie, Welternährung bis hin zu religiösen oder spirituellen Gründen.<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
== Begriff ==<br />
<br />
Geprägt wurde das Wort vegan durch den Engländer Donlad Watson. Er gründete 1944 die Vegan Society als Abspaltung der Vegetarian Society. Den Begriff schuf er aus einer Verkürzung des Wortes '''veg'''etari'''an'''.<br />
<br />
== Nährstoffversorgung ==<br />
<br />
Tabelle 1, Studien zur Nährstoffversorgung bei veganer Ernährung (ohne Supplementierung) im Vergleich:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; float:left; margin-right:1em; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0em"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Analyse<br/> Werte<br />
! colspan="2" | Bedarf /<br/> Referenz<ref name="Bedarf">nach Deutscher Gesellschaft für Ernährung, Erwachsene (25-51) http://www.dge.de/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=3</ref><br />
! colspan="2" | Veganer<br/> <small>''(Davey et al. 2003)''</small><ref name="Davey">Davey et al.: EPIC–Oxford: lifestyle characteristics and nutrient intakes in a cohort of 33 883 meat-eaters and 31 546 non meat-eaters in the UK. May 2003, {{DOI|10.1079/PHN2002430}} PMID 12740075. (n=25.765)</ref><br />
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid black" | Veganer<br/> <small>''(Larsson et al. 2002)''</small><ref name="Larsson">Larsson et al.: Dietary intake and nutritional status of young vegans and omnivores in Sweden. July 2002, PMID 12081822. (n=60)</ref><br />
! colspan="2" | Mischköstler<br/> <small>''(Davey et al. 2003)''</small><ref name="Davey" /><br />
! colspan="2" | Mischköstler<br/> <small>''(Larsson et al. 2002)''</small><ref name="Larsson" /><br />
|-<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! style="border-right: 3px solid black" | ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Hauptnährstoffverteilung:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Protein'''<ref name="Proz">Zufuhr in % der Nahrungsenergie</ref><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 9-11%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 10%<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 10%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 16%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 17%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 15%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 14%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Fett'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <35%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 28%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 28%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 27%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 24%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 32%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 31%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 29%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 29%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kohlenhydrate'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | >50%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 55%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 56%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 63%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 66%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 47%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 48%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 55%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 56%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Fettsäuren, Cholesterin und Ballaststoffe:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''gesättigte Fette'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <10%<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 4,99%<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 5,11%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 7,67%<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 6,21%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 10,7%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 10,4%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13,05%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13,15%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''mehrf. ungesättigte Fette'''<ref name="Proz" /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 7-10%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,53%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,20%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 6,44%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-right: 3px solid black" | 6,21%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 5,21%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 5,19%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 3,48%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 3,33%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Cholesterin'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <300mg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,1mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,3mg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 326mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 230mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Ballaststoffe'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | >30g<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 27,7g<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 26,4g<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 44g<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 34g<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 18,7g<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 18,9g<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 25g<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 21g<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Vitamine:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin A'''<br />
| 1000µg<br />
| 800µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 1045µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 966µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1226µg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1169µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B1'''<br />
| 1,2mg<br />
| 1,0mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,29mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,14mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,9mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 1,5mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,69mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,62mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,2mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,5mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B2'''<br />
| 1,4mg<br />
| 1,2mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,26mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,13mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 1,2mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 1,1mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,30mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,19mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,8mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,9mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Niacin'''<br />
| 16mg<br />
| 13mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 23,9mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 21,1mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 34mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 26mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 24,7mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 23,2mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 48mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 32mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B6'''<br />
| 1,5mg<br />
| 1,2mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,23mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,06mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,7mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,1mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,26mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,17mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,8mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,0mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B12'''<ref name="VitB12">Gefüllter Vitamin B12 Speicher reicht für viele Jahre aus, aber nach Aufbrauch des Vitamin B12-Speichers drohen ohne ausreichende Zufuhr über tierische Lebensmittel oder Supplementierung neurologische Schädigungen (vgl. [[Vitamin B12]]).</ref><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 3,0µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,41µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,49µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,1µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 0,0µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,25µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 6,98µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 5,9µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 5,0µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Folat'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 300µg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 431µg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 412µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 551µg<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 473µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 329µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 321µg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 263µg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 226µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin C'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 100mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 155mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 169mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 203mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 178mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 119mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 138mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 96mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 104mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin D'''<ref name="VitD">wird auch über die Haut bei Sonnenexposition gebildet, im Sommer genügen wenige Minuten Sonne zur Deckung des Tagesbedarfs (vgl. [[Cholecalciferol#Biosynthese_von_Vitamin_D3|Vitamin D]]).</ref><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 20µg<ref name="VitD" /><br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,88µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,88µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 3,7µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,0µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 3,39µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 3,32µg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 7,7µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 5,1µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin E'''<br />
| 14mg<br />
| 12mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 16,1mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 14,0mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 18mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 13mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 11,8mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 10,7mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 9,2mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 7,3mg<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Mineralstoffe:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kalzium'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 1000mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 610mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 582mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 517mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-right: 3px solid black" | 538mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 1057mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 989mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1697mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1328mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Magnesium'''<br />
| 350mg<br />
| 300mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 440mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 391mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 559mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 443mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 366mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 341mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 457mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 325mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kalium'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 2000mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4029mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3817mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4200mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 3460mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3965mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3839mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4100mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 3160mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Eisen'''<br />
| 10mg<br />
| 15mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 15,3mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 14,1mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 18mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 14mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 13,4mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 12,6mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 18mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 11mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Zink'''<br />
| 10mg<br />
| 7mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 7,99mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 7,22mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 10mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 7,8mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 9,78mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 9,16mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 16mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 11mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Selen'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 30µg - 70µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 12µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 10µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 40µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 27µg<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="1" | &nbsp;<br />
! colspan="2" | &nbsp;<br />
! colspan="4" style="border-right: 3px solid black" | <small>''(Lightowler et al. 1999)''</small><ref name="Lightowler">Lightowler HJ & Davies GJ: Iodine intake and iodine deficiency in vegans as assessed by the duplicate-portion technique and urinary iodine excretion. Br J Nutr Dez 1998; 80, 529-535. PMID 10211051</ref><br />
! colspan="4" | <small>''(Lightowler et al. 1999)''</small><ref name="Lightowler" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Jod'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 200µg<br />
| colspan="4" style="background:#FF9999; border-right: 3px solid black; text-align:center" | 87µg<br />
| colspan="4" style="background:#FF9999; text-align:center" | 120µg<br />
|}<br />
<div style="clear:both">&nbsp;</div> <br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-top:-5px; text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="7" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 1:''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenzwert kein Maximalwert, Abweichung zu Referenzwert:<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | < -65%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -65%..-35%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -35%..-10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -10%..+10%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | +10%..+35%<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | +35%..+65%<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | > 65%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenz ein Maximalwert, Abweichung zu Referenzwert:<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px" | > +65%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px" | +65%..+35%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px" | +35%..+10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px" | +10%..-10%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-top-width: 0px" | -10%..-35%<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-top-width: 0px" | -35%..-65%<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px" | < -65%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenz geschlossenes Intervall, Abweichung zu nähester Intervallgrenze:<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px" | > 65%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px" | 65%..35%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px" | 35%..10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px" | 10%..>0%<br />
| colspan="3" style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px; text-align:center" | Innerhalb Intervall<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Tabelle 2, Häufigkeit einer unzureichenden Nährstoffaufnahme der untersuchten Studienteilnehmer<ref name="teo">Teo, CC (2011): Assessing the Prevalence of Inadequate Nutrient Intake Among Vegetarians and Non-Vegetarians Using the Estimated Average Requirement: Results from the adventist health study 2 calibration study. Proquest [http://udini.proquest.com/view/assessing-the-prevalence-of-pqid:2247014461/|Umi Dissertation Publishing] (n=661)</ref>:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; float:left; margin-right:1em; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0em"<br />
|-<br />
! style="width: 7em" | Nährstoff<br />
! style="width: 7em" | Veganer<br />
! style="width: 7em" | Mischköstler<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin A'''<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 42%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 40%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin C'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 8%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 26%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin E'''<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 79%<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 94%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B1'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 12%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 13%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B2'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 15%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 14%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Niacin'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 0%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Folate'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 6%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 18%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B12'''<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 48%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 16%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kupfer'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 0%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Magnesium'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 15%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 49%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Phosphor'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 5%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Selen'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 10%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 6%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Zink'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 22%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 23%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Eisen'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 9%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 16%<br />
|}<br />
<div style="clear:both">&nbsp;</div> <br />
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 2:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#00E000; width: 5em" | 0%..10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; width: 5em" | 10%..25%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; width: 5em" | 25%..75%<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; width: 5em" | > 75%<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<references /></div>
Chrononaut
https://www.freewiki.eu/de/index.php?title=Veganismus&diff=1272
Veganismus
2018-12-10T20:19:17Z
<p>Chrononaut: </p>
<hr />
<div>&nbsp; <br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
Veganismus ist ein aus dem Vegetarismus hervorgegangener Lebens- und Ernährungsstil. Veganer versuchen den Konsum sämtlicher Produkte für deren Herstellung Tiere genutzt wurden bestmöglich zu vermeiden. Die Beweggründe vegan zu leben sind sehr unterschiedlich, sie reichen über Ethik, Gesundheit, Ökologie, Welternährung bis hin zu religiösen oder spirituellen Gründen.<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
== Begriff ==<br />
<br />
Geprägt wurde das Wort vegan durch den Engländer Donlad Watson. Er gründete 1944 die Vegan Society als Abspaltung der Vegetarian Society. Den Begriff schuf er aus einer Verkürzung des Wortes '''veg'''etari'''an'''.<br />
<br />
== Nährstoffversorgung ==<br />
<br />
Tabelle 1, Studien zur Nährstoffversorgung bei veganer Ernährung (ohne Supplementierung) im Vergleich:<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<br />
&nbsp;<br />
</tbody><tbody></tbody> <br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; float:left; margin-right:1em; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0em"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Analyse<br/> Werte<br />
! colspan="2" | Bedarf /<br/> Referenz<ref /><br />
! colspan="2" | Veganer<br/> <small>''(Davey et al. 2003)''</small><ref /><br />
! colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid black" | Veganer<br/> <small>''(Larsson et al. 2002)''</small><ref /><br />
! colspan="2" | Mischköstler<br/> <small>''(Davey et al. 2003)''</small><ref /><br />
! colspan="2" | Mischköstler<br/> <small>''(Larsson et al. 2002)''</small><ref /><br />
|-<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! style="border-right: 3px solid black" | ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
! ''m''<br />
! ''w''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Hauptnährstoffverteilung:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Protein'''<ref /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 9-11%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 10%<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 10%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 16%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 17%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 15%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 14%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Fett'''<ref /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <35%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 28%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 28%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 27%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 24%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 32%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 31%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 29%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 29%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kohlenhydrate'''<ref /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | >50%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 55%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 56%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 63%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 66%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 47%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 48%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 55%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 56%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Fettsäuren, Cholesterin und Ballaststoffe:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''gesättigte Fette'''<ref /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <10%<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 4,99%<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 5,11%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 7,67%<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 6,21%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 10,7%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 10,4%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13,05%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 13,15%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''mehrf. ungesättigte Fette'''<ref /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 7-10%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,53%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,20%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 6,44%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-right: 3px solid black" | 6,21%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 5,21%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 5,19%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 3,48%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 3,33%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Cholesterin'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <300mg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,1mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,3mg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 326mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 230mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Ballaststoffe'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | >30g<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 27,7g<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 26,4g<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 44g<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 34g<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 18,7g<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 18,9g<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 25g<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 21g<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Vitamine:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin A'''<br />
| 1000µg<br />
| 800µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 1045µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 966µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1226µg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1169µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B1'''<br />
| 1,2mg<br />
| 1,0mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,29mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,14mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,9mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 1,5mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,69mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,62mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,2mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,5mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B2'''<br />
| 1,4mg<br />
| 1,2mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,26mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,13mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 1,2mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 1,1mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,30mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,19mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,8mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1,9mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Niacin'''<br />
| 16mg<br />
| 13mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 23,9mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 21,1mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 34mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 26mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 24,7mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 23,2mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 48mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 32mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B6'''<br />
| 1,5mg<br />
| 1,2mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,23mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,06mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,7mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,1mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 2,26mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,17mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,8mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 2,0mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B12'''<ref /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 3,0µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,41µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,49µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,1µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 0,0µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 7,25µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 6,98µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 5,9µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 5,0µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Folat'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 300µg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 431µg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 412µg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 551µg<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 473µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 329µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 321µg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 263µg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 226µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin C'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 100mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 155mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 169mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 203mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 178mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 119mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 138mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 96mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 104mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin D'''<ref /><br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 20µg<ref /><br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,88µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 0,88µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 3,7µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 2,0µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 3,39µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 3,32µg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 7,7µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 5,1µg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin E'''<br />
| 14mg<br />
| 12mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 16,1mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 14,0mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 18mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 13mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 11,8mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 10,7mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 9,2mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 7,3mg<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" | ''Mineralstoffe:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kalzium'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 1000mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 610mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 582mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 517mg<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-right: 3px solid black" | 538mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 1057mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 989mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 1697mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 1328mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Magnesium'''<br />
| 350mg<br />
| 300mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 440mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 391mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 559mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black" | 443mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 366mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 341mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 457mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 325mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kalium'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 2000mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4029mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3817mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4200mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black" | 3460mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3965mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3839mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4100mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 3160mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Eisen'''<br />
| 10mg<br />
| 15mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 15,3mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 14,1mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 18mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black" | 14mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 13,4mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 12,6mg<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 18mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 11mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Zink'''<br />
| 10mg<br />
| 7mg<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC" | 7,99mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 7,22mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 10mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black" | 7,8mg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 9,78mg<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA" | 9,16mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 16mg<br />
| style="background:#66F066" | 11mg<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Selen'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 30µg - 70µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 12µg<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black" | 10µg<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 40µg<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 27µg<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="1" | &nbsp;<br />
! colspan="2" | &nbsp;<br />
! colspan="4" style="border-right: 3px solid black" | <small>''(Lightowler et al. 1999)''</small><ref /><br />
! colspan="4" | <small>''(Lightowler et al. 1999)''</small><ref /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Jod'''<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 200µg<br />
| colspan="4" style="background:#FF9999; border-right: 3px solid black; text-align:center" | 87µg<br />
| colspan="4" style="background:#FF9999; text-align:center" | 120µg<br />
|}<br />
<div style="clear:both">&nbsp;</div> <br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<tbody><br />
</tbody><tbody></tbody> <br />
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-top:-5px; text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="7" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 1:''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenzwert kein Maximalwert, Abweichung zu Referenzwert:<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | < -65%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -65%..-35%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -35%..-10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | -10%..+10%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | +10%..+35%<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | +35%..+65%<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px; width: 7em" | > 65%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenz ein Maximalwert, Abweichung zu Referenzwert:<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px" | > +65%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px" | +65%..+35%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px" | +35%..+10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px" | +10%..-10%<br />
| style="background:#AAFFAA; border-top-width: 0px" | -10%..-35%<br />
| style="background:#66F066; border-top-width: 0px" | -35%..-65%<br />
| style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px" | < -65%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; text-align:left" | Falls Referenz geschlossenes Intervall, Abweichung zu nähester Intervallgrenze:<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; border-top-width: 0px" | > 65%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; border-top-width: 0px" | 65%..35%<br />
| style="background:#FFCCCC; border-top-width: 0px" | 35%..10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; border-top-width: 0px" | 10%..>0%<br />
| colspan="3" style="background:#00E000; border-top-width: 0px; text-align:center" | Innerhalb Intervall<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Tabelle 2, Häufigkeit einer unzureichenden Nährstoffaufnahme der untersuchten Studienteilnehmer<ref />:<br />
&nbsp; <br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; float:left; margin-right:1em; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0em"<br />
|-<br />
! style="width: 7em" | Nährstoff<br />
! style="width: 7em" | Veganer<br />
! style="width: 7em" | Mischköstler<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin A'''<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 42%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 40%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin C'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 8%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 26%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin E'''<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 79%<br />
| style="background:#FF6666" | 94%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B1'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 12%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 13%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B2'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 15%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 14%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Niacin'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 0%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Folate'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 6%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 18%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Vitamin B12'''<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 48%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 16%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Kupfer'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 0%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 4%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Magnesium'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 15%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999" | 49%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Phosphor'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 3%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 5%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Selen'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 10%<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 6%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Zink'''<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 22%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 23%<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" | '''Eisen'''<br />
| style="background:#00E000" | 9%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7" | 16%<br />
|}<br />
<div style="clear:both">&nbsp;</div> <br />
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" style="text-align:left" | ''Legende Tabelle 2:''<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#00E000; width: 5em" | 0%..10%<br />
| style="background:#E7FFE7; width: 5em" | 10%..25%<br />
| style="background:#FF9999; width: 5em" | 25%..75%<br />
| style="background:#FF6666; width: 5em" | > 75%<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<references /></div>
Chrononaut
https://www.freewiki.eu/de/index.php?title=Veganismus&diff=1271
Veganismus
2018-12-10T20:13:11Z
<p>Chrononaut: </p>
<hr />
<div><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="mw-parser-output"></div><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><p>Veganismus ist ein aus dem Vegetarismus hervorgegangener Lebens- und Ernährungsstil. Veganer versuchen den Konsum sämtlicher Produkte für deren Herstellung Tiere genutzt wurden bestmöglich zu vermeiden. Die Beweggründe vegan zu leben sind sehr unterschiedlich, sie reichen über Ethik, Gesundheit, Ökologie, Welternährung bis hin zu religiösen oder spirituellen Gründen.</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><h2>Begriff</h2><p>Geprägt wurde das Wort vegan durch den Engländer Donlad Watson. Er gründete 1944 die Vegan Society als Abspaltung der Vegetarian Society. Den Begriff schuf er aus einer Verkürzung des Wortes <b>veg</b>etari<b>an</b>.</p></div><h2> Nährstoffversorgung </h2><p>Tabelle 1, Studien zur Nährstoffversorgung bei veganer Ernährung (ohne Supplementierung) im Vergleich:</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><p>&lt;tbody&gt;<br />
</p><br />
<p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><br />
&lt;/tbody&gt;<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;float:left; margin-right:1em; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0em"><tbody><tr><br />
<th rowspan="2">Analyse<br />Werte</th><br />
<th colspan="2">Bedarf /<br />Referenz<span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" title="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" fck_mw_reftagtext="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" class="fck_mw_ref" title="nach Deutscher Gesellschaft für Ernährung, Erwachsene (25-51) http://www.dge.de/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=3" fck_mw_reftagtext="nach Deutscher Gesellschaft für Ernährung, Erwachsene (25-51) http://www.dge.de/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=3" name="Bedarf">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></th><br />
<th colspan="2">Veganer<br /><small><i>(Davey et al. 2003)</i></small><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" title="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" fck_mw_reftagtext="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" class="fck_mw_ref" title="Davey et al.: EPIC–Oxford: lifestyle characteristics and nutrient intakes in a cohort of 33 883 meat-eaters and 31 546 non meat-eaters in the UK. May 2003, {{DOI|10.1079/PHN2002430}} PMID 12740075. (n=25.765)" fck_mw_reftagtext="Davey et al.: EPIC–Oxford: lifestyle characteristics and nutrient intakes in a cohort of 33 883 meat-eaters and 31 546 non meat-eaters in the UK. May 2003, {{DOI|10.1079/PHN2002430}} PMID 12740075. (n=25.765)" name="Davey">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></th><br />
<th colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid black;">Veganer<br /><small><i>(Larsson et al. 2002)</i></small><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" title="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" fck_mw_reftagtext="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" class="fck_mw_ref" title="Larsson et al.: Dietary intake and nutritional status of young vegans and omnivores in Sweden. July 2002, PMID 12081822. (n=60)" fck_mw_reftagtext="Larsson et al.: Dietary intake and nutritional status of young vegans and omnivores in Sweden. July 2002, PMID 12081822. (n=60)" name="Larsson">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></th><br />
<th colspan="2">Mischköstler<br /><small><i>(Davey et al. 2003)</i></small><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" title="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" fck_mw_reftagtext="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" class="fck_mw_ref" title="<R" fck_mw_reftagtext="<R>">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></th><br />
<th colspan="2">Mischköstler<br /><small><i>(Larsson et al. 2002)</i></small><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" title="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" fck_mw_reftagtext="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" class="fck_mw_ref" title="<R" fck_mw_reftagtext="<R>">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span><br />
</th></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<th><i>m</i></th><br />
<th><i>w</i></th><br />
<th><i>m</i></th><br />
<th><i>w</i></th><br />
<th><i>m</i></th><br />
<th style="border-right: 3px solid black;"><i>w</i></th><br />
<th><i>m</i></th><br />
<th><i>w</i></th><br />
<th><i>m</i></th><br />
<th><i>w</i><br />
</th></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td colspan="11" style="text-align:left"><i>Hauptnährstoffverteilung:</i><br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Protein</b><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" title="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" fck_mw_reftagtext="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" class="fck_mw_ref" title="Zufuhr in % der Nahrungsenergie" fck_mw_reftagtext="Zufuhr in % der Nahrungsenergie" name="Proz" group="A">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></td><br />
<td style="text-align:center" colspan="2">9-11%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">13%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">13%</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">10%</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black;">10%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">16%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">17%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">15%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">14%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Fett</b><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" title="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" fck_mw_reftagtext="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" class="fck_mw_ref" title="<R" fck_mw_reftagtext="<R>">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></td><br />
<td style="text-align:center" colspan="2">&lt;35%</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">28%</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">28%</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">27%</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black;">24%</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">32%</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">31%</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">29%</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">29%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Kohlenhydrate</b><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" title="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" fck_mw_reftagtext="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" class="fck_mw_ref" title="<R" fck_mw_reftagtext="<R>">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></td><br />
<td style="text-align:center" colspan="2">&gt;50%</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">55%</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">56%</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">63%</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black;">66%</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">47%</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">48%</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">55%</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">56%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td colspan="11" style="text-align:left"><i>Fettsäuren, Cholesterin und Ballaststoffe:</i><br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>gesättigte Fette</b><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" title="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" fck_mw_reftagtext="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" class="fck_mw_ref" title="<R" fck_mw_reftagtext="<R>">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></td><br />
<td style="text-align:center" colspan="2">&lt;10%</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">4,99%</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">5,11%</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">7,67%</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black;">6,21%</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">10,7%</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">10,4%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">13,05%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">13,15%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>mehrf. ungesättigte Fette</b><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" title="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" fck_mw_reftagtext="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" class="fck_mw_ref" title="<R" fck_mw_reftagtext="<R>">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></td><br />
<td style="text-align:center" colspan="2">7-10%</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">7,53%</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">7,20%</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">6,44%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC; border-right: 3px solid black;">6,21%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">5,21%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">5,19%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">3,48%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">3,33%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Cholesterin</b></td><br />
<td style="text-align:center" colspan="2">&lt;300mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center">-</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center">-</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">2,1mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black;">2,3mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center">-</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center">-</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">326mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">230mg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Ballaststoffe</b></td><br />
<td style="text-align:center" colspan="2">&gt;30g</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">27,7g</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">26,4g</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">44g</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black;">34g</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">18,7g</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">18,9g</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">25g</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">21g<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td colspan="11" style="text-align:left"><i>Vitamine:</i><br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Vitamin A</b></td><br />
<td>1000µg</td><br />
<td>800µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center">-</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center">-</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">1045µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black;">966µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center">-</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center">-</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">1226µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">1169µg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Vitamin B1</b></td><br />
<td>1,2mg</td><br />
<td>1,0mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">2,29mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">2,14mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">1,9mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black;">1,5mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">1,69mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">1,62mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">2,2mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">1,5mg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Vitamin B2</b></td><br />
<td>1,4mg</td><br />
<td>1,2mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">2,26mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">2,13mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">1,2mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black;">1,1mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">2,30mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">2,19mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">2,8mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">1,9mg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Niacin</b></td><br />
<td>16mg</td><br />
<td>13mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">23,9mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">21,1mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">34mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black;">26mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">24,7mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">23,2mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">48mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">32mg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Vitamin B6</b></td><br />
<td>1,5mg</td><br />
<td>1,2mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">2,23mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">2,06mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">2,7mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black;">2,1mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">2,26mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">2,17mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">2,8mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">2,0mg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Vitamin B12</b><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" title="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" fck_mw_reftagtext="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" class="fck_mw_ref" title="Gefüllter Vitamin B12 Speicher reicht für viele Jahre aus, aber nach Aufbrauch des Vitamin B12-Speichers drohen ohne ausreichende Zufuhr über tierische Lebensmittel oder Supplementierung neurologische Schädigungen (vgl. [[Vitamin B12]])." fck_mw_reftagtext="Gefüllter Vitamin B12 Speicher reicht für viele Jahre aus, aber nach Aufbrauch des Vitamin B12-Speichers drohen ohne ausreichende Zufuhr über tierische Lebensmittel oder Supplementierung neurologische Schädigungen (vgl. [[Vitamin B12]])." name="VitB12" group="A">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></td><br />
<td style="text-align:center" colspan="2">3,0µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666">0,41µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666">0,49µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666">0,1µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black;">0,0µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">7,25µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">6,98µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">5,9µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">5,0µg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Folat</b></td><br />
<td style="text-align:center" colspan="2">300µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">431µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">412µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">551µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black;">473µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">329µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">321µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">263µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">226µg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Vitamin C</b></td><br />
<td style="text-align:center" colspan="2">100mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">155mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">169mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">203mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black;">178mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">119mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">138mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">96mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">104mg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Vitamin D</b><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" title="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" fck_mw_reftagtext="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" class="fck_mw_ref" title="wird auch über die Haut bei Sonnenexposition gebildet, im Sommer genügen wenige Minuten Sonne zur Deckung des Tagesbedarfs (vgl. [[Cholecalciferol#Biosynthese_von_Vitamin_D3|Vitamin D]])." fck_mw_reftagtext="wird auch über die Haut bei Sonnenexposition gebildet, im Sommer genügen wenige Minuten Sonne zur Deckung des Tagesbedarfs (vgl. [[Cholecalciferol#Biosynthese_von_Vitamin_D3|Vitamin D]])." name="VitD" group="A">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></td><br />
<td style="text-align:center" colspan="2">20µg<span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" title="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" fck_mw_reftagtext="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" class="fck_mw_ref" title="<R" fck_mw_reftagtext="<R>">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></td><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666">0,88µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666">0,88µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666">3,7µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black;">2,0µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666">3,39µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666">3,32µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">7,7µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666">5,1µg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Vitamin E</b></td><br />
<td>14mg</td><br />
<td>12mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">16,1mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">14,0mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">18mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black;">13mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">11,8mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">10,7mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">9,2mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">7,3mg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td colspan="11" style="text-align:left"><i>Mineralstoffe:</i><br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Kalzium</b></td><br />
<td style="text-align:center" colspan="2">1000mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">610mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">582mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">517mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999; border-right: 3px solid black;">538mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">1057mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">989mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">1697mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">1328mg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Magnesium</b></td><br />
<td>350mg</td><br />
<td>300mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">440mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">391mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">559mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black;">443mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">366mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">341mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">457mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">325mg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Kalium</b></td><br />
<td style="text-align:center" colspan="2">2000mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">4029mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">3817mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">4200mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black;">3460mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">3965mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">3839mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">4100mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">3160mg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Eisen</b></td><br />
<td>10mg</td><br />
<td>15mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">15,3mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">14,1mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">18mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black;">14mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">13,4mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">12,6mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">18mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">11mg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Zink</b></td><br />
<td>10mg</td><br />
<td>7mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">7,99mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">7,22mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">10mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black;">7,8mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">9,78mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">9,16mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">16mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">11mg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Selen</b></td><br />
<td style="text-align:center" colspan="2">30µg - 70µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center">-</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center">-</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">12µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black;">10µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center">-</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center">-</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">40µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">27µg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<th rowspan="1"></th><br />
<th colspan="2"></th><br />
<th colspan="4" style="border-right: 3px solid black;"><small><i>(Lightowler et al. 1999)</i></small><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" title="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" fck_mw_reftagtext="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" class="fck_mw_ref" title="Lightowler HJ & Davies GJ: Iodine intake and iodine deficiency in vegans as assessed by the duplicate-portion technique and urinary iodine excretion. Br J Nutr Dez 1998; 80, 529-535. PMID 10211051" fck_mw_reftagtext="Lightowler HJ & Davies GJ: Iodine intake and iodine deficiency in vegans as assessed by the duplicate-portion technique and urinary iodine excretion. Br J Nutr Dez 1998; 80, 529-535. PMID 10211051" name="Lightowler">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></th><br />
<th colspan="4"><small><i>(Lightowler et al. 1999)</i></small><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" title="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" fck_mw_reftagtext="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" class="fck_mw_ref" title="<R" fck_mw_reftagtext="<R>">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span><br />
</th></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Jod</b></td><br />
<td style="text-align:center" colspan="2">200µg</td><br />
<td colspan="4" style="background:#FF9999; border-right: 3px solid black;text-align:center">87µg</td><br />
<td colspan="4" style="background:#FF9999;text-align:center">120µg<br />
</td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<div style="clear:both"></div><br />
<p><span class="fck_mw_references"><span class="fck_mw_references"><span class="fck_mw_references"><span class="fck_mw_references"><span class="fck_mw_references"><span class="fck_mw_references"><references class="fck_mw_references" title="&amp;lt;References&amp;gt;" class="fck_mw_references" title="<References">&lt;References&gt;</references></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</p><br />
<p><br />
&lt;tbody&gt;<br />
</p><br />
&lt;/tbody&gt;<table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-top:-5px;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><br />
<th colspan="7" style="text-align:left"><i>Legende Tabelle 1:</i><br />
</th></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px;text-align:left">Falls Referenzwert kein Maximalwert, Abweichung zu Referenzwert:<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666;border-top-width: 0px;width: 7em">&lt; -65%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999;border-top-width: 0px;width: 7em">-65%..-35%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC;border-top-width: 0px;width: 7em">-35%..-10%</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7;border-top-width: 0px;width: 7em">-10%..+10%</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA;border-top-width: 0px;width: 7em">+10%..+35%</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066;border-top-width: 0px;width: 7em">+35%..+65%</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000;border-top-width: 0px;width: 7em">&gt; 65%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px;text-align:left">Falls Referenz ein Maximalwert, Abweichung zu Referenzwert:<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666;border-top-width: 0px;">&gt; +65%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999;border-top-width: 0px;">+65%..+35%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC;border-top-width: 0px;">+35%..+10%</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7;border-top-width: 0px;">+10%..-10%</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA;border-top-width: 0px;">-10%..-35%</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066;border-top-width: 0px;">-35%..-65%</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000;border-top-width: 0px;">&lt; -65%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px;text-align:left">Falls Referenz geschlossenes Intervall, Abweichung zu nähester Intervallgrenze:<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666;border-top-width: 0px;">&gt; 65%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999;border-top-width: 0px;">65%..35%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC;border-top-width: 0px;">35%..10%</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7;border-top-width: 0px;">10%..&gt;0%</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000;border-top-width: 0px;text-align:center" colspan="3">Innerhalb Intervall<br />
</td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<p><br />
Tabelle 2, Häufigkeit einer unzureichenden Nährstoffaufnahme der untersuchten Studienteilnehmer<span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" title="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" fck_mw_reftagtext="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" class="fck_mw_ref" title="Teo, CC (2011): Assessing the Prevalence of Inadequate Nutrient Intake Among Vegetarians and Non-Vegetarians Using the Estimated Average Requirement: Results from the adventist health study 2 calibration study. Proquest [http://udini.proquest.com/view/assessing-the-prevalence-of-pqid:2247014461/|Umi Dissertation Publishing] (n=661)" fck_mw_reftagtext="Teo, CC (2011): Assessing the Prevalence of Inadequate Nutrient Intake Among Vegetarians and Non-Vegetarians Using the Estimated Average Requirement: Results from the adventist health study 2 calibration study. Proquest [http://udini.proquest.com/view/assessing-the-prevalence-of-pqid:2247014461/|Umi Dissertation Publishing] (n=661)" name="teo">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span></sup></span>:<br />
</p><br />
<p><br />
&lt;tbody&gt;<br />
</p><br />
&lt;/tbody&gt;<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;float:left; margin-right:1em;margin-top:-5px;margin-bottom:0em"><tbody><tr><br />
<th style="width: 7em">Nährstoff</th><br />
<th style="width: 7em">Veganer</th><br />
<th style="width: 7em">Mischköstler<br />
</th></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Vitamin A</b></td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">42%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">40%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Vitamin C</b></td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">8%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">26%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Vitamin E</b></td><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666">79%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666">94%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Vitamin B1</b></td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">12%</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">13%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Vitamin B2</b></td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">15%</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">14%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Niacin</b></td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">3%</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">0%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Folate</b></td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">6%</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">18%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Vitamin B12</b></td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">48%</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">16%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Kupfer</b></td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">0%</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">4%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Magnesium</b></td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">15%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">49%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Phosphor</b></td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">3%</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">5%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Selen</b></td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">10%</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">6%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Zink</b></td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">22%</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">23%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Eisen</b></td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">9%</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">16%<br />
</td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<div style="clear:both"></div><br />
<p class="mw-empty-elt"><br />
</p><br />
&lt;tbody&gt;<table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center"><tbody><tr><br />
<th colspan="4" style="text-align:left"><i>Legende Tabelle 2:</i><br />
</th></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background:#00E000;width: 5em">0%..10%</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7;width: 5em">10%..25%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999;width: 5em">25%..75%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666;width: 5em">&gt; 75%<br />
</td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<p><span class="fck_mw_references"><span class="fck_mw_references"><span class="fck_mw_references"><span class="fck_mw_references"><span class="fck_mw_references"><span class="fck_mw_references"><references class="fck_mw_references" title="&amp;lt;References&amp;gt;" class="fck_mw_references" title="<References">&lt;References&gt;</references></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</p></div></div></div></div></div></div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div></div>
Chrononaut
https://www.freewiki.eu/de/index.php?title=Veganismus&diff=1270
Veganismus
2018-12-10T20:07:17Z
<p>Chrononaut: </p>
<hr />
<div><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="mw-parser-output"></div><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><p>Veganismus ist ein aus dem Vegetarismus hervorgegangener Lebens- und Ernährungsstil. Veganer versuchen den Konsum sämtlicher Produkte für deren Herstellung Tiere genutzt wurden bestmöglich zu vermeiden. Die Beweggründe vegan zu leben sind sehr unterschiedlich, sie reichen über Ethik, Gesundheit, Ökologie, Welternährung bis hin zu religiösen oder spirituellen Gründen.</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><h2>Begriff</h2><p>Geprägt wurde das Wort vegan durch den Engländer Donlad Watson. Er gründete 1944 die Vegan Society als Abspaltung der Vegetarian Society. Den Begriff schuf er aus einer Verkürzung des Wortes <b>veg</b>etari<b>an</b>.</p></div><h2> Nährstoffversorgung </h2><br />
<p>Tabelle 1, Studien zur Nährstoffversorgung bei veganer Ernährung (ohne Supplementierung) im Vergleich:<br />
</p><br />
<br />
<br />
&lt;tbody&gt;<br />
&lt;/tbody&gt;<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;float:left; margin-right:1em; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0em"><tbody><tr><br />
<th rowspan="2">Analyse<br />Werte</th><br />
<th colspan="2">Bedarf /<br />Referenz<span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" title="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" fck_mw_reftagtext="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" class="fck_mw_ref" title="nach Deutscher Gesellschaft für Ernährung, Erwachsene (25-51) http://www.dge.de/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=3" fck_mw_reftagtext="nach Deutscher Gesellschaft für Ernährung, Erwachsene (25-51) http://www.dge.de/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=3" name="Bedarf">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></sup></span></th><br />
<th colspan="2">Veganer<br /><small><i>(Davey et al. 2003)</i></small><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" title="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" fck_mw_reftagtext="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" class="fck_mw_ref" title="Davey et al.: EPIC–Oxford: lifestyle characteristics and nutrient intakes in a cohort of 33 883 meat-eaters and 31 546 non meat-eaters in the UK. May 2003, {{DOI|10.1079/PHN2002430}} PMID 12740075. (n=25.765)" fck_mw_reftagtext="Davey et al.: EPIC–Oxford: lifestyle characteristics and nutrient intakes in a cohort of 33 883 meat-eaters and 31 546 non meat-eaters in the UK. May 2003, {{DOI|10.1079/PHN2002430}} PMID 12740075. (n=25.765)" name="Davey">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></sup></span></th><br />
<th colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid black;">Veganer<br /><small><i>(Larsson et al. 2002)</i></small><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" title="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" fck_mw_reftagtext="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" class="fck_mw_ref" title="Larsson et al.: Dietary intake and nutritional status of young vegans and omnivores in Sweden. July 2002, PMID 12081822. (n=60)" fck_mw_reftagtext="Larsson et al.: Dietary intake and nutritional status of young vegans and omnivores in Sweden. July 2002, PMID 12081822. (n=60)" name="Larsson">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></sup></span></th><br />
<th colspan="2">Mischköstler<br /><small><i>(Davey et al. 2003)</i></small><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" title="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" fck_mw_reftagtext="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" class="fck_mw_ref" fck_mw_reftagtext="_" name="Davey">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></sup></span></th><br />
<th colspan="2">Mischköstler<br /><small><i>(Larsson et al. 2002)</i></small><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" title="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" fck_mw_reftagtext="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" class="fck_mw_ref" fck_mw_reftagtext="_" name="Larsson">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></sup></span><br />
</th></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<th><i>m</i></th><br />
<th><i>w</i></th><br />
<th><i>m</i></th><br />
<th><i>w</i></th><br />
<th><i>m</i></th><br />
<th style="border-right: 3px solid black;"><i>w</i></th><br />
<th><i>m</i></th><br />
<th><i>w</i></th><br />
<th><i>m</i></th><br />
<th><i>w</i><br />
</th></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td colspan="11" style="text-align:left"><i>Hauptnährstoffverteilung:</i><br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Protein</b><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" title="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" fck_mw_reftagtext="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" class="fck_mw_ref" title="Zufuhr in % der Nahrungsenergie" fck_mw_reftagtext="Zufuhr in % der Nahrungsenergie" name="Proz" group="A">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></sup></span></td><br />
<td style="text-align:center" colspan="2">9-11%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">13%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">13%</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">10%</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black;">10%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">16%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">17%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">15%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">14%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Fett</b><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" title="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" fck_mw_reftagtext="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" class="fck_mw_ref" fck_mw_reftagtext="_" name="Proz" group="A">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></sup></span></td><br />
<td style="text-align:center" colspan="2">&lt;35%</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">28%</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">28%</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">27%</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black;">24%</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">32%</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">31%</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">29%</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">29%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Kohlenhydrate</b><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" title="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" fck_mw_reftagtext="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" class="fck_mw_ref" fck_mw_reftagtext="_" name="Proz" group="A">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></sup></span></td><br />
<td style="text-align:center" colspan="2">&gt;50%</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">55%</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">56%</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">63%</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black;">66%</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">47%</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">48%</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">55%</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">56%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td colspan="11" style="text-align:left"><i>Fettsäuren, Cholesterin und Ballaststoffe:</i><br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>gesättigte Fette</b><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" title="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" fck_mw_reftagtext="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" class="fck_mw_ref" fck_mw_reftagtext="_" name="Proz" group="A">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></sup></span></td><br />
<td style="text-align:center" colspan="2">&lt;10%</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">4,99%</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">5,11%</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">7,67%</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black;">6,21%</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">10,7%</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">10,4%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">13,05%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">13,15%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>mehrf. ungesättigte Fette</b><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" title="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" fck_mw_reftagtext="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" class="fck_mw_ref" fck_mw_reftagtext="_" name="Proz" group="A">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></sup></span></td><br />
<td style="text-align:center" colspan="2">7-10%</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">7,53%</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">7,20%</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">6,44%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC; border-right: 3px solid black;">6,21%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">5,21%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">5,19%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">3,48%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">3,33%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Cholesterin</b></td><br />
<td style="text-align:center" colspan="2">&lt;300mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center">-</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center">-</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">2,1mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black;">2,3mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center">-</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center">-</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">326mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">230mg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Ballaststoffe</b></td><br />
<td style="text-align:center" colspan="2">&gt;30g</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">27,7g</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">26,4g</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">44g</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black;">34g</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">18,7g</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">18,9g</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">25g</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">21g<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td colspan="11" style="text-align:left"><i>Vitamine:</i><br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Vitamin A</b></td><br />
<td>1000µg</td><br />
<td>800µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center">-</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center">-</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">1045µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black;">966µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center">-</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center">-</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">1226µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">1169µg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Vitamin B1</b></td><br />
<td>1,2mg</td><br />
<td>1,0mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">2,29mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">2,14mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">1,9mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black;">1,5mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">1,69mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">1,62mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">2,2mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">1,5mg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Vitamin B2</b></td><br />
<td>1,4mg</td><br />
<td>1,2mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">2,26mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">2,13mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">1,2mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black;">1,1mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">2,30mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">2,19mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">2,8mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">1,9mg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Niacin</b></td><br />
<td>16mg</td><br />
<td>13mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">23,9mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">21,1mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">34mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black;">26mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">24,7mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">23,2mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">48mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">32mg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Vitamin B6</b></td><br />
<td>1,5mg</td><br />
<td>1,2mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">2,23mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">2,06mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">2,7mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black;">2,1mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">2,26mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">2,17mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">2,8mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">2,0mg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Vitamin B12</b><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" title="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" fck_mw_reftagtext="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" class="fck_mw_ref" title="Gefüllter Vitamin B12 Speicher reicht für viele Jahre aus, aber nach Aufbrauch des Vitamin B12-Speichers drohen ohne ausreichende Zufuhr über tierische Lebensmittel oder Supplementierung neurologische Schädigungen (vgl. [[Vitamin B12]])." fck_mw_reftagtext="Gefüllter Vitamin B12 Speicher reicht für viele Jahre aus, aber nach Aufbrauch des Vitamin B12-Speichers drohen ohne ausreichende Zufuhr über tierische Lebensmittel oder Supplementierung neurologische Schädigungen (vgl. [[Vitamin B12]])." name="VitB12" group="A">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></sup></span></td><br />
<td style="text-align:center" colspan="2">3,0µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666">0,41µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666">0,49µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666">0,1µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black;">0,0µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">7,25µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">6,98µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">5,9µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">5,0µg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Folat</b></td><br />
<td style="text-align:center" colspan="2">300µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">431µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">412µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">551µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black;">473µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">329µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">321µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">263µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">226µg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Vitamin C</b></td><br />
<td style="text-align:center" colspan="2">100mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">155mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">169mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">203mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black;">178mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">119mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">138mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">96mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">104mg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Vitamin D</b><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" title="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" fck_mw_reftagtext="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" class="fck_mw_ref" title="wird auch über die Haut bei Sonnenexposition gebildet, im Sommer genügen wenige Minuten Sonne zur Deckung des Tagesbedarfs (vgl. [[Cholecalciferol#Biosynthese_von_Vitamin_D3|Vitamin D]])." fck_mw_reftagtext="wird auch über die Haut bei Sonnenexposition gebildet, im Sommer genügen wenige Minuten Sonne zur Deckung des Tagesbedarfs (vgl. [[Cholecalciferol#Biosynthese_von_Vitamin_D3|Vitamin D]])." name="VitD" group="A">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></sup></span></td><br />
<td style="text-align:center" colspan="2">20µg<span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" title="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" fck_mw_reftagtext="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" class="fck_mw_ref" fck_mw_reftagtext="_" name="VitD" group="A">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></sup></span></td><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666">0,88µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666">0,88µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666">3,7µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black;">2,0µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666">3,39µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666">3,32µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">7,7µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666">5,1µg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Vitamin E</b></td><br />
<td>14mg</td><br />
<td>12mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">16,1mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">14,0mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">18mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black;">13mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">11,8mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">10,7mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">9,2mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">7,3mg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td colspan="11" style="text-align:left"><i>Mineralstoffe:</i><br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Kalzium</b></td><br />
<td style="text-align:center" colspan="2">1000mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">610mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">582mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">517mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999; border-right: 3px solid black;">538mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">1057mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">989mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">1697mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">1328mg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Magnesium</b></td><br />
<td>350mg</td><br />
<td>300mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">440mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">391mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">559mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black;">443mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">366mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">341mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">457mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">325mg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Kalium</b></td><br />
<td style="text-align:center" colspan="2">2000mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">4029mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">3817mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">4200mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black;">3460mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">3965mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">3839mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">4100mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">3160mg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Eisen</b></td><br />
<td>10mg</td><br />
<td>15mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">15,3mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">14,1mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">18mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black;">14mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">13,4mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">12,6mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">18mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">11mg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Zink</b></td><br />
<td>10mg</td><br />
<td>7mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">7,99mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">7,22mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">10mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black;">7,8mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">9,78mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">9,16mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">16mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">11mg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Selen</b></td><br />
<td style="text-align:center" colspan="2">30µg - 70µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center">-</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center">-</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">12µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black;">10µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center">-</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center">-</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">40µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">27µg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<th rowspan="1"></th><br />
<th colspan="2"></th><br />
<th colspan="4" style="border-right: 3px solid black;"><small><i>(Lightowler et al. 1999)</i></small><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" title="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" fck_mw_reftagtext="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" class="fck_mw_ref" title="Lightowler HJ & Davies GJ: Iodine intake and iodine deficiency in vegans as assessed by the duplicate-portion technique and urinary iodine excretion. Br J Nutr Dez 1998; 80, 529-535. PMID 10211051" fck_mw_reftagtext="Lightowler HJ & Davies GJ: Iodine intake and iodine deficiency in vegans as assessed by the duplicate-portion technique and urinary iodine excretion. Br J Nutr Dez 1998; 80, 529-535. PMID 10211051" name="Lightowler">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></sup></span></th><br />
<th colspan="4"><small><i>(Lightowler et al. 1999)</i></small><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" title="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" fck_mw_reftagtext="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" class="fck_mw_ref" fck_mw_reftagtext="_" name="Lightowler">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></sup></span><br />
</th></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Jod</b></td><br />
<td style="text-align:center" colspan="2">200µg</td><br />
<td colspan="4" style="background:#FF9999; border-right: 3px solid black;text-align:center">87µg</td><br />
<td colspan="4" style="background:#FF9999;text-align:center">120µg<br />
</td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<div style="clear:both"></div><br />
<p><span class="fck_mw_references"><span class="fck_mw_references"><references class="fck_mw_references" title="&amp;lt;References&amp;gt;" class="fck_mw_references" group="A">&lt;References&gt;</references></span></span><br />
</p><br />
<br />
<br />
&lt;tbody&gt;<br />
&lt;/tbody&gt;<table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-top:-5px;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><br />
<th colspan="7" style="text-align:left"><i>Legende Tabelle 1:</i><br />
</th></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px;text-align:left">Falls Referenzwert kein Maximalwert, Abweichung zu Referenzwert:<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666;border-top-width: 0px;width: 7em">&lt; -65%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999;border-top-width: 0px;width: 7em">-65%..-35%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC;border-top-width: 0px;width: 7em">-35%..-10%</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7;border-top-width: 0px;width: 7em">-10%..+10%</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA;border-top-width: 0px;width: 7em">+10%..+35%</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066;border-top-width: 0px;width: 7em">+35%..+65%</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000;border-top-width: 0px;width: 7em">&gt; 65%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px;text-align:left">Falls Referenz ein Maximalwert, Abweichung zu Referenzwert:<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666;border-top-width: 0px;">&gt; +65%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999;border-top-width: 0px;">+65%..+35%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC;border-top-width: 0px;">+35%..+10%</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7;border-top-width: 0px;">+10%..-10%</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA;border-top-width: 0px;">-10%..-35%</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066;border-top-width: 0px;">-35%..-65%</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000;border-top-width: 0px;">&lt; -65%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px;text-align:left">Falls Referenz geschlossenes Intervall, Abweichung zu nähester Intervallgrenze:<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666;border-top-width: 0px;">&gt; 65%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999;border-top-width: 0px;">65%..35%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC;border-top-width: 0px;">35%..10%</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7;border-top-width: 0px;">10%..&gt;0%</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000;border-top-width: 0px;text-align:center" colspan="3">Innerhalb Intervall<br />
</td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<p><br />
Tabelle 2, Häufigkeit einer unzureichenden Nährstoffaufnahme der untersuchten Studienteilnehmer<span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" title="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" fck_mw_reftagtext="&amp;lt;R&amp;gt;" class="fck_mw_ref" title="Teo, CC (2011): Assessing the Prevalence of Inadequate Nutrient Intake Among Vegetarians and Non-Vegetarians Using the Estimated Average Requirement: Results from the adventist health study 2 calibration study. Proquest [http://udini.proquest.com/view/assessing-the-prevalence-of-pqid:2247014461/|Umi Dissertation Publishing] (n=661)" fck_mw_reftagtext="Teo, CC (2011): Assessing the Prevalence of Inadequate Nutrient Intake Among Vegetarians and Non-Vegetarians Using the Estimated Average Requirement: Results from the adventist health study 2 calibration study. Proquest [http://udini.proquest.com/view/assessing-the-prevalence-of-pqid:2247014461/|Umi Dissertation Publishing] (n=661)" name="teo">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></sup></span>:<br />
</p><br />
<br />
<br />
&lt;tbody&gt;<br />
&lt;/tbody&gt;<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;float:left; margin-right:1em;margin-top:-5px;margin-bottom:0em"><tbody><tr><br />
<th style="width: 7em">Nährstoff</th><br />
<th style="width: 7em">Veganer</th><br />
<th style="width: 7em">Mischköstler<br />
</th></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Vitamin A</b></td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">42%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">40%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Vitamin C</b></td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">8%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">26%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Vitamin E</b></td><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666">79%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666">94%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Vitamin B1</b></td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">12%</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">13%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Vitamin B2</b></td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">15%</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">14%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Niacin</b></td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">3%</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">0%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Folate</b></td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">6%</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">18%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Vitamin B12</b></td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">48%</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">16%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Kupfer</b></td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">0%</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">4%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Magnesium</b></td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">15%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">49%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Phosphor</b></td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">3%</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">5%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Selen</b></td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">10%</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">6%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Zink</b></td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">22%</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">23%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Eisen</b></td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">9%</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">16%<br />
</td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<div style="clear:both"></div><br />
<br />
<br />
&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;<table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center"><tbody><tr><br />
<th colspan="4" style="text-align:left"><i>Legende Tabelle 2:</i><br />
</th></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background:#00E000;width: 5em">0%..10%</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7;width: 5em">10%..25%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999;width: 5em">25%..75%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666;width: 5em">&gt; 75%<br />
</td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<p><span class="fck_mw_references"><span class="fck_mw_references"><references class="fck_mw_references" title="&amp;lt;References&amp;gt;" class="fck_mw_references">&lt;References&gt;</references></span></span><br />
</p></div></div></div></div></div></div><br />
</div></div>
Chrononaut
https://www.freewiki.eu/de/index.php?title=Veganismus&diff=1269
Veganismus
2018-12-10T20:02:49Z
<p>Chrononaut: </p>
<hr />
<div><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="mw-parser-output"></div><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><p>Veganismus ist ein aus dem Vegetarismus hervorgegangener Lebens- und Ernährungsstil. Veganer versuchen den Konsum sämtlicher Produkte für deren Herstellung Tiere genutzt wurden bestmöglich zu vermeiden. Die Beweggründe vegan zu leben sind sehr unterschiedlich, sie reichen über Ethik, Gesundheit, Ökologie, Welternährung bis hin zu religiösen oder spirituellen Gründen.</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><h2>Begriff</h2><p>Geprägt wurde das Wort vegan durch den Engländer Donlad Watson. Er gründete 1944 die Vegan Society als Abspaltung der Vegetarian Society. Den Begriff schuf er aus einer Verkürzung des Wortes <b>veg</b>etari<b>an</b>.</p></div><br />
<br />
<h2> Nährstoffversorgung </h2><br />
Tabelle 1, Studien zur Nährstoffversorgung bei veganer Ernährung (ohne Supplementierung) im Vergleich:<br />
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;float:left; margin-right:1em; margin-top:-5px; margin-bottom:0em"><br />
<br />
<tbody><tr><br />
<th rowspan="2">Analyse<br />Werte</th><br />
<th colspan="2">Bedarf /<br />Referenz<span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" title="nach Deutscher Gesellschaft für Ernährung, Erwachsene (25-51) http://www.dge.de/modules.php?name=Content&amp;pa=showpage&amp;pid=3" fck_mw_reftagtext="nach Deutscher Gesellschaft für Ernährung, Erwachsene (25-51) http://www.dge.de/modules.php?name=Content&amp;pa=showpage&amp;pid=3" name="Bedarf">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></th><br />
<th colspan="2">Veganer<br /><small><i>(Davey et al. 2003)</i></small><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" title="Davey et al.: EPIC–Oxford: lifestyle characteristics and nutrient intakes in a cohort of 33 883 meat-eaters and 31 546 non meat-eaters in the UK. May 2003, {{DOI|10.1079/PHN2002430}} PMID 12740075. (n=25.765)" fck_mw_reftagtext="Davey et al.: EPIC–Oxford: lifestyle characteristics and nutrient intakes in a cohort of 33 883 meat-eaters and 31 546 non meat-eaters in the UK. May 2003, {{DOI|10.1079/PHN2002430}} PMID 12740075. (n=25.765)" name="Davey">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></th><br />
<th colspan="2" style="border-right: 3px solid black;">Veganer<br /><small><i>(Larsson et al. 2002)</i></small><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" title="Larsson et al.: Dietary intake and nutritional status of young vegans and omnivores in Sweden. July 2002, PMID 12081822. (n=60)" fck_mw_reftagtext="Larsson et al.: Dietary intake and nutritional status of young vegans and omnivores in Sweden. July 2002, PMID 12081822. (n=60)" name="Larsson">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></th><br />
<th colspan="2">Mischköstler<br /><small><i>(Davey et al. 2003)</i></small><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" fck_mw_reftagtext="_" name="Davey">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></th><br />
<th colspan="2">Mischköstler<br /><small><i>(Larsson et al. 2002)</i></small><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" fck_mw_reftagtext="_" name="Larsson">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span><br />
</th></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<th><i>m</i></th><br />
<th><i>w</i></th><br />
<th><i>m</i></th><br />
<th><i>w</i></th><br />
<th><i>m</i></th><br />
<th style="border-right: 3px solid black;"><i>w</i></th><br />
<th><i>m</i></th><br />
<th><i>w</i></th><br />
<th><i>m</i></th><br />
<th><i>w</i><br />
</th></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td colspan="11" style="text-align:left"><i>Hauptnährstoffverteilung:</i><br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Protein</b><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" title="Zufuhr in % der Nahrungsenergie" fck_mw_reftagtext="Zufuhr in % der Nahrungsenergie" name="Proz" group="A">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></td><br />
<td style="text-align:center" colspan="2">9-11%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">13%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">13%</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">10%</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black;">10%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">16%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">17%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">15%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">14%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Fett</b><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" fck_mw_reftagtext="_" name="Proz" group="A">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></td><br />
<td style="text-align:center" colspan="2">&lt;35%</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">28%</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">28%</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">27%</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black;">24%</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">32%</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">31%</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">29%</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">29%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Kohlenhydrate</b><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" fck_mw_reftagtext="_" name="Proz" group="A">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></td><br />
<td style="text-align:center" colspan="2">&gt;50%</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">55%</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">56%</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">63%</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black;">66%</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">47%</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">48%</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">55%</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">56%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td colspan="11" style="text-align:left"><i>Fettsäuren, Cholesterin und Ballaststoffe:</i><br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>gesättigte Fette</b><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" fck_mw_reftagtext="_" name="Proz" group="A">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></td><br />
<td style="text-align:center" colspan="2">&lt;10%</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">4,99%</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">5,11%</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">7,67%</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black;">6,21%</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">10,7%</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">10,4%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">13,05%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">13,15%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>mehrf. ungesättigte Fette</b><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" fck_mw_reftagtext="_" name="Proz" group="A">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></td><br />
<td style="text-align:center" colspan="2">7-10%</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">7,53%</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">7,20%</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">6,44%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC; border-right: 3px solid black;">6,21%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">5,21%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">5,19%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">3,48%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">3,33%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Cholesterin</b></td><br />
<td style="text-align:center" colspan="2">&lt;300mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center">-</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center">-</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">2,1mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black;">2,3mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center">-</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center">-</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">326mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">230mg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Ballaststoffe</b></td><br />
<td style="text-align:center" colspan="2">&gt;30g</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">27,7g</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">26,4g</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">44g</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black;">34g</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">18,7g</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">18,9g</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">25g</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">21g<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td colspan="11" style="text-align:left"><i>Vitamine:</i><br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Vitamin A</b></td><br />
<td>1000µg</td><br />
<td>800µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center">-</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center">-</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">1045µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black;">966µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center">-</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center">-</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">1226µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">1169µg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Vitamin B1</b></td><br />
<td>1,2mg</td><br />
<td>1,0mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">2,29mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">2,14mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">1,9mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black;">1,5mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">1,69mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">1,62mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">2,2mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">1,5mg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Vitamin B2</b></td><br />
<td>1,4mg</td><br />
<td>1,2mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">2,26mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">2,13mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">1,2mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black;">1,1mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">2,30mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">2,19mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">2,8mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">1,9mg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Niacin</b></td><br />
<td>16mg</td><br />
<td>13mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">23,9mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">21,1mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">34mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black;">26mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">24,7mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">23,2mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">48mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">32mg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Vitamin B6</b></td><br />
<td>1,5mg</td><br />
<td>1,2mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">2,23mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">2,06mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">2,7mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black;">2,1mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">2,26mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">2,17mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">2,8mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">2,0mg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Vitamin B12</b><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" title="Gefüllter Vitamin B12 Speicher reicht für viele Jahre aus, aber nach Aufbrauch des Vitamin B12-Speichers drohen ohne ausreichende Zufuhr über tierische Lebensmittel oder Supplementierung neurologische Schädigungen (vgl. [[Vitamin B12]])." fck_mw_reftagtext="Gefüllter Vitamin B12 Speicher reicht für viele Jahre aus, aber nach Aufbrauch des Vitamin B12-Speichers drohen ohne ausreichende Zufuhr über tierische Lebensmittel oder Supplementierung neurologische Schädigungen (vgl. [[Vitamin B12]])." name="VitB12" group="A">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></td><br />
<td style="text-align:center" colspan="2">3,0µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666">0,41µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666">0,49µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666">0,1µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black;">0,0µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">7,25µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">6,98µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">5,9µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">5,0µg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Folat</b></td><br />
<td style="text-align:center" colspan="2">300µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">431µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">412µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">551µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black;">473µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">329µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">321µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">263µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">226µg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Vitamin C</b></td><br />
<td style="text-align:center" colspan="2">100mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">155mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">169mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">203mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black;">178mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">119mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">138mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">96mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">104mg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Vitamin D</b><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" title="wird auch über die Haut bei Sonnenexposition gebildet, im Sommer genügen wenige Minuten Sonne zur Deckung des Tagesbedarfs (vgl. [[Cholecalciferol#Biosynthese_von_Vitamin_D3|Vitamin D]])." fck_mw_reftagtext="wird auch über die Haut bei Sonnenexposition gebildet, im Sommer genügen wenige Minuten Sonne zur Deckung des Tagesbedarfs (vgl. [[Cholecalciferol#Biosynthese_von_Vitamin_D3|Vitamin D]])." name="VitD" group="A">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></td><br />
<td style="text-align:center" colspan="2">20µg<span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" fck_mw_reftagtext="_" name="VitD" group="A">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></td><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666">0,88µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666">0,88µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666">3,7µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black;">2,0µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666">3,39µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666">3,32µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">7,7µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666">5,1µg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Vitamin E</b></td><br />
<td>14mg</td><br />
<td>12mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">16,1mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">14,0mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">18mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black;">13mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">11,8mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">10,7mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">9,2mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">7,3mg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td colspan="11" style="text-align:left"><i>Mineralstoffe:</i><br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Kalzium</b></td><br />
<td style="text-align:center" colspan="2">1000mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">610mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">582mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">517mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999; border-right: 3px solid black;">538mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">1057mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">989mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">1697mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">1328mg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Magnesium</b></td><br />
<td>350mg</td><br />
<td>300mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">440mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">391mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">559mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066; border-right: 3px solid black;">443mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">366mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">341mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">457mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">325mg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Kalium</b></td><br />
<td style="text-align:center" colspan="2">2000mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">4029mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">3817mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">4200mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000; border-right: 3px solid black;">3460mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">3965mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">3839mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">4100mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">3160mg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Eisen</b></td><br />
<td>10mg</td><br />
<td>15mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">15,3mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">14,1mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">18mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7; border-right: 3px solid black;">14mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">13,4mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">12,6mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">18mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">11mg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Zink</b></td><br />
<td>10mg</td><br />
<td>7mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC">7,99mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">7,22mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">10mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA; border-right: 3px solid black;">7,8mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">9,78mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA">9,16mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">16mg</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066">11mg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Selen</b></td><br />
<td style="text-align:center" colspan="2">30µg - 70µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center">-</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center">-</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">12µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666; border-right: 3px solid black;">10µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center">-</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center">-</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">40µg</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">27µg<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<th rowspan="1"></th><br />
<th colspan="2"></th><br />
<th colspan="4" style="border-right: 3px solid black;"><small><i>(Lightowler et al. 1999)</i></small><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" title="Lightowler HJ &amp; Davies GJ: Iodine intake and iodine deficiency in vegans as assessed by the duplicate-portion technique and urinary iodine excretion. Br J Nutr Dez 1998; 80, 529-535. PMID 10211051" fck_mw_reftagtext="Lightowler HJ &amp; Davies GJ: Iodine intake and iodine deficiency in vegans as assessed by the duplicate-portion technique and urinary iodine excretion. Br J Nutr Dez 1998; 80, 529-535. PMID 10211051" name="Lightowler">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></th><br />
<th colspan="4"><small><i>(Lightowler et al. 1999)</i></small><span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" fck_mw_reftagtext="_" name="Lightowler">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span><br />
</th></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Jod</b></td><br />
<td style="text-align:center" colspan="2">200µg</td><br />
<td colspan="4" style="background:#FF9999; border-right: 3px solid black;text-align:center">87µg</td><br />
<td colspan="4" style="background:#FF9999;text-align:center">120µg<br />
</td></tr><br />
</tbody></table><br />
<div style="clear:both"></div><br />
<p><span class="fck_mw_references"><references class="fck_mw_references" group="A">&lt;References&gt;</references></span><br />
</p><br />
<table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-top:-5px;text-align:center"><br />
<br />
<tbody><tr><br />
<th colspan="7" style="text-align:left"><i>Legende Tabelle 1:</i><br />
</th></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px;text-align:left">Falls Referenzwert kein Maximalwert, Abweichung zu Referenzwert:<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666;border-top-width: 0px;width: 7em">&lt; -65%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999;border-top-width: 0px;width: 7em">-65%..-35%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC;border-top-width: 0px;width: 7em">-35%..-10%</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7;border-top-width: 0px;width: 7em">-10%..+10%</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA;border-top-width: 0px;width: 7em">+10%..+35%</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066;border-top-width: 0px;width: 7em">+35%..+65%</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000;border-top-width: 0px;width: 7em">&gt; 65%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px;text-align:left">Falls Referenz ein Maximalwert, Abweichung zu Referenzwert:<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666;border-top-width: 0px;">&gt; +65%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999;border-top-width: 0px;">+65%..+35%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC;border-top-width: 0px;">+35%..+10%</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7;border-top-width: 0px;">+10%..-10%</td><br />
<td style="background:#AAFFAA;border-top-width: 0px;">-10%..-35%</td><br />
<td style="background:#66F066;border-top-width: 0px;">-35%..-65%</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000;border-top-width: 0px;">&lt; -65%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width: 0px;text-align:left">Falls Referenz geschlossenes Intervall, Abweichung zu nähester Intervallgrenze:<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666;border-top-width: 0px;">&gt; 65%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999;border-top-width: 0px;">65%..35%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FFCCCC;border-top-width: 0px;">35%..10%</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7;border-top-width: 0px;">10%..&gt;0%</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000;border-top-width: 0px;text-align:center" colspan="3">Innerhalb Intervall<br />
</td></tr><br />
</tbody></table><br />
<p><br />
Tabelle 2, Häufigkeit einer unzureichenden Nährstoffaufnahme der untersuchten Studienteilnehmer<span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" title="Teo, CC (2011): Assessing the Prevalence of Inadequate Nutrient Intake Among Vegetarians and Non-Vegetarians Using the Estimated Average Requirement: Results from the adventist health study 2 calibration study. Proquest [http://udini.proquest.com/view/assessing-the-prevalence-of-pqid:2247014461/|Umi Dissertation Publishing] (n=661)" fck_mw_reftagtext="Teo, CC (2011): Assessing the Prevalence of Inadequate Nutrient Intake Among Vegetarians and Non-Vegetarians Using the Estimated Average Requirement: Results from the adventist health study 2 calibration study. Proquest [http://udini.proquest.com/view/assessing-the-prevalence-of-pqid:2247014461/|Umi Dissertation Publishing] (n=661)" name="teo">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span>:<br />
</p><br />
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;float:left; margin-right:1em;margin-top:-5px;margin-bottom:0em"><br />
<br />
<tbody><tr><br />
<th style="width: 7em">Nährstoff</th><br />
<th style="width: 7em">Veganer</th><br />
<th style="width: 7em">Mischköstler<br />
</th></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Vitamin A</b></td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">42%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">40%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Vitamin C</b></td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">8%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">26%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Vitamin E</b></td><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666">79%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666">94%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Vitamin B1</b></td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">12%</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">13%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Vitamin B2</b></td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">15%</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">14%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Niacin</b></td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">3%</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">0%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Folate</b></td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">6%</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">18%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Vitamin B12</b></td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">48%</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">16%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Kupfer</b></td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">0%</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">4%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Magnesium</b></td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">15%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999">49%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Phosphor</b></td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">3%</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">5%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Selen</b></td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">10%</td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">6%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Zink</b></td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">22%</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">23%<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left"><b>Eisen</b></td><br />
<td style="background:#00E000">9%</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7">16%<br />
</td></tr><br />
</tbody></table><br />
<div style="clear:both"></div><br />
<table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center"><br />
<br />
<tbody><tr><br />
<th colspan="4" style="text-align:left"><i>Legende Tabelle 2:</i><br />
</th></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background:#00E000;width: 5em">0%..10%</td><br />
<td style="background:#E7FFE7;width: 5em">10%..25%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF9999;width: 5em">25%..75%</td><br />
<td style="background:#FF6666;width: 5em">&gt; 75%<br />
</td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<p><span class="fck_mw_references"><references class="fck_mw_references">&lt;References&gt;</references></span><br />
</p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>
Chrononaut
https://www.freewiki.eu/de/index.php?title=Veganismus&diff=1267
Veganismus
2018-12-10T19:45:05Z
<p>Chrononaut: Die Seite wurde neu angelegt: „<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div clas…“</p>
<hr />
<div><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="mw-parser-output"></div><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><p>Veganismus ist ein aus dem Vegetarismus hervorgegangener Lebens- und Ernährungsstil. Veganer versuchen den Konsum sämtlicher Produkte für deren Herstellung Tiere genutzt wurden bestmöglich zu vermeiden. Die Beweggründe vegan zu leben sind sehr unterschiedlich, sie reichen über Ethik, Gesundheit, Ökologie, Welternährung bis hin zu religiösen oder spirituellen Gründen.</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><h2>Begriff</h2><br />
<p>Geprägt wurde das Wort vegan durch den Engländer Donlad Watson. Er gründete 1944 die Vegan Society als Abspaltung der Vegetarian Society. Den Begriff schuf er aus einer Verkürzung des Wortes <b>veg</b>etari<b>an</b>.<br />
</p></div><br />
<h2> Empfehlungen und Einschätzungen der Ernährungswissenschaftlichen Gesellschaften</h2><br />
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"><br />
<br />
<tbody><tr><br />
<th>Institution (alphabetisch sortiert)</th><br />
<th>Erwachsene</th><br />
<th>Kinder u. Jugendliche</th><br />
<th>alte Menschen</th><br />
<th>Schwangere, Stillende,<br />Säuglinge und Kleinkinder<br />
</th></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left">Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics<br /> vormals American Diet Association (ADA) <br /></td><br />
<td class="hintergrundfarbe9">+<span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" title="Aussage ADA u. Dietitians of Canada: &quot;Gut geplante vegetarische Kostformen, vegane eingeschlossen, haben insgesamt einen gesundheitlichen Nutzen in der Prävention und Behandlung bestimmter Erkrankungen und sind geeignet den Nährstoffbedarf zu decken.&quot;" fck_mw_reftagtext="Aussage ADA u. Dietitians of Canada: &quot;Gut geplante vegetarische Kostformen, vegane eingeschlossen, haben insgesamt einen gesundheitlichen Nutzen in der Prävention und Behandlung bestimmter Erkrankungen und sind geeignet den Nährstoffbedarf zu decken.&quot;" group="A" name="ada1">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></td><br />
<td class="hintergrundfarbe9">+<span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" fck_mw_reftagtext="_" group="A" name="ada1">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></td><br />
<td class="hintergrundfarbe9">+<span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" fck_mw_reftagtext="_" group="A" name="ada1">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></td><br />
<td class="hintergrundfarbe9">+<span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" fck_mw_reftagtext="_" group="A" name="ada1">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span><br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left">Bundesamt<br />für Gesundheit (Schweiz) <br /></td><br />
<td>0<span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" title="Aussage Bundesamt für Gesundheit: &quot;Eine „vegane Ernährungsweise mit einer genügenden Zufuhr aller Nährstoffe (Ausnahme Vitamin B12, welches mit angereicherten Nahrungsmitteln oder Supplementen zugeführt werden sollte)“ ist möglich, setzt aber ein „entsprechendes Ernährungswissen“ voraus.&quot;" fck_mw_reftagtext="Aussage Bundesamt für Gesundheit: &quot;Eine „vegane Ernährungsweise mit einer genügenden Zufuhr aller Nährstoffe (Ausnahme Vitamin B12, welches mit angereicherten Nahrungsmitteln oder Supplementen zugeführt werden sollte)“ ist möglich, setzt aber ein „entsprechendes Ernährungswissen“ voraus.&quot;" group="A" name="sga1">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></td><br />
<td class="hintergrundfarbe7">-<span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" title="Aussage Bundesamt für Gesundheit: &quot;Aufgrund der sehr großen und kritischen Risiken einer Mangelernährung wird von einer generellen Empfehlung der veganen Ernährung für breite Bevölkerungskreise abgesehen.&quot;" fck_mw_reftagtext="Aussage Bundesamt für Gesundheit: &quot;Aufgrund der sehr großen und kritischen Risiken einer Mangelernährung wird von einer generellen Empfehlung der veganen Ernährung für breite Bevölkerungskreise abgesehen.&quot;" group="A" name="sga2">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></td><br />
<td class="hintergrundfarbe7">-<span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" fck_mw_reftagtext="_" group="A" name="sga2">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></td><br />
<td class="hintergrundfarbe7">-<span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" fck_mw_reftagtext="_" group="A" name="sga2">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span><br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left">Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung (DGE) <br /></td><br />
<td>0<span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" title="Aussage DGE: &quot;Eine vegane Kost kann den Nährstoffbedarf decken, Voraussetzung dafür ist jedoch ein ausreichendes Ernährungswissen und eine wohlüberlegte Nahrungszusammenstellung. Ansonsten drohen Mangelerscheinungen.&quot;" fck_mw_reftagtext="Aussage DGE: &quot;Eine vegane Kost kann den Nährstoffbedarf decken, Voraussetzung dafür ist jedoch ein ausreichendes Ernährungswissen und eine wohlüberlegte Nahrungszusammenstellung. Ansonsten drohen Mangelerscheinungen.&quot;" group="A" name="dge1">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></td><br />
<td class="hintergrundfarbe7">-<span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" title="Aussage DGE: &quot;Da sich mit dem Verzicht auf jegliche tierische Lebensmittel das Risiko für Nährstoffdefizite erhöht, hält die DGE eine rein pflanzliche Ernährung in Schwangerschaft und Stillzeit sowie im gesamten Kindesalter für nicht geeignet, um eine adäquate Nährstoffversorgung und die Gesundheit des Kindes sicherzustellen.&quot;" fck_mw_reftagtext="Aussage DGE: &quot;Da sich mit dem Verzicht auf jegliche tierische Lebensmittel das Risiko für Nährstoffdefizite erhöht, hält die DGE eine rein pflanzliche Ernährung in Schwangerschaft und Stillzeit sowie im gesamten Kindesalter für nicht geeignet, um eine adäquate Nährstoffversorgung und die Gesundheit des Kindes sicherzustellen.&quot;" group="A" name="dge2">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></td><br />
<td class="hintergrundfarbe7">-<span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" fck_mw_reftagtext="_" group="A" name="dge2">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></td><br />
<td class="hintergrundfarbe7">-<span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" fck_mw_reftagtext="_" group="A" name="dge2">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span><br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left">Dietitians of Canada <br /></td><br />
<td class="hintergrundfarbe9">+<span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" fck_mw_reftagtext="_" group="A" name="ada1">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></td><br />
<td class="hintergrundfarbe9">+<span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" fck_mw_reftagtext="_" group="A" name="ada1">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></td><br />
<td class="hintergrundfarbe9">+<span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" fck_mw_reftagtext="_" group="A" name="ada1">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></td><br />
<td class="hintergrundfarbe9">+<span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" fck_mw_reftagtext="_" group="A" name="ada1">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span><br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align:left">National Health<br />and Medical Research Council (Australien) <br /></td><br />
<td class="hintergrundfarbe9">+<span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" title="Aussage N.H.M.R.C.: &quot;Eine gut geplante vegane Kost ist ernährungsphysiologisch adequat und gesund. Auf entsprechende energetische Bedürfnisse sowie eine geeignete Lebensmittelauswahl für eine adequate Zufuhr von Eisen und Zink sowie die optimierte Resorption und Bioverfügbarkeit von Eisen, Zink und Calcium sollte geachtet werdem. Außerdem kann für Veganer die Supplementierung von Vitamin B12 erforderlich sein.&quot;" fck_mw_reftagtext="Aussage N.H.M.R.C.: &quot;Eine gut geplante vegane Kost ist ernährungsphysiologisch adequat und gesund. Auf entsprechende energetische Bedürfnisse sowie eine geeignete Lebensmittelauswahl für eine adequate Zufuhr von Eisen und Zink sowie die optimierte Resorption und Bioverfügbarkeit von Eisen, Zink und Calcium sollte geachtet werdem. Außerdem kann für Veganer die Supplementierung von Vitamin B12 erforderlich sein.&quot;" group="A" name="aus1">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></td><br />
<td class="hintergrundfarbe9">+<span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" fck_mw_reftagtext="_" group="A" name="aus1">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></td><br />
<td class="hintergrundfarbe9">+<span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" fck_mw_reftagtext="_" group="A" name="aus1">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span></td><br />
<td class="hintergrundfarbe9">+<span class="fck_mw_ref"><sup><ref class="fck_mw_ref" fck_mw_reftagtext="_" group="A" name="aus1">&lt;R&gt;</ref></sup></span><br />
</td></tr><br />
</tbody></table><br />
<p><span class="fck_mw_references"><references class="fck_mw_references" group="A">&lt;References&gt;</references></span> <br />
</p><br />
<table class="mw-collapsible" style="text-align:left"><br />
<br />
<tbody><tr><br />
<th colspan="1" style="text-align:left"><i>Legende Tabelle 1:</i><br />
</th></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td class="hintergrundfarbe9">+: durchführbar bzgl. adequater Nährstoffversorgung<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>0: bedingt durchführbar bzgl. adequater Nährstoffversorgung<br />
</td></tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td class="hintergrundfarbe7">-: nicht durchführbar bzgl. adequater Nährstoffversorgung<br />
</td></tr></tbody></table><br />
</div></div></div></div></div>
Chrononaut